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Suzuki T, Conant A, Jung Y, Bax R, Antonissen A, Chen W, Yu G, Ioffe YJ, Wang C, Unternaehrer JJ. A Stem-like Patient-Derived Ovarian Cancer Model of Platinum Resistance Reveals Dissociation of Stemness and Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3843. [PMID: 38612653 PMCID: PMC11011340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
To understand chemoresistance in the context of cancer stem cells (CSC), a cisplatin resistance model was developed using a high-grade serous ovarian cancer patient-derived, cisplatin-sensitive sample, PDX4. As a molecular subtype-specific stem-like cell line, PDX4 was selected for its representative features, including its histopathological and BRCA2 mutation status, and exposed to cisplatin in vitro. In the cisplatin-resistant cells, transcriptomics were carried out, and cell morphology, protein expression, and functional status were characterized. Additionally, potential signaling pathways involved in cisplatin resistance were explored. Our findings reveal the presence of distinct molecular signatures and phenotypic changes in cisplatin-resistant PDX4 compared to their sensitive counterparts. Surprisingly, we observed that chemoresistance was not inherently linked with increased stemness. In fact, although resistant cells expressed a combination of EMT and stemness markers, functional assays revealed that they were less proliferative, migratory, and clonogenic-features indicative of an underlying complex mechanism for cell survival. Furthermore, DNA damage tolerance and cellular stress management pathways were enriched. This novel, syngeneic model provides a valuable platform for investigating the underlying mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in a clinically relevant context, contributing to the development of targeted therapies tailored to combat resistance in stem-like ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tise Suzuki
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ashlyn Conant
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yeonkyu Jung
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Ryan Bax
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ashley Antonissen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Biology, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Wanqiu Chen
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Gary Yu
- Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yevgeniya J Ioffe
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Center for Genomics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Juli J Unternaehrer
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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2
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Cavanagh RJ, Monteiro PF, Moloney C, Travanut A, Mehradnia F, Taresco V, Rahman R, Martin SG, Grabowska AM, Ashford MB, Alexander C. Free drug and ROS-responsive nanoparticle delivery of synergistic doxorubicin and olaparib combinations to triple negative breast cancer models. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:1822-1840. [PMID: 38407276 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01931d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Combinations of the topoisomerase II inhibitor doxorubicin and the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib offer potential drug-drug synergy for the treatment of triple negative breast cancers (TNBC). In this study we performed in vitro screening of combinations of these drugs, administered directly or encapsulated within polymer nanoparticles, in both 2D and in 3D spheroid models of breast cancer. A variety of assays were used to evaluate drug potency, and calculations of combination index (CI) values indicated that synergistic effects of drug combinations occurred in a molar-ratio dependent manner. It is suggested that the mechanisms of synergy were related to enhancement of DNA damage as shown by the level of double-strand DNA breaks, and mechanisms of antagonism associated with mitochondrial mediated cell survival, as indicated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Enhanced drug delivery and potency was observed with nanoparticle formulations, with a greater extent of doxorubicin localised to cell nuclei as evidenced by microscopy, and higher cytotoxicity at the same time points compared to free drugs. Together, the work presented identifies specific combinations of doxorubicin and olaparib which were most effective in a panel of TNBC cell lines, explores the mechanisms by which these combined agents might act, and shows that formulation of these drug combinations into polymeric nanoparticles at specific ratios conserves synergistic action and enhanced potency in vitro compared to the free drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia F Monteiro
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Cara Moloney
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ruman Rahman
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Stewart G Martin
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- School of Medicine, BioDiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Marianne B Ashford
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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Schuhwerk H, Brabletz T. Mutual regulation of TGFβ-induced oncogenic EMT, cell cycle progression and the DDR. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 97:86-103. [PMID: 38029866 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ signaling and the DNA damage response (DDR) are two cellular toolboxes with a strong impact on cancer biology. While TGFβ as a pleiotropic cytokine affects essentially all hallmarks of cancer, the multifunctional DDR mostly orchestrates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and cell death. One oncogenic effect of TGFβ is the partial activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), conferring invasiveness, cellular plasticity and resistance to various noxae. Several reports show that both individual networks as well as their interface affect chemo-/radiotherapies. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly resolved. EMT often correlates with TGFβ-induced slowing of proliferation, yet numerous studies demonstrate that particularly the co-activated EMT transcription factors counteract anti-proliferative signaling in a partially non-redundant manner. Collectively, evidence piled up over decades underscore a multifaceted, reciprocal inter-connection of TGFβ signaling / EMT with the DDR / cell cycle progression, which we will discuss here. Altogether, we conclude that full cell cycle arrest is barely compatible with the propagation of oncogenic EMT traits and further propose that 'EMT-linked DDR plasticity' is a crucial, yet intricate facet of malignancy, decisively affecting metastasis formation and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schuhwerk
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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4
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Dey P, Biswas S, Das R, Chatterjee S, Ghosh U. p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 enhances anticancer activity of PARP inhibitor olaparib in a synergistic way on non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 670:55-62. [PMID: 37276791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib gives promising results against various types of cancers in clinical trials. The combination of drugs always increases therapeutic efficacy because of targeting multiple pathways of cancer progression. Our objective was to explore the potential synergistic anticancer activities of olaparib combined with p38 MAPK inhibitor (MAPKi) SB203580 on non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) A549 cells. The effects of the individual compound and their combination on cell survival, DNA damage as detected by γH2AX foci, expression of key proteins in Homologous Recombination (HR) and Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) repair, caspase 3 activation, nuclear fragmentation and telomerase regulation were studied in A549 cells. The results showed that olaparib and SB203580 individually reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner but combined treatment synergistically reduced cell viability. Olaparib combined with SB203580 significantly reduced error-free HR repair via reducing MRE11-RAD50 and promoted error-prone NHEJ repair by increasing Ku70-Ku80 leading to increased DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Notably, the alteration of proteins in HR/NHEJ pathways, DNA damage and induction of apoptosis was significant by combined treatment but not by 1 μM olaparib treatment alone. In addition, combined treatment reduced telomerase activity more than single treatment via reducing telomerase subunits. These data implicated that the anticancer potential of olaparib was significantly increased by combining SB203580 through increasing DNA damage-induced apoptosis and inhibiting telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Dey
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Soumyajit Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Rima Das
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Sandipan Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India
| | - Utpal Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, India.
