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McLeish AC, Smith CL, Tomlinson MM, Kerstiens S, Walker KL, Hart JL. E-Cigarette Use Behavior and Expectancies Among Sexual Minority and Heterosexual College Student E-Cigarette Users. Subst Use Misuse 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39155511 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2392532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Background: College students who identify as a sexual minority (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other sexual orientation) are at higher risk for e-cigarette use than their heterosexual or "straight" peers. However, little is known about factors, such as e-cigarette outcome expectancies, that might influence these differences in prevalence rates. Therefore, the current study examined differences between heterosexual and sexual minority college student e-cigarette users in terms of days of past-month e-cigarette use, e-cigarette dependence, and e-cigarette outcome expectancies. A secondary aim of the study was to examine whether outcome expectancies served as an explanatory mechanism in the association between sexual minority status and e-cigarette use frequency and dependence. Methods: Participants were heterosexual (n = 90; Mage = 19.65, SD = 2.70; 76.7% female; 77.8% White) and sexual minority (n = 44; Mage = 20.02, SD = 2.18; 68.2% female; 90.9% White) college student e-cigarette users who completed self-report measures. Results: Students who identified as a sexual minority reported greater e-cigarette dependence, more frequent past 30-day use, and greater negative consequences and positive reinforcement e-cigarette outcome expectancies. Follow-up mediation analyses indicated a significant indirect effect of sexual minority status on both days of past-month e-cigarette use and e-cigarette dependence through expectancies for negative consequences and positive reinforcement. Conclusions: These findings suggest that positive reinforcement and negative consequences outcome expectancies may be contributing to the disparities in e-cigarette use among college students who identify as a sexual minority and could be useful targets for cessation interventions for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C McLeish
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Courteney L Smith
- Brian Lamb School of Communication, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Madeline M Tomlinson
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health and Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Savanna Kerstiens
- School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Kandi L Walker
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Joy L Hart
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Lee YH, Chang YC, Shelley M, López Castillo H. Sexual minority identifiers and their perception of illicit drug use risks in the US: Results from a National Survey. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:183-191. [PMID: 38735263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the relationship between sexual identities and perception of risks associated with illicit drug use among a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS We analyzed data from five waves of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH, 2015-2019), with 205,418 adult participants. Six survey questions assessing participants' perceptions of the risks associated with illicit drug use (LSD, heroin, and cocaine) were subjected to principal component analysis. Sex-stratified ordered logistic regressions were used to explore potential disparities in perceptions regarding the risk associated with illicit drug use among sexual minority identifiers. RESULTS Among male participants, approximately 11.3% and 1.8% of them perceived illicit drug use as moderate and low risks, respectively. About 6.0% of female participants perceived illicit drug use as moderate risk, and 1.1% of female participants perceived it as low risk. The sex-stratified regression models demonstrated that participants who identified as lesbian/gay or bisexual all had higher odds of reporting low perception of illicit drug use risks as compared to their heterosexual counterparts (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Illicit drug use prevention strategies should consider risk perception disparities by sexual minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Han Lee
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Academic Health Sciences Center, University of Central Florida. Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Yen-Chang Chang
- Center for General Education, National Tsing Human University, Taiwan
| | - Mack Shelley
- Departments of Statistics and Political Science, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University. Ames, IA, United States
| | - Humberto López Castillo
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Academic Health Sciences Center, University of Central Florida. Orlando, FL, United States; Department of Population Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Academic Health Sciences Center, University of Central Florida. Orlando, FL, United States.
