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Aref S, El-Ghonemy M, Aref M, Abdel Maboud S, Khaled N. Relationship Between Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-associated Antigen-4: Programmed Death-1 Genes Polymorphisms and Susceptibility to Pediatric B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2024; 46:297-305. [PMID: 38940594 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have a vital role in immune checkpoint pathways. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PD1 and CTLA4 have been reported to be associated with susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases and cancers. The potential association between SNPs in these immune checkpoint genes and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) still unclear. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of PD1 and CTLA4 SNPs on the risk of developing ALL and the prognosis of the disease. The study was performed on 100 pediatric B-ALL patients and 100 controls. The PD1 and CTLA4 SNPs were examined by RFLP technique. The study revealed that CTLA4 (rs11571316) was associated with high risk of B-ALL developments OR 1.492 (CI: 1157 to 1924) ( P =0.002). PD1 (rs36084323) GA genotype was significantly associated with protective effect against nonremission ( P =0.007). PD1 (rs36084323) A allele were associated with protective effect against relapse ( P =0.008). CTLA4 and PD1 genotypes did not have significant impact on B-ALL patients outcome. The current study displayed for the first time that genetic variations of the CTLA-4, was associated with susceptibility to B-ALL and that PD1 (rs36084323) GA genotype was significantly associated with protective effect against nonremission, while PD1 (rs36084323) A allele was associated with protective effect against relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Aref
- Hematology Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mohamed El-Ghonemy
- Hematology Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine
| | - Mohamed Aref
- Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Medicine Specialized Hospital
| | - Suzy Abdel Maboud
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, Mansoura University Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nada Khaled
- Hematology Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine
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2
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Kovach AE, Wood BL. Updates on lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma classification and minimal/measurable residual disease analysis. Semin Diagn Pathol 2023; 40:457-471. [PMID: 37953192 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL/LBL), especially certain subtypes, continues to confer morbidity and mortality despite significant therapeutic advances. The pathologic classification of ALL/LBL, especially that of B-ALL, has recently substantially expanded with the identification of several distinct and prognostically important genetic drivers. These discoveries are reflected in both current classification systems, the World Health Organization (WHO) 5th edition and the new International Consensus Classification (ICC). In this article, novel subtypes of B-ALL are reviewed, including DUX4, MEF2D and ZNF384-rearranged B-ALL; the rare pediatric entity B-ALL with TLF3::HLF, now added to the classifications, is discussed; updates to the category of B-ALL with BCR::ABL1-like features (Ph-like B-ALL) are summarized; and emerging genetic subtypes of T-ALL are presented. The second half of the article details current approaches to minimal/measurable residual disease (MRD) detection in B-ALL and T-ALL and presents anticipated challenges to current approaches in the burgeoning era of antigen-directed immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Kovach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| | - Brent L Wood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Montes-Rodríguez IM, Soto-Salgado M, Torres-Cintrón CR, Tomassini-Fernandini JC, Suárez E, Clavell LA, Cadilla CL. Incidence and Mortality Rates for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Puerto Rican Hispanics, 2012-2016. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023; 32:1030-1037. [PMID: 37222662 PMCID: PMC10524932 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-22-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for 80% of all leukemias diagnosed in children. Although ALL age patterns are consistent across racial/ethnic groups, their incidence and mortality rates are highly variable. We assessed the age-standardized ALL incidence and mortality rates of Puerto Rican Hispanic (PRH) children and compared them with those of US mainland Hispanics (USH), non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB), and Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islanders (NHAPI). METHODS Differences between racial/ethnic groups were assessed by estimating the standardized rate ratio (SRR) for 2010 to 2014. Secondary data analyses of the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry and the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) databases were performed for the 2001 to 2016 period. RESULTS PRH children had 31% lower incidence rates than USH, but 86% higher incidence rates than NHB. In addition, the incidence trends of ALL increased significantly from 2001 to 2016 among PRH and USH, with 5% and 0.9% per year, respectively. Moreover, PRH have a lower 5-year overall survival (81.7%) when compared with other racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS PRH children were found to have disparities in ALL incidence and mortality rates compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the US. Additional research is warranted to identify the genetic and environmental risk factors that may be associated with the disparities observed. IMPACT This is the first study reporting the incidence and mortality rates of childhood ALL for PRH and making comparisons with other racial/ethnic groups in the US. See related commentary by Mejía-Aranguré and Núñez-Enríquez, p. 999.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marievelisse Soto-Salgado