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5
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Soldatović TV, Šmit B, Mrkalić EM, Matić SL, Jelić RM, Serafinović MĆ, Gligorijević N, Čavić M, Aranđelović S, Grgurić-Šipka S. Exploring heterometallic bridged Pt(II)-Zn(II) complexes as potential antitumor agents. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 240:112100. [PMID: 36535193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The four novel complexes [{cis-PtCl(NH3)2(μ-4,4'-bipyridyl)ZnCl(terpy)}](ClO4)2 (C1), [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2(μ-4,4'-bipyridyl)ZnCl(terpy)}](ClO4)2 (C2), [{cis-PtCl(NH3)2(μ-pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy)}](ClO4)2 (C3) and [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2(μ-pyrazine)ZnCl(terpy)}](ClO4)2 (C4) (where terpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) were synthesized and characterized. Acid-base titrations and concentration dependent kinetic measurements for the reactions with biologically relevant ligands such as guanosine-5'-monophosphate (5'-GMP), inosine-5'-monophosphate (5'-IMP) and glutathione (GSH), were studied at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The binding of the heterometallic bridged cis- or trans-Pt(II)-Zn(II) complexes to calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was studied by UV absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy and molecular docking. The results indicated that the complexes bind strongly to DNA, through groove binding, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic or electrostatic interaction. The possible in vitro DNA protective effect of cis- and trans-Pt-L-Zn complexes has shown that C3 had significant dose-dependent DNA-protective effect and the same ability to inhibit peroxyl as well as hydroxyl radicals. Antiproliferative effect of the complexes, mRNA expression of apoptosis and repair-related genes after treatment in cancer cells indicated that newly synthesized C2 exhibited highly selective cytotoxicity toward colon carcinoma HCT116 cells. Only treatment with trans analog C2 induced effect similar to the typical DNA damaging agent such as cisplatin, characterized by p53 mediated cell response, cell cycle arrest and certain induction of apoptotic related genes. Both cis- and trans-isomers C1 and C2 showed potency to elicit expression of PARP1 mRNA and in vitro DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja V Soldatović
- Department of Natural-Mathematical Sciences, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića bb, Novi Pazar 36300, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Šmit
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Emina M Mrkalić
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Sanja Lj Matić
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, Jovana Cvijića bb, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Ratomir M Jelić
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Marina Ćendić Serafinović
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Nevenka Gligorijević
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Milena Čavić
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Sandra Aranđelović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Sanja Grgurić-Šipka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia.
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6
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Regulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Axis by Glycyrrhetinic Acid Promoted Oxidative Stress-Induced H9C2 Cell Apoptosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2875558. [PMID: 36065263 PMCID: PMC9440773 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2875558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) could interfere with the physiological capacities of H9C2 cells and cause cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), one of the main medicinal component of Glycyrrhetinic Radix et Rhizoma, shows toxic and adverse side effects in the clinic setting. In particular, some studies have reported that GA exerts toxic effects on H9C2 cells. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of GA-induced oxidative stress on cultured H9C2 cells and reveal the relevant signaling pathways. LDH assay was used to assess cell damage. Apoptosis was detected using Hoechst 33242 and a propidium iodide (PI) assay. An Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI double-staining assay was utilized to investigate GA-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells. The expression level of specific genes/proteins was evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Flow cytometry and DCFH-DA fluorescent testing were used to determine the ROS levels of H9C2 cells. The potential mechanism of GA-induced cardiomyocyte injury was also investigated. GA treatment increased ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization and triggered caspase-3/9 activation and apoptosis. GA treatment also caused the nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 after its dissociation from Keap1. This change was accompanied by a dose-dependent decline in the expression of the downstream target gene heme oxygenase-1. The findings demonstrated that GA could regulate the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling axis and induce oxidative stress to promote the apoptosis of H9C2 cells.
