LncRNA XIST sponges miR-199a-3p to modulate the Sp1/LRRK2 signal pathway to accelerate Parkinson's disease progression

Non-Coding RNAs and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Information of their Roles in Apoptosis

Apoptosis can be known as a key factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In disease conditions, the rate of apoptosis expands and tissue damage may become apparent. Recently, the scientific studies of the non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has provided new information of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. Numerous reports have documented that ncRNAs have important contributions to several biological processes associated with the increase of neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), as well as, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) represent ncRNAs subtypes with the usual dysregulation in neurodegenerative disorders. Dysregulating ncRNAs has been associated with inhibiting or stimulating apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, this review highlighted several ncRNAs linked to apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. CircRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs were also illustrated completely regarding the respective signaling pathways of apoptosis.

Microglial Sp1 induced LRRK2 upregulation in response to manganese exposure, and 17β-estradiol afforded protection against this manganese toxicity

Chronic exposure to elevated levels of manganese (Mn) causes a neurological disorder referred to as manganism, presenting symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the mechanisms by which Mn induces its neurotoxicity are not completely understood. 17β-estradiol (E2) affords neuroprotection against Mn toxicity in various neural cell types including microglia. Our previous studies have shown that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mediates Mn-induced inflammatory toxicity in microglia. The LRRK2 promoter sequences contain three putative binding sites of the transcription factor (TF), specificity protein 1 (Sp1), which increases LRRK2 promoter activity. In the present study, we tested if the Sp1-LRRK2 pathway plays a role in both Mn toxicity and the protection afforded by E2 against Mn toxicity in BV2 microglial cells. The results showed that Mn induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and tumor necrosis factor-α production, which were attenuated by an LRRK2 inhibitor, GSK2578215A. The overexpression of Sp1 increased LRRK2 promoter activity, mRNA and protein levels, while inhibition of Sp1 with its pharmacological inhibitor, mithramycin A, attenuated the Mn-induced increases in LRRK2 expression. Furthermore, E2 attenuated the Mn-induced Sp1 expression by decreasing the expression of Sp1 via the promotion of the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway, which was accompanied by increased protein levels of RING finger protein 4, the E3-ligase of Sp1, Sp1 ubiquitination, and SUMOylation. Taken together, our novel findings suggest that Sp1 serves as a critical TF in Mn-induced LRRK2 expression as well as in the protection afforded by E2 against Mn toxicity through reduction of LRRK2 expression in microglia.

Long Non-Coding RNAs: New Insights in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are gradually becoming a burden to society. The adverse effects and mortality/morbidity rates associated with these NDDs are a cause of many healthcare concerns. The pathologic alterations of NDDs are related to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which further stimulate the progression of NDDs. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have attracted ample attention as critical mediators in the pathology of NDDs. However, there is a significant gap in understanding the biological function, molecular mechanisms, and potential importance of lncRNAs in NDDs. This review documents the current research on lncRNAs and their implications in NDDs. We further summarize the potential implication of lncRNAs to serve as novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for patients with NDDs.

CircDLGAP4 overexpression ameliorates neuronal injury in Parkinson's disease by binding to EIF4A3 and increasing HMGA2 expression

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease, and its prevalence increases steadily with age. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in various neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we aimed to explore the role of circRNA DLG-associated protein 4 (circDLGAP4) in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+ )-induced neuronal injury in PD. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with MPP+ to establish PD cell models. The levels of circDLGAP4 and high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) in SH-SY5Y cells were detected. SH-SY5Y cell viability and apoptosis were detected. The levels of inflammatory damage (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde)-related factors were measured. The binding of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3) to circDLGAP4 and HMGA2 was analyzed using RNA pull-down or RNA immunoprecipitation. The stability of HMGA2 was detected after actinomycin D treatment, and its effects on neuronal injury were tested. CircDLGAP4 expression was decreased in MPP+ -induced SH-SY5Y cells. CircDLGAP4 upregulation restored cell activity, decreased apoptosis, and reduced inflammatory damage and oxidative stress in PD cell models. CircDLGAP4 bound to EIF4A3 to increase HMGA2 expression and stability. Silencing HMGA2 attenuated the protective effect of circDLGAP4 overexpression. Overall, circDLGAP4 upregulated HMGA2 by recruiting EIF4A3, thus increasing the mRNA stability of HMGA2 and alleviating neuronal injury in PD.

