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Li X, Xiong H, Mou X, Huang C, Thomas ER, Yu W, Jiang Y, Chen Y. Androgen receptor cofactors: A potential role in understanding prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116338. [PMID: 38417290 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is witnessing a concerning rise in incidence annually, with the androgen receptor (AR) emerging as a pivotal contributor to its growth and progression. Mounting evidence underscores the AR's ability to recruit cofactors, influencing downstream gene transcription and thereby fueling the proliferation and metastasis of PCa cells. Although, clinical strategies involving AR antagonists provide some relief, managing castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a formidable challenge. Thus, the need of the hour lies in unearthing new drugs or therapeutic targets to effectively combat PCa. This review encapsulates the pivotal roles played by coactivators and corepressors of AR, notably androgen receptor-associated protein (ARA) and steroid receptor Coactivators (SRC) in PCa. Our data unveils how these cofactors intricately modulate histone modifications, cell cycling, SUMOylation, and apoptosis through their interactions with AR. Among the array of cofactors scrutinised, such as ARA70β, ARA24, ARA160, ARA55, ARA54, PIAS1, PIAS3, SRC1, SRC2, SRC3, PCAF, p300/CBP, MED1, and CARM1, several exhibit upregulation in PCa. Conversely, other cofactors like ARA70α, PIASy, and NCoR/SMRT demonstrate downregulation. This duality underscores the complexity of AR cofactor dynamics in PCa. Based on our findings, we propose that manipulating cofactor regulation to modulate AR function holds promise as a novel therapeutic avenue against advanced PCa. This paradigm shift offers renewed hope in the quest for effective treatments in the face of CRPC's formidable challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haojun Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingzhu Mou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cancan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Wenjing Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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2
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Wang M, Roggero VR, Allison LA. Mediator subunit MED1 differentially modulates mutant thyroid hormone receptor intracellular dynamics in Resistance to Thyroid Hormone syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 559:111781. [PMID: 36191835 PMCID: PMC9985138 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor (TR) controls the expression of thyroid hormone (T3)-responsive genes, while undergoing rapid nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. In Resistance to Thyroid Hormone syndrome (RTH), mutant TR fails to activate T3-dependent transcription. Previously, we showed that Mediator subunit 1 (MED1) plays a role in TR nuclear retention. Here, we investigated MED1's effect on RTH mutants using nucleocytoplasmic scoring and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in transfected cells. MED1 overexpression and knockout did not change the nucleocytoplasmic distribution or intranuclear mobility of C392X and P398R TRα1 at physiological T3 levels. At elevated T3 levels, however, overexpression increased P398R's nuclear retention and MED1 knockout decreased P398R's and A263V's intranuclear mobility, while not impacting C392X. Although A263V TRα1-transfected cells had a high percentage of aggregates, MED1 rescued A263V's impaired intranuclear mobility, suggesting that MED1 ameliorates nonfunctional aggregates. Results correlate with clinical severity, suggesting that altered interaction between MED1 and TRα1 mutants contributes to RTH pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyao Wang
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Vincent R Roggero
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA
| | - Lizabeth A Allison
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, 540 Landrum Drive, Integrated Science Center 3030, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, USA.
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3
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Miller KJ, Henry I, Maylin Z, Smith C, Arunachalam E, Pandha H, Asim M. A compendium of Androgen Receptor Variant 7 target genes and their role in Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1129140. [PMID: 36937454 PMCID: PMC10014620 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1129140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent androgen receptor (AR) signalling is the main driver of prostate cancer (PCa). Truncated isoforms of the AR called androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand binding domain often emerge during treatment resistance against AR pathway inhibitors such as Enzalutamide. This review discusses how AR-Vs drive a more aggressive form of PCa through the regulation of some of their target genes involved in oncogenic pathways, enabling disease progression. There is a pressing need for the development of a new generation of AR inhibitors which can repress the activity of both the full-length AR and AR-Vs, for which the knowledge of differentially expressed target genes will allow evaluation of inhibition efficacy. This review provides a detailed account of the most common variant, AR-V7, the AR-V7 regulated genes which have been experimentally validated, endeavours to understand their relevance in aggressive AR-V driven PCa and discusses the utility of the downstream protein products as potential drug targets for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zoe Maylin
- *Correspondence: Zoe Maylin, ; Mohammad Asim,
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4
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Zhang F, Biswas M, Massah S, Lee J, Lingadahalli S, Wong S, Wells C, Foo J, Khan N, Morin H, Saxena N, Kung SY, Sun B, Parra Nuñez A, Sanchez C, Chan N, Ung L, Altıntaş U, Bui J, Wang Y, Fazli L, Oo H, Rennie P, Lack N, Cherkasov A, Gleave M, Gsponer J, Lallous N. Dynamic phase separation of the androgen receptor and its coactivators key to regulate gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:99-116. [PMID: 36535377 PMCID: PMC9841400 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa), are addicted to transcription programs driven by specific genomic regions known as super-enhancers (SEs). The robust transcription of genes at such SEs is enabled by the formation of phase-separated condensates by transcription factors and coactivators with intrinsically disordered regions. The androgen receptor (AR), the main oncogenic driver in PCa, contains large disordered regions and is co-recruited with the transcriptional coactivator mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) to SEs in androgen-dependent PCa cells, thereby promoting oncogenic transcriptional programs. In this work, we reveal that full-length AR forms foci with liquid-like properties in different PCa models. We demonstrate that foci formation correlates with AR transcriptional activity, as this activity can be modulated by changing cellular foci content chemically or by silencing MED1. AR ability to phase separate was also validated in vitro by using recombinant full-length AR protein. We also demonstrate that AR antagonists, which suppress transcriptional activity by targeting key regions for homotypic or heterotypic interactions of this receptor, hinder foci formation in PCa cells and phase separation in vitro. Our results suggest that enhanced compartmentalization of AR and coactivators may play an important role in the activation of oncogenic transcription programs in androgen-dependent PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Joseph Lee
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Shreyas Lingadahalli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Samantha Wong
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Christopher Wells
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jane Foo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nabeel Khan
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Helene Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Neetu Saxena
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Sonia H Y Kung
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Bei Sun
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ana Karla Parra Nuñez
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Christophe Sanchez
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Novia Chan
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Lauren Ung
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Umut Berkay Altıntaş
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey,Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Jennifer M Bui
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada,School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey,Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak St., Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Jörg Gsponer
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Jörg Gsponer.