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR
| | - Carlos R. Torres-Cintrón
- Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry, University of Puerto Rico Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Juan, PR
| | | | - Erick Suárez
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
| | - Luis A. Clavell
- Division of Pediatric Oncology, San Jorge Children’s Hospital, San Juan, PR
| | - Carmen L. Cadilla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR
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4
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Jain N, Nagaich U, Pandey M, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Predictive genomic tools in disease stratification and targeted prevention: a recent update in personalized therapy advancements. EPMA J 2022; 13:561-580. [PMID: 36505888 PMCID: PMC9727029 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the current era of medical revolution, genomic testing has guided the healthcare fraternity to develop predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. Predictive screening involves sequencing a whole genome to comprehensively deliver patient care via enhanced diagnostic sensitivity and specific therapeutic targeting. The best example is the application of whole-exome sequencing when identifying aberrant fetuses with healthy karyotypes and chromosomal microarray analysis in complicated pregnancies. To fit into today's clinical practice needs, experimental system biology like genomic technologies, and system biology viz., the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning is required to be attuned to the development of preventive and personalized medicine. As diagnostic techniques are advancing, the selection of medical intervention can gradually be influenced by a person's genetic composition or the cellular profiling of the affected tissue. Clinical genetic practitioners can learn a lot about several conditions from their distinct facial traits. Current research indicates that in terms of diagnosing syndromes, facial analysis techniques are on par with those of qualified therapists. Employing deep learning and computer vision techniques, the face image assessment software DeepGestalt measures resemblances to numerous of disorders. Biomarkers are essential for diagnostic, prognostic, and selection systems for developing personalized medicine viz. DNA from chromosome 21 is counted in prenatal blood as part of the Down's syndrome biomarker screening. This review is based on a detailed analysis of the scientific literature via a vigilant approach to highlight the applicability of predictive diagnostics for the development of preventive, targeted, personalized medicine for clinical application in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3 PM). Additionally, targeted prevention has also been elaborated in terms of gene-environment interactions and next-generation DNA sequencing. The application of 3 PM has been highlighted by an in-depth analysis of cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The real-time challenges of genome sequencing and personalized medicine have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, 201303 UP India
| | - Upendra Nagaich
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, 201303 UP India
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007 Australia
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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5
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Christie SM, Fijen C, Rothenberg E. V(D)J Recombination: Recent Insights in Formation of the Recombinase Complex and Recruitment of DNA Repair Machinery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886718. [PMID: 35573672 PMCID: PMC9099191 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
V(D)J recombination is an essential mechanism of the adaptive immune system, producing a diverse set of antigen receptors in developing lymphocytes via regulated double strand DNA break and subsequent repair. DNA cleavage is initiated by the recombinase complex, consisting of lymphocyte specific proteins RAG1 and RAG2, while the repair phase is completed by classical non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Many of the individual steps of this process have been well described and new research has increased the scale to understand the mechanisms of initiation and intermediate stages of the pathway. In this review we discuss 1) the regulatory functions of RAGs, 2) recruitment of RAGs to the site of recombination and formation of a paired complex, 3) the transition from a post-cleavage complex containing RAGs and cleaved DNA ends to the NHEJ repair phase, and 4) the potential redundant roles of certain factors in repairing the break. Regulatory (non-core) domains of RAGs are not necessary for catalytic activity, but likely influence recruitment and stabilization through interaction with modified histones and conformational changes. To form long range paired complexes, recent studies have found evidence in support of large scale chromosomal contraction through various factors to utilize diverse gene segments. Following the paired cleavage event, four broken DNA ends must now make a regulated transition to the repair phase, which can be controlled by dynamic conformational changes and post-translational modification of the factors involved. Additionally, we examine the overlapping roles of certain NHEJ factors which allows for prevention of genomic instability due to incomplete repair in the absence of one, but are lethal in combined knockouts. To conclude, we focus on the importance of understanding the detail of these processes in regards to off-target recombination or deficiency-mediated clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. Christie
- *Correspondence: Shaun M. Christie, ; Carel Fijen, ; Eli Rothenberg,
| | - Carel Fijen
- *Correspondence: Shaun M. Christie, ; Carel Fijen, ; Eli Rothenberg,
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- *Correspondence: Shaun M. Christie, ; Carel Fijen, ; Eli Rothenberg,
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6
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Ruiz-Aparicio PF, Vernot JP. Bone Marrow Aging and the Leukaemia-Induced Senescence of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Exploring Similarities. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12050716. [PMID: 35629139 PMCID: PMC9147878 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12050716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow aging is associated with multiple cellular dysfunctions, including perturbed haematopoiesis, the propensity to haematological transformation, and the maintenance of leukaemia. It has been shown that instructive signals from different leukemic cells are delivered to stromal cells to remodel the bone marrow into a supportive leukemic niche. In particular, cellular senescence, a physiological program with both beneficial and deleterious effects on the health of the organisms, may be responsible for the increased incidence of haematological malignancies in the elderly and for the survival of diverse leukemic cells. Here, we will review the connection between BM aging and cellular senescence and the role that these processes play in leukaemia progression. Specifically, we discuss the role of mesenchymal stem cells as a central component of the supportive niche. Due to the specificity of the genetic defects present in leukaemia, one would think that bone marrow alterations would also have particular changes, making it difficult to envisage a shared therapeutic use. We have tried to summarize the coincident features present in BM stromal cells during aging and senescence and in two different leukaemias, acute myeloid leukaemia, with high frequency in the elderly, and B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, mainly a childhood disease. We propose that mesenchymal stem cells are similarly affected in these different leukaemias, and that the changes that we observed in terms of cellular function, redox balance, genetics and epigenetics, soluble factor repertoire and stemness are equivalent to those occurring during BM aging and cellular senescence. These coincident features may be used to explore strategies useful to treat various haematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Fernanda Ruiz-Aparicio
- Grupo de Investigación Fisiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| | - Jean-Paul Vernot
- Grupo de Investigación Fisiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
- Correspondence:
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7
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NT5E gene and CD38 protein as potential prognostic biomarkers for childhood B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:211-222. [PMID: 35235138 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09841-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk stratification of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is based on clinical and biological factors. However, B-ALL has significant biological and clinical heterogeneity and 50% of B-ALL patients do not have defined prognostic markers. In this sense, the identification of new prognostic biomarkers is necessary. Considering different cohorts of childhood B-ALL patients, gene (DPP4/CD38/ENTPD1/NT5E) and protein (CD38/CD39/CD73) expressions of ectonucleotidases were analyzed in silico and ex vivo and the association with prognosis was established. In univariate analyses, expression of NT5E was significantly associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) in bone marrow (BM) samples. In multivariate analyses, Kaplan-Meier analysis, and log-rank test, higher NT5E expression predicted unfavorable PFS in BM samples. Considering minimal residual disease (MRD), higher levels of cellularity were associated with the high NT5E expression at day 8 of induction therapy. In addition, we observed that white blood cells (WBC) of childhood B-ALL patients had more CD38 compared to the same cell population of healthy donors (HD). In fact, MRD > 0.1% patients had higher CD38 protein expression on WBC in comparison to HD. Noteworthy, we observed higher CD38 expression on WBC than blasts in MRD > 0.1% patients. We suggest that NT5E gene and CD38 protein expression, of the ectonucleotidases family, could provide interesting prognostic biomarkers for childhood B-ALL.
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8
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Czegle I, Gray AL, Wang M, Liu Y, Wang J, Wappler-Guzzetta EA. Mitochondria and Their Relationship with Common Genetic Abnormalities in Hematologic Malignancies. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1351. [PMID: 34947882 PMCID: PMC8707674 DOI: 10.3390/life11121351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are known to be associated with numerous cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes. In addition to morphology, immunophenotype, cytochemistry and clinical characteristics, these genetic alterations are typically required to diagnose myeloid, lymphoid, and plasma cell neoplasms. According to the current World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, numerous genetic changes are highlighted, often defining a distinct subtype of a disease, or providing prognostic information. This review highlights how these molecular changes can alter mitochondrial bioenergetics, cell death pathways, mitochondrial dynamics and potentially be related to mitochondrial genetic changes. A better understanding of these processes emphasizes potential novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibolya Czegle
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Austin L. Gray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Minjing Wang
- Independent Researcher, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA;
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Edina A. Wappler-Guzzetta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (A.L.G.); (Y.L.); (J.W.)
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9
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Molecular Genetics of Pre-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Sister Cell Lines during Disease Progression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:2147-2156. [PMID: 34940123 PMCID: PMC8929001 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, immortalized tumor cell lines have been used as reliable tools to understand the function of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Today, we know that tumors can comprise subclones with common and with subclone-specific genetic alterations. We sequenced DNA and RNA of sequential sister cell lines obtained from patients with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia at different phases of the disease. All five pairs of cell lines carry alterations that are typical for this disease: loss of tumor suppressors (CDKN2A, CDKN2B), expression of fusion genes (ETV6-RUNX1, BCR-ABL1, MEF2D-BCL9) or of genes targeted by point mutations (KRAS A146T, NRAS G12C, PAX5 R38H). MEF2D-BCL9 and PAX R38H mutations in cell lines have hitherto been undescribed, suggesting that YCUB-4 (MEF2D-BCL9), PC-53 (PAX R38H) and their sister cell lines will be useful models to elucidate the function of these genes. All aberrations mentioned above occur in both sister cell lines, demonstrating that the sisters derive from a common ancestor. However, we also found mutations that are specific for one sister cell line only, pointing to individual subclones of the primary tumor as originating cells. Our data show that sequential sister cell lines can be used to study the clonal development of tumors and to elucidate the function of common and clone-specific mutations.
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10
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Li S, Zhang L, Li M, Huang J, Cui B, Jia J, Guo Z, Ma K, Cui C. Anti-CD19 mAb modified mesoporous titanium dioxide as exclusively targeting vector for efficient B-lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2733-2742. [PMID: 33639139 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-LL) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell neoplasm derived from B-cell progenitors, which mainly occurs in children and adolescents and is one of the main causes of death from malignant tumors in this population. The surface marker CD19 is specifically expressed on the membrane of most malignant B-cells, which is widely used as a marker of B-LL antigen-specific immunotherapy. In this study, mesoporous titanium dioxide nanoparticles (MTNs)-based antibody drug delivery system was designed for B-LL treatment. Anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody was conjugated to PEGylated MTNs, and doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded in the nanoparticle. The CD19-PEG-MTN/DOX nanoparticle could recognize CD19+B-LL cell lines and induced them apoptosis, but nontoxic for the normal cells. Further, after treated with CD19-PEG-MTN/DOX nanoparticle, pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Caspase-3 in KOPN 8 and NALM-6 cells were significantly upregulated, but anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl2, MCL-1, HSP 70, and BAG 3 were downregulated, which indicated the activation of the apoptosis pathway by the nanodrug. By contrast, CD19-PEG-MTN/DOX didn't play a part on CD19-cell line U937. Besides, the cytotoxicity of CD19-PEG-MTN/DOX was low with good biocompatibility. Collectively, CD19-PEG-MTN/DOX is a promising antitumor nanodrug for the treatment of B-LL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the Panjin Peoples Hospital, Panjin, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingda Li
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Baocheng Cui
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Jie Jia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Zhaoming Guo
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Kun Ma
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China.
| | - Changhao Cui
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China.
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11
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Sharma G, Boby E, Nidhi T, Jain A, Singh J, Singh A, Chattopadhyay P, Bakhshi S, Chopra A, Palanichamy JK. Diagnostic Utility of IGF2BP1 and Its Targets as Potential Biomarkers in ETV6-RUNX1 Positive B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:588101. [PMID: 33708624 PMCID: PMC7940665 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.588101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 85% of childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) are of B-cell origin and characterized by the presence of different translocations including BCR-ABL1, ETV6-RUNX1, E2A-PBX1, and MLL fusion proteins. The current clinical investigations used to identify ETV6-RUNX1 translocation include FISH and fusion transcript specific PCR. In the current study we assessed the utility of IGF2BP1, an oncofetal RNA binding protein, that is over expressed specifically in ETV6-RUNX1 translocation positive B-ALL to be used as a diagnostic marker in the clinic. Further, public transcriptomic and Crosslinked Immunoprecipitation (CLIP) datasets were analyzed to identify the putative targets of IGF2BP1. We also studied the utility of using the mRNA expression of two such targets, MYC and EGFL7 as potential diagnostic markers separately or in conjunction with IGF2BP1. We observed that the expression of IGF2BP1 alone measured by RT-qPCR is highly sensitive and specific to be used as a potential biomarker for the presence of ETV6-RUNX1 translocation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Elza Boby
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Thakur Nidhi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ayushi Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archna Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Chopra
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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12
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Hiemenz MC, Oberley MJ, Doan A, Aye L, Ji J, Schmidt RJ, Biegel JA, Bhojwani D, Raca G. A multimodal genomics approach to diagnostic evaluation of pediatric hematologic malignancies. Cancer Genet 2021; 254-255:25-33. [PMID: 33571894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Detection of somatic genetic drivers is important for risk stratification and treatment selection in pediatric leukemias; however, newly recognized genetic markers may not be detected by routine karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To identify the combination of assays that provides the highest detection rate for clinically significant molecular abnormalities, we tested 160 B- lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) by karyotyping, FISH, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and the custom next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel, OncoKidsⓇ. In addition, we tested 40 myeloid malignancies with karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), and OncoKidsⓇ; 36/40 myeloid malignancies were also tested with FISH. In B-ALL, individual testing methods had the following diagnostic yields for the key genetic drivers: karyotype 34%; basic FISH panel 45%; FISH panel with IGH and CRLF2 probes 65%; CMA 48%; OncoKidsⓇ 39%. CMA and OncoKidsⓇ testing allowed detection of key genetic drivers in 42% of the samples that remained unknown upon testing by conventional methods. In myeloid malignancies, OncoKidsⓇ had the highest yield for detection of both primary and secondary DNA mutations and RNA fusions. Our data highlights the complementarity between CMA and NGS and conventional cytogenetics/FISH in pediatric leukemia diagnostics. Due to rapid turn-around-time, FISH may be useful as an initial screening method in B-ALL. Our data also suggests NGS testing with a comprehensive panel, despite a longer turnaround time, is a good alternative to karyotyping and FISH in pediatric AML due to its superior detection rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Hiemenz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J Oberley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Doan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Le Aye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jianling Ji
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ryan J Schmidt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Deepa Bhojwani
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gordana Raca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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13
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Jordaens S, Cooksey L, Freire Boullosa L, Van Tendeloo V, Smits E, Mills KI, Orchard KH, Guinn BA. New targets for therapy: antigen identification in adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:867-877. [PMID: 31970440 PMCID: PMC7183504 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in adults is a rare and difficult-to-treat cancer that is characterised by excess lymphoblasts in the bone marrow. Although many patients achieve remission with chemotherapy, relapse rates are high and the associated impact on survival devastating. Most patients receive chemotherapy and for those whose overall fitness supports it, the most effective treatment to date is allogeneic stem cell transplant that can improve overall survival rates in part due to a 'graft-versus-leukaemia' effect. However, due to the rarity of this disease, and the availability of mature B-cell antigens on the cell surface, few new cancer antigens have been identified in adult B-ALL that could act as targets to remove residual disease in first remission or provide alternative targets for escape variants if and when current immunotherapy strategies fail. We have used RT-PCR analysis, literature searches, antibody-specific profiling and gene expression microarray analysis to identify and prioritise antigens as novel targets for the treatment of adult B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jordaens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hardy Building, Room 111, Hull, HU7 6RX, UK
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leah Cooksey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hardy Building, Room 111, Hull, HU7 6RX, UK
| | | | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- Centre for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken I Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, UK
| | - Kim H Orchard
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hardy Building, Room 111, Hull, HU7 6RX, UK.
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14
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Evidence-based review of genomic aberrations in B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: Report from the cancer genomics consortium working group for lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet 2020; 243:52-72. [PMID: 32302940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical management and risk stratification of B-lymphoblastic leukemia/ lymphoma (B-ALL/LBL) depend largely on identification of chromosomal abnormalities obtained using conventional cytogenetics and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) testing. In the last few decades, testing algorithms have been implemented to support an optimal risk-oriented therapy, leading to a large improvement in overall survival. In addition, large scale genomic studies have identified multiple aberrations of prognostic significance that are not routinely tested by existing modalities. However, as chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are increasingly used in clinical management of hematologic malignancies, these abnormalities may be more readily detected. In this article, we have compiled a comprehensive, evidence-based review of the current B-ALL literature, focusing on known and published subtypes described to date. More specifically, we describe the role of various testing modalities in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic relevance. In addition, we propose a testing algorithm aimed at assisting laboratories in the most effective detection of the underlying genomic abnormalities.
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15
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Movafagh A, Naji P, Sheikhpour M. Gene mutation of childhood B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A systematic review. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ccij.ccij_48_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Citalan-Madrid AF, Cabral-Pacheco GA, Martinez-de-Villarreal LE, Villarreal-Martinez L, Ibarra-Ramirez M, Garza-Veloz I, Cardenas-Vargas E, Marino-Martinez I, Martinez-Fierro ML. Proteomic tools and new insights for the study of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:637-650. [PMID: 31514680 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2019.1664127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) is a hematological malignancy of immature B-cell precursors, affecting children more often than adults. The etiology of BCP-ALL is still unknown, but environmental factors, sex, race or ethnicity, and genomic alterations influence the development of the disease. Tools based on protein detection, such as flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, mass cytometry and reverse phase protein array, represent an opportunity to investigate BCP-ALL pathogenesis and to identify new biomarkers of disease. This review aims to document the recent advancements with respect to applications of proteomic technologies to study mechanisms of leukemogenesis, how this information could be used in the discovery of biological targets, and finally we describe the challenges of application of proteomic tools for the approach of BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alí F Citalan-Madrid
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Griselda A Cabral-Pacheco
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico.,Program of Doctorate in Sciences with Orientation in Molecular Medicine, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | | | - Laura Villarreal-Martinez
- Hematology Service, Hospital Universitario 'Dr. José Eleuterio González', Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Marisol Ibarra-Ramirez
- Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Idalia Garza-Veloz
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico.,Program of Doctorate in Sciences with Orientation in Molecular Medicine, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Edith Cardenas-Vargas
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico.,Program of Doctorate in Sciences with Orientation in Molecular Medicine, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico.,Hospital General Zacatecas 'Luz González Cosío' , Zacatecas , Mexico
| | - Ivan Marino-Martinez
- Departamento de Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon , Monterrey , Mexico
| | - Margarita L Martinez-Fierro
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico.,Program of Doctorate in Sciences with Orientation in Molecular Medicine, Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Zacatecas Autonomous University , Zacatecas , Mexico
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17
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Al-Sweedan S, Altahan R. Implications of intrachromosomal amplification of chromosome 21 on outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Does it affect our patients too? Hematol Rep 2019; 11:7826. [PMID: 31285807 PMCID: PMC6589538 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2019.7826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrachromosomal amplification (iAMP) of chromosome 21 entity is associated with a dismal outcome in B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL). This cytogenetic abnormality is caused by a novel mechanism; breakage-fusion-bridge cycles followed by chromothripsis along with major gross rearrangements in chromosome 21. Charts of B-ALL diagnosed at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center between 2005 and 2015 were reviewed. iAMP is a rare entity occurring at around 2.4% of all pediatrics BALL. No statistically significant difference was found among patients with iAMP21, patients with extra copies of 21 and other patients with B-ALL. The reported adverse prognostic effect of iAMP21 could be due to other coexistent adverse factors, including older age at the time of diagnosis. The most common associated abnormality in our population in addition to the hyperdiploidy was ETV6/RUNX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleimman Al-Sweedan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Rahaf Altahan
- Hematology Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Peterson JF, Ketterling RP, Huang L, Finn LE, Shi M, Hoppman NL, Greipp PT, Baughn LB. A near-haploid clone harboring a BCR/ABL1 gene fusion in an adult patient with newly diagnosed B-lymphoblastic leukemia. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2019; 58:665-668. [PMID: 30790375 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of recurrent genetic abnormalities in B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is critical for risk stratification and therapy-related decisions. Near-haploidy (24-30 chromosomes), a subgroup of hypodiploidy (<46 chromosomes), and BCR/ABL1 gene fusions are both recurrent genetic abnormalities in B-ALL and are considered adverse prognostic findings, although outcomes in BCR/ABL1-positive patients have improved with tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. While near-haploid clones are primarily observed in children and rarely harbor structural abnormalities, BCR/ABL1-positive B-ALL is primarily observed in adults. Importantly, recurrent genetic abnormalities are considered mutually exclusive and rarely exist within the same neoplastic clone. We report only the second case to our knowledge of a near-haploid clone that harbors a BCR/ABL1 fusion in an adult with newly diagnosed B-ALL. Conventional chromosome studies revealed a near-haploid clone (27 chromosomes) along with a der(22)t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2) in 17 of 20 metaphases analyzed. Our B-ALL fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) panel confirmed the BCR/ABL1 fusion and monosomies consistent with chromosome studies in approximately 95% of interphase nuclei. Moreover, no evidence of a "doubled" near-haploid clone was observed by chromosome or FISH studies. This highly unusual case illustrates that while rare, recurrent genetic abnormalities in B-ALL can exist within the same neoplastic clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess F Peterson
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rhett P Ketterling
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Li Huang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine William G. Helis Memorial Laboratories, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Laura E Finn
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Internal Medicine, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Min Shi
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicole L Hoppman
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Patricia T Greipp
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Linda B Baughn
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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19
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Long Non-Coding RNA and Acute Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030735. [PMID: 30744139 PMCID: PMC6387068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemia (AL) is the main type of cancer in children worldwide. Mortality by this disease is high in developing countries and its etiology remains unanswered. Evidences showing the role of the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the pathophysiology of hematological malignancies have increased drastically in the last decade. In addition to the contribution of these lncRNAs in leukemogenesis, recent studies have suggested that lncRNAs could be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response in leukemia patients. The focus of this review is to describe the functional classification, biogenesis, and the role of lncRNAs in leukemogenesis, to summarize the evidence about the lncRNAs which are playing a role in AL, and how these genes could be useful as potential therapeutic targets.
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20
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Cornel AM, van Til NP, Boelens JJ, Nierkens S. Strategies to Genetically Modulate Dendritic Cells to Potentiate Anti-Tumor Responses in Hematologic Malignancies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:982. [PMID: 29867960 PMCID: PMC5968097 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has been investigated as a potential strategy to target hematologic malignancies, while generating sustained immunological responses to control potential future relapse. Nonetheless, few clinical trials have shown robust long-term efficacy. It has been suggested that a combination of surmountable shortcomings, such as selection of utilized DC subsets, DC loading and maturation strategies, as well as tumor-induced immunosuppression may be targeted to maximize anti-tumor responses of DC vaccines. Generation of DC from CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) may provide potential in patients undergoing allogeneic HSPC transplantations for hematologic malignancies. CD34+ HSPC from the graft can be genetically modified to optimize antigen presentation and to provide sufficient T cell stimulatory signals. We here describe beneficial (gene)-modifications that can be implemented in various processes in T cell activation by DC, among which major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II presentation, DC maturation and migration, cross-presentation, co-stimulation, and immunosuppression to improve anti-tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelisa M Cornel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niek P van Til
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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