MLKL deficiency alleviates neuroinflammation and motor deficits in the α-synuclein transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most devastating neurodegenerative brain disorders, is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and deposits of α-synuclein aggregates. Currently, pharmacological interventions for PD remain inadequate. The cell necroptosis executor protein MLKL (Mixed-lineage kinase domain-like) is involved in various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases; however, its precise role in PD remains unclear. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective role of MLKL inhibition or ablation against primary neuronal cells and human iPSC-derived midbrain organoids induced by toxic α-Synuclein preformed fibrils (PFFs). Using a mouse model (Tg-Mlkl-/-) generated by crossbreeding the SNCA A53T synuclein transgenic mice with MLKL knockout (KO)mice, we assessed the impact of MLKL deficiency on the progression of Parkinsonian traits. Our findings demonstrate that Tg-Mlkl-/- mice exhibited a significant improvement in motor symptoms and reduced phosphorylated α-synuclein expression compared to the classic A53T transgenic mice. Furthermore, MLKL deficiency alleviated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neuron loss and attenuated neuroinflammation by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis of the SN of Tg-Mlkl-/- mice revealed a unique cell type-specific transcriptome profile, including downregulated prostaglandin D synthase (PTGDS) expression, indicating reduced microglial cells and dampened neuron death. Thus, MLKL represents a critical therapeutic target for reducing neuroinflammation and preventing motor deficits in PD.

miR-15b-5p transcription mediated by CREB1 protects against inflammation and apoptosis in Parkinson disease models by inhibiting AXIN2 and activating Wnt/β-catenin

Parkinson disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative disease that greatly undermines people's health and for which effective therapeutic strategies are currently limited. This study dissected the effects of expression changes of AXIN2, a modulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, the transcription factor CREB1, and of the microRNA miR-15b-5p on apoptosis and the inflammatory response in a PD mouse model in vivo and in a cellular PD model in vitro. The analyses demonstrated low CREB1 and miR-15b-5p expression and high AXIN2 expression in both models. miR-15b-5p overexpression or AXIN2 knockdown alleviated the inflammatory response indicated by decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β and apoptosis indicated by decreased levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax and elevated Bcl-2. Protection by miR-15b-5p upregulation was counteracted by the simultaneous overexpression of AXIN2. miR-15b-5p targeted AXIN2. CREB1 promoted miR-15b-5p expression, which activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by inhibiting AXIN2. Collectively, the data indicate that transcriptional expression of miR-15b-5p can be promoted by CREB1 to inhibit AXIN2 and activate Wnt/β-catenin, thereby reducing the inflammatory response and apoptosis in these PD models. These data suggest the CREB1/miR-15b-5p/AXIN2 axis is a potential therapeutic target in PD patients.

The 3Ranker: An AI-based Algorithm for Finding Non-animal Alternative Methods

The search for existing non-animal alternative methods for use in experiments is currently challenging because of the lack of both comprehensive structured databases and balanced keyword-based search strategies to mine unstructured textual databases. In this paper we describe 3Ranker, which is a fast, keyword-independent algorithm for finding non-animal alternative methods for use in biomedical research. The 3Ranker algorithm was created by using a machine learning approach, consisting of a Random Forest model built on a dataset of 35 million abstracts and constructed with weak supervision, followed by iterative model improvement with expert curated data. We found a satisfactory trade-off between sensitivity and specificity, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.85-0.95. Trials showed that the AI-based classifier was able to identify articles that describe potential alternatives to animal use, among the thousands of articles returned by generic PubMed queries on dermatitis and Parkinson's disease. Application of the classification models on time series data showed the earlier implementation and acceptance of Three Rs principles in the area of cosmetics and skin research, as compared to the area of neurodegenerative disease research. The 3Ranker algorithm is freely available at www.open3r.org; the future goal is to expand this framework to cover multiple research domains and to enable its broad use by researchers, policymakers, funders and ethical review boards, in order to promote the replacement of animal use in research wherever possible.