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7
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Bhavani GS, Palanisamy A. SNAIL driven by a feed forward loop motif promotes TGF βinduced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35700712 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac7896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) plays an important role in tissue regeneration, embryonic development, and cancer metastasis. Several signaling pathways are known to regulate EMT, among which the modulation of TGFβ(Transforming Growth Factor-β) induced EMT is crucial in several cancer types. Several mathematical models were built to explore the role of core regulatory circuit of ZEB/miR-200, SNAIL/miR-34 double negative feedback loops in modulating TGFβinduced EMT. Different emergent behavior including tristability, irreversible switching, existence of hybrid EMT states were inferred though these models. Some studies have explored the role of TGFβreceptor activation, SMADs nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and complex formation. Recent experiments have revealed that MDM2 along with SMAD complex regulates SNAIL expression driven EMT. Encouraged by this, in the present study we developed a mathematical model for p53/MDM2 dependent TGFβinduced EMT regulation. Inclusion of p53 brings in an additional mechanistic perspective in exploring the EM transition. The network formulated comprises a C1FFL moderating SNAIL expression involving MDM2 and SMAD complex, which functions as a noise filter and persistent detector. The C1FFL was also observed to operate as a coincidence detector driving the SNAIL dependent downstream signaling into phenotypic switching decision. Systems modelling and analysis of the devised network, displayed interesting dynamic behavior, systems response to various inputs stimulus, providing a better understanding of p53/MDM2 dependent TGF-βinduced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition.
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Tang J, Casey PJ, Wang M. Suppression of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase compromises DNA damage repair. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/12/e202101144. [PMID: 34610973 PMCID: PMC8500237 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase reduces cancer cells’ ability to repair DNA damage by suppressing the expression of critical DNA damage repair pathway genes, hence increasing their vulnerability to DNA damaging insults such as PARP inhibitors and other DNA damage agents. DNA damage is a double-edged sword for cancer cells. On the one hand, DNA damage–induced genomic instability contributes to cancer development; on the other hand, accumulating damage compromises proliferation and survival of cancer cells. Understanding the key regulators of DNA damage repair machinery would benefit the development of cancer therapies that induce DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study, we found that isoprenylcysteine carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT), a posttranslational modification enzyme, plays an important role in DNA damage repair. We found that ICMT suppression consistently reduces the activity of MAPK signaling, which compromises the expression of key proteins in the DNA damage repair machinery. The ensuing accumulation of DNA damage leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in multiple breast cancer cells. Interestingly, these observations are more pronounced in cells grown under anchorage-independent conditions or grown in vivo. Consistent with the negative impact on DNA repair, ICMT inhibition transforms the cancer cells into a “BRCA-like” state, hence sensitizing cancer cells to the treatment of PARP inhibitor and other DNA damage–inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Tang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cancer and Stem Cell, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patrick J Casey
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cancer and Stem Cell, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Program in Cancer and Stem Cell, Singapore, Singapore .,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117596
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9
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The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-regulating transcription factors in anti-cancer drug resistance. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:281-292. [PMID: 33768509 PMCID: PMC8009775 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The complex orchestration of gene expression that mediates the transition of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells is implicated in cancer development and metastasis. As the primary regulator of the process, epithelial-mesenchymal transition-regulating transcription factors (EMT-TFs) play key roles in metastasis. They are also highlighted in recent preclinical studies on resistance to cancer therapy. This review describes the role of three main EMT-TFs, including Snail, Twist1, and zinc-finger E homeobox-binding 1 (ZEB1), relating to drug resistance and current possible approaches for future challenges targeting EMT-TFs.
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10
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Yastrebova MA, Khamidullina AI, Tatarskiy VV, Scherbakov AM. Snail-Family Proteins: Role in Carcinogenesis and Prospects for Antitumor Therapy. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:76-90. [PMID: 33959388 PMCID: PMC8084295 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The review analyzes Snail family proteins, which are transcription factors involved in the regulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. We describe the structure of these proteins, their post-translational modification, and the mechanisms of Snail-dependent regulation of genes. The role of Snail proteins in carcinogenesis, invasion, and metastasis is analyzed. Furthermore, we focus on EMT signaling mechanisms involving Snail proteins. Next, we dissect Snail signaling in hypoxia, a condition that complicates anticancer treatment. Finally, we offer classes of chemical compounds capable of down-regulating the transcriptional activity of Snails. Given the important role of Snail proteins in cancer biology and the potential for pharmacological inhibition, Snail family proteins may be considered promising as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Yastrebova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - A. I. Khamidullina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - V. V. Tatarskiy
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478 Russia
| | - A. M. Scherbakov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478 Russia
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11
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Pharmacologic induction of innate immune signaling directly drives homologous recombination deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17785-17795. [PMID: 32651270 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003499117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) have efficacy in triple negative breast (TNBC) and ovarian cancers (OCs) harboring BRCA mutations, generating homologous recombination deficiencies (HRDs). DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) increase PARP trapping and reprogram the DNA damage response to generate HRD, sensitizing BRCA-proficient cancers to PARPi. We now define the mechanisms through which HRD is induced in BRCA-proficient TNBC and OC. DNMTi in combination with PARPi up-regulate broad innate immune and inflammasome-like signaling events, driven in part by stimulator of interferon genes (STING), to unexpectedly directly generate HRD. This inverse relationship between inflammation and DNA repair is critical, not only for the induced phenotype, but also appears as a widespread occurrence in The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets and cancer subtypes. These discerned interactions between inflammation signaling and DNA repair mechanisms now elucidate how epigenetic therapy enhances PARPi efficacy in the setting of BRCA-proficient cancer. This paradigm will be tested in a phase I/II TNBC clinical trial.