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3
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Martinez U, Simmons VN, Brandon KO, Quinn GP, Brandon TH. Examining smoking and vaping behaviors, expectancies, and cessation outcomes between bisexual and heterosexual individuals. Behav Med 2023; 49:392-401. [PMID: 35614523 PMCID: PMC9691792 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2022.2077295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Prior research indicates bisexual individuals have higher smoking and vaping rates and heightened vulnerability to negative health outcomes. Thus, we compared adult bisexual (n = 294) and heterosexual (n = 2412) participants enrolled in a smoking cessation trial on baseline smoking and vaping use behaviors, motivations, and expectancies/beliefs as well as follow-up smoking and vaping status. This is a secondary analysis of a large randomized controlled trial testing a smoking cessation intervention for dual users of combustible and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the United States. Self-reported 7-day point prevalence smoking and vaping abstinence were collected at 3-, 12-, and 24-month assessments. Bisexual and heterosexual participants did not differ in sociodemographic variables or baseline smoking and vaping history and behavior. We found significant differences among bisexual and heterosexual individuals in smoking and vaping beliefs/expectancies. Specifically, bisexual participants expressed overall greater positive expectancies regarding smoking and vaping, such as smoking and vaping to reduce negative affect and stress. There were no differences in smoking at any follow-up assessment. Only at 3 months were bisexual individuals more likely to be abstinent from vaping and less likely to be dual users than heterosexual individuals. Despite similar smoking and vaping status over time, bisexual individuals reported greater positive expectancies regarding smoking and vaping. Our findings revealed few targets for tailoring cessation interventions to bisexual individuals; thus, it is possible that there may be greater utility in targeting the disparities in prevalence (i.e., via prevention efforts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Martinez
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt
Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South
Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vani N. Simmons
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt
Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South
Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Karen O. Brandon
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt
Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Gwendolyn P. Quinn
- Deparment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University
Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas H. Brandon
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt
Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South
Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL, USA
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Baishya ML, Martinasek M, Bell L, Wheldon CW. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adult Tobacco Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Populations: Examining the Role of Mental, Social, and Community Health. LGBT Health 2022; 10:211-219. [PMID: 36520611 DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2021.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We sought to evaluate the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and tobacco use, to assess the intersection of sexual orientation or gender identity (SOGI), and to explore risk and protective aspects of mental, social, and community health. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the sexual and gender minorities (SGM) subsample (n = 1102) from a 2019 Community Health Needs Assessment. Nested binary logistic regression models were created to evaluate associations between ACEs and type of tobacco use: (1) cigarette use versus no cigarette or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use, (2) ENDS use versus no cigarette or ENDS use, and (3) dual use versus use of either cigarettes or ENDS. Results: The sample population that reported four or more ACEs and ENDS use had statistically significant adjusted odds ratios (aORs) when adjusting the models for sociodemographic variables (aOR = 2.55; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 1.54-4.22), SOGI (aOR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.46-4.10), current mental health (aOR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.32-3.75), and social and community health (aOR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.30-3.71). The sample population that reported poor mental health had statistically significant aORs when adjusting the models for sociodemographic variables, SOGI, and mental health (aOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.32-3.89) and social and community health (aOR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.17-3.54). There was no statistically significant finding related to the other tobacco use variables (tobacco use and dual use). Conclusion: We found that high-risk ACEs were positively associated with cigarette use and ENDS use. SGM populations have differing experiences when considering community and social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona L. Baishya
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Martinasek
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa Bell
- Community Benefit, BayCare Health System, Clearwater, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher W. Wheldon