The Emerging Role of Autophagy-Associated lncRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have become a significant global public health problem and a major societal burden. The World Health Organization predicts that NDDs will overtake cancer as the second most common cause of human mortality within 20 years. Thus, it is urgently important to identify pathogenic and diagnostic molecular markers related to neurodegenerative processes. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing aggregate-prone proteins in neurons; defects in autophagy are often associated with the pathogenesis of NDDs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been suggested as key regulators in neurodevelopment; aberrant regulation of lncRNAs contributes to neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of lncRNAs and autophagy in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The information presented here should provide guidance for future in-depth investigations of neurodegenerative processes and related diagnostic molecular markers and treatment targets.

Mechanisms of circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA interactions and applications in disease and drug research

In recent years, breakthroughs in bioinformatics have been made with the discovery of many functionally significant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The discovery of these ncRNAs has further demonstrated the multi-level characteristics of intracellular gene expression regulation, which plays an important role in assisting diagnosis, guiding clinical drug use and determining prognosis in the treatment process of various diseases. microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) are the three major types of ncRNAs that interact with each other. Studies have shown that lncRNAs and circRNAs can sponge miRNAs, thereby influencing normal physiological processes and regulating mRNA expression and, thus, the physiological state of cells. This paper summarizes the mechanism of action and research progress of the three ncRNA and seven types of modalities. This summary is intended to provide new ideas for diagnosing and treating diseases and researching and developing new drugs.

Therapeutic role of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles in rats with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome

Background

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is an underestimated sleep disorder that leads to multiple organ damages, including lung injury (LI). This paper sought to analyze the molecular mechanism of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in OSAHS-induced lung injury (LI) via the miR-22-3p/histone lysine demethylase 6 B (KDM6B)/high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) axis.

Methods

ADSCs and ADSCs-EVs were separated and characterized. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) was used to mimic OSAHS-LI, followed by ADSCs-EVs treatment and hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL, ELISA, and assays of inflammation and oxidative stress (MPO/ROS/MDA/SOD). The CIH cell model was established and treated with ADSCs-EVs. Cell injury was assessed by the assays of MTT, TUNEL, ELISA, and others. Levels of miR-22-3p, KDM6B, histone H3 trimethylation at lysine 27 (H3K27me3), and HMGA2 were determine by RT-qPCR or Western blot analysis. The transfer of miR-22-3p by ADSCs-EVs was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Gene interactions were analyzed by dual-luciferase assay or chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Results

ADSCs-EVs effectively alleviated OSAHS-LI by reducing lung tissue injury, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In vitro, ADSCs-EVs increased cell viability and reduced apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. ADSCs-EVs delivered enveloped miR-22-3p into pneumonocytes to upregulate miR-22-3p expression, inhibit KDM6B expression, increase H3K27me3 levels on the HMGA2 promoter, and decrease HMGA2 mRNA levels. Overexpression of KDM6B or HMGA2 attenuated the protective role of ADSCs-EVs in OSAHS-LI.

Conclusion

ADSCs-EVs transferred miR-22-3p to pneumonocytes and reduced apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress through KDM6B/HMGA2, mitigating OSAHS-LI progression.

Signature of miRNAs derived from the circulating exosomes of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder (NDS) with unclear pathophysiology and few therapeutic options. Mutations in SOD1 and C9orf72 are the most common in Asian and Caucasian patients with ALS, respectively. Aberrant (microRNAs) miRNAs found in patients with gene-mutated ALS may be involved in the pathogenesis of gene-specific ALS and sporadic ALS (SALS). The aim of this study was to screen for differentially expressed miRNAs from exosomes in patients with ALS and healthy controls (HCs) and to construct a miRNA-based diagnostic model to classify patients and HCs.

Methods

We compared circulating exosome-derived miRNAs of patients with ALS and HCs using the following two cohorts: a discovery cohort (three patients with SOD1-mutated ALS, three patients with C9orf72-mutated ALS, and three HCs) analyzed by microarray and a validation cohort (16 patients with gene-mutated ALS, 65 patients with SALS, and 61 HCs) confirmed by RT-qPCR. The support vector machine (SVM) model was used to help diagnose ALS using five differentially expressed miRNAs between SALS and HCs.