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12
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Gooding AJ, Schiemann WP. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Programs and Cancer Stem Cell Phenotypes: Mediators of Breast Cancer Therapy Resistance. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1257-1270. [PMID: 32503922 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs play essential functions in normal morphogenesis and organogenesis, including that occurring during mammary gland development and glandular regeneration. Historically, EMT programs were believed to reflect a loss of epithelial gene expression signatures and morphologies that give way to those associated with mesenchymal cells and their enhanced migratory and invasive behaviors. However, accumulating evidence now paints EMT programs as representing a spectrum of phenotypic behaviors that also serve to enhance cell survival, immune tolerance, and perhaps even metastatic dormancy. Equally important, the activation of EMT programs in transformed mammary epithelial cells not only enhances their acquisition of invasive and metastatic behaviors, but also expands their generation of chemoresistant breast cancer stem cells (BCSC). Importantly, the net effect of these events results in the appearance of recurrent metastatic lesions that remain refractory to the armamentarium of chemotherapies and targeted therapeutic agents deployed against advanced stage breast cancers. Here we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of EMT programs in human breast cancers and how these events impact their "stemness" and acquisition of chemoresistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Gooding
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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13
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Lisi L, Chiavari M, Ciotti GMP, Lacal PM, Navarra P, Graziani G. DNA inhibitors for the treatment of brain tumors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:195-207. [PMID: 32067518 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1729352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The worldwide incidence of central nervous system (CNS) primary tumors is increasing. Most of the chemotherapeutic agents used for treating these cancer types induce DNA damage, and their activity is affected by the functional status of repair systems involved in the detection or correction of DNA lesions. Unfortunately, treatment of malignant high-grade tumors is still an unmet medical need.Areas covered: We summarize the action mechanisms of the main DNA inhibitors used for the treatment of brain tumors. In addition, studies on new agents or drug combinations investigated for this indication are reviewed, focusing our attention on clinical trials that in the last 3 years have been completed, terminated or are still recruiting patients.Expert opinion: Much still needs to be done to render aggressive CNS tumors curable or at least to transform them from lethal to chronic diseases, as it is possible for other cancer types. Drugs with improved penetration in the CNS, toxicity profile, and activity against primary and recurrent tumors are eagerly needed. Targeted agents with innovative mechanisms of action and ability to harness the cells of the tumor microenvironment against cancer cells represent a promising approach for improving the clinical outcome of CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lisi
- Department of Safety and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Chiavari
- Department of Safety and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pedro M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Navarra
- Department of Safety and Bioethics, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.,Department of Safety and Bioethics, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Grazia Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Simultaneous Multi-Organ Metastases from Chemo-Resistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Are Prevented by Interfering with WNT-Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122039. [PMID: 31861131 PMCID: PMC6966654 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which lack specific targeted therapy options, evolve into highly chemo-resistant tumors that metastasize to multiple organs simultaneously. We have previously shown that TNBCs maintain an activated WNT10B-driven network that drives metastasis. Pharmacologic inhibition by ICG-001 decreases β-catenin-mediated proliferation of multiple TNBC cell lines and TNBC patient-derived xenograft (PDX)-derived cell lines. In vitro, ICG-001 was effective in combination with the conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutics, cisplatin and doxorubicin, to decrease the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast, in TNBC PDX-derived cells doxorubicin plus ICG-001 was synergistic, while pairing with cisplatin was not as effective. Mechanistically, cytotoxicity induced by doxorubicin, but not cisplatin, with ICG-001 was associated with increased cleavage of PARP-1 in the PDX cells only. In vivo, MDA-MB-231 and TNBC PDX orthotopic primary tumors initiated de novo simultaneous multi-organ metastases, including bone metastases. WNT monotherapy blocked multi-organ metastases as measured by luciferase imaging and histology. The loss of expression of the WNT10B/β-catenin direct targets HMGA2, EZH2, AXIN2, MYC, PCNA, CCND1, transcriptionally active β-catenin, SNAIL and vimentin both in vitro and in vivo in the primary tumors mechanistically explains loss of multi-organ metastases. WNT monotherapy induced VEGFA expression in both tumor model systems, whereas increased CD31 was observed only in the MDA-MB-231 tumors. Moreover, WNT-inhibition sensitized the anticancer response of the TNBC PDX model to doxorubicin, preventing simultaneous metastases to the liver and ovaries, as well as to bone. Our data demonstrate that WNT-inhibition sensitizes TNBC to anthracyclines and treats multi-organ metastases of TNBC.