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rubenstein D, Pacek LR, McClernon FJ. Multiple Tobacco Product Use Conceptual Framework: A 2021 Update on Evidence. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1208-1217. [PMID: 35137194 PMCID: PMC9278823 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One-third of adults in the United States who use tobacco regularly use two or more types of tobacco products. As the use of e-cigarettes and other noncombusted tobacco products increases-making multiple tobacco product (MTP) use increasingly common-it is essential to evaluate the complex factors that affect product use. AIMS AND METHODS In this update to our 2019 conceptual framework, we review and evaluate recent literature and expand the model to include ways in which MTP use may be affected by market factors such as the introduction of new products and socioenvironmental factors like marketing and advertising. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS MTP use patterns are complex, dynamic, and multiply determined by factors at the level of individuals, products, situations or contexts, and marketplace. Substitution, or using one product with the intent of decreasing use of another, and complementarity, or using multiple products for different reasons or purposes, explain patterns in MTP use. Moreover, substitution and complementarity may inform our understanding of how market changes targeted at one product, for instance, new product standards, bans, product pricing, and taxation, affect consumption of other tobacco products. New data from natural experiments and novel laboratory-based techniques add additional data and expand the framework. IMPLICATIONS A substantial proportion of people who use tobacco use more than one product. This review synthesizes and evaluates recent evidence on the diverse factors that affect MTP use in addition to expanding our framework. Our review is accompanied by suggested research questions that can guide future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren R Pacek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Keller-Hamilton B, Stevens EM, Wedel AV, LaPolt DT, Miranda A, Wagener TL, Patterson JG. Associations of race and ethnicity with tobacco messaging exposures and tobacco use among bisexual and pansexual women. Prev Med Rep 2022; 25:101657. [PMID: 34976704 PMCID: PMC8683774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the lesbian and bisexual community, bisexual women have the highest prevalence of tobacco use, and Black and Latina women are much more likely to use tobacco than their heterosexual peers. Research on tobacco use among bisexual women is limited to descriptions of prevalence in this population. We evaluated associations between race/ethnicity, exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco messages, and tobacco use outcomes among bisexual and pansexual women. We recruited a sample of N = 382 bisexual and pansexual women in the United States using the online survey platform, Prolific. Participants reported sociodemographics, exposure to pro- and anti-tobacco messaging, receipt of coupons, and ever and current use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and other tobacco products. We modeled associations between race/ethnicity, pro- and anti-tobacco messaging exposures, and tobacco use outcomes. Unadjusted results indicated differences in prevalence of tobacco use by race/ethnicity, with White women having the highest prevalence of ever using each product, but Black women having the highest prevalence of current cigar smoking and any tobacco use. Associations between race and tobacco use were attenuated in adjusted analyses. Receiving coupons was strongly associated with current use of cigarettes (aOR = 8.02; 95% CI [3.55, 18.1]), e-cigarettes (aOR = 7.26; 95% CI [3.55, 14.9]), and any tobacco (aOR = 5.04; 95% CI [2.44, 10.4]). In conclusion, unadjusted differences in prevalence of tobacco use across race/ethnic groups were attenuated after controlling for pro- and anti-tobacco messaging exposures. Receiving tobacco coupons was consistently associated with current tobacco use among bisexual and pansexual women. Restrictions on coupons could promote health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Keller-Hamilton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Elise M. Stevens
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Amelia V. Wedel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Devin T. LaPolt
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Alexis Miranda
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore L. Wagener
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Lee DN, Stevens EM, Keller-Hamilton B, Wedel AV, Wagener TL, Patterson JG. Minoritized Sexual Identity and Perceived Effectiveness of Instagram Public Health Messaging about E-cigarettes. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 27:115-124. [PMID: 35382702 PMCID: PMC9133203 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2022.2059724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarette (EC) use in young adult sexual-minoritized women (SMW) is disproportionately higher than among heterosexual women and sexual-minoritized men. Public health messaging utilizing social branding, a method used to tailor health messages to one's identity, may help combat this problem. We conducted an online study with SMW (N= 457) and asked them to complete scales assessing their sexual minoritized identity affirmation and centrality. Participants were randomized to view socially branded messages discouraging EC use across three themes (general wellness, pride, health harms). Results revealed that overall lesbian, bisexual, or queer (LBQ) identity (affirmation and centrality) was significantly positively associated with perceived message effectiveness (PME) (p < .001). Identity affirmation was significantly associated with PME when controlling for identity centrality (p = .004). Interaction between identity affirmation and theme was significant (p= .02), as positive effects of identity affirmation on PME were greater when participants viewed pride-themed messages versus wellness (p= .03) or harms messages (p = .01). The findings suggest that socially branded EC prevention messages emphasizing sexual minoritized identity may be more effective for SMW with a strong connection to their LBQ identity. Future research should examine how identity and socially branded messages can impact health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee N Lee