Results

A total of 64 differentially expressed miRNAs in patients with SOD1-mutated ALS and 128 differentially expressed miRNAs in patients with C9orf72-mutated ALS were obtained by microarray compared to HCs. Of these, 11 overlapping dysregulated miRNAs were identified in both groups. Among the 14 top-hit candidate miRNAs validated by RT-qPCR, hsa-miR-34a-3p was specifically downregulated in patients with SOD1-mutated ALS, while hsa-miR-1306-3p was downregulated in ALS patients with both SOD1 and C9orf72 mutations. In addition, hsa-miR-199a-3p and hsa-miR-30b-5p were upregulated significantly in patients with SALS, while hsa-miR-501-3p, hsa-miR-103a-2-5p, and hsa-miR-181d-5p had a trend to be upregulated. The SVM diagnostic model used five miRNAs as features to distinguish ALS from HCs in our cohort with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.80.

Conclusion

Our study identified aberrant miRNAs from exosomes of SALS and ALS patients with SOD1/C9orf72 mutations and provided additional evidence that aberrant miRNAs were involved in the pathogenesis of ALS regardless of the presence or absence of the gene mutation. The machine learning algorithm had high accuracy in predicting the diagnosis of ALS, shedding light on the foundation for the clinical application of blood tests in the diagnosis of ALS, and revealing the pathological mechanisms of the disease.

miRNA in Parkinson's disease: From pathogenesis to theranostic approaches

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age associated neurological disorder which is specified by cardinal motor symptoms such as tremor, stiffness, bradykinesia, postural instability, and non-motor symptoms. Dopaminergic neurons degradation in substantia nigra region and aggregation of αSyn are the classic signs of molecular defects noticed in PD pathogenesis. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNA) predicted to have a pivotal part in various processes regarding regularizing the cellular functions. Studies on dysregulation of miRNA in PD pathogenesis has recently gained the concern where our review unravels the role of miRNA expression in PD and its necessity in clinical validation for therapeutic development in PD. Here, we discussed how miRNA associated with ageing process in PD through molecular mechanistic approach of miRNAs on sirtuins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6, dopamine loss, oxidative stress and autophagic dysregulation. Further we have also conferred the expression of miRNAs affected by SNCA gene expression, neuronal differentiation and its therapeutic potential with PD. In conclusion, we suggest more rigorous studies should be conducted on understanding the mechanisms and functions of miRNA in PD which will eventually lead to discovery of novel and promising therapeutics for PD.

Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a distinctive clinical syndrome with several causes and clinical manifestations. Aside from an infectious cause, PD is a rapidly developing neurological disorder with a global rise in frequency. Notably, improved knowledge of molecular pathways and the developing novel diagnostic methods may result in better therapy for PD patients. In this regard, the amount of research on ceRNA axes is rising, highlighting the importance of these axes in PD. CeRNAs are transcripts that cross-regulate one another via competition for shared microRNAs (miRNAs). These transcripts may be either coding RNAs (mRNAs) or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This research used a systematic review to assess validated loops of ceRNA in PD. The Prisma guideline was used to conduct this systematic review, which entailed systematically examining the articles of seven databases. Out of 309 entries, forty articles met all criteria for inclusion and were summarized in the appropriate table. CeRNA axes have been described through one of the shared vital components of the axes, including lncRNAs such as NEAT1, SNHG family, HOTAIR, MALAT1, XIST, circRNAs, and lincRNAs. Understanding the multiple aspects of this regulatory structure may aid in elucidating the unknown causal causes of PD and providing innovative molecular therapeutic targets and medical fields.