| | - Nada Lallous
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 604 875 4111; Fax: +1 604 875 5654;
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5
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Chen Z, Ye Z, Soccio RE, Nakadai T, Hankey W, Zhao Y, Huang F, Yuan F, Wang H, Cui Z, Sunkel B, Wu D, Dzeng RK, Thomas-Ahner JM, Huang THM, Clinton SK, Huang J, Lazar MA, Jin VX, Roeder RG, Wang Q. Phosphorylated MED1 links transcription recycling and cancer growth. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:4450-4463. [PMID: 35394046 PMCID: PMC9071494 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator activates RNA polymerase II (Pol II) function during transcription, but it remains unclear whether Mediator is able to travel with Pol II and regulate Pol II transcription beyond the initiation and early elongation steps. By using in vitro and in vivo transcription recycling assays, we find that human Mediator 1 (MED1), when phosphorylated at the mammal-specific threonine 1032 by cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), dynamically moves along with Pol II throughout the transcribed genes to drive Pol II recycling after the initial round of transcription. Mechanistically, MED31 mediates the recycling of phosphorylated MED1 and Pol II, enhancing mRNA output during the transcription recycling process. Importantly, MED1 phosphorylation increases during prostate cancer progression to the lethal phase, and pharmacological inhibition of CDK9 decreases prostate tumor growth by decreasing MED1 phosphorylation and Pol II recycling. Our results reveal a novel role of MED1 in Pol II transcription and identify phosphorylated MED1 as a targetable driver of dysregulated Pol II recycling in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhenqing Ye
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Raymond E Soccio
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tomoyoshi Nakadai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - William Hankey
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Furong Huang
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fuwen Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zhifen Cui
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Benjamin Sunkel
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dayong Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Richard K Dzeng
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer M Thomas-Ahner
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tim H M Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mitchell A Lazar
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Department of Genetics, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Victor X Jin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Robert G Roeder
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qianben Wang
- Department of Pathology and Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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6
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Kukkonen K, Taavitsainen S, Huhtala L, Uusi-Makela J, Granberg KJ, Nykter M, Urbanucci A. Chromatin and Epigenetic Dysregulation of Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapeutic Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3325. [PMID: 34283056 PMCID: PMC8268970 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of chromatin and epigenetics has been defined as the overarching cancer hallmark. By disrupting transcriptional regulation in normal cells and mediating tumor progression by promoting cancer cell plasticity, this process has the ability to mediate all defined hallmarks of cancer. In this review, we collect and assess evidence on the contribution of chromatin and epigenetic dysregulation in prostate cancer. We highlight important mechanisms leading to prostate carcinogenesis, the emergence of castration-resistance upon treatment with androgen deprivation therapy, and resistance to antiandrogens. We examine in particular the contribution of chromatin structure and epigenetics to cell lineage commitment, which is dysregulated during tumorigenesis, and cell plasticity, which is altered during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konsta Kukkonen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Sinja Taavitsainen
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Laura Huhtala
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Joonas Uusi-Makela
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Kirsi J. Granberg
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Matti Nykter
- Prostate Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Center, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (K.K.); (S.T.); (L.H.); (J.U.-M.); (K.J.G.); (M.N.)
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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7
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Echiburú B, Milagro F, Crisosto N, Pérez-Bravo F, Flores C, Arpón A, Salas-Pérez F, Recabarren SE, Sir-Petermann T, Maliqueo M. DNA methylation in promoter regions of genes involved in the reproductive and metabolic function of children born to women with PCOS. Epigenetics 2020; 15:1178-1194. [PMID: 32283997 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1754674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and experimental evidences indicate that epigenetic modifications induced by the prenatal environment are related to metabolic and reproductive derangements in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Alterations in the leptin and adiponectin systems, androgen signalling and antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels have been observed in PCOS women and in their offspring. Using a targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), we studied DNA methylation in promoter regions of the leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), adiponectin receptor 1 and 2 (ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2), AMH and androgen receptor (AR) genes in 24 sons and daughters of women with PCOS (12 treated with metformin during pregnancy) and 24 children born to non-PCOS women during early infancy (2-3 months of age). Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood, bisulphite converted and sequenced by NGS. Girls showed differences between groups in 1 CpG site of LEPR, 2 of LEP, 1 of ADIPOR2 and 2 of AR. Boys showed differences in 5 CpG sites of LEP, 3 of AMH and 9 of AR. Maternal metformin treatment prevented some of these changes in LEP, ADIPOR2 and partially in AR in girls, and in LEP and AMH in boys. Maternal BMI at early pregnancy was inversely correlated with the methylation levels of the ChrX-67544981 site in the whole group of girls (r = -0.530, p = 0.008) and with the global Z-score in all boys (r = -0.539, p = 0.007). These data indicate that the intrauterine PCOS environment predisposes the offspring to acquire certain sex-dependent DNA methylation patterns in the promoter regions of metabolic and reproductive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Echiburú
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Fermín Milagro
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto De Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Unit of Endocrinology, Clínica Las , Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Pérez-Bravo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Flores
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Arpón
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisca Salas-Pérez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio E Recabarren
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepcion , Chillán, Chile
| | - Teresa Sir-Petermann
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, School of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago, Chile
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8
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Shao C, Yu B, Liu Y. Androgen receptor splicing variant 7: Beyond being a constitutively active variant. Life Sci 2019; 234:116768. [PMID: 31445027 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In prostate cancer development, the androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a crucial role during both formation of early prostate lesions and progression to the lethal, incurable castration resistant stage. Accordingly, numerous approaches have been developed to inhibit AR activity including androgen deprivation therapy, application of the AR antagonists as well as the use of taxanes. However, these treatments, although effective initially, resistance inevitably occur for most of the patients within several years and limiting the therapeutic efficacy. Of note, alterations and reactivation of the AR signaling pathway have been demonstrated as the major reasons for the observed resistance. Accumulating evidences have suggested that synthesis of AR splicing variants, in particular, the constitutively active AR-V7, is one of the most important mechanisms that contribute to the abnormal AR signaling. In addition, clinical data also highlight the potential of using AR-V7 as a predictive biomarker and a therapeutic target in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). In this review, we summarize the recent findings concerning the specific role of AR-V7 in CRPC progression, drug resistance and its potential value in clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingbing Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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9
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Olender J, Lee NH. Role of Alternative Splicing in Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness and Drug Resistance in African Americans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1164:119-139. [PMID: 31576545 PMCID: PMC6777849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-22254-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing, the process of removing introns and joining exons of pre-mRNA, is critical for growth, development, tissue homeostasis, and species diversity. Dysregulation of alternative splicing can initiate and drive disease. Aberrant alternative splicing has been shown to promote the "hallmarks of cancer" in both hematological and solid cancers. Of interest, recent work has focused on the role of alternative splicing in prostate cancer and prostate cancer health disparities. We will provide a review of prostate cancer health disparities involving the African American population, alternative RNA splicing, and alternative splicing in prostate cancer. Lastly, we will summarize our work on differential alternative splicing in prostate cancer disparities and its implications for disparate health outcomes and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Olender
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, GW Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Norman H Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, GW Cancer Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
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10
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Guo P, Huang J, Zhang J, Meng C, Zhang S, Bai Y, Ning Z, Hu L. The potential role of circRNA_004229 in hair/epidermal regulation after MED1 ablation in keratinocytes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19095-19103. [PMID: 35516890 PMCID: PMC9065014 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02322d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) is an important transcriptional co-activator involved in multiple signaling pathways. Previous studies indicated an essential role of MED1 in hair cycling and wound repair through regulating the transcription of mRNAs. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), as a novel class of non-coding RNAs, are involved in various skin biological functions. Our study aimed to investigate the circRNAs expression profile in MED1 epidermal conditional knockout mice (KO), and provide potential candidates as well as the mechanism underlying the circRNAs regulation in both hair follicles and epidermis. Method: Microarray based circRNA expression was determined in MED1 KO mice and wild type mice (WT). The expression level was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. We predicted a possible interaction network of circRNA/microRNA/mRNA by bioinformatics and constructed them with Cytoscape software. Expression of several candidate target mRNAs was verified using qRT-PCR. A TUNEL assay was performed to assess the apoptosis level of MED1 KO and WT skin. Results: Here we identified 109 (34-up, 75-down) distinct circRNAs through microarrays that are differently expressed in MED1 KO mice compared with WT mice (FC > 2 and p-value < 0.05), suggesting a potential role of circRNAs in epidermal regulation. Among these circRNAs, circRNA_004229 was found to decrease significantly after MED1 deletion. The most likely potential targets miRNA for circRNA_004229 include miR-149-5p and miR-207, which possibly further impede the expression of their target mRNA, Tnfrsf19 and Perp, respectively. Apoptosis was suppressed in MED1 KO mice, which implies a potential role of circRNAs in regulating epidermal biological processes including apoptosis. Conclusion: Our study determined the expression profile of circRNAs in MED1 KO skin, and provided hints that circRNA_004229 might be involved in the regulation of keratinocytes in both hair follicles and interfollicular epidermis through a ceRNA mechanism. We demonstrated that circRNA_004229 might inhibit apoptosis through binding miR-207 and miR-149-5p after MED1 deletion in keratinocytes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Guo
- Immunology Department
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Junkai Huang
- Immunology Department
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Immunology Department
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Chao Meng
- Immunology Department
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Shuchang Zhang
- Immunology Department
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
| | - Yunfeng Bai
- Center of Integrative Medicine
- 302 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhiwei Ning
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Immunology Department
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education)
- Tianjin Medical University
- Tianjin
- China
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11
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Aboukameel A, Muqbil I, Baloglu E, Senapedis W, Landesman Y, Argueta C, Kauffman M, Chang H, Kashyap T, Shacham S, Neggers JE, Daelemans D, Heath EI, Azmi AS. Down-regulation of AR splice variants through XPO1 suppression contributes to the inhibition of prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35327-35342. [PMID: 30450161 PMCID: PMC6219671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have shown that the expression of AR splice variants (ARv) lacking ligand-binding domain is associated with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and higher risk of tumor metastasis and recurrence. Nuclear export protein XPO1 regulates the nuclear localization of many proteins including tumor suppressor proteins. Increased XPO1 in prostate cancer is associated with a high Gleason score and bone metastasis. In this study, we found that high expression of AR splice variant 7 (AR-v7) was correlated with increased XPO1 expression. Silencing of XPO1 by RNAi or treatment with Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds selinexor and eltanexor (KPT-8602) down-regulated the expression of AR, AR-v7 and ARv567es at mRNA and protein levels. XPO1 silencing also inhibited the expression of AR and ARv regulators including FOXA1, Src, Vav3, MED1 and Sam68, leading to the suppression of ARv and AR target genes, UBE2C and PSA. By targeting XPO1/ARv signaling, SINE suppressed prostate cancer (PCa) growth in vitro and in vivo and potentiated the anti-cancer activity of anti-AR agents, enzalutamide and abiraterone. Therefore, XPO1 inhibition could be a novel promising agent used in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics and AR-targeted therapy for the better treatment of PCa, especially CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hua Chang
- Karyopharm Therapeutics Inc, Newton, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jasper E Neggers
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat, Belgium
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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12
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Armstrong CM, Gao AC. Current strategies for targeting the activity of androgen receptor variants. Asian J Urol 2018; 6:42-49. [PMID: 30775247 PMCID: PMC6363599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for advanced prostate cancer, such as enzalutamide and abiraterone, focus on inhibiting androgen receptor (AR) activity and reducing downstream signaling pathways to inhibit tumor growth. Unfortunately, cancer cells are very adaptable and, over time, these cells develop mechanisms by which they can circumvent therapeutics. One of the many mechanisms that have been discovered is the generation of AR variants. These variants are generated through alternative splicing of the full length AR and often lack the ligand binding domain. This leads to forms of the AR that are constitutively active that continue to promote prostate cancer cell growth even in the absence of ligand. The high prevalence of AR variants and their role in disease progression have prompted a number of studies investigating ways to inhibited AR variant expression and activity. Among these are the anti-helminthic drug, niclosamide, which selectively promotes degradation of AR variants over full length AR and re-sensitizes anti-androgen resistant prostate cancer cells to treatment with enzalutamide and abiraterone. Other AR variant targeting mechanisms include interfering with AR variant co-activators and the development of drugs that bind to the DNA or N-terminal AR domains, which are retained in most AR variants. The clinical efficacy of treating prostate cancer by targeting AR variants is under investigation in several clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant AR variants and discuss current AR variant targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Sacramento, CA, USA
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13
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Weber H, Garabedian MJ. The mediator complex in genomic and non-genomic signaling in cancer. Steroids 2018; 133:8-14. [PMID: 29157917 PMCID: PMC5864542 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mediator is a conserved, multi-subunit macromolecular machine divided structurally into head, middle, and tail modules, along with a transiently associating kinase module. Mediator functions as an integrator of transcriptional regulatory activity by interacting with DNA-bound transcription factors and with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to both activate and repress gene expression. Mediator has been shown to affect multiple steps in transcription, including chromatin looping between enhancers and promoters, pre-initiation complex formation, transcriptional elongation, and mRNA splicing. Individual Mediator subunits participate in regulation of gene expression by the estrogen and androgen receptors and are altered in a number of endocrine cancers, including breast and prostate cancer. In addition to its role in genomic signaling, MED12 has been implicated in non-genomic signaling by interacting with and activating TGF-beta receptor 2 in the cytoplasm. Recent structural studies have revealed extensive inter-domain interactions and complex architecture of the Mediator-Pol II complex, suggesting that Mediator is capable of reorganizing its conformation and composition to fit cellular needs. We propose that alterations in Mediator subunit expression that occur in various cancers could impact the organization and function of Mediator, resulting in changes in gene expression that promote malignancy. A better understanding of the role of Mediator in cancer could reveal new approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of Mediator-dependent endocrine cancers, especially in settings of therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Weber
- Departments of Microbiology and Urology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10012, United States
| | - Michael J Garabedian
- Departments of Microbiology and Urology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10012, United States.
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14
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Nicolau-Neto P, Palumbo A, De Martino M, Esposito F, de Almeida Simão T, Fusco A, Nasciutti LE, Meireles Da Costa N, Ribeiro Pinto LF. UBE2C Is a Transcriptional Target of the Cell Cycle Regulator FOXM1. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040188. [PMID: 29596365 PMCID: PMC5924530 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
FOXM1 (forkhead box protein M1) is a transcription factor that participates in all stages of tumor development, mainly through the control of cell cycle and proliferation, regulating the expression of genes involved in G1/S and G2/M transition and M phase progression. The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2C) is a member of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome, promoting the degradation of several target proteins along cell cycle progression, during metaphase/anaphase transition. FOXM1 and UBE2C have been found overexpressed in a wide range of different solid tumors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether UBE2C is a transcriptional target of FOXM1, using esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) as a model, in addition to several cancer-deposited data. Our results show that FOXM1 and UBE2C expression present a positive correlation in normal tissues and in 25 distinct tumor types, including ESCC, where these genes are overexpressed. Moreover, FOXM1 binds to UBE2C promoter region in ESCC cell line and transcriptionally activates it, leading to UBE2C upregulation. In conclusion, this study provides evidences that FOXM1 transcriptionally regulates UBE2C expression in ESCC and their deregulation may be a general phenomenon in human neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Nicolau-Neto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA, Rua Andre Cavalcanti 37, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Palumbo
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Prédio de Ciências da Saúde-Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Marco De Martino
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Esposito
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Tatiana de Almeida Simão
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro 87, Fundos, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro-4° Andar, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Alfredo Fusco
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luiz Eurico Nasciutti
- Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Prédio de Ciências da Saúde-Ilha do Fundão, A. Carlos Chagas, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Nathalia Meireles Da Costa
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA, Rua Andre Cavalcanti 37, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- Programa de Carcinogênese Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Câncer-INCA, Rua Andre Cavalcanti 37, Rio de Janeiro 20231-050, RJ, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. 28 de Setembro 87, Fundos, Pavilhão Américo Piquet Carneiro-4° Andar, Rio de Janeiro 20551-030, RJ, Brazil.
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15
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MED15 overexpression in prostate cancer arises during androgen deprivation therapy via PI3K/mTOR signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7964-7976. [PMID: 27974704 PMCID: PMC5352374 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the main therapeutic option for advanced prostate cancer (PCa). After initial regression, most tumors develop into castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Previously, we found the Mediator complex subunit MED15 to be overexpressed in CRPC and to correlate with clinical outcome. Therefore, we investigated whether MED15 is implicated in the signaling changes taking place during progression to CRPC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for MED15 on matched samples from the same patients before and after ADT reveals significantly increased MED15 expression after ADT in 72%. A validation cohort comprising samples before and after therapy confirmed our observations. Protein analysis for pAKT and pSMAD3 shows that MED15 correlates with PI3K and TGFß activities, respectively, and that hyper-activation of both pathways simultaneously correlates with highest levels of MED15. We further show that MED15 protein expression increases in LNCaP cells under androgen deprivation, and via EGF mediated PI3K activation. PI3K/mTOR and TGFß-receptor inhibition results in decreased MED15 expression. MED15 knockdown reduces LNCaP cell viability and induces apoptosis during androgen deprivation, while cell cycle is not affected. Collectively, MED15 overexpression arises during ADT via hyper-activation of PI3K/mTOR signaling, thus MED15 may serve as a predictive marker for response to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Furthermore, MED15 is potentially a therapeutic target for the treatment of CRPC.
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16
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Moon SJ, Jeong BC, Kim HJ, Lim JE, Kwon GY, Kim JH. DBC1 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer by positively regulating DNA binding and stability of AR-V7. Oncogene 2017; 37:1326-1339. [PMID: 29249800 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Constitutively active AR-V7, one of the major androgen receptor (AR) splice variants lacking the ligand-binding domain, plays a key role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and anti-androgen resistance. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of AR-V7-driven transcription is limited. Here we report DBC1 as a key regulator of AR-V7 transcriptional activity and stability in CRPC cells. DBC1 functions as a coactivator for AR-V7 and is required for the expression of AR-V7 target genes including CDH2, a mesenchymal marker linked to CRPC progression. DBC1 is required for recruitment of AR-V7 to its target enhancers and for long-range chromatin looping between the CDH2 enhancer and promoter. Mechanistically, DBC1 enhances DNA-binding activity of AR-V7 by direct interaction and inhibits CHIP E3 ligase-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of AR-V7 by competing with CHIP for AR-V7 binding, thereby stabilizing and activating AR-V7. Importantly, DBC1 depletion suppresses the tumorigenic and metastatic properties of CRPC cells. Our results firmly establish DBC1 as a critical AR-V7 coactivator that plays a key role in the regulation of DNA binding and stability of AR-V7 and has an important physiological role in CRPC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Jin Moon
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Jin Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joung Eun Lim
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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17
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Driver pattern identification over the gene co-expression of drug response in ovarian cancer by integrating high throughput genomics data. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 29170526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16286-5]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of high throughput genomics data create a potential opportunity to identify driver patterns in ovarian cancer, which will acquire some novel and clinical biomarkers for appropriate diagnosis and treatment to cancer patients. To identify candidate driver genes and the corresponding driving patterns for resistant and sensitive tumors from the heterogeneous data, we combined gene co-expression modules with mutation modulators and proposed the method to identify driver patterns. Firstly, co-expression network analysis is applied to explore gene modules for gene expression profiles through weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Secondly, mutation matrix is generated by integrating the CNV data and somatic mutation data, and a mutation network is constructed from the mutation matrix. Thirdly, candidate modulators are selected from significant genes by clustering vertexs of the mutation network. Finally, a regression tree model is utilized for module network learning, in which the obtained gene modules and candidate modulators are trained for the driving pattern identification and modulators regulatory exploration. Many identified candidate modulators are known to be involved in biological meaningful processes associated with ovarian cancer, such as CCL11, CCL16, CCL18, CCL23, CCL8, CCL5, APOB, BRCA1, SLC18A1, FGF22, GADD45B, GNA15, GNA11, and so on.
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18
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Lu X, Lu J, Liao B, Li X, Qian X, Li K. Driver pattern identification over the gene co-expression of drug response in ovarian cancer by integrating high throughput genomics data. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 29170526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16286-5] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of high throughput genomics data create a potential opportunity to identify driver patterns in ovarian cancer, which will acquire some novel and clinical biomarkers for appropriate diagnosis and treatment to cancer patients. To identify candidate driver genes and the corresponding driving patterns for resistant and sensitive tumors from the heterogeneous data, we combined gene co-expression modules with mutation modulators and proposed the method to identify driver patterns. Firstly, co-expression network analysis is applied to explore gene modules for gene expression profiles through weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Secondly, mutation matrix is generated by integrating the CNV data and somatic mutation data, and a mutation network is constructed from the mutation matrix. Thirdly, candidate modulators are selected from significant genes by clustering vertexs of the mutation network. Finally, a regression tree model is utilized for module network learning, in which the obtained gene modules and candidate modulators are trained for the driving pattern identification and modulators regulatory exploration. Many identified candidate modulators are known to be involved in biological meaningful processes associated with ovarian cancer, such as CCL11, CCL16, CCL18, CCL23, CCL8, CCL5, APOB, BRCA1, SLC18A1, FGF22, GADD45B, GNA15, GNA11, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Lu
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Jibo Lu
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bo Liao
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin Qian
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Keqin Li
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China.,Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, New Paltz, NY, 12561, USA
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19
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Lu X, Lu J, Liao B, Li X, Qian X, Li K. Driver pattern identification over the gene co-expression of drug response in ovarian cancer by integrating high throughput genomics data. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16188. [PMID: 29170526 PMCID: PMC5700962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple types of high throughput genomics data create a potential opportunity to identify driver patterns in ovarian cancer, which will acquire some novel and clinical biomarkers for appropriate diagnosis and treatment to cancer patients. To identify candidate driver genes and the corresponding driving patterns for resistant and sensitive tumors from the heterogeneous data, we combined gene co-expression modules with mutation modulators and proposed the method to identify driver patterns. Firstly, co-expression network analysis is applied to explore gene modules for gene expression profiles through weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA). Secondly, mutation matrix is generated by integrating the CNV data and somatic mutation data, and a mutation network is constructed from the mutation matrix. Thirdly, candidate modulators are selected from significant genes by clustering vertexs of the mutation network. Finally, a regression tree model is utilized for module network learning, in which the obtained gene modules and candidate modulators are trained for the driving pattern identification and modulators regulatory exploration. Many identified candidate modulators are known to be involved in biological meaningful processes associated with ovarian cancer, such as CCL11, CCL16, CCL18, CCL23, CCL8, CCL5, APOB, BRCA1, SLC18A1, FGF22, GADD45B, GNA15, GNA11, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinguo Lu
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Jibo Lu
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bo Liao
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xin Qian
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Keqin Li
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Lushan Nan Rd., Changsha, 410082, China
- Department of Computer Science, State University of New York, New Paltz, NY, 12561, USA
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20
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Jernberg E, Bergh A, Wikström P. Clinical relevance of androgen receptor alterations in prostate cancer. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R146-R161. [PMID: 29030409 PMCID: PMC5640574 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among men worldwide, despite continuously improved treatment strategies. Patients with metastatic disease are treated by androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) that with time results in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) usually established as metastases within bone tissue. The androgen receptor (AR) transcription factor is the main driver of CRPC development and of acquired resistance to drugs given for treatment of CRPC, while a minority of patients have CRPC that is non-AR driven. Molecular mechanisms behind epithelial AR reactivation in CRPC include AR gene amplification and overexpression, AR mutations, expression of constitutively active AR variants, intra-tumoural and adrenal androgen synthesis and promiscuous AR activation by other factors. This review will summarize AR alterations of clinical relevance for patients with CRPC, with focus on constitutively active AR variants, their possible association with AR amplification and structural rearrangements as well as their ability to predict patient resistance to AR targeting drugs. The review will also discuss AR signalling in the tumour microenvironment and its possible relevance for metastatic growth and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Jernberg
- Department of Medical biosciencesUmeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Bergh
- Department of Medical biosciencesUmeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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21
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Munkley J, Livermore K, Rajan P, Elliott DJ. RNA splicing and splicing regulator changes in prostate cancer pathology. Hum Genet 2017; 136:1143-1154. [PMID: 28382513 PMCID: PMC5602090 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in mRNA splice patterns have been associated with key pathological mechanisms in prostate cancer progression. The androgen receptor (abbreviated AR) transcription factor is a major driver of prostate cancer pathology and activated by androgen steroid hormones. Selection of alternative promoters by the activated AR can critically alter gene function by switching mRNA isoform production, including creating a pro-oncogenic isoform of the normally tumour suppressor gene TSC2. A number of androgen-regulated genes generate alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms, including a prostate-specific splice isoform of ST6GALNAC1 mRNA. ST6GALNAC1 encodes a sialyltransferase that catalyses the synthesis of the cancer-associated sTn antigen important for cell mobility. Genetic rearrangements occurring early in prostate cancer development place ERG oncogene expression under the control of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 promoter to hijack cell behaviour. This TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene shows different patterns of alternative splicing in invasive versus localised prostate cancer. Alternative AR mRNA isoforms play a key role in the generation of prostate cancer drug resistance, by providing a mechanism through which prostate cancer cells can grow in limited serum androgen concentrations. A number of splicing regulator proteins change expression patterns in prostate cancer and may help drive key stages of disease progression. Up-regulation of SRRM4 establishes neuronal splicing patterns in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. The splicing regulators Sam68 and Tra2β increase expression in prostate cancer. The SR protein kinase SRPK1 that modulates the activity of SR proteins is up-regulated in prostate cancer and has already given encouraging results as a potential therapeutic target in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK
| | - Karen Livermore
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK
| | - Prabhakar Rajan
- Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, England, UK.
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22
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Yin Y, Li R, Xu K, Ding S, Li J, Baek G, Ramanand SG, Ding S, Liu Z, Gao Y, Kanchwala MS, Li X, Hutchinson R, Liu X, Woldu SL, Xing C, Desai NB, Feng FY, Burma S, de Bono JS, Dehm SM, Mani RS, Chen BPC, Raj GV. Androgen Receptor Variants Mediate DNA Repair after Prostate Cancer Irradiation. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4745-4754. [PMID: 28754673 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy. This effect is associated with weakening of the DNA damage response (DDR) normally supported by the androgen receptor. As a significant number of patients will fail combined ADT and radiotherapy, we hypothesized that DDR may be driven by androgen receptor splice variants (ARV) induced by ADT. Investigating this hypothesis, we found that ARVs increase the clonogenic survival of prostate cancer cells after irradiation in an ADT-independent manner. Notably, prostate cancer cell irradiation triggers binding of ARV to the catalytic subunit of the critical DNA repair kinase DNA-PK. Pharmacologic inhibition of DNA-PKc blocked this interaction, increased DNA damage, and elevated prostate cancer cell death after irradiation. Our findings provide a mechanistic rationale for therapeutic targeting of DNA-PK in the context of combined ADT and radiotherapy as a strategy to radiosensitize clinically localized prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4745-54. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kangling Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jeffrey Li
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - GuemHee Baek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Susmita G Ramanand
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sam Ding
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mohammed S Kanchwala
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ryan Hutchinson
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xihui Liu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Solomon L Woldu
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Neil B Desai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Drug Development Unit and Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center and Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ram S Mani
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Benjamin P C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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23
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Zuber V, Bettella F, Witoelar A, Andreassen OA, Mills IG, Urbanucci A. Bromodomain protein 4 discriminates tissue-specific super-enhancers containing disease-specific susceptibility loci in prostate and breast cancer. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:270. [PMID: 28359301 PMCID: PMC5374680 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic information can be used to identify clinically relevant genomic variants single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of functional importance in cancer development. Super-enhancers are cell-specific DNA elements, acting to determine tissue or cell identity and driving tumor progression. Although previous approaches have been tried to explain risk associated with SNPs in regulatory DNA elements, so far epigenetic readers such as bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4) and super-enhancers have not been used to annotate SNPs. In prostate cancer (PC), androgen receptor (AR) binding sites to chromatin have been used to inform functional annotations of SNPs. RESULTS Here we establish criteria for enhancer mapping which are applicable to other diseases and traits to achieve the optimal tissue-specific enrichment of PC risk SNPs. We used stratified Q-Q plots and Fisher test to assess the differential enrichment of SNPs mapping to specific categories of enhancers. We find that BRD4 is the key discriminant of tissue-specific enhancers, showing that it is more powerful than AR binding information to capture PC specific risk loci, and can be used with similar effect in breast cancer (BC) and applied to other diseases such as schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate the enrichment of epigenetic readers in genome-wide associations studies for SNPs within enhancers, and provides a powerful tool for enriching and prioritizing PC and BC genetic risk loci. Our study represents a proof of principle applicable to other diseases and traits that can be used to redefine molecular mechanisms of human phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Zuber
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Bettella
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aree Witoelar
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - the CRUK GWAS
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- PCUK Movember Centre of Excellence, CCRCB, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
| | - the TRICL Consortium
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- PCUK Movember Centre of Excellence, CCRCB, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ian G. Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- PCUK Movember Centre of Excellence, CCRCB, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
| | - Alfonso Urbanucci
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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24
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Azoitei A, Merseburger AS, Godau B, Hoda MR, Schmid E, Cronauer MV. C-terminally truncated constitutively active androgen receptor variants and their biologic and clinical significance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:38-44. [PMID: 27345700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A mechanism allowing castration resistant prostate cancer cells to escape the effects of conventional anti-hormonal treatments is the synthesis of constitutively active, C-terminally truncated androgen receptor (AR)-variants. Lacking the entire or vast parts of the ligand binding domain, the intended target of traditional endocrine therapies, these AR-variants (termed ARΔLBD) are insensitive to all traditional treatments including second generation compounds like abiraterone, enzalutamide or ARN-509. Although ARΔLBD are predominantly products of alternative splicing, they can also be products of nonsense mutations or proteolytic cleavage. In this review, we will discuss the etiology and function of c-terminally truncated AR-variants and their clinical significance as markers/targets for the treatment of castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Azoitei
- Department of Urology, Ulm University Medical School, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Beate Godau
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Raschid Hoda
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Evi Schmid
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus V Cronauer
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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25
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Cao S, Zhan Y, Dong Y. Emerging data on androgen receptor splice variants in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T199-T210. [PMID: 27702752 PMCID: PMC5107136 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor splice variants are alternatively spliced variants of androgen receptor, which are C-terminally truncated and lack the canonical ligand-binding domain. Accumulating evidence has indicated a significant role of androgen receptor splice variants in mediating resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer to current therapies and in predicting therapeutic responses. As such, there is an urgent need to target androgen receptor splicing variants for more effective treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Identification of precise and critical targeting points to deactivate androgen receptor splicing variants relies on a deep understanding of how they are generated and the mechanisms of their action. In this review, we will focus on the emerging data on their generation, clinical significance and mechanisms of action as well as the therapeutic influence of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subing Cao
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yang Zhan
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- College of Life SciencesJilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Structural and Cellular BiologyTulane University School of Medicine, Tulane Cancer Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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26
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Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most lethal cancers in western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway plays a key role in PCa progression. Despite the initial effectiveness of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)for treatment of patients with advanced PCa, most of them will develop resistance to ADT and progress to metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Constitutively transcriptional activated AR splice variants (AR-Vs) have emerged as critical players in the development and progression of mCRPC. Among AR-Vs identified to date, AR-V7 (a.k.a. AR3) is one of the most abundant and frequently found in both PCa cell lines and in human prostate tissues. Most of functional studies have been focused on AR-V7/AR3 and revealed its role in regulation of survival, growth, differentiation and migration in prostate cells. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of regulation of expression and activity of AR-Vs in mCRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Welti J, Rodrigues DN, Sharp A, Sun S, Lorente D, Riisnaes R, Figueiredo I, Zafeiriou Z, Rescigno P, de Bono JS, Plymate SR. Analytical Validation and Clinical Qualification of a New Immunohistochemical Assay for Androgen Receptor Splice Variant-7 Protein Expression in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2016; 70:599-608. [PMID: 27117751 PMCID: PMC5015575 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The androgen receptor splice variant-7 (AR-V7) has been implicated in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and resistance to abiraterone and enzalutamide. Objective To develop a validated assay for detection of AR-V7 protein in tumour tissue and determine its expression and clinical significance as patients progress from hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC) to CRPC. Design, setting, and participants Following monoclonal antibody generation and validation, we retrospectively identified patients who had HSPC and CRPC tissue available for AR-V7 immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Nuclear AR-V7 expression was determined using IHC H score (HS) data. The change in nuclear AR-V7 expression from HSPC to CRPC and the association between nuclear AR-V7 expression and overall survival (OS) was determined. Results and limitations Nuclear AR-V7 expression was significantly lower in HSPC (median HS 50, interquartile range [IQR] 17.5–90) compared to CRPC (HS 135, IQR 80–157.5; p < 0.0001), and in biopsy tissue taken before (HS 80, IQR 30–136.3) compared to after (HS 140, IQR 105–167.5; p = 0.007) abiraterone or enzalutamide treatment. Lower nuclear AR-V7 expression at CRPC biopsy was associated with longer OS (hazard ratio 1.012, 95% confidence interval 1.004–1.020; p = 0.003). While this monoclonal antibody primarily binds to AR-V7 in PC biopsy tissue, it may also bind to other proteins. Conclusions We provide the first evidence that nuclear AR-V7 expression increases with emerging CRPC and is prognostic for OS, unlike antibody staining for the AR N-terminal domain. These data indicate that AR-V7 is important in CRPC disease biology; agents targeting AR splice variants are needed to test this hypothesis and further improve patient outcome from CRPC. Patient summary In this study we found that levels of the protein AR-V7 were higher in patients with advanced prostate cancer. A higher level of AR-V7 identifies a group of patients who respond less well to certain prostate cancer treatments and live for a shorter period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Welti
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Daniel Nava Rodrigues
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Adam Sharp
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Shihua Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and VAPSHCS-GRECC, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David Lorente
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ruth Riisnaes
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Ines Figueiredo
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Zafeiris Zafeiriou
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK
| | - Johann S de Bono
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK.
| | - Stephen R Plymate
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine and VAPSHCS-GRECC, Seattle, WA, USA.
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28
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Dueck H, Eberwine J, Kim J. Variation is function: Are single cell differences functionally important?: Testing the hypothesis that single cell variation is required for aggregate function. Bioessays 2015; 38:172-80. [PMID: 26625861 PMCID: PMC4738397 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation of the extent of transcriptome variation across individual cells of the same cell type. While expression variation may be a byproduct of, for example, dynamic or homeostatic processes, here we consider whether single-cell molecular variation per se might be crucial for population-level function. Under this hypothesis, molecular variation indicates a diversity of hidden functional capacities within an ensemble of identical cells, and this functional diversity facilitates collective behavior that would be inaccessible to a homogenous population. In reviewing this topic, we explore possible functions that might be carried by a heterogeneous ensemble of cells; however, this question has proven difficult to test, both because methods to manipulate molecular variation are limited and because it is complicated to define, and measure, population-level function. We consider several possible methods to further pursue the hypothesis that variation is function through the use of comparative analysis and novel experimental techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Dueck
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Eberwine
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Program in Single Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Penn Program in Single Cell Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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29
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Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Lertpiriyapong K, Fitzgerald TL, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Rakus D, Gizak A, Terrian D, Steelman LS, McCubrey JA. Novel roles of androgen receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, TP53, regulatory RNAs, NF-kappa-B, chromosomal translocations, neutrophil associated gelatinase, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in prostate cancer and prostate cancer stem cells. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 60:64-87. [PMID: 26525204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one in six men will be diagnosed with some form of prostate cancer in their lifetime. Over 250,000 men worldwide die annually due to complications from prostate cancer. While advancements in prostate cancer screening and therapies have helped in lowering this statistic, better tests and more effective therapies are still needed. This review will summarize the novel roles of the androgen receptor (AR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the EGFRvIII variant, TP53, long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRs), NF-kappa-B, chromosomal translocations, neutrophil associated gelatinase, (NGAL), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), the tumor microenvironment and cancer stem cells (CSC) have on the diagnosis, development and treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Chappell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - David Terrian
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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30
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Pihlajamaa P, Sahu B, Jänne OA. Determinants of Receptor- and Tissue-Specific Actions in Androgen Signaling. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:357-84. [PMID: 26052734 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The physiological androgens testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone regulate the development and maintenance of primary and secondary male sexual characteristics through binding to the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent transcription factor. In addition, a number of nonreproductive tissues of both genders are subject to androgen regulation. AR is also a central target in the treatment of prostate cancer. A large number of studies over the last decade have characterized many regulatory aspects of the AR pathway, such as androgen-dependent transcription programs, AR cistromes, and coregulatory proteins, mostly in cultured cells of prostate cancer origin. Moreover, recent work has revealed the presence of pioneer/licensing factors and chromatin modifications that are important to guide receptor recruitment onto appropriate chromatin loci in cell lines and in tissues under physiological conditions. Despite these advances, current knowledge related to the mechanisms responsible for receptor- and tissue-specific actions of androgens is still relatively limited. Here, we review topics that pertain to these specificity issues at different levels, both in cultured cells and tissues in vivo, with a particular emphasis on the nature of the steroid, the response element sequence, the AR cistromes, pioneer/licensing factors, and coregulatory proteins. We conclude that liganded AR and its DNA-response elements are required but are not sufficient for establishment of tissue-specific transcription programs in vivo, and that AR-selective actions over other steroid receptors rely on relaxed rather than increased stringency of cis-elements on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Pihlajamaa
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Biswajyoti Sahu
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli A Jänne
- Department of Physiology (P.P., B.S., O.A.J.), and Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology (P.P., B.S.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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