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elise M Stevens
- Division of Preventive and Behavioral Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brittney Keller-Hamilton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amelia V Wedel
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Theodore L Wagener
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joanne G Patterson
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Rodríguez-Bolaños R, Arillo-Santillán E, Guzmán-Rodríguez C, Barrientos-Gutiérrez I, Gallegos-Carrillo K, Titus A, Cruz-Jiménez L, Thrasher JF. Similarities and Differences in Substance Use Patterns Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Mexican Adult Smokers. LGBT Health 2021; 8:545-553. [DOI: 10.1089/lgbt.2020.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosibel Rodríguez-Bolaños
- Tobacco Research Department, Population Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Edna Arillo-Santillán
- Tobacco Research Department, Population Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Inti Barrientos-Gutiérrez
- Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Katia Gallegos-Carrillo
- Epidemiology and Health Services Research Unit, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Andrea Titus
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lizeth Cruz-Jiménez
- Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - James F. Thrasher
- Tobacco Research Department, Population Health Research Center, Mexican National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
- Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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9
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Hart JL, Ridner SL, Wood LA, Walker KL, Groom A, Kesh A, Landry RL, Payne TJ, Ma JZ, Robertson RM, Hart PE, Giachello AL, Vu THT. Associations between tobacco use patterns and demographic characteristics of sexual minority and heterosexual youth: Results from a nationwide online survey. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 6:69. [PMID: 33336121 PMCID: PMC7737560 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/130348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth are at risk for tobacco use, and previous research has pointed to increased vulnerabilities associated with sexual minority identity. For example, LGB youth have increased odds for using tobacco than their heterosexual peers, and bisexual youth have higher odds of smoking than other sexual identity groups. As new tobacco products proliferate and health risks from dual/poly use grow, increased understanding of tobacco use patterns by sexual minority youth is needed. METHODS For 3117 youth, aged 13–18 years, who completed an online questionnaire in 2017 and identified their sexual orientation [minority (e.g. lesbian/gay, bisexual, or pansexual) vs majority (heterosexual)] and gender, we classified current tobacco use into four categories: e-cigarette only, other product only (such as cigarette, cigar, or smokeless tobacco; not an e-cigarette), dual/poly use, and no use. Analyses were conducted separately for male and female participants. Multinomial logistic regression was employed. RESULTS Female sexual minority youth had nearly twofold odds of dual/ poly tobacco use (OR=1.95; 95% CI: 1.12–3.40), compared to their heterosexual counterparts. For male youth, sexual minority identification was not significantly associated with dual/poly use. No significant differences were found in sexual minority and heterosexual youth e-cigarette only or other tobacco only use groups. Tobacco use patterns also significantly differed by age, race, place of residence, and parental education level. CONCLUSIONS Study findings reveal greater odds of dual/poly tobacco use for female sexual minority youth. Tailored tobacco prevention and cessation programs or interventions are needed for sexual minority youth most at risk of tobacco use, especially multiple product use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Hart
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States.,Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, United States
| | - S Lee Ridner
- College of Nursing, University of South Alabama, Mobile, United States
| | - Lindsey A Wood
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, United States
| | - Kandi L Walker
- Department of Communication, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States.,Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Louisville, United States
| | - Allison Groom
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,American Heart Association, Dallas, United States
| | - Anshula Kesh
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,American Heart Association, Dallas, United States
| | - Robyn L Landry
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,American Heart Association, Dallas, United States
| | - Thomas J Payne
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, United States
| | - Jennie Z Ma
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,School of Medicine, Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Rose Marie Robertson
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,American Heart Association, Dallas, United States
| | - Paige E Hart
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, United States
| | - Aida L Giachello
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Thanh-Huyen T Vu
- Tobacco Center for Regulatory Science, American Heart Association, Dallas, United States.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
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