Brain-protective mechanisms of autophagy associated circRNAs: Kick starting self-cleaning mode in brain cells via circRNAs as a potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases

Altered autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration but how autophagy is regulated in the brain and dysfunctional autophagy leads to neuronal death has remained cryptic. Being a key cellular waste-recycling and housekeeping system, autophagy is implicated in a range of brain disorders and altering autophagy flux could be an effective therapeutic strategy and has the potential for clinical applications down the road. Tight regulation of proteins and organelles in order to meet the needs of complex neuronal physiology suggests that there is distinct regulatory pattern of neuronal autophagy as compared to non-neuronal cells and nervous system might have its own separate regulator of autophagy. Evidence has shown that circRNAs participates in the biological processes of autophagosome assembly. The regulatory networks between circRNAs, autophagy, and neurodegeneration remains unknown and warrants further investigation. Understanding the interplay between autophagy, circRNAs and neurodegeneration requires a knowledge of the multiple steps and regulatory interactions involved in the autophagy pathway which might provide a valuable resource for the diagnosis and therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to summarize the latest studies on the role of brain-protective mechanisms of autophagy associated circRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases (including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Friedreich's ataxia) and how this knowledge can be leveraged for the development of novel therapeutics against them. Autophagy stimulation might be potential one-size-fits-all therapy for neurodegenerative disease as per considerable body of evidence, therefore future research on brain-protective mechanisms of autophagy associated circRNAs will illuminate an important feature of nervous system biology and will open the door to new approaches for treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Ginsenoside Rk1 prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease via activating silence information regulator 3-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Objectives: Ginsenoside Rk1, a novel ginsenoside isolated from red ginseng, has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities. This study was designed to elucidate the role of RK1 in an in vitro 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) cell model and an in vivo 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) of Parkinson's disease (PD).Methods: The grasping test, pole-climbing test, and rotarod test were performed to measure the effects of RK1 on MPTP-induced motor disorders. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and IBA-1 were evaluated by western blotting. CCK-8 and flow cytometry  assays were utilized to assess cell viability and apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected to analyze the effects of RK1 on oxidative stress. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: The results showed that RK1 allayed motor deficit elicited by MPTP in a mouse model. RK1 administration augmented tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the brain striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of MPTP-treated mice. Moreover, RK1 pretreatment promoted viability and suppressed apoptosis in MPP+-induced PC-12 cells. Further, RK1 also attenuated MPP+-stimulated oxidative stress and inflammatory response in PC-12 cells. Besides, RK1 augmented the level of SIRT3, and SIRT3 deletion counteracted RK1-induced repression on MPP+-elicited apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response in PC-12 cells via modulating the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)  pathway.Conclusions: RK1 might exert neuroprotective effects against MPP+/MPTP-induced neurotoxicity via activating SIRT3-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. RK1 might be a promising candidate against PD.

Significant Role of Long Non-coding RNAs in Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, with clinical manifestations of resting tremor, akinesia (or bradykinesia), rigidity, and postural instability. However, the molecular pathogenesis of PD is still unclear, and its effective treatments are limited. Substantial evidence demonstrates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have important functions in various human diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to review the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of PD.

METHODS

The role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of PD is summarized by reviewing Pubmed.

RESULTS

Thirty different lncRNAs are aberrantly expressed in PD and promote or inhibit PD by mediating ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal pathway, dopamine (DA) neuronal apoptosis, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.

CONCLUSION

In this direction, lncRNA may contribute to the treatment of PD as a diagnostic and therapeutic target for PD.

MicroRNAs in the epigenetic regulation of disease progression in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative condition with symptoms such as resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of moment), and postural instability. Neuroinflammation plays a significant part in the onset and progression of neurodegeneration in a wide range of disorders, including PD. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) is thought to be the primary cause of PD disease progression. However, other neurotransmitter systems like serotoninergic, glutamatergic, noradrenergic, adrenergic, cholinergic, tryptaminergic, and peptidergic appear to be affected as well. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is emerging as an influencing factor in the pathophysiology of PD. In recent years, epigenetic regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) has been discovered to play an important function in the disease progression of PD. This review explores the role of miRNAs and their signaling pathways in regulating gene expression from development through neurodegeneration and how these mechanisms are linked to the pathophysiology of PD, emphasizing potential therapeutic interventions.

