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Yang X, Li W, Ding M, Liu KJ, Qi Z, Zhao Y. Contribution of zinc accumulation to ischemic brain injury and its mechanisms about oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy: an update. Metallomics 2024; 16:mfae012. [PMID: 38419293 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and presently, there is no effective neuroprotective therapy. Zinc is an essential trace element that plays important physiological roles in the central nervous system. Free zinc concentration is tightly regulated by zinc-related proteins in the brain under normal conditions. Disruption of zinc homeostasis, however, has been found to play an important role in the mechanism of brain injury following ischemic stroke. A large of free zinc releases from storage sites after cerebral ischemia, which affects the functions and survival of nerve cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, resulting in cell death. Ischemia-triggered intracellular zinc accumulation also disrupts the function of blood-brain barrier via increasing its permeability, impairing endothelial cell function, and altering tight junction levels. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been reported to be as major pathological mechanisms in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Studies have showed that the accumulation of intracellular free zinc could impair mitochondrial function to result in oxidative stress, and form a positive feedback loop between zinc accumulation and reactive oxygen species production, which leads to a series of harmful reactions. Meanwhile, elevated intracellular zinc leads to neuroinflammation. Recent studies also showed that autophagy is one of the important mechanisms of zinc toxicity after ischemic injury. Interrupting the accumulation of zinc will reduce cerebral ischemia injury and improve neurological outcomes. This review summarizes the role of zinc toxicity in cellular and tissue damage following cerebral ischemia, focusing on the mechanisms about oxidative stress, inflammation, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqi Yang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Mao Ding
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing 100053, China
- Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center, Beijing 100053, China
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Wysocki R, Rodrigues JI, Litwin I, Tamás MJ. Mechanisms of genotoxicity and proteotoxicity induced by the metalloids arsenic and antimony. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:342. [PMID: 37904059 PMCID: PMC10616229 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic and antimony are metalloids with profound effects on biological systems and human health. Both elements are toxic to cells and organisms, and exposure is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. At the same time, arsenic- and antimony-containing compounds are used in the treatment of multiple diseases. Although these metalloids can both cause and cure disease, their modes of molecular action are incompletely understood. The past decades have seen major advances in our understanding of arsenic and antimony toxicity, emphasizing genotoxicity and proteotoxicity as key contributors to pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight mechanisms by which arsenic and antimony cause toxicity, focusing on their genotoxic and proteotoxic effects. The mechanisms used by cells to maintain proteostasis during metalloid exposure are also described. Furthermore, we address how metalloid-induced proteotoxicity may promote neurodegenerative disease and how genotoxicity and proteotoxicity may be interrelated and together contribute to proteinopathies. A deeper understanding of cellular toxicity and response mechanisms and their links to pathogenesis may promote the development of strategies for both disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wysocki
- Department of Genetics and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Joana I Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ireneusz Litwin
- Academic Excellence Hub - Research Centre for DNA Repair and Replication, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 50-328, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Markus J Tamás
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Qi Z, Zhou X, Dong W, Timmins GS, Pan R, Shi W, Yuan S, Zhao Y, Ji X, Liu KJ. Neuronal Zinc Transporter ZnT3 Modulates Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption. Aging Dis 2023:AD.2023.1011. [PMID: 37962463 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays important roles in both physiological and pathological processes in the brain. Accumulation of free zinc in ischemic tissue is recognized to contribute to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following cerebral ischemia, but little is known either about the source of free zinc in microvessels or the mechanism by which free zinc mediates ischemia-induced BBB damage. We utilized cellular and animal models of ischemic stroke to determine the source of high levels of free zinc and the mechanism of free zinc-mediated BBB damage after ischemia. We report that cerebral ischemia elevated the level of extracellular fluid (ECF-Zn) of ischemic brain, leading to exacerbated BBB damage in a rat stroke model. Specifically suppressing zinc release from neurons, utilizing neuronal-specific zinc transporter 3 (ZnT3) knockout mice, markedly reduced ECF-Zn and BBB permeability after ischemia. Intriguingly, the activity of zinc-dependent metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) was modulated by ECF-Zn levels. Elevated ECF-Zn during ischemia directly bound to MMP-2 in extracellular fluid, increased its zinc content and augmented MMP-2 activity, leading to the degradation of tight junction protein in cerebral microvessels and BBB disruption. These findings suggest the role of neuronal ZnT3 in modulating ischemia-induced BBB disruption and reveal a novel mechanism of MMP-2 activation in BBB disruption after stroke, demonstrating ZnT3 as an effective target for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Qi
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Graham S Timmins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Rong Pan
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Gao D, Yuan S, Ji X, Su Y, Qi Z. The neuroprotective role of prolonged normobaric oxygenation applied during ischemia and in the early stage of reperfusion in cerebral ischemic rats. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148464. [PMID: 37328087 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recanalization is the main treatment option for ischemic stroke. However, prognosis remains poor for about half of patients after recanalization, possibly due to the "no-reflow" phenomenon at the early phase of recanalization. Normobaric oxygenation (NBO) during ischemia can reportedly maintain the partial pressure of oxygen and exert a protective effect in ischemic brain tissue. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS This study investigated whether prolonged NBO treatment during ischemia and the early phase of reperfusion (i/rNBO) has neuroprotective effects and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion plus reperfusion. RESULTS NBO treatment significantly elevated the level of O2 in the atmosphere and arterial blood without altering the level of CO2. The infarcted cerebral volume was significantly reduced by application of i/rNBO as compared to iNBO (applied during ischemia) or rNBO (applied at the early phase of reperfusion), indicating better protective effects of i/rNBO. i/rNBO more effectively suppressed s-nitrosylation of MMP-2 (amplifying inflammation) as compared to iNBO and rNBO, dramatically downregulated the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1, acting as the substrate of MMP-2), and suppressed neuronal apoptosis, as determined by the TUNEL assay and staining for NeuN. These results demonstrated that application of i/rNBO in the early stage of reperfusion significantly alleviated neuronal apoptosis via suppression of the MMP-2/PARP-1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism underlying the neuroprotective role of i/rNBO involved prolonged NBO treatment for cerebral ischemia, suggesting that i/rNBO may allow expansion of the time window for NBO application in stroke patients following vascular recanalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiquan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhifeng Qi
- Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Abstract
In recent times Gallbladder cancer (GBC) incidences increased many folds in India and are being reported from arsenic hotspots identified in Bihar. The study aims to establish association between arsenic exposure and gallbladder carcinogenesis. In the present study, n = 200 were control volunteers and n = 152 confirmed gallbladder cancer cases. The studied GBC patient's biological samples-gallbladder tissue, gallbladder stone, bile, blood and hair samples were collected for arsenic estimation. Moreover, n = 512 gallbladder cancer patients blood samples were also evaluated for the presence of arsenic to understand exposure level in the population. A significantly high arsenic concentration (p < 0.05) was detected in the blood samples with maximum concentration 389 µg/L in GBC cases in comparison to control. Similarly, in the gallbladder cancer patients, there was significantly high arsenic concentration observed in gallbladder tissue with highest concentration of 2166 µg/kg, in gallbladder stones 635 µg/kg, in bile samples 483 µg/L and in hair samples 6980 µg/kg respectively. Moreover, the n = 512 gallbladder cancer patient's blood samples study revealed very significant arsenic concentration in the population of Bihar with maximum arsenic concentration as 746 µg/L. The raised arsenic concentration in the gallbladder cancer patients' biological samples-gallbladder tissue, gallbladder stone, bile, blood, and hair samples was significantly very high in the arsenic exposed area. The study denotes that the gallbladder disease burden is very high in the arsenic exposed area of Bihar. The findings do provide a strong link between arsenic contamination and increased gallbladder carcinogenesis.
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Boonma T, Navasumrit P, Parnlob V, Waraprasit S, Ruchirawat M. SAM and folic acid prevent arsenic-induced oxidative and nitrative DNA damage in human lymphoblast cells by modulating expression of inflammatory and DNA repair genes. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109965. [PMID: 35490796 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that arsenic exposure increases the risk of developing a variety of inflammation-associated chronic diseases and cancers. Our previous study revealed that increased transcript levels of inflammatory genes (i.e. COX2, EGR1, and SOCS3) coupled with hypomethylation of the promoter regions of these genes was associated with increased DNA damage in arsenic-exposed newborns through their early childhood. This study further investigated the ability of the methyl group donors, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) and folic acid, to prevent promoter hypomethylation that results in decreased mRNA expression of inflammatory genes (COX2, EGR1, and SOCS3), and a reduction in arsenic-induced oxidative and nitrative DNA damage in human lymphoblast cells. Pretreatment with SAM (100 nM, 2 days) increased promoter methylation, reduced the mRNA levels of these inflammatory genes, and decreased both 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-nitroguanine levels by 50% (p < 0.01) in arsenic-treated cells. In addition, pretreatment with folic acid (10 μM, 7 days), a micronutrient, led to a significant increase in promoter methylation associated with the reduction in mRNA levels of these inflammatory genes and decreased levels of 8-OHdG and 8-nitroguanine by 80% and 90% (p < 0.01), respectively, compared with arsenic treatment alone. Moreover, pretreatments with these methyl group donors increased mRNA expression of an antioxidant defense regulator (Nrf2) and DNA repair genes (hOGG1, XRCC1, and PARP1). This study shows for the first time that SAM or folic acid supplementation can prevent arsenic-induced oxidative and nitrative DNA damage. This suggests the potential use of SAM or folic acid for prevention of arsenic toxicity in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiwapan Boonma
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
| | - Varabhorn Parnlob
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Somchamai Waraprasit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand.
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Zhou X, Speer RM, Volk L, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Arsenic co-carcinogenesis: Inhibition of DNA repair and interaction with zinc finger proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:86-98. [PMID: 33984503 PMCID: PMC8578584 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is widely present in the environment and is associated with various population health risks including cancers. Arsenic exposure at environmentally relevant levels enhances the mutagenic effect of other carcinogens such as ultraviolet radiation. Investigation on the molecular mechanisms could inform the prevention and intervention strategies of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis. Arsenic inhibition of DNA repair has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism, and certain DNA repair proteins have been identified to be extremely sensitive to arsenic exposure. This review will summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis, including DNA damage induction and ROS generation, particularly how arsenic inhibits DNA repair through an integrated molecular mechanism which includes its interactions with sensitive zinc finger DNA repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Rachel M Speer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lindsay Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Ma H, Song X, Huang P, Zhang W, Ling X, Yang X, Wu W, Xu H, Wang W. Myricetin protects natural killer cells from arsenite induced DNA damage by attenuating oxidative stress and retaining poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 1 activity. Mutat Res 2021; 865:503337. [PMID: 33865543 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to arsenite (As+3) is known to induce immunotoxicity. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells act as professional killers of tumor cells. Our previous report indicated that 500 ppb As+3 drinking water exposure induced significant DNA damage in the NK cells of C57BL/6 mice. Myricetin is a plant-derived flavonoid known as a strong antioxidant. In this study, daily administration of myricetin at 20 mg/kg was found to alleviate the cell population decrease and DNA damage in the NK cells of BALB/c mice exposed to 500 and 1000 ppb As+3 via drinking water. Oxidative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) inhibition were induced by As+3 at 1 and 2 μM in isolated mouse NK cells in vitro, which were attenuated by 20 μM myricetin. The mitigatory effect of myricetin on the PARP-1 inhibition in NK cells treated with As+3 was also found to be the result of its prevention of the zinc loss induced by As+3 on PARP-1. Collectively, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that myricetin could protect NK cells from As+3 induced DNA through attenuating oxidative stress and retaining PARP-1 activity, indicating that myricetin may be utilized for the prevention of the immunotoxicity induced by As+3 in NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Ma
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaodong Song
- Medical Laboratory Department, Hua Shan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201907, China
| | - Ping Huang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinyue Ling
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenwei Wu
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Huan Xu
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai, 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai, 200237, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721-0207, USA.
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9
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Medina S, Zhou X, Lauer FT, Zhang H, Liu KJ, Lewis J, Burchiel SW. Modulation of PARP activity by Monomethylarsonous (MMA +3) acid and uranium in mouse thymus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 411:115362. [PMID: 33279514 PMCID: PMC7855914 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure is well established to impair the function of zinc finger proteins, including PARP-1. Previous studies from our lab show that early developing T cells in the thymus are very sensitive to arsenite (As+3)-induced genotoxicity mediated through PARP-1 inhibition. Additionally, it has been shown that uranium (in the form of uranyl acetate, UA) also suppresses PARP-1 activity in HEK cells. However, very little is known about whether the As+3 metabolite, monomethylarsonous acid (MMA+3), also inhibits PARP-1 activity and if this is modified by combined exposures with other metals, such as uranium. In the present study, we found that MMA+3 significantly suppressed PARP-1 function, whereas UA at high concentrations significantly increased PARP-1 activity. To evaluate whether the effects on PARP-1 activity were mediated through oxidative stress, we measured the induction of hemoxygenase-1 (Hmox-1) expression by qPCR. MMA+3, but not UA, significantly induced oxidative stress; however, the inhibition of PARP-1 produced by MMA+3 was not reversed by the addition of the antioxidant, Tempol. Further evaluation revealed minimal interactive effects of MMA+3 and UA on PARP-1 function. Collectively, our results show that contrary to As+3, the suppressive effects of MMA+3 on PARP-1 were not substantially driven by oxidative stress. in mouse thymus cells. Results for this study provide important insights into the effects of MMA+3 and uranium exposures on PARP-1 function, which is essential for future studies focused on understanding the effects of complex environmentally relevant metal mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Medina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Biology, New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM, USA
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Fredine T Lauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Haikun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Johnnye Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Scott W Burchiel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Exposure to arsenic in contaminated drinking water is a worldwide public health problem that affects more than 200 million people. Protein quality control constitutes an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for promoting proper folding of proteins, refolding of misfolded proteins, and removal of aggregated proteins, thereby maintaining homeostasis of the proteome (i.e., proteostasis). Accumulating lines of evidence from epidemiological and laboratory studies revealed that chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic species can elicit proteinopathies that contribute to neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and type II diabetes. Here, we review the effects of arsenic exposure on perturbing various elements of the proteostasis network, including mitochondrial homeostasis, molecular chaperones, inflammatory response, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, as well as asymmetric segregation and axonal transport of misfolded proteins. We also discuss arsenic-induced disruptions of post-translational modifications of proteins, for example, ubiquitination, and their implications in proteostasis. Together, studies in the past few decades support that disruption of protein quality control may constitute an important mechanism underlying the arsenic-induced toxicity.
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11
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Abstract
Exposure to arsenic in contaminated drinking water is an emerging public health problem that impacts more than 200 million people worldwide. Accumulating lines of evidence from epidemiological studies revealed that chronic exposure to arsenic can result in various human diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Arsenic is also classified as a Group I human carcinogen. In this review, we survey extensively different modes of action for arsenic-induced carcinogenesis, with focus being placed on arsenic-mediated impairment of DNA repair pathways. Inorganic arsenic can be bioactivated by methylation, and the ensuing products are highly genotoxic. Bioactivation of arsenicals also elicits the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), which can directly damage DNA and modify cysteine residues in proteins. Results from recent studies suggest zinc finger proteins as crucial molecular targets for direct binding to As3+ or for modifications by arsenic-induced ROS/RNS, which may constitute a common mechanism underlying arsenic-induced perturbations of DNA repair.
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12
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Zhang H, Yang X, Li X, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Chang L, Sun M, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Niu Q, Wang T. Oxidative and nitrosative stress in the neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether-153: possible mechanism and potential targeted intervention. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124602. [PMID: 31545211 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been known to exhibit neurotoxicity in rats; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown and there is no available intervention. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of oxidative and nitrosative stress in the neurotoxicity in the cerebral cortex and primary neurons in rats following the BDE-153 treatment. Compared to the untreated group, BDE-153 treatment significantly induced the neurotoxic effects in rats, as manifested by the increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and cell apoptosis rates, and the decreased neurotrophic factor contents and cholinergic enzyme activities in rats' cerebral cortices and primary neurons. When compared to the untreated group, the oxidative and nitrosative stress had occurred in the cerebral cortex or primary neurons in rats following the BDE-153 treatment, as manifested by the increments in levels of reactive oxygenspecies (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA and protein expressions, along with the decline in levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH) content, and peroxiredoxin I (Prx I) and Prx II mRNA and protein expressions. In addition, the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) or NO scavenger NG-Nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA) significantly rescued the LDH leakage and cell survival, reversed the neurotrophin contents and cholinergic enzymes, mainly via regaining balance between oxidation/nitrosation and antioxidation. Overall, our findings suggested that oxidative and nitrosative stresses are involved in the neurotoxicity induced by BDE-153, and that the antioxidation is a potential targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- National Key Disciplines, Key Laboratory for Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company, Taiyuan, 030003, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Huajun Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lijun Chang
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zemin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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13
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Cao AL, Beaver LM, Wong CP, Hudson LG, Ho E. Zinc deficiency alters the susceptibility of pancreatic beta cells (INS-1) to arsenic exposure. Biometals 2019; 32:845-859. [PMID: 31542844 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells produce and release insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels, and their dysfunction contributes to the development of diabetes mellitus. Zinc deficiency and inorganic arsenic exposure both independently associate with the development of diabetes, although the effects of their combination on pancreatic beta cell health and function remain unknown. We hypothesized zinc deficiency increases the toxicity associated with arsenic exposure, causing an increased susceptibility to DNA damage and disruption of insulin production. Zinc deficiency decreased cell proliferation by 30% in pancreatic INS-1 rat insulinoma cells. Arsenic exposure (0, 50 or 500 ppb exposures) significantly decreased cell proliferation, and increased mRNA levels of genes involved in stress response (Mt1, Mt2, Hmox1) and DNA damage (p53, Ogg1). When co-exposed to both zinc deficiency and arsenic, zinc deficiency attenuated this response to arsenic, decreasing the expression of Mt1, Hmox1, and Ogg1, and significantly increasing DNA double-strand breaks 2.9-fold. Arsenic exposure decreased insulin expression, but co-exposure did not decrease insulin levels beyond the arsenic alone condition, but did result in a further 33% decline in cell proliferation at the 500 ppb arsenic dose, and a significant increase in beta cell apoptosis. These results suggest zinc deficiency and arsenic, both independently and in combination, adversely affect pancreatic beta cell health and both factors should be considered in the evaluation of health outcomes for susceptible populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L Cao
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, 103 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Laura M Beaver
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, 103 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, 103 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Emily Ho
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, 103 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA. .,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 307 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA. .,Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, 103 Milam Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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14
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Peroxynitrite contributes to arsenic-induced PARP-1 inhibition through ROS/RNS generation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114602. [PMID: 31152818 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, in the trivalent form (AsIII), is a human co-carcinogen reported to enhance mutagenesis effects of other carcinogens such as UV radiation by inhibiting DNA repair. The zinc finger DNA repair protein Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a sensitive target of AsIII and both reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) generated by AsIII contribute to PARP-1 inhibition. However, the mechanisms of ROS/RNS-mediated PARP inhibition and how AsIII-generated ROS/RNS may be interconnected are still unclear. In this study, we found AsIII exposure of normal human keratinocyte (HEKn) cells generated peroxynitrite through superoxide and nitric oxide production in an AsIII concentration dependent manner. Peroxynitrite inhibited PARP-1 activity and caused zinc loss from PARP-1 protein while scavenging peroxynitrite was protective of the impacts on PARP-1. We identified peroxynitrite was responsible for S-nitrosation on cysteine residues resulting in PARP-1 zinc finger conformational changes. Taken together, the evidence indicates AsIII generates peroxynitrite through superoxide and nitric oxide production, induces S-nitrosation on PARP-1, leading to zinc loss and activity inhibition of PARP-1, thus enhancing DNA damage caused by UV radiation. These findings highlight a role for peroxynitrite as a key molecule of ROS/RNS mediated DNA repair inhibition by AsIII which should inform the development of prevention and intervention strategies against AsIII co-carcinogenesis.
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15
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Qi Z, Liu KJ. The interaction of zinc and the blood-brain barrier under physiological and ischemic conditions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 364:114-119. [PMID: 30594689 PMCID: PMC6331270 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is the second most abundant metal in human and serves as an essential trace element in the body. During the past decades, zinc has been found to play important roles in central nervous system, such as the development of neurons and synaptic activities. An imbalance of zinc is associated with brain diseases. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains the homeostasis of the microenvironment, regulating the balance of zinc in the brain. A compromised BBB is the main cause of severe complications in cerebral ischemic patients, such as hemorrhage transformation, inflammation and edema. Recent studies reported that zinc in the brain may be a potential target for integrative protection against ischemic brain injury. Although zinc has long been regarded as important transmitters in central nervous system, the critical role of zinc dyshomeostasis in damage to the BBB has not been fully recognized. In this review, we summarize the role of the BBB in regulating homeostasis of zinc in physiological conditions and the effects of changes in zinc levels on the permeability of the BBB in cerebral ischemia. The integrity of BBB maintains the homeostasis of zinc in pathological conditions, while the balance of zinc in the brain and the circulation maintains the normal function of the BBB. Interrupting the zinc/BBB system will disturb the microenvironment in the brain, leading to pathological diseases. In stroke patients, zinc may serve as a potential target for protecting the BBB and reducing hemorrhage transformation, inflammation and edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Qi
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Research Institute, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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16
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Gaulke CA, Rolshoven J, Wong CP, Hudson LG, Ho E, Sharpton TJ. Marginal Zinc Deficiency and Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Arsenic Elicit Combined Effects on the Gut Microbiome. mSphere 2018; 3:e00521-18. [PMID: 30518676 PMCID: PMC6282007 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00521-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive research shows that dietary variation and toxicant exposure impact the gut microbiome, yielding effects on host physiology. However, prior work has mostly considered such exposure-microbiome interactions through the lens of single-factor exposures. In practice, humans exposed to toxicants vary in their dietary nutritional status, and this variation may impact subsequent exposure of the gut microbiome. For example, chronic arsenic exposure affects 200 million people globally and is often comorbid with zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency can enhance arsenic toxicity, but it remains unknown how zinc status impacts the gut microbiome's response to arsenic exposure and whether this response links to host toxicity. Using 16S amplicon sequencing, we examined the combinatorial effects of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic on the composition of the microbiome in C57BL/6 mice fed diets varying in zinc concentration. Arsenic exposure and marginal zinc deficiency independently altered microbiome diversity. When combined, their effects on microbiome community structure were amplified. Generalized linear models identified microbial taxa whose relative abundance in the gut was perturbed by zinc deficiency, arsenic, or their interaction. Further, we correlated taxonomic abundances with host DNA damage, adiponectin expression, and plasma zinc concentration to identify taxa that may mediate host physiological responses to arsenic exposure or zinc deficiency. Arsenic exposure and zinc restriction also result in increased DNA damage and decreased plasma zinc. These physiological changes are associated with the relative abundance of several gut taxa. These data indicate that marginal zinc deficiency sensitizes the microbiome to arsenic exposure and that the microbiome associates with some toxicological effects of arsenic.IMPORTANCE Xenobiotic compounds, such as arsenic, have the potential to alter the composition and functioning of the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome may also interact with these compounds to mediate their impact on the host. However, little is known about how dietary variation may reshape how the microbiome responds to xenobiotic exposures or how these modified responses may in turn impact host physiology. Here, we investigated the combinatorial effects of marginal zinc deficiency and physiologically relevant concentrations of arsenic on the microbiome. Both zinc deficiency and arsenic exposure were individually associated with altered microbial diversity and when combined elicited synergistic effects. Microbial abundance also covaried with host physiological changes, indicating that the microbiome may contribute to or be influenced by these pathologies. Collectively, this work demonstrates that dietary zinc intake influences the sensitivity of the microbiome to subsequent arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Rolshoven
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Carmen P Wong
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Emily Ho
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Thomas J Sharpton
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Xu H, Wang X, Wang W. Functional suppression of macrophages derived from THP-1 cells by environmentally-relevant concentrations of arsenite. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 214:36-42. [PMID: 30189257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to arsenic is known to induce immunotoxicity. Macrophages are the professional phagocytes that are important in the immune system. In this study, we utilized the macrophages derived from the THP-1 human monocyte cell line as the experimental model to study the functional suppression induced by arsenite (As+3), one of the most prevalent forms of inorganic arsenic, at environmentally-relevant concentrations. Apoptosis was observed in the THP-1 derived macrophages treated with 500 nM As+3 for 18 h. Suppression of phagocytosis was induced by 18 h As+3 treatment starting from 100 nM. Suppressive effects on the production of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, were also found with the treatment of low to moderate doses of As+3 in lipopolysaccharides-stimulated THP-1 derived macrophages. The nitric oxide production was also inhibited by As+3 treatments, which was negatively correlated with the production of superoxide. Collectively, the results from the study demonstrated that environmentally-relevant concentrations of As+3 induced cytotoxicity and suppressed the major cellular functions in THP-1 derived macrophages. The macrophages were showed to be relatively sensitive to As+3, and could be the essential target of the toxicity induced by environmental arsenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shanghai 200237, China; East China University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai 200237, China; University of New Mexico, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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18
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Ryu H, Ahn J, Choi HK. Novel Benzamide Derivatives: Synthesis and Bioactivity as Potent PARP-1 Inhibitors. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwani Ryu
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience; Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences; Seoul 01812 Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience; Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences; Seoul 01812 Korea
| | - Hyun Kyung Choi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Jungwon University; Goesan 28024 Korea
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19
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Ding X, Zhou X, Cooper KL, Huestis J, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Differential sensitivities of cellular XPA and PARP-1 to arsenite inhibition and zinc rescue. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:108-115. [PMID: 28552776 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arsenite directly binds to the zinc finger domains of the DNA repair protein poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1, and inhibits PARP-1 activity in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. PARP inhibition by arsenite enhances ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage in keratinocytes, and the increase in DNA damage is reduced by zinc supplementation. However, little is known about the effects of arsenite and zinc on the zinc finger nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA). In this study, we investigated the difference in response to arsenite exposure between XPA and PARP-1, and the differential effectiveness of zinc supplementation in restoring protein DNA binding and DNA damage repair. Arsenite targeted both XPA and PARP-1 in human keratinocytes, resulting in zinc loss from each protein and a pronounced decrease in XPA and PARP-1 binding to chromatin as demonstrated by Chip-on-Western assays. Zinc effectively restored DNA binding of PARP-1 and XPA to chromatin when zinc concentrations were equal to those of arsenite. In contrast, zinc was more effective in rescuing arsenite-augmented direct UVR-induced DNA damage than oxidative DNA damage. Taken together, our findings indicate that arsenite interferes with PARP-1 and XPA binding to chromatin, and that zinc supplementation fully restores DNA binding activity to both proteins in the cellular context. Interestingly, rescue of arsenite-inhibited DNA damage repair by supplemental zinc was more sensitive for DNA damage repaired by the XPA-associated NER pathway than for the PARP-1-dependent BER pathway. This study expands our understanding of arsenite's role in DNA repair inhibition and co-carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States; College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
| | - Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Karen L Cooper
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Juliana Huestis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
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