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Lu J, Li J, Hu Y, Guo Z, Sun D, Wang P, Guo K, Duan DD, Gao S, Jiang J, Wang J, Liu P. Chrysophanol protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing cellular PARylation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:782-793. [PMID: 31384538 PMCID: PMC6663922 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer chemotherapy is limited by its life-threatening cardiotoxic effects. Chrysophanol (CHR), an anthraquinone compound isolated from the rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., is considered to play a broad role in a variety of biological processes. However, the effects of CHR׳s cardioprotection in DOX-induced cardiomyopathy is poorly understood. In this study, we found that the cardiac apoptosis, mitochondrial injury and cellular PARylation levels were significantly increased in H9C2 cells treated by Dox, while these effects were suppressed by CHR. Similar results were observed when PARP1 activity was suppressed by its inhibitors 3-aminobenzamide (3AB) and ABT888. Ectopic expression of PARP1 effectively blocked this CHR׳s cardioprotection against DOX-induced cardiomyocyte injury in H9C2 cells. Furthermore, pre-administration with both CHR and 3AB relieved DOX-induced cardiac apoptosis, mitochondrial impairment and heart dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley rat model. These results revealed that CHR protects against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing cellular PARylation and provided critical evidence that PARylation may be a novel target for DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.
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Key Words
- 3AB, 3-aminobenzamide
- ADR, adriamycin
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- Apoptosis
- CHR, chrysophanol
- CMC-Na, sodium carboxymethyl
- CO, cardiac output
- Cardiotoxicity
- Chrysophanol
- Cyt c, Cytochrome c
- DOX, doxorubicin
- Doxorubicin
- EF, ejection fraction
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FS, fractional shortening
- HE, hematoxylin-eosin
- HR, heart rate
- IVSd, end-diastolic interventricular septum
- IVSs, end-systolic interventricular septum
- LV, end-systolic volume
- LVEDV, LV end-diastolic volume
- LVIDd, LV end-diastolic internal diameter
- LVIDs, LV end-systolic internal diameter
- LVPWd, LV end-diastolic posterior wall thickness
- LVPWs, LV end-systolic posterior wall thickness
- Mitochondria
- NS, normal saline
- PAR, polymers of ADP-ribose
- PARP1, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1
- PARylated, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated
- PARylation
- PARylation, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- RCR, respiratory control ratio
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Rh123, rhodamine 123
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- TUNEL, TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling
- VDAC1, voltage dependent anion channel 1
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Dellomo AJ, Baer MR, Rassool FV. Partnering with PARP inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-ITD. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:171-178. [PMID: 30953707 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Internal tandem duplications within the juxtamembrane domain of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3-ITD) occur in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells of 20-25% of patients and are associated with poor treatment outcomes. FLT3 inhibitors have been developed, but have had limited clinical efficacy due to development of resistance, highlighting the need for better understanding of the function of FLT3-ITD and how to target it more effectively using novel combination strategies. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have shown efficacy in cancers with impaired homologous recombination (HR) due to BRCA mutations, but PARP inhibitor efficacy has not been fully explored in BRCA-proficient cancers, including AML. Recent research has connected inhibition of FLT3-ITD signaling to downregulation of numerous DNA repair proteins, including those involved in HR, and the novel combination with PARP inhibitors induces synthetic lethality in AML. Additionally, PARP inhibitor therapy may also target the highly error-prone alternative non-homologous end-joining (ALT NHEJ) DNA repair pathway in which PARP participates, thereby decreasing genomic instability and development of therapy resistance. Therefore, PARP inhibitors may be attractive therapeutic agents in combination with FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3-ITD AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J Dellomo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 20201, USA
| | - Feyruz V Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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17
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Li D, Luo Y, Chen X, Zhang L, Wang T, Zhuang Y, Fan Y, Xu J, Chen Y, Wu L. NF-κB and Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase 1 Form a Positive Feedback Loop that Regulates DNA Repair in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:761-772. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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The CD44 variant induces K562 cell acquired with resistance to adriamycin via NF-κB/Snail/Bcl-2 pathway. Med Hypotheses 2018; 121:142-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Wu J, Xiao S, Yuan M, Li Q, Xiao G, Wu W, Ouyang Y, Huang L, Yao C. PARP inhibitor re‑sensitizes Adriamycin resistant leukemia cells through DNA damage and apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:75-84. [PMID: 30431088 PMCID: PMC6297734 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to Adriamycin (ADR) is an increasing problem in the treatment of leukemia and the development of novel therapeutic strategies is becoming increasingly important. Olaparib is a poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 inhibitor, which has promising antitumor activity in patients with metastatic breast cancer and germline BRCA mutations. Previously published studies have indicated that Olaparib is able to overcome drug resistance in cancer; however, its underlying mechanism of action is yet to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to explore the mechanism underlying re-sensitization. Annexin V-propidium iodide staining indicated that the percentage of apoptotic ADR resistant cells was markedly increased and the cell cycle was blocked at the G2/M-phase following treatment with ADR combined with Olaparib, when compared with the control group. The alkaline comet assay demonstrated that ADR combined with Olaparib significantly upregulated the induction of the DNA damage response in ADR-resistant cells. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein expression of γ-H2A histone family member X, cleaved PARP, caspase 3 and cleaved caspase 3 was markedly enhanced, while the cell cycle-associated protein cyclin B1 was downregulated in K562/ADR cells following treatment with a combination of ADR and Olaparib. Similar synergistic cytotoxicity was observed in blood mononuclear cells, which were isolated from patients with chemotherapy-resistant leukemia. As Olaparib is available for clinical use, the results of the present study provide a rationale for the development of Olaparib combinational therapies for cases of ADR resistant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Miaomiao Yuan
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Qianyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Guangfen Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Yuexian Ouyang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Chenjiao Yao
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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Glackin CA. Nanoparticle Delivery of TWIST Small Interfering RNA and Anticancer Drugs: A Therapeutic Approach for Combating Cancer. Enzymes 2018; 44:83-101. [PMID: 30360816 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast and ovarian cancer are the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the United States with over 232,000 new Breast Cancer (BC) diagnoses expected in 2018 and almost 40,000 deaths and an estimated 239,000 new ovarian cancer (OC) cases and 152,000 deaths worldwide annually. OC is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. This high mortality rate is due to tumor recurrence and metastasis, primarily caused by chemoresistant cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) patients also become resistant to chemotherapy due to recurrence of CSCs. Currently, no ovarian or breast cancer therapies target CSC specifically. TWIST is overexpressed in the majority of chemoresistant cancers resulting in a low survival rate. Our long-term goal is to develop novel treatments for women with ovarian and breast cancer, specifically treatments that sensitize chemoresistant tumors. Despite successful initial surgery and chemotherapy, over 70% of advanced EOC will recur, and only 15-30% of recurrent disease will respond to chemotherapy (Cortez et al., 2017; Berezhnaya, 2010; Jackson et al., 2015). Moreover, drug resistance causes treatment failure in over 90% of patients with metastatic disease (Solmaz et al., 2015). Thus, recurrent metastatic disease is a major clinical challenge without effective therapy. One of the major challenges in the treatment of breast cancer is the presence of a subpopulation of cancer cells that are chemoresistant (CRC) and metastatic. Given that metastasis is the driving force behind mortality for breast and ovarian cancer patients, it is essential to identify the characteristics of these aberrant cancer cells that allow them to spread to distant sites in the body and develop into metastatic tumors. Understanding the metastatic mechanisms driving cancer cell dispersal will open the door to developing novel therapies that prevent metastasis and improve long-term outcomes for patients. In this chapter we assess the feasibility of targeting the Twist and EMT signaling pathways in breast and ovarian cancer. Additional discussions of the pathways that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that can give rise to chemoresistance. We review potential treatment strategies for targeting EMT and drug resistance as well as the problems that may arise with these targeted delivery therapeutic approaches. Finally, we examine recent advances in the field, including cancer stem cell targeted nanoparticle delivery and small interference RNA (siRNA) technology, and discuss the impact that these approaches may have on translating much needed therapeutic approaches into the clinic, for the benefit of patients battling this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta A Glackin
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States.
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21
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The PARP inhibitor olaparib potentiates the effect of the DNA damaging agent doxorubicin in osteosarcoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:107. [PMID: 29784019 PMCID: PMC5963190 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background PARP1 facilitates the recovery of DNA-damaged cells by recruiting DNA damage response molecules such as γH2AX and BRCA1/2, and plays a role in resistance to antitumor therapies. Therefore, PARP inhibition being evaluated as an anti-cancer therapy. However, there are limited studies regrading PARP inhibition in osteosarcoma. Methods We evaluated the expression of DNA damage response molecules in 35 human osteosarcomas and investigated the effects of co-treatment of the PARP inhibitor, olaparib, and doxorubicin in osteosarcoma cells. Results The expression patterns of PARP1, γH2AX, BRCA1, and BRCA2 were significantly associated with shorter survival of osteosarcoma patients. In osteosarcoma cells, knock-down of PARP1 and treatment of olaparib significantly inhibited proliferation of cells and induced apoptosis. Moreover, the anti-tumor effect was more significant with co-treatment of olaparib and doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions This study suggests that combined use of a PARP inhibitor with doxorubicin, a DNA damaging agent, might be effective in the treatment of osteosarcoma patients, especially in the poor-prognostic subgroups of osteosarcoma expressing PARP1, γH2AX, or BRCA1/2.