Crosstalk between regulatory non-coding RNAs and oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, which imposes an ever-increasing burden on society. Many studies have indicated that oxidative stress may play an important role in Parkinson’s disease through multiple processes related to dysfunction or loss of neurons. Besides, several subtypes of non-coding RNAs are found to be involved in this neurodegenerative disorder. However, the interplay between oxidative stress and regulatory non-coding RNAs in Parkinson’s disease remains to be clarified. In this article, we comprehensively survey and overview the role of regulatory ncRNAs in combination with oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease. The interaction between them is also summarized. We aim to provide readers with a relatively novel insight into the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, which would contribute to the development of pre-clinical diagnosis and treatment.

miR-199a: A Tumor Suppressor with Noncoding RNA Network and Therapeutic Candidate in Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. miR-199a, which has two mature molecules: miR-199a-3p and miR-199a-5p, plays an important biological role in the genesis and development of tumors. We collected recent research results on lung cancer and miR-199a from Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The biological functions of miR-199a in lung cancer are reviewed in detail, and its potential roles in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed. With miR-199a as the core point and a divergence outward, the interplay between miR-199a and other ncRNAs is reviewed, and a regulatory network covering various cancers is depicted, which can help us to better understand the mechanism of cancer occurrence and provide a means for developing novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, the current methods of diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer are reviewed. Finally, a conclusion was drawn: miR-199a inhibits the development of lung cancer, especially by inhibiting the proliferation, infiltration, and migration of lung cancer cells, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, increasing the apoptosis of lung cancer cells, and affecting the drug resistance of lung cancer cells. This review aims to provide new insights into lung cancer therapy and prevention.

Long Intergenic Noncoding RNAs Affect Biological Pathways Underlying Autoimmune and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are a class of independently transcribed molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that do not overlap known protein-coding genes. LincRNAs have diverse roles in gene expression and participate in a spectrum of biological processes. Dysregulation of lincRNA expression can abrogate cellular homeostasis, cell differentiation, and development and can also deregulate the immune and nervous systems. A growing body of literature indicates their important and multifaceted roles in the pathogenesis of several different diseases. Furthermore, certain lincRNAs can be considered potential therapeutic targets and valuable diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers capable of predicting the onset of a disease, its degree of activity, or the progression phase. In this review, we discuss possible mechanisms and molecular functions of lincRNAs in the pathogenesis of selected autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders: multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This summary can provide new ideas for future research, diagnosis, and treatment of these highly prevalent and devastating diseases.

Diagnosis and Drug Prediction of Parkinson's Disease Based on Immune-Related Genes

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Immune mechanisms play an important role in the development of PD. The purpose of this study was to identify potential differentially expressed immune-related genes (IRGs), signaling pathways, and drugs in PD, which may provide new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for PD. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and IRGs were respectively obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset and the ImmPort database. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was utilized to further identify hub IRGs. Core IRGs were obtained by intersection of DEGs and hub genes in the module of WGCNA, followed by construction of diagnostic models and regulation network establishment of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)-miRNAs-diagnostic IRGs. Analysis of functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and identification of related drugs of DEGs was performed. LILRB3 and CSF3R were identified as potential diagnostic markers for PD. Two regulatory pairs were identified based on LILRB3 and CSF3R, including XIST-hsa-miR-214-3p/hsa-miR-761-LILRB3 and XIST-hsa-miR-485-5p/hsa-miR-654-5p-CSF3R. LEP and IL1A were drug targets of Olanzapine. MMP9 and HSP90AB1 were drug targets of Bevacizumab. In addition, LEP and MMP9 were respectively drug targets of Lovastatin and Celecoxib. Herpes simplex infection (involved TNFRSF1A) and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (involved CSF3R, LEP, and IL1A) were the most remarkably enriched signaling pathways of DEGs. Identified IRGs and related signaling pathways may play critical roles in the development of PD. Additionally, LILRB3 and CSF3R can be considered as potential immune-related diagnostic markers for PD. LEP, IL1A, MMP9, and HSP90AB1 may be regarded as immune-related therapeutic targets for PD.

Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Containing Gli1 Alleviate Microglial Activation and Neuronal Apoptosis In Vitro and in a Mouse Parkinson Disease Model by Direct Inhibition of Sp1 Signaling

This study investigated possible therapeutic effect mechanisms of exosomes from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) in neuronal and microglial cells and in a Parkinson disease (PD) model. Neuronal SH-SY5Y cells and microglial HMC3 cells were subjected to 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or LPS, respectively. The mRNA and protein expression was assessed using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cell viability and apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells were examined using the MTT assay and flow cytometry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to assess the binding relationship between glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) and the Sp1 transcription factor promoter. BMSC-derived exosomes promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis in MPP+-treated SH-SY5Y cells and suppressed inflammatory markers in LPS-treated HMC3 cells. Sp1 knockdown decreased SH-SY5Y cell damage and HMC3 immune activation. Gli1 carried by BMSC exosomes directly bound with Sp1 to inhibit Sp1-mediated LRRK2 activation whereas exosomes secreted by Gli1-knockdown in BMSC did not. In a PD mouse model induced with MPTP, BMSC exosomes decreased neuron loss injury and the inflammatory response by inhibiting Sp1 signaling. Thus, BMSC-derived exosomal Gli1 alleviates inflammatory damage and neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting Sp1 in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide the basis for the potential clinical use of BMSC-derived exosomes in PD.

XIST in Brain Cancer

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) make up the majority of the human genome. They are a group of small RNA molecules that do not code for any proteins but play a primary role in regulating a variety of physiological and pathological processes. X-inactive specific transcript (XIST), one of the first lncRNAs to be discovered, is chiefly responsible for X chromosome inactivation: an evolutionary process of dosage compensation between the sex chromosomes of males and females. Recent studies show that XIST plays a pathophysiological role in the development and prognosis of brain tumors, a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that cause significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, we explore recent advancements in the role of XIST in migration, proliferation, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and evasion of apoptosis in different types of brain tumors, with particular emphasis on gliomas.

LncRNA: a new perspective on the study of neurological diseases

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNA with a length greater than 200 nt. It has a mRNA-like structure, formed by splicing after transcription, and contains a polyA tail and a promoter, of whom promoter plays a role by binding transcription factors. LncRNAs' sequences are low in conservation, and other species can only find a handful of the same lncRNAs as humans, and there are different splicing ways during the differentiation of identical species, with spatiotemporal expression specificity. With developing high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics, found that more and more lncRNAs associated with nervous system disease. This article deals with the regulation of certain lncRNAs in the nervous system disease, by mean of to understand its mechanism of action, and the pathogenesis of some neurological diseases have a fresh understanding, deposit a foundation for resulting research and clinical treatment of disease.

Long noncoding RNA XIST: Mechanisms for X chromosome inactivation, roles in sex-biased diseases, and therapeutic opportunities

Sexual dimorphism has been reported in various human diseases including autoimmune diseases, neurological diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and some types of cancers, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is involved in X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female placental mammals, a process that ensures the balanced expression dosage of X-linked genes between sexes. XIST is abnormally expressed in many sex-biased diseases. In addition, escape from XIST-mediated XCI and skewed XCI also contribute to sex-biased diseases. Therefore, its expression or modification can be regarded as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of many sex-biased diseases. Genetic manipulation of XIST expression can inhibit the progression of some of these diseases in animal models, and therefore XIST has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target. In this manuscript, we summarize the current knowledge about the mechanisms for XIST-mediated XCI and the roles of XIST in sex-biased diseases, and discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting XIST.

The lncRNAs at X Chromosome Inactivation Center: Not Just a Matter of Sex Dosage Compensation

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute the majority of the transcriptome, as the result of pervasive transcription of the mammalian genome. Different RNA species, such as lncRNAs, miRNAs, circRNA, mRNAs, engage in regulatory networks based on their reciprocal interactions, often in a competitive manner, in a way denominated “competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks” (“ceRNET”): miRNAs and other ncRNAs modulate each other, since miRNAs can regulate the expression of lncRNAs, which in turn regulate miRNAs, titrating their availability and thus competing with the binding to other RNA targets. The unbalancing of any network component can derail the entire regulatory circuit acting as a driving force for human diseases, thus assigning “new” functions to “old” molecules. This is the case of XIST, the lncRNA characterized in the early 1990s and well known as the essential molecule for X chromosome inactivation in mammalian females, thus preventing an imbalance of X-linked gene expression between females and males. Currently, literature concerning XIST biology is becoming dominated by miRNA associations and they are also gaining prominence for other lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center. This review discusses the available literature to explore possible novel functions related to ceRNA activity of lncRNAs produced by the X-inactivation center, beyond their role in dosage compensation, with prospective implications for emerging gender-biased functions and pathological mechanisms.

Clinical value of lncRNA TUG1 in temporal lobe epilepsy and its role in the proliferation of hippocampus neuron via sponging miR-199a-3p

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) often occurs in childhood and is the most common type of epilepsy. Studies have confirmed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can affect the progression of neurological diseases. This study explored the expression level of lncRNA TUG1 in TLE children and its clinical significance and investigated its role in hippocampal neurons. 86 healthy individuals and 88 TLE children were recruited. The expressions of lncRNA TUG1 and miR-199a-3p in serum were detected by qRT-PCR. Hippocampal neurons were treated with non-Mg²⁺ to establish TLE cell model. MTT assay and flow cytometry assay was used to detect the effect of lncRNA TUG1 on the proliferation and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons. A dual-luciferase reporter assay was done to confirm the target relationship. The expression of lncRNA TUG1 was increased in TLE children compared with the control group. The diagnostic potential was reflected by the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, with the AUC of 0.915 at the cutoff value of 1.256. Elevated levels of TUG1 were detected in TLE cell models, and TUG1 knockout could enhance cell activity and inhibit cell apoptosis. MiR-199a-3p was the target of TUG1. Clinically, the serum miR-199a-3p levels showed a negative association with TUG1. LncRNA TUG1 may be a biomarker of TLE diagnosis in children, and can regulate hippocampal neuron cell activity and apoptosis via sponging miR-199a-3p.

The Perspective of Dysregulated LncRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Scoping Review

LncRNAs act as part of non-coding RNAs at high levels of complex and stimulatory configurations in basic molecular mechanisms. Their extensive regulatory activity in the CNS continues on a small scale, from the functions of synapses to large-scale neurodevelopment and cognitive functions, aging, and can be seen in both health and disease situations. One of the vast consequences of the pathological role of dysregulated lncRNAs in the CNS due to their role in a network of regulatory pathways can be manifested in Alzheimer's as a neurodegenerative disease. The disease is characterized by two main hallmarks: amyloid plaques due to the accumulation of β-amyloid components and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) resulting from the accumulation of phosphorylated tau. Numerous studies in humans, animal models, and various cell lines have revealed the role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. This scoping review was performed with a six-step strategy and based on the Prisma guideline by systematically searching the publications of seven databases. Out of 1,591 records, 69 articles were utterly aligned with the specified inclusion criteria and were summarized in the relevant table. Most of the studies were devoted to BACE1-AS, NEAT1, MALAT1, and SNHG1 lncRNAs, respectively, and about one-third of the studies investigated a unique lncRNA. About 56% of the studies reported up-regulation, and 7% reported down-regulation of lncRNAs expressions. Overall, this study was conducted to investigate the association between lncRNAs and Alzheimer's disease to make a reputable source for further studies and find more molecular therapeutic goals for this disease.

Long Noncoding RNA X-Inactive Specific Transcript Regulates Neuronal Cell Apoptosis in Ischemic Stroke Through miR-98/BACH1 Axis

Long noncoding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) has been identified as a crucial regulator in neurodegenerative disorders. However, the role and mechanism of XIST in ischemic stroke remain elusive. In our study, we found that XIST expression was upregulated in both mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated neurons. Functional assays disclosed that the interference of XIST accelerated viability, and suppressed apoptosis and caspase-3 activity in OGD-treated neurons. Moreover, XIST interacted with miR-98, and miR-98 targeted BTB-to-CNC homology 1 (BACH1). miR-98 silencing or BACH1 overexpression counteracted XIST knockdown-mediated effects on cell viability and apoptosis in OGD-treated neurons. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that XIST facilitated the progression of ischemic stroke through regulating the miR-98/BACH1 axis. These findings might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke treatment.