1
|
Zhang J, Deng YT, Liu J, Gan L, Jiang Y. Role of transforming growth factor-β1 pathway in angiogenesis induced by chronic stress in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2024; 25:2366451. [PMID: 38857055 PMCID: PMC11168221 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2024.2366451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress can induce stress-related hormones; norepinephrine (NE) is considered to have the highest potential in cancer. NE can stimulate the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and tumor angiogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. METHODS Tumor-bearing mice were subjected to chronic restraint stress and treated with normal saline, human monoclonal VEGF-A neutralizing antibody bevacizumab, or β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonist (propranolol). Tumor growth and vessel density were also evaluated. Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells were treated with NE, propranolol, or the inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor Type I kinase (Ly2157299) in vitro. TGF-β1 in mouse serum and cell culture supernatants was quantified using ELISA. The expression of HIF-1α was measured using Real time-PCR and western blotting. Cell migration and invasion were tested. RESULTS Chronic restraint stress attenuated the efficacy of bevacizumab and promoted tumor growth and angiogenesis in a colorectal tumor model. Propranolol blocked this effect and inhibited TGF-β1 elevation caused by chronic restraint stress or NE. NE upregulated HIF-1α expression, which was reversed by propranolol or Ly2157299. Propranolol and Ly2157199 blocked NE-stimulated cancer cell migration and invasion. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the effect of NE on tumor angiogenesis and the critical role of TGF-β1 signaling during this process. In addition, β-AR/TGF-β1 signaling/HIF-1α/VEGF is a potential signaling pathway. This study also indicates that psychosocial stress might be a risk factor which weakens the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao-Tiao Deng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao H, Ma Y, Tian F, Li B, Xiao N, Mo X, Aibibula M, Min H, Cai X, Zhang T, Ma X. Expression of Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway and CD8+T cells and related factors in patients with cystic echinococcosis. Exp Parasitol 2023; 254:108623. [PMID: 37793539 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE One of the primary reasons for the successful patriotization of Echinococcus multilocularis in patients is its ability to induce host immune tolerance. This study examined the expression of the immunosuppressive Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway, CD8+T cells, and related factors in AE patients. The aim was to analyze the relationship between the Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway and CD8+T cells in this disease and further understand the mechanism of immune tolerance induced by cystic echinococcosis. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the expression of CTL, CD8+CD28-T cells, CD8+CD28 + IFN-γ + T cells, CD8+CD28+perforin + T cells, CD8+CD28+granzyme B + T cells, CD8+CD28-IL-10 + T cells, CD8+CD28-TGF-β+T cells, and Tim-3 expression on CD8+T cells in the peripheral blood of control (n = 30) and AE patients (n = 33). qRT-PCR was used to measure CD107a and Tim-3/Galectin-9 mRNA levels in PBMCs from the control and AE groups. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect IL-10, TGF-β, and Tim-3/Galectin-9 expressions in the infected livers of AE patients. RESULTS AE patients exhibited a significant decrease in peripheral blood CTL ratio (P < 0.001) and an increase in CD8+CD28+IFN-γ+T cell ratio (P < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the ratios of CD8+CD28+perforin + T cells (P = 0.720) and CD8+CD28+granzyme B + T cells (P = 0.051). The proportions of CD8+CD28-T cells (P < 0.001), CD8+CD28-IL-10 + T cells (P < 0.001), and CD8+CD28-TGF-β+T cells (P < 0.001) were notably higher than in the control group. The expression of Tim-3 on CTL and CD8+CD28-T cells in AE patients was significantly upregulated (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). AE patients displayed a substantial decrease in peripheral blood PBMC CD107a mRNA levels (P < 0.001) and significant elevations in Tim-3/Galectin-9 mRNA levels (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between CD107a mRNA levels and both Tim-3 (r^2 = 0.411, P < 0.001) and Galectin-9 (r2 = 0.180, P = 0.019) mRNA levels. Expressions of IL-10 (P < 0.001), TGF-β (P < 0.001), and Tim-3/Galectin-9 (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) in AE patient-infected livers were significantly higher than in uninfected regions. IL-10 and TGF-β expressions showed a positive correlation with Tim-3/Galectin-9. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the high expression of Tim-3 on CD8+T cell surfaces in AE patients might promote an increase in CD8+CD28-T cells and related factors, while suppressing CTL and related factor expressions. This potentially induces the onset of immune tolerance, which is unfavorable for the clearance of Echinococcus multilocularis in patients, leading to the exacerbation of persistent infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Medical Testing Center, Xinjiang, China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Yuyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Fengming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Ning Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Madinaimu Aibibula
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Hongyue Min
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Xuanlin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiumin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
TRUONG NC, HUYNH NT, PHAM KD, PHAM PV. Roles of cancer stem cells in cancer immune surveillance. MINERVA BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMOLECULAR RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-542x.23.02944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
|
4
|
Interactions between Platelets and Tumor Microenvironment Components in Ovarian Cancer and Their Implications for Treatment and Clinical Outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041282. [PMID: 36831623 PMCID: PMC9953912 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, the primary operatives of hemostasis that contribute to blood coagulation and wound healing after blood vessel injury, are also involved in pathological conditions, including cancer. Malignancy-associated thrombosis is common in ovarian cancer patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Platelets extravasate into the tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer and interact with cancer cells and non-cancerous elements. Ovarian cancer cells also activate platelets. The communication between activated platelets, cancer cells, and the tumor microenvironment is via various platelet membrane proteins or mediators released through degranulation or the secretion of microvesicles from platelets. These interactions trigger signaling cascades in tumors that promote ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. This review discusses how interactions between platelets, cancer cells, cancer stem cells, stromal cells, and the extracellular matrix in the tumor microenvironment influence ovarian cancer progression. It also presents novel potential therapeutic approaches toward this gynecological cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li R, Xu J, Wu M, Liu S, Fu X, Shang W, Wang T, Jia X, Wang F. Circulating CD4 + Treg, CD8 + Treg, and CD3 + γδ T Cell Subpopulations in Ovarian Cancer. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020205. [PMID: 36837407 PMCID: PMC9958753 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are usually enriched in ovarian cancer (OC), and their immunosuppressive function plays a key role in tumorigenesis and progression. We mainly explored the phenotypical characterization of Treg-related markers on αβ and γδ T cell subsets in patients with OC. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six untreated patients with OC at the Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2019 to August 2021 were enrolled. Phenotypical characterization of Tregs-related markers were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of carbohydrate antigen (CA125) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). The level of human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) was detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: Circulating CD4+ Tregs, CD8+ Tregs, and CD3+γδ T cell subpopulations from OC patients have elevated Foxp3, CD25, CD122, Vδ1, and reduced CD28 expression compared to benign ovarian tumor (BOT) patients and healthy controls (HC). The upregulation of Foxp3 and Vδ1 and the downregulation of CD28 were highly specific for maintaining the immunosuppression function of CD4+ Tregs, CD3+γδ T cells, and CD8+ Tregs in OC patients. These Treg subpopulations were able to discriminate OC from BOT and HC. The levels of CA125, HE4, and TGF-β were increased in OC patients. A significant positive correlation between Treg subpopulations and CA125, HE4, and TGF-β was revealed. Conclusions: Proportions of CD4+ Tregs, CD8+ Tregs, and CD3+γδ T cell subsets were significantly increased in OC patients and were positively correlated with FIGO stage/metastasis status, CA125, HE4, and TGF-β. These indicators have the potential to be used as immunosurveillance biomarkers for OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou 225300, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Shuna Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xin Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenwen Shang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210004, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (F.W.)
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (F.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rajtak A, Ostrowska-Leśko M, Żak K, Tarkowski R, Kotarski J, Okła K. Integration of local and systemic immunity in ovarian cancer: Implications for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018256. [PMID: 36439144 PMCID: PMC9684707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease that induces many local and systemic changes in immunity. The difficult nature of ovarian cancer stems from the lack of characteristic symptoms that contributes to a delayed diagnosis and treatment. Despite the enormous progress in immunotherapy, its efficacy remains limited. The heterogeneity of tumors, lack of diagnostic biomarkers, and complex immune landscape are the main challenges in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Integrative approaches that combine the tumor microenvironment - local immunity - together with periphery - systemic immunity - are urgently needed to improve the understanding of the disease and the efficacy of treatment. In fact, multiparametric analyses are poised to improve our understanding of ovarian tumor immunology. We outline an integrative approach including local and systemic immunity in ovarian cancer. Understanding the nature of both localized and systemic immune responses will be crucial to boosting the efficacy of immunotherapies in ovarian cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Rajtak
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Ostrowska-Leśko
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Chair and Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Klaudia Żak
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Student Scientific Association, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Rafał Tarkowski
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jan Kotarski
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Karolina Okła
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin Y, Zhou X, Ni Y, Zhao X, Liang X. Metabolic reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment in ovarian cancer: A novel orientation for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1030831. [PMID: 36311734 PMCID: PMC9613923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1030831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic tumor, with the highest mortality rate. Numerous studies have been conducted on the treatment of ovarian cancer in the hopes of improving therapeutic outcomes. Immune cells have been revealed to play a dual function in the development of ovarian cancer, acting as both tumor promoters and tumor suppressors. Increasingly, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) has been proposed and confirmed to play a unique role in tumor development and treatment by altering immunosuppressive and cytotoxic responses in the vicinity of tumor cells through metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, studies of immunometabolism have provided new insights into the understanding of the TIME. Targeting or activating metabolic processes of the TIME has the potential to be an antitumor therapy modality. In this review, we summarize the composition of the TIME of ovarian cancer and its metabolic reprogramming, its relationship with drug resistance in ovarian cancer, and recent research advances in immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Qi T, Luo Y, Cui W, Zhou Y, Ma X, Wang D, Tian X, Wang Q. Crosstalk between the CBM complex/NF-κB and MAPK/P27 signaling pathways of regulatory T cells contributes to the tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:911811. [PMID: 35927985 PMCID: PMC9343696 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.911811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which execute their immunosuppressive functions by multiple mechanisms, have been verified to contribute to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Numerous studies have shown that the activation of the CBM complex/NF-κB signaling pathway results in the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which initiate the TME formation. HIF-1α and IL-6 promote regulatory T cells (Tregs) proliferation and migration through the MAPK/CDK4/6/Rb and STAT3/SIAH2/P27 signaling pathways, respectively. IL-6 also promotes the production of HIF-1α and enhances the self-regulation of Tregs in the process of tumor microenvironment (TME) formation. In this review, we discuss how the crosstalk between the CARMA1–BCL10–MALT1 signalosome complex (CBM complex)/NF-κB and MAPK/P27 signaling pathways contributes to the formation of the TME, which may provide evidence for potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongbing Qi
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Weitong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, People’s Hospital of Huantai, Zibo, China
| | - Xuewen Tian
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Xuewen Tian, ; Qinglu Wang,
| | - Qinglu Wang
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Qilu Medical University, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Xuewen Tian, ; Qinglu Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The cytokine, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), has a history of more than 40 years. TGF-β is secreted by many tumor cells and is associated with tumor growth and cancer immunity. The canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, SMAD, controls both tumor metastasis and immune regulation, thereby regulating cancer immunity. TGF-β regulates multiple types of immune cells in tumor microenvironment, including T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages. One of the main roles of TGF-β in the tumor microenvironment is the generation of regulatory T cells, which contribute to the suppression of anti-tumor immunity. Because cancer is one of the highest causes of death globally, the discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors by Honjo and Allison in cancer immunotherapy earned a Nobel Prize in 2018. TGF-β also regulates the levels of immune checkpoints inhibitory receptors on immune cells. Immune checkpoints inhibitors are now being developed along with anti-TGF-β antibody and/or TGF-β inhibitors. More recently, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) were applied to cancer immunity and tried to combine with TGF-β blockers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, National Institute of Health
| | - Hiroyuki Shibata
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mirlekar B. Tumor promoting roles of IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-35: Its implications in cancer immunotherapy. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121211069012. [PMID: 35096390 PMCID: PMC8793114 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211069012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play a critical role in regulating host immune response toward cancer and determining the overall fate of tumorigenesis. The tumor microenvironment is dominated mainly by immune-suppressive cytokines that control effector antitumor immunity and promote survival and the proliferation of cancer cells, which ultimately leads to enhanced tumor growth. In addition to tumor cells, the heterogeneous immune cells present within the tumor milieu are the significant source of immune-suppressive cytokines. These cytokines are classified into a broad range; however, in most tumor types, the interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 are consistently reported as immune-suppressive cytokines that help tumor growth and metastasis. The most emerging concern in cancer treatment is hijacking and restraining the activity of antitumor immune cells in the tumor niche due to a highly immune-suppressive environment. This review summarizes the role and precise functions of interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 in modulating tumor immune contexture and its implication in developing effective immune-therapeutic approaches. CONCISE CONCLUSION Recent effort geared toward developing novel immune-therapeutic approaches faces significant challenges due to sustained mutations in tumor cells and a highly immune-suppressive microenvironment present within the tumor milieu. The cytokines play a crucial role in developing an immune-suppressive environment that ultimately dictates the fate of tumorigenesis. This review critically covers the novel aspects of predominant immune-suppressive cytokines such as interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-4, and interleukin-35 in dictating the fate of tumorigenesis and how targeting these cytokines can help the development of better immune-therapeutic drug regimens for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhalchandra Mirlekar
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reijmen E, De Mey S, Van Damme H, De Ridder K, Gevaert T, De Blay E, Bouwens L, Collen C, Decoster L, De Couck M, Laoui D, De Grève J, De Ridder M, Gidron Y, Goyvaerts C. Transcutaneous Vagal Nerve Stimulation Alone or in Combination With Radiotherapy Stimulates Lung Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes But Fails to Suppress Tumor Growth. Front Immunol 2021; 12:772555. [PMID: 34925341 PMCID: PMC8671299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.772555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of radiotherapy (RT) with immunotherapy represents a promising treatment modality for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. As only a minority of patients shows a persistent response today, a spacious optimization window remains to be explored. Previously we showed that fractionated RT can induce a local immunosuppressive profile. Based on the evolving concept of an immunomodulatory role for vagal nerve stimulation (VNS), we tested its therapeutic and immunological effects alone and in combination with fractionated RT in a preclinical-translational study. Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing C57Bl/6 mice were treated with VNS, fractionated RT or the combination while a patient cohort with locally advanced NSCLC receiving concurrent radiochemotherapy (ccRTCT) was enrolled in a clinical trial to receive either sham or effective VNS daily during their 6 weeks of ccRTCT treatment. Preclinically, VNS alone or with RT showed no therapeutic effect yet VNS alone significantly enhanced the activation profile of intratumoral CD8+ T cells by upregulating their IFN-γ and CD137 expression. In the periphery, VNS reduced the RT-mediated rise of splenic, but not blood-derived, regulatory T cells (Treg) and monocytes. In accordance, the serological levels of protumoral CXCL5 next to two Treg-attracting chemokines CCL1 and CCL22 were reduced upon VNS monotherapy. In line with our preclinical findings on the lack of immunological changes in blood circulating immune cells upon VNS, immune monitoring of the peripheral blood of VNS treated NSCLC patients (n=7) did not show any significant changes compared to ccRTCT alone. As our preclinical data do suggest that VNS intensifies the stimulatory profile of the tumor infiltrated CD8+ T cells, this favors further research into non-invasive VNS to optimize current response rates to RT-immunotherapy in lung cancer patients.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/radiotherapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Female
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Tumor Burden
- Vagus Nerve Stimulation
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Reijmen
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sven De Mey
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Centre University Hospital Brussels (Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helena Van Damme
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kirsten De Ridder
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry Gevaert
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Centre University Hospital Brussels (Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmy De Blay
- Cell Differentiation Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Bouwens
- Cell Differentiation Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Collen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Centre University Hospital Brussels (Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lore Decoster
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologisch Centrum, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marijke De Couck
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Wellbeing Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Health Care, University College Odisee, Aalst, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jacques De Grève
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Oncology (LMMO), Department of Medical Oncology, Oncologisch Centrum, Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark De Ridder
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Centre University Hospital Brussels (Universitair Ziekenhuis (UZ) Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yori Gidron
- Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Cleo Goyvaerts
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo F, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhao X, Xie Y, Zhang Q, Mei J, Liu X. A narrative review of the relationship between TGF-β signaling and gynecological malignant tumor. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1601. [PMID: 34790807 PMCID: PMC8576662 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective This paper reviews the association between transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its receptor and tumor, focusing on gynecological malignant tumors. we hope to provide more methods to help increase the potential of TGF-β signaling targeted treatment of specific cancers. Background The occurrence of a malignant tumor is a complex process of multi-step, multi-gene regulation, and its progression is affected by various components of the tumor cells and/or tumor microenvironment. The occurrence of gynecological diseases not only affect women's health, but also bring some troubles to their normal life. Especially when gynecological malignant tumors occur, the situation is more serious, which will endanger the lives of patients. Due to differences in environmental and economic conditions, not all women have access to assistance and treatment specifically meeting their needs. TGF-β is a multi-potent growth factor that maintains homeostasis in mammals by inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis in vivo. TGF-β signaling is fundamental to inflammatory disease and favors the emergence of tumors, and it also plays an important role in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. In the early stages of the tumor, TGF-β acts as a tumor inhibitor, whereas in advanced tumors, mutations or deletion of the TGF-β signaling core component initiate neogenesis. Methods Literatures about TGF-β and gynecological malignant tumor were extensively reviewed to analyze and discuss. Conclusions We discussed the role of TGF-β signaling in different types of gynecological tumor cells, thus demonstrating that targeted TGF-β signaling may be an effective tumor treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinghui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fucikova J, Coosemans A, Orsulic S, Cibula D, Vergote I, Galluzzi L, Spisek R. Immunological configuration of ovarian carcinoma: features and impact on disease outcome. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002873. [PMID: 34645669 PMCID: PMC8515436 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) is a relatively rare malignancy but is the fifth-leading cause of cancer-related death in women, largely reflecting early, prediagnosis dissemination of malignant disease to the peritoneum. At odds with other neoplasms, EOC is virtually insensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors, correlating with a tumor microenvironment that exhibits poor infiltration by immune cells and active immunosuppression. Here, we comparatively summarize the humoral and cellular features of primary and metastatic EOC, comparatively analyze their impact on disease outcome, and propose measures to alter them in support of treatment sensitivity and superior patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - An Coosemans
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandra Orsulic
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Cibula
- Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio Biotech, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiang Y, Zhou T, Shi Y, Feng W, Lyu T. A SMYD3/ITGB6/TGFβ1 Positive Feedback Loop Promotes the Invasion and Adhesion of Ovarian Cancer Spheroids. Front Oncol 2021; 11:690618. [PMID: 34621667 PMCID: PMC8490739 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.690618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Implantation metastasis is the main means of dissemination in ovarian cancer. Our previous studies showed that SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) expression was higher in ovarian cancer spheroids than in monolayers. SMYD3 enhancement of spheroid invasion and adhesion is mediated by the downstream effectors ITGB6 and ITGAM. However, the potential mechanisms underlying the SMYD3/integrin-mediated invasion and adhesion of spheroids still need to be explored. Methods Western blotting was used to examine the expression of SMYD3, ITGB6 and downstream molecules under different treatments. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of F-actin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin. Anti-ITGB6 antibody-based inhibition and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to confirm the binding between ITGB6 and latent TGFβ1. Transwell invasion, adherence and 3D tumor spheroid invasion assays were employed to test the effects of TGFβ1 on the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids. ELISA was performed to assess the release of latent TGFβ1 from ovarian cancer spheroids. Results SMYD3 and ITGB6 activated the TGFβ1/Smad3 pathway and then induced the upregulation of Snail, Vimentin and N-cadherin and the downregulation of E-cadherin in 3D-cultured ovarian cancer spheroids. In this process, latent TGFβ1 could bind to ITGB6 and become activated to stimulate the Smad3 pathway. Moreover, SMYD3 and ITGB6 could facilitate the release of latent TGFβ1 from 3D-cultured ovarian cancer spheroids. Interestingly, TGFβ1 could promote the expression of SMYD3 and ITGB6 via feedback. This positive feedback loop could further amplify the biological effect and promote the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the SMYD3/ITGB6/TGFβ1-Smad3 positive feedback loop could promote the invasion and adhesion of ovarian cancer spheroids by upregulating the expression of N-cadherin, Snail, and Vimentin and downregulating the expression of E-cadherin. Thus, our study unmasked the mechanism of SMYD3- and ITGB6-induced ovarian cancer metastasis and provides new ideas for targeted ovarian cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Zhou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Feng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjiao Lyu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen S, Zhang J, Shen M, Han X, Li S, Hu C, Wang W, Li L, Du L, Pang D, Tao K, Jin A. p38 inhibition enhances TCR-T cell function and antagonizes the immunosuppressive activity of TGF-β. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 98:107848. [PMID: 34126342 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT) relies on the abilities of T cells in self-expansion, survival and the secretion of effector molecules. Here, we presented an optimized method to generate T cells with improved functions by supplementing the culture medium with p38 inhibitor and the combination of IL-7 and IL-15 or IL-2 alone. The addition of p38 inhibitor, Doramapimod or SB202190, to IL-7 and IL-15 culture largely increased the capacity of T cells in the proliferation with enrichment of the naïve-like subsets and expression of CD62L. Importantly, we found this regimen has generated complete T cell resistance to TGF-β-induced functional suppression, with sustained levels of the IFN-γ and Granzyme-B productions. Such findings were also validated in the melanoma-associated antigen recognized by T cells (MART-1) specific T cell receptor (TCR) engineered T cells, which were expanded in Doramapimod and IL-7 + IL-15 added media. In conclusion, we have established and optimized a protocol with the combination of p38 inhibitor, IL-7 and IL-15, rather than IL-2, for the generation of functionally enhanced T cells applicable for ACT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyin Chen
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaojian Han
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shenglong Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Luo Li
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Du
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Kun Tao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Tumor Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pancione M, Cerulo L, Remo A, Giordano G, Gutierrez-Uzquiza Á, Bragado P, Porras A. Centrosome Dynamics and Its Role in Inflammatory Response and Metastatic Process. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050629. [PMID: 33922633 PMCID: PMC8146599 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a process by which cancer cells escape from the location of the primary tumor invading normal tissues at distant organs. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a hallmark of human cancer, associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. The centrosome plays a major role in organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells regulating cellular architecture and cell division. Loss of centrosome integrity activates the p38-p53-p21 pathway, which results in cell-cycle arrest or senescence and acts as a cell-cycle checkpoint pathway. Structural and numerical centrosome abnormalities can lead to aneuploidy and CIN. New findings derived from studies on cancer and rare genetic disorders suggest that centrosome dysfunction alters the cellular microenvironment through Rho GTPases, p38, and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal Kinase)-dependent signaling in a way that is favorable for pro-invasive secretory phenotypes and aneuploidy tolerance. We here review recent data on how centrosomes act as complex molecular platforms for Rho GTPases and p38 MAPK (Mitogen activated kinase) signaling at the crossroads of CIN, cytoskeleton remodeling, and immune evasion via both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pancione
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0824305116
| | - Luigi Cerulo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Andrea Remo
- Pathology Unit, Mater Salutis Hospital AULSS9, “Scaligera”, 37122 Verona, Italy;
| | - Guido Giordano
- Department of Medical Oncology Unit, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Álvaro Gutierrez-Uzquiza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-U.); (P.B.); (A.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Bragado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-U.); (P.B.); (A.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Porras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (Á.G.-U.); (P.B.); (A.P.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang Y, Islam MS, Hu Y, Chen X. TNFR2: Role in Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy. Immunotargets Ther 2021; 10:103-122. [PMID: 33907692 PMCID: PMC8071081 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s255224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4) and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1), represent a turning point in the cancer immunotherapy. However, only a minor fraction of patients could derive benefit from such therapy. Therefore, new strategies targeting additional immune regulatory mechanisms are urgently needed. CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) represent a major cellular mechanism in cancer immune evasion. There is compelling evidence that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor type II (TNFR2) plays a decisive role in the activation and expansion of Tregs and other types of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Furthermore, TNFR2 is also expressed by some tumor cells. Emerging experimental evidence indicates that TNFR2 may be a therapeutic target to enhance naturally occurring or immunotherapeutic-triggered anti-tumor immune responses. In this article, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanistic basis underlying the Treg-boosting effect of TNFR2. The role of TNFR2-expressing highly suppressive Tregs in tumor immune evasion and their possible contribution to the non-responsiveness to checkpoint treatment are analyzed. Moreover, the role of TNFR2 expression on tumor cells and the impact of TNFR2 signaling on other types of cells that shape the immunological landscape in the tumor microenvironment, such as MDSCs, MSCs, ECs, EPCs, CD8+ CTLs, and NK cells, are also discussed. The reports revealing the effect of TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents in the experimental cancer immunotherapy are summarized. We also discuss the potential opportunities and challenges for TNFR2-targeting immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Sahidul Islam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, SAR, 999078, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cao H, Quan S, Zhang L, Chen Y, Jiao G. BMPR2 expression level is correlated with low immune infiltration and predicts metastasis and poor survival in osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:391. [PMID: 33777214 PMCID: PMC7988701 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults, and identifying biomarkers for prognosis and therapy is necessary. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) is involved in various cellular functions, including cell adhesion, proliferation and invasion, inflammation, apoptosis and metastatic spread. However, the correlation between BMPR2 expression levels and prognosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in osteosarcoma is not well understood. In the present study, the expression level of BMPR2 was investigated using the Oncomine and R2 databases. The association between the expression level of BMPR2 and the clinical prognosis of patients with cancer was analyzed using the R2 database. The relationship between the expression level of BMPR2 and immune cell infiltration in the stroma of osteosarcoma was assessed using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and CIBERSORT. The correlations between BMPR2 expression level and infiltrated immune cell gene marker sets in osteosarcoma were validated in the TIMER and R2 databases. Analysis of a cohort of patients with osteosarcoma revealed that BMPR2 expression was significantly higher in osteosarcoma compared with in normal tissue and was correlated with poor prognosis. M0 macrophages, M2 macrophages, resting mast, γ δ T and CD8+ T cells were the top five immune cells with the highest degrees of infiltration in osteosarcoma. In addition, BMPR2 expression level showed a significant negative correlation with the gene markers of CD8+ T cells, monocytes and M2 macrophages. Low levels of infiltrating CD8+ T cells, monocytes or M2 macrophages in osteosarcoma was significantly associated with poor survival. These data suggested that CD8+ T cells, monocytes and M2 macrophages play significant roles in the establishment of the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma. High BMPR2 expression was associated with poor prognosis and low infiltration of CD8+ T cells, monocytes and M2 macrophages in osteosarcoma. Hence, BMPR2 can be considered a biomarker of the immune infiltration, metastasis and prognosis of osteosarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Quan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Spine and Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Spine and Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guangjun Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Spine and Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang J, Xiang H, Lu Y, Wu T. Role and clinical significance of TGF‑β1 and TGF‑βR1 in malignant tumors (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:55. [PMID: 33604683 PMCID: PMC7895515 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance and growth of malignant tumors is a complicated process that is regulated by a number of genes. In recent years, studies have revealed that the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves an important role in cell cycle regulation, growth and development, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis and immune response. Notably, two members of the TGF-β signaling pathway, TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor 1 (TGF-βR1), are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Moreover, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 promote proliferation, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells by activating other signaling pathways, signaling molecules or microRNAs (miRs), such as the NF-κB signaling pathway and miR-133b. In addition, some inhibitors targeting TGF-β1 and TGF-βR1 have exhibited positive effects in in vitro experiments. The present review discusses the association between TGF-β1 or TGF-βR1 and tumors, and the development of some inhibitors, hoping to provide more approaches to help identify novel tumor markers to restrain and cure tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Hongjiao Xiang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wei C, Liu X, Wang Q, Li Q, Xie M. Identification of Hypoxia Signature to Assess the Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Predict Prognosis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:4156187. [PMID: 34950205 PMCID: PMC8692015 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4156187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-year overall survival rate of ovarian cancer (OC) patients is less than 40%. Hypoxia promotes the proliferation of OC cells and leads to the decline of cell immunity. It is crucial to find potential predictors or risk model related to OC prognosis. This study aimed at establishing the hypoxia-associated gene signature to assess tumor immune microenvironment and predicting the prognosis of OC. METHODS The gene expression data of 378 OC patients and 370 OC patients were downloaded from datasets. The hypoxia risk model was constructed to reflect the immune microenvironment in OC and predict prognosis. RESULTS 8 genes (AKAP12, ALDOC, ANGPTL4, CITED2, ISG20, PPP1R15A, PRDX5, and TGFBI) were included in the hypoxic gene signature. Patients in the high hypoxia risk group showed worse survival. Hypoxia signature significantly related to clinical features and may serve as an independent prognostic factor for OC patients. 2 types of immune cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cell and regulatory T cell, showed a significant infiltration in the tissues of the high hypoxia risk group patients. Most of the immunosuppressive genes (such as ARG1, CD160, CD244, CXCL12, DNMT1, and HAVCR1) and immune checkpoints (such as CD80, CTLA4, and CD274) were upregulated in the high hypoxia risk group. Gene sets related to the high hypoxia risk group were associated with signaling pathways of cell cycle, MAPK, mTOR, PI3K-Akt, VEGF, and AMPK. CONCLUSION The hypoxia risk model could serve as an independent prognostic indicator and reflect overall immune response intensity in the OC microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wei
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Shangzhou District, Shangluo, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qipei Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1330:75-94. [PMID: 34339031 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73359-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of ovarian cancer patients present clinically with wide-spread metastases throughout the peritoneal cavity, metastasizing to the mesothelium-lined peritoneum and visceral adipose depots within the abdomen. This unique metastatic tumor microenvironment is comprised of multiple cell types, including mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes. Modeling advancements, including complex 3D systems and organoids, coupled with 2D cocultures, in vivo mouse models, and ex vivo human tissue cultures have greatly enhanced our understanding of the tumor-stroma interactions that are required for successful metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. However, advanced multifaceted model systems that incorporate frequency and spatial distribution of all cell types present in the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer are needed to enhance our knowledge of ovarian cancer biology in order to identify methods for preventing and treating metastatic disease. This review highlights the utility of recently developed modeling approaches, summarizes some of the resulting progress using these techniques, and suggests how these strategies may be implemented to elucidate signaling processes among cell types of the tumor microenvironment that promote ovarian cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
22
|
Sex as a confounding factor in the effects of ageing on rat lymph node t cell compartment. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111140. [PMID: 33129930 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The study examined the influence of sex on the alterations occurring with ageing in rat lymph node (LN) T cell compartment. In female and male rats the decrease in LN T cell counts was followed by a shift in CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio towards CD8+ T cells, which was more prominent in males than in females. With ageing, in both major LN T cell subpopulations naïve (recent thymic emigrants and mature naïve cells) to memory/activated T cell ratio shifted to the side of memory/activated cells in female, and particularly in male rats. The frequency of regulatory CD25+Foxp3+ cells increased among LN CD4+/CD8+ T cells with ageing, reflecting, at least partly, an enhanced conversion of effector T cells into regulatory cells. This was also more prominent in male rats. The more prounounced increase in LN oxidative damage and the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines in male rats with ageing, most likely contributed to the greater frequency of proinflammatory, replicatively senescent CD28- cells expressing CD11b (innate cell marker), among T cells of old male rats compared with age-matched females. The increase in LN oxidation/proinflammatory state with ageing was also consistent with the accumulation of exhausted PD-1high cells among T lymphocytes, particularly prominent among CD8+ T cells from male rats. Finally, by calculating a summary score for the key ageing-relevant parameters (an ageing index), a faster development of the deleterious changes in the T cell compartment occurring with ageing was confirmed in male rat LNs. Additionally, the study pointed to indices of LN T cell compartment ageing which correlate with those in peripheral blood.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kempiński K, Romantowski J, Maciejewska A, Pawłowski R, Chełmińska M, Jassem E, Niedoszytko M. COMMD8 changes expression during initial phase of wasp venom immunotherapy. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3243. [PMID: 32559011 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) is of great concern because of the possibility of anaphylaxis, which may be fatal. Venom immunotherapy (VIT) is the only disease-modifying treatment in HVA and, although efficient, its mechanism remains partially unknown. Gene expression analysis may be helpful for establishing a proper model of tolerance induction during the build-up phase of VIT. The present study aimed to analyze how the start of VIT changes the expression of 15 selected genes. METHODS Forty-five patients starting VIT with a wasp venom allergy were enrolled. The diagnosis was established based on anaphylaxis history (third or fourth grade on the Mueller scale) and positive soluble immunoglobulin E and/or skin tests. Two blood collections were performed in the patient group: before and after 3 months of VIT. One sample was taken in the control group. Gene expression analysis was performed using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction with microfluidic cards and normalized to the 18S housekeeping gene. RESULTS Commd8 was the only gene that changed expression significantly after the start of VIT (p = 0.012). Its expression decreased towards the levels observed in the healthy controls. Twelve out of 15 genes (commd8, cldn1, cngb3, fads1, hes6, hla-drb5, htr3b, prlr, slc16a4, snx33, socs3 and twist2) revealed a significantly different expression compared to the healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows that commd8 changes significantly its expression during initial phase of VIT. This gene might be a candidate for VIT biomarker in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karol Kempiński
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jan Romantowski
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Ryszard Pawłowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marta Chełmińska
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Jassem
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marek Niedoszytko
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Hays E, Rama M, Bonavida B. Cell-mediated immune resistance in cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:232-251. [PMID: 35310881 PMCID: PMC8932590 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genetic and epigenetic aberrations that underlie immune resistance lead to tumors that are refractory to clinically established and experimental immunotherapies, including monoclonal antibodies and T cell-based therapies. From various forms of cytotoxic T cells to small molecule inhibitors that revamp the tumor microenvironment, these therapies have demonstrated notable responses in cancer models and a resistant subset of cancer patients, used both alone and in combination. However, even current approaches, such as those targeting checkpoint molecules, tumor ligands, and involving gene-related therapies, present a challenge in non-responding patients. In this perspective, we discuss the most common mechanisms of immune resistance, including tumor heterogeneity, tumor ligand and major histocompatibility complex modulation, anti-apoptotic pathways, checkpoint inhibitory ligands, immunosuppressive cells and factors in the tumor microenvironment, and activation-induced cell death. In addition, we discuss the strategies designed to circumvent these resistance pathways to showcase the potential of emerging technologies in battling the rise of resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747, USA
| | - Emily Hays
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747, USA
| | - Martina Rama
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747, USA
| | - Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90025-1747, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang S, Wu M, Wang F. Immune regulation by CD8 + Treg cells: novel possibilities for anticancer immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 15:805-807. [PMID: 29503446 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2018.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lima JD, Simoes E, de Castro G, Morais MRP, de Matos‐Neto EM, Alves MJ, Pinto NI, Figueredo RG, Zorn TM, Felipe‐Silva AS, Tokeshi F, Otoch JP, Alcantara P, Cabral FJ, Ferro ES, Laviano A, Seelaender M. Tumour-derived transforming growth factor-β signalling contributes to fibrosis in patients with cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:1045-1059. [PMID: 31273954 PMCID: PMC6818454 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia is a paraneoplastic syndrome related with poor prognosis. The tumour micro-environment contributes to systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress as well as to fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to characterise the inflammatory circulating factors and tumour micro-environment profile, as potentially contributing to tumour fibrosis in cachectic cancer patients. METHODS 74 patients (weight stable cancer n = 31; cachectic cancer n = 43) diagnosed with colorectal cancer were recruited, and tumour biopsies were collected during surgery. Multiplex assay was performed to study inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Immunohistochemistry analysis was carried out to study extracellular matrix components. RESULTS Higher protein expression of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-α, and interleukin (IL)-8 was observed in the tumour and serum of cachectic cancer patients in comparison with weight-stable counterparts. Also, IL-8 was positively correlated with weight loss in cachectic patients (P = 0.04; r = 0.627). Immunohistochemistry staining showed intense collagen deposition (P = 0.0006) and increased presence of α-smooth muscle actin (P < 0.0001) in tumours of cachectic cancer patients, characterizing fibrosis. In addition, higher transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 expression (P = 0.003, P = 0.05, and P = 0.047, respectively) was found in the tumour of cachectic patients, parallel to p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase alteration. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α mRNA content was significantly increased in the tumour of cachectic patients, when compared with weight-stable group (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate TGF-β pathway activation in the tumour in cachexia, through the (non-canonical) mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The results show that during cachexia, intratumoural inflammatory response contributes to the onset of fibrosis. Tumour remodelling, probably by TGF-β-induced transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, induces unbalanced inflammatory cytokine profile, angiogenesis, and elevation of extracellular matrix components (EMC). We speculate that these changes may affect tumour aggressiveness and present consequences in peripheral organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna D.C.C. Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Estefania Simoes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Gabriela de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Mychel Raony P.T. Morais
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Michele J. Alves
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Department of PathologyOhio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA
| | - Nelson I. Pinto
- Department of PhysiologyFederal University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Raquel G. Figueredo
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Telma M.T. Zorn
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Flavio Tokeshi
- Department of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - José P. Otoch
- Department of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Paulo Alcantara
- Department of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Emer S. Ferro
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Department of Clinical SurgeryUniversity of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sow HS, Ren J, Camps M, Ossendorp F, Ten Dijke P. Combined Inhibition of TGF-β Signaling and the PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint Is Differentially Effective in Tumor Models. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040320. [PMID: 30959852 PMCID: PMC6523576 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies blocking the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) have shown impressive and durable responses in clinical studies. However, this type of immunotherapy is only effective in a subset of patients and not sufficient for rejection of all tumor types. In this study, we explored in two mouse tumor models whether the antitumor effect could be enhanced by the combined blockade of PD-L1 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a potent immunosuppressive cytokine. The effect of anti-PD-L1 mouse monoclonal (mAb) and a TGF-β type I receptor small molecule kinase inhibitor (LY364947) was evaluated in the highly immunogenic mouse MC38 colon adenocarcinoma and the poorly immunogenic mouse KPC1 pancreatic tumor model. In the MC38 tumor model, LY364947 monotherapy did not show any antitumor effect, whereas treatment with anti-PD-L1 mAb significantly delayed tumor outgrowth. However, combination therapy showed the strongest therapeutic efficacy, resulting in improved long-term survival compared with anti-PD-L1 mAb monotherapy. This improved survival was associated with an increased influx of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In the KPC1 tumor model, LY364947 did not enhance the antitumor effect of anti-PD-L1 mAb. Despite this, delayed KPC1 tumor outgrowth was observed in the LY364947-treated group and this treatment led to a significant reduction of CD4+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Together, our data indicate that an additive anti-tumor response of dual targeting PD-L1 and TGF-β is dependent on the tumor model used, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate cancer types, using in-depth analysis of the tumor microenvironment, which can benefit from combinatorial immunotherapy regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sheng Sow
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jiang Ren
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel Camps
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Ten Dijke
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guram K, Kim SS, Wu V, Sanders PD, Patel S, Schoenberger SP, Cohen EEW, Chen SY, Sharabi AB. A Threshold Model for T-Cell Activation in the Era of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:491. [PMID: 30936880 PMCID: PMC6431643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continued discoveries of negative regulators of inflammatory signaling provide detailed molecular insights into peripheral tolerance and anti-tumor immunity. Accumulating evidence indicates that peripheral tolerance is maintained at multiple levels of immune responses by negative regulators of proinflammatory signaling, soluble anti-inflammatory factors, inhibitory surface receptors & ligands, and regulatory cell subsets. This review provides a global overview of these regulatory machineries that work in concert to maintain peripheral tolerance at cellular and host levels, focusing on the direct and indirect regulation of T cells. The recent success of checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI) has initiated a dramatic shift in the paradigm of cancer treatment. Unprecedented responses to CBI have highlighted the central role of T cells in both anti-tumor immunity and peripheral tolerance and underscored the importance of T cell exhaustion in cancer. We discuss the therapeutic implications of modulating the negative regulators of T cell function for tumor immunotherapy with an emphasis on inhibitory surface receptors & ligands—central players in T cell exhaustion and targets of checkpoint blockade immunotherapies. We then introduce a Threshold Model for Immune Activation—the concept that these regulatory mechanisms contribute to defining a set threshold of immunogenic (proinflammatory) signaling required to elicit an anti-tumor or autoimmune response. We demonstrate the value of the Threshold Model in understanding clinical responses and immune related adverse events in the context of peripheral tolerance, tumor immunity, and the era of Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Guram
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sangwoo S Kim
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Victoria Wu
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - P Dominick Sanders
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Sandip Patel
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stephen P Schoenberger
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Ezra E W Cohen
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew B Sharabi
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, San Diego Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States.,Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Drakes ML, Stiff PJ. Regulation of Ovarian Cancer Prognosis by Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E302. [PMID: 30200478 PMCID: PMC6162424 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that in the United States in 2018 there will be 22,240 new cases of ovarian cancer and 14,070 deaths due to this malignancy. The most common subgroup of this disease is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), which is known for its aggressiveness, high recurrence rate, metastasis to other sites, and the development of resistance to conventional therapy. It is important to understand the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) from the viewpoint of the function of pre-existing immune cells, as immunocompetent cells are crucial to mounting robust antitumor responses to prevent visible tumor lesions, disease progression, or recurrence. Networks consisting of innate and adaptive immune cells, metabolic pathways, intracellular signaling molecules, and a vast array of soluble factors, shape the pathogenic nature of the TME and are useful prognostic indicators of responses to conventional therapy and immunotherapy, and subsequent survival rates. This review highlights key immune cells and soluble molecules in the TME of ovarian cancer, which are important in the development of effective antitumor immunity, as well as those that impair effector T cell activity. A more insightful knowledge of the HGSOC TME will reveal potential immune biomarkers to aid in the early detection of this disease, as well as biomarkers that may be targeted to advance the design of novel therapies that induce potent antitumor immunity and survival benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Drakes
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Building 112, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Patrick J Stiff
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Building 112, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Regulation of Ovarian Cancer Prognosis by Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 30200478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090302]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that in the United States in 2018 there will be 22,240 new cases of ovarian cancer and 14,070 deaths due to this malignancy. The most common subgroup of this disease is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), which is known for its aggressiveness, high recurrence rate, metastasis to other sites, and the development of resistance to conventional therapy. It is important to understand the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) from the viewpoint of the function of pre-existing immune cells, as immunocompetent cells are crucial to mounting robust antitumor responses to prevent visible tumor lesions, disease progression, or recurrence. Networks consisting of innate and adaptive immune cells, metabolic pathways, intracellular signaling molecules, and a vast array of soluble factors, shape the pathogenic nature of the TME and are useful prognostic indicators of responses to conventional therapy and immunotherapy, and subsequent survival rates. This review highlights key immune cells and soluble molecules in the TME of ovarian cancer, which are important in the development of effective antitumor immunity, as well as those that impair effector T cell activity. A more insightful knowledge of the HGSOC TME will reveal potential immune biomarkers to aid in the early detection of this disease, as well as biomarkers that may be targeted to advance the design of novel therapies that induce potent antitumor immunity and survival benefit.
Collapse
|
31
|
Drakes ML, Stiff PJ. Regulation of Ovarian Cancer Prognosis by Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 30200478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090302] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that in the United States in 2018 there will be 22,240 new cases of ovarian cancer and 14,070 deaths due to this malignancy. The most common subgroup of this disease is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), which is known for its aggressiveness, high recurrence rate, metastasis to other sites, and the development of resistance to conventional therapy. It is important to understand the ovarian cancer tumor microenvironment (TME) from the viewpoint of the function of pre-existing immune cells, as immunocompetent cells are crucial to mounting robust antitumor responses to prevent visible tumor lesions, disease progression, or recurrence. Networks consisting of innate and adaptive immune cells, metabolic pathways, intracellular signaling molecules, and a vast array of soluble factors, shape the pathogenic nature of the TME and are useful prognostic indicators of responses to conventional therapy and immunotherapy, and subsequent survival rates. This review highlights key immune cells and soluble molecules in the TME of ovarian cancer, which are important in the development of effective antitumor immunity, as well as those that impair effector T cell activity. A more insightful knowledge of the HGSOC TME will reveal potential immune biomarkers to aid in the early detection of this disease, as well as biomarkers that may be targeted to advance the design of novel therapies that induce potent antitumor immunity and survival benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen L Drakes
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Building 112, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Patrick J Stiff
- Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Building 112, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The Tumor Microenvironment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Its Influence on Response to Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 30042343 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080242] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer is a growing field of endeavor but reports of success have been limited for epithelial ovarian cancer. Overcoming the challenges to developing more effective therapeutic approaches lies in a better understanding of the factors in cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment that limit response to immunotherapies. This article provides an overview of some ovarian cancer cell features such as tumor-associated antigens, ovarian cancer-derived exosomes, tumor mutational burden and overexpression of immunoinhibitory molecules. Moreover, we describe relevant cell types found in epithelial ovarian tumors including immune cells (T and B lymphocytes, Tregs, NK cells, TAMs, MDSCs) and other components found in the tumor microenvironment including fibroblasts and the adipocytes in the omentum. We focus on how those components may influence responses to standard treatments or immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
33
|
The Tumor Microenvironment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Its Influence on Response to Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 30042343 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080242]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer is a growing field of endeavor but reports of success have been limited for epithelial ovarian cancer. Overcoming the challenges to developing more effective therapeutic approaches lies in a better understanding of the factors in cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment that limit response to immunotherapies. This article provides an overview of some ovarian cancer cell features such as tumor-associated antigens, ovarian cancer-derived exosomes, tumor mutational burden and overexpression of immunoinhibitory molecules. Moreover, we describe relevant cell types found in epithelial ovarian tumors including immune cells (T and B lymphocytes, Tregs, NK cells, TAMs, MDSCs) and other components found in the tumor microenvironment including fibroblasts and the adipocytes in the omentum. We focus on how those components may influence responses to standard treatments or immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Rodriguez GM, Galpin KJC, McCloskey CW, Vanderhyden BC. The Tumor Microenvironment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Its Influence on Response to Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E242. [PMID: 30042343 PMCID: PMC6116043 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy as a treatment for cancer is a growing field of endeavor but reports of success have been limited for epithelial ovarian cancer. Overcoming the challenges to developing more effective therapeutic approaches lies in a better understanding of the factors in cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment that limit response to immunotherapies. This article provides an overview of some ovarian cancer cell features such as tumor-associated antigens, ovarian cancer-derived exosomes, tumor mutational burden and overexpression of immunoinhibitory molecules. Moreover, we describe relevant cell types found in epithelial ovarian tumors including immune cells (T and B lymphocytes, Tregs, NK cells, TAMs, MDSCs) and other components found in the tumor microenvironment including fibroblasts and the adipocytes in the omentum. We focus on how those components may influence responses to standard treatments or immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galaxia M Rodriguez
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Kristianne J C Galpin
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Curtis W McCloskey
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Barbara C Vanderhyden
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
He T, Liu S, Chen S, Ye J, Wu X, Bian Z, Chen X. The p38 MAPK Inhibitor SB203580 Abrogates Tumor Necrosis Factor-Induced Proliferative Expansion of Mouse CD4 +Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1556. [PMID: 30038619 PMCID: PMC6046375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) preferentially activates and expands CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) through TNF receptor type II (TNFR2). However, it remains unclear which signaling transduction pathway(s) of TNFR2 is required for the stimulation of Tregs. Previously, it was shown that the interaction of TNF–TNFR2 resulted in the activation of a number of signaling pathways, including p38 MAPK, NF-κB, in T cells. We thus examined the role of p38 MAPK and NF-κB in TNF-mediated activation of Tregs, by using specific small molecule inhibitors. The results show that treatment with specific p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, rather than NF-κB inhibitors (Sulfasalazine and Bay 11-7082), abrogated TNF-induced expansion of Tregs in vitro. Furthermore, upregulation of TNFR2 and Foxp3 expression in Tregs by TNF was also markedly inhibited by SB203580. The proliferative expansion and the upregulation of TNFR2 expression on Tregs in LPS-treated mice were mediated by TNF–TNFR2 interaction, as shown by our previous study. The expansion of Tregs in LPS-treated mice were also markedly inhibited by in vivo treatment with SB203580. Taken together, our data clearly indicate that the activation of p38 MAPK is attributable to TNF/TNFR2-mediated activation and proliferative expansion of Tregs. Our results also suggest that targeting of p38 MAPK by pharmacological agent may represent a novel strategy to up- or downregulation of Treg activity for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhen He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Shuoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Shaokui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jingyi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xueqiang Wu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Aerospace General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Guo X, Ding X. Dioscin suppresses the viability of ovarian cancer cells by regulating the VEGFR2 and PI3K/AKT/MAPK signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9537-9542. [PMID: 29805675 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diosgenin is a natural steroidal saponin that is extracted from a range of sources, including from fenugreek. It is a critical raw material in the synthesis of steroid hormone drugs, exhibiting antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidation and a number of other significant pharmacological actions, possessing high pharmaceutical value. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of dioscin suppression on ovarian cancer cell growth and the mechanism of apoptosis induction by dioscin in ovarian cancer cells. The results of the present study demonstrated that dioscin decreased viability and induced apoptosis in SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Dioscin significantly increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity, and increased the protein expression of Bax and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in SKOV3 cells. In addition, dioscin significantly suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)2, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated AKT and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein expression in SKOV3 cells. Taken together, to the best of our knowledge, the present study demonstrated for the first time that dioscin suppresses cell viability in ovarian cancer cells by regulating the VEGFR2 and PI3K/AKT/MAPK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqing Guo
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266035, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Key genes and regulatory networks involved in the initiation, progression and invasion of colorectal cancer. Future Sci OA 2018; 4:FSO278. [PMID: 29568567 PMCID: PMC5859335 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Until now, identification of drug targets for treatment of patients with specific stages of colorectal cancer (CRC) has remained a challenging field of research. Herein, we aimed to identify the key genes and regulatory networks involved in each stage of CRC. Results The results of gene expression profiles were integrated with protein-protein interaction networks, and topologically analyzed. The most important regulatory genes (e.g., CDK1, UBC, ESR1 and ATXN1) and signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, MAPK and JAK-STAT) in CRC initiation, progression and metastasis were identified. In vitro analysis confirmed some in silico findings. Conclusion Our study introduces functional hub genes, subnetworks, prioritizes signaling pathways and novel biomarkers in CRC that may guide further development of targeted therapy programs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kurmyshkina OV, Kovchur PI, Schegoleva LV, Volkova TO. T- and NK-cell populations with regulatory phenotype and markers of apoptosis in circulating lymphocytes of patients with CIN3 or microcarcinoma of the cervix: evidence for potential mechanisms of immune suppression. Infect Agent Cancer 2017; 12:56. [PMID: 29075318 PMCID: PMC5646147 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-017-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Processes and mechanisms responsible for systemic immune suppression in early-stage cervical cancer remain substantially underinvestigated. In this work, we focused on studying the frequencies of circulating regulatory T (CD4 and CD8 Tregs) and NK (NKregs) cells in parallel with assessment of apoptotic markers expression in T cells from patients with preinvasive and microinvasive cervical cancer, with the aim to determine whether up-regulation of apoptosis-associated markers in Т lymphocytes accompanies cervical cancer development and correlates with the change in percentages of regulatory cell populations at systemic level during the initial stages of invasive cervical cancer progression. METHODS Fourty two women with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3, including carcinoma in situ) or cervical cancer (stage IA) and 30 healthy women (control) were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood samples were taken immediately before surgery or any treatment and immediately subjected to multicolor flow cytometry. RESULTS Analysis of a combination of CD4/CD8, CD25, CD127, and FoxP3 markers revealed a statistically significant increase in the frequencies of Tregs within both the CD4 and CD8 subsets of circulating lymphocytes in patients with CIN3 and stage IA cancer. In contrast, lower numbers of NKregs (defined as CD16dim/negCD56bright subpopulation) and increased CD56dim/CD56bright NK ratio were found in patients compared to controls, with the percentage of CD16brightCD56dim cells (major subtype of circulating NKs) showing no difference. Patients also exhibited an increased expression of CD95 in total peripheral blood T lymphocytes, along with increased level of Annexin V binding to CD95-positive cells, suggesting higher susceptibility of T cells to apoptosis and potential involvement of CD95-dependent pathway in early-stage cervical cancer. Differential analysis of CD4 and CD8 T cells revealed different trends in the change of CD95 expression, confirming that this change likely has different functional significance for these two subsets. A search for correlations between the phenotypic parameters analyzed in this study was performed to demonstrate that women with early neoplastic lesions of the cervix, such as carcinoma in situ and microinvasive carcinoma, displayed a coordinated increase in expression of Treg markers in circulating lymphocytes, along with more pronounced cross-relationships between Treg numbers, CD95 expression on T cells, and apoptosis, compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that a diversity of immune regulatory mechanisms that provide support for initial stages of invasive growth in cervical cancer patients includes systemic changes in the ratios between the principal regulatory and effector lymphocyte populations both within adaptive and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Kurmyshkina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Innate Immunity, Institute of High-Tech Biomedicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel I Kovchur
- Department of Hospital Surgery, ENT Diseases, Ophthalmology, Dentistry, Oncology, Urology, Institute of Medicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila V Schegoleva
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Cybernetics, Institute of Mathematics and Information Technologies, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana O Volkova
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Immunology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation.,Institute of High-Tech Biomedicine, Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang B, Chen F, Xu Q, Han L, Xu J, Gao L, Sun X, Li Y, Li Y, Qian M, Sun Y. Revisiting ovarian cancer microenvironment: a friend or a foe? Protein Cell 2017; 9:674-692. [PMID: 28929459 PMCID: PMC6053350 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-017-0466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of ovarian cancer involves the co-evolution of neoplastic cells together with the adjacent microenvironment. Steps of malignant progression including primary tumor outgrowth, therapeutic resistance, and distant metastasis are not determined solely by genetic alterations in ovarian cancer cells, but considerably shaped by the fitness advantage conferred by benign components in the ovarian stroma. As the dynamic cancer topography varies drastically during disease progression, heterologous cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can actively determine the pathological track of ovarian cancer. Resembling many other solid tumor types, ovarian malignancy is nurtured by a TME whose dark side may have been overlooked, rather than overestimated. Further, harnessing breakthrough and targeting cures in human ovarian cancer requires insightful understanding of the merits and drawbacks of current treatment modalities, which mainly target transformed cells. Thus, designing novel and precise strategies that both eliminate cancer cells and manipulate the TME is increasingly recognized as a rational avenue to improve therapeutic outcome and prevent disease deterioration of ovarian cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qixia Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Liu Han
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jiaqian Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Libin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaochen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yiwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Min Qian
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Department of Medicine and VAPSHCS, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Changes in regulatory T cells in patients with ovarian cancer undergoing surgery: Preliminary results. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:244-250. [PMID: 28437737 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) suppress immune responses in patients with cancer. Surgery is the most effective therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer (OC). However, the interplay between the Treg population and surgical resection remains unclear. 61 patients with OC who received no prior treatment were enrolled in the study. Treg percentages were characterized from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We investigated CD4+CD25+, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+, CD8+CD28-, and CD8+Foxp3+ Tregs in OC patients and their postoperative changes using flow cytometry. Treg percentages were significantly higher in OC patients than those in benign ovarian tumors (BOT) and healthy controls. Higher percentages of Tregs were found in patients with stage III/IV than stage I/II OC. Treg percentages were significantly decreased postoperatively. The postoperative Treg percentages in patients with stage I/II OC were similar to those in BOT patients, while postoperative Treg percentages in patients with stage III/IV OC remained higher. Tregs were markedly lower on postoperative day (POD) 3 than preoperatively. They increased slightly after 7days, but remained lower than preoperative levels. These data suggested that Tregs continued to decline from POD 7 to POD 30. Treg percentages are correlated with the tumor burden and could be a key factor in monitoring the immunological status of patients with OC.
Collapse
|
41
|
Worzfeld T, Pogge von Strandmann E, Huber M, Adhikary T, Wagner U, Reinartz S, Müller R. The Unique Molecular and Cellular Microenvironment of Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:24. [PMID: 28275576 PMCID: PMC5319992 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interplay of cancer cells and host cells is an indispensable prerequisite for tumor growth and progression. Cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system, in particular tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and T cells, as well as cancer-associated fibroblasts enter into a malicious liaison with tumor cells to create a tumor-promoting and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Ovarian cancer, the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies, is characterized by a unique TME that enables specific and efficient metastatic routes, impairs immune surveillance, and mediates therapy resistance. A characteristic feature of the ovarian cancer TME is the role of resident host cells, in particular activated mesothelial cells, which line the peritoneal cavity in huge numbers, as well as adipocytes of the omentum, the preferred site of metastatic lesions. Another crucial factor is the peritoneal fluid, which enables the transcoelomic spread of tumor cells to other pelvic and peritoneal organs, and occurs at more advanced stages as a malignancy-associated effusion. This ascites is rich in tumor-promoting soluble factors, extracellular vesicles and detached cancer cells as well as large numbers of T cells, TAMs, and other host cells, which cooperate with resident host cells to support tumor progression and immune evasion. In this review, we summarize and discuss our current knowledge of the cellular and molecular interactions that govern this interplay with a focus on signaling networks formed by cytokines, lipids, and extracellular vesicles; the pathophysiologial roles of TAMs and T cells; the mechanism of transcoelomic metastasis; and the cell type selective processing of signals from the TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Worzfeld
- Institute of Pharmacology, Biochemical-Pharmacological Center (BPC), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Elke Pogge von Strandmann
- Experimental Tumor Research, Clinic for Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Biomedical Research Center, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Till Adhikary
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Uwe Wagner
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, University Hospital of Giessen and Marburg (UKGM) , Marburg , Germany
| | - Silke Reinartz
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Philipps University , Marburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|