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22
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Sulaiman A, Wang L. Bridging the divide: preclinical research discrepancies between triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and patient tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113269-113281. [PMID: 29348905 PMCID: PMC5762590 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most refractory subtype of breast cancer and disproportionately accounts for the majority of breast cancer related deaths. Effective treatment of this disease remains an unmet medical need. Over the past several decades, TNBC cell lines have been used as the foundation for drug development and disease modeling. However, ever-mounting research demonstrates striking differences between cell lines and clinical TNBC tumors, disconnecting bench research and actual clinical responses. In this review, we discuss the limitations of cell lines and the importance of using patients' tumors for translational research, and highlight the usage of patient-derived xenograft (PDXs) models that have emerged as a clinically relevant platform for preclinical studies. PDX tumors possess tumor heterogeneity with similar cellular, molecular, genetic and epigenetic properties akin to those found within patients' tumors. Moreover, PDX and clinical tumors possess abnormal vasculature with higher blood vessel permeability, a feature that is not always demonstrated in in vivo cell line xenografts. Development of clinically relevant, novel drug-nanoparticles capable of accumulating in PDX tumors through the enhanced permeability and retention effect in tumor vasculature may lead to new and effective TNBC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sulaiman
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- China-Canada Centre of Research for Digestive Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- China-Canada Centre of Research for Digestive Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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23
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Valdez BC, Li Y, Murray D, Liu Y, Nieto Y, Champlin RE, Andersson BS. Combination of a hypomethylating agent and inhibitors of PARP and HDAC traps PARP1 and DNMT1 to chromatin, acetylates DNA repair proteins, down-regulates NuRD and induces apoptosis in human leukemia and lymphoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3908-3921. [PMID: 29423093 PMCID: PMC5790510 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination of drugs that target different aspects of aberrant cellular processes is an efficacious treatment for hematological malignancies. Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) and inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPis) and histone deacetylases (HDACis) are clinically active anti-tumor drugs. We hypothesized that their combination would be synergistically cytotoxic to leukemia and lymphoma cells. Exposure of AML and lymphoma cell lines to the combination of the PARPi niraparib (Npb), the HMA decitabine (DAC) and the HDACi romidepsin (Rom) or panobinostat (Pano) synergistically inhibited cell proliferation by up to 70% via activation of the ATM pathway, increased production of reactive oxygen species, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and activated apoptosis. Addition of the DNA alkylating agents busulfan (Bu) and/or melphalan enhanced the anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects of the triple-drug combination. [Npb+DAC+Rom] significantly increased the level of chromatin-bound PARP1 and DNMT1 and caused acetylation of DNA repair proteins, including Ku70, Ku80, PARP1, DDB1, ERCC1 and XPF/ERCC4. This three-drug combination down-regulated the components of the nucleosome-remodeling deacetylase (NuRD) complex, which is involved in DNA-damage repair. Addition of Bu to this combination further enhanced these effects on NuRD. The trapping of PARP1 and DNMT1 to chromatin, acetylation of DNA repair proteins, and down-regulation of NuRD may all have increased double-strand DNA break (DSB) formation as suggested by activation of the DNA-damage response, concomitantly resulting in tumor cell death. Similar synergistic cytotoxicity was observed in blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with AML and lymphoma. Our results provide a rationale for the development of [Npb+DAC+Rom/Pano] combination therapies for leukemia and lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno C Valdez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - David Murray
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yago Nieto
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard E Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Borje S Andersson
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Francart ME, Lambert J, Vanwynsberghe AM, Thompson EW, Bourcy M, Polette M, Gilles C. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and circulating tumor cells: Travel companions to metastases. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:432-450. [PMID: 28407379 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) associated with metastatic progression may contribute to the generation of hybrid phenotypes capable of plasticity. This cellular plasticity would provide tumor cells with an increased potential to adapt to the different microenvironments encountered during metastatic spread. Understanding how EMT may functionally equip circulating tumor cells (CTCs) with an enhanced competence to survive in the bloodstream and niche in the colonized organs has thus become a major cancer research axis. We summarize here clinical data with CTC endpoints involving EMT. We then review the work functionally linking EMT programs to CTC biology and deciphering molecular EMT-driven mechanisms supporting their metastatic competence. Developmental Dynamics 247:432-450, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Emilie Francart
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Lambert
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Aline M Vanwynsberghe
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, and Translational Research Institute Brisbane, and University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Morgane Bourcy
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam Polette
- Inserm UMR-S 903, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Biopathology Laboratory, CHU of Reims, Reims, France
| | - Christine Gilles
- GIGA-Cancer, Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Rajawat J, Shukla N, Mishra DP. Therapeutic Targeting of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP1) in Cancer: Current Developments, Therapeutic Strategies, and Future Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1461-1491. [PMID: 28510338 DOI: 10.1002/med.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) plays a central role in numerous cellular processes including DNA repair, replication, and transcription. PARP interacts directly, indirectly or via PARylation with various oncogenic proteins and regulates several transcription factors thereby modulating carcinogenesis. Therapeutic inhibition of PARP is therefore perceived as a promising anticancer strategy and a number of PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are currently under development and clinical evaluation. PARPi inhibit the DNA repair pathway and thus form the concept of synthetic lethality in cancer therapeutics. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the potential of PARPi as chemopotentiator, radiosensitizer, or as adjuvant therapeutic agents. Recent studies have shown that PARP-1 could be either oncogenic or tumor suppressive in different cancers. PARP inhibitor resistance is also a growing concern in the clinical setting. Recently, changes in the levels of PARP-1 activity or expression in cancer patients have provided the basis for consideration of PARP-1 regulatory proteins as potential biomarkers. This review focuses on the current developments related to the role of PARP in cancer progression, therapeutic strategies targeting PARP-associated oncogenic signaling, and future opportunities in use of PARPi in anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Rajawat
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
| | - Durga Prasad Mishra
- Cell Death Research Laboratory, Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, B.S. 10/1, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India
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Ciccarone F, Zampieri M, Caiafa P. PARP1 orchestrates epigenetic events setting up chromatin domains. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:123-134. [PMID: 27908606 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic events include reversible modifications of DNA and histone tails driving chromatin organization and thus transcription. The epigenetic regulation is a highly integrated process underlying the plasticity of the genomic information both in the context of complex physiological and pathological processes. The global regulatory aspects of epigenetic events are largely unknown. PARylation and PARP1 are recently emerging as multi-level regulatory effectors that modulate the topology of chromatin by orchestrating very different processes. This review focuses in particular on the role of PARP1 in epigenetics, trying to build a comprehensive perspective of its involvement in the regulation of epigenetic modifications of histones and DNA, contextualizing it in the global organization of chromatin domains in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Ciccarone
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Zampieri
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Caiafa
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Yuan Z, Chen J, Li W, Li D, Chen C, Gao C, Jiang Y. PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents: a patent update (2013-2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:363-382. [PMID: 27841036 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1259413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PARP inhibitors have been extensively explored as antitumor agents and have shown potent efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. They can be used in monotherapy under the synthetic lethality concept or in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, inducing a synergistic effect. Areas covered: This review covers relevant efforts in the development of PARP inhibitors with a particular focus on recently patented PARP inhibitors, combination therapy involving PARP inhibitors, tumor responsiveness to PARP inhibitors as detailed in reports made from 2013 - 2015, and PARP drugs in clinical trials and other novel inhibitors that emerged in 2013 - 2015. Expert opinion: Clinical studies and applications of PARP inhibitors as antitumor agents have gained considerable recognition in the last few years. In addition to FDA-approved olaparib, an increasing number of new inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, some of which are under preclinical or clinical evaluation. Novel inhibitors are still required, especially new scaffold compounds or drugs with improved properties, such as higher selectivity, higher potency and lower toxicity. The development of combination therapies involving PARP inhibitors and the exploration of biomarkers to predict outcomes with PARP inhibitors would expand the applications of these inhibitors, allowing more patients to benefit from this promising class of drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigao Yuan
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Wenlu Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Changjun Chen
- a Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China.,b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- b The Ministry-Province Jointly Constructed Base for State Key Lab-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,c National & Local United Engineering Lab for Personalized anti-tumor drugs, the Graduate School at Shenzhen , Tsinghua University , Shenzhen , P. R. China.,d School of Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing , P. R. China
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28
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Muvarak NE, Chowdhury K, Xia L, Robert C, Choi EY, Cai Y, Bellani M, Zou Y, Singh ZN, Duong VH, Rutherford T, Nagaria P, Bentzen SM, Seidman MM, Baer MR, Lapidus RG, Baylin SB, Rassool FV. Enhancing the Cytotoxic Effects of PARP Inhibitors with DNA Demethylating Agents - A Potential Therapy for Cancer. Cancer Cell 2016; 30:637-650. [PMID: 27728808 PMCID: PMC5201166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) are clinically effective predominantly for BRCA-mutant tumors. We introduce a mechanism-based strategy to enhance PARPi efficacy based on DNA damage-related binding between DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and PARP1. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and breast cancer cells, DNMT inhibitors (DNMTis) alone covalently bind DNMTs into DNA and increase PARP1 tightly bound into chromatin. Low doses of DNMTis plus PARPis, versus each drug alone, increase PARPi efficacy, increasing amplitude and retention of PARP1 directly at laser-induced DNA damage sites. This correlates with increased DNA damage, synergistic tumor cytotoxicity, blunting of self-renewal, and strong anti-tumor responses, in vivo in unfavorable AML subtypes and BRCA wild-type breast cancer cells. Our combinatorial approach introduces a strategy to enhance efficacy of PARPis in treating cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/metabolism
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal E Muvarak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Khadiza Chowdhury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Limin Xia
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Carine Robert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Eun Yong Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yi Cai
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Marina Bellani
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zeba N Singh
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vu H Duong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Pratik Nagaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Søren M Bentzen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michael M Seidman
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Maria R Baer
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA; Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
| | - Feyruz V Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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29
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Jiao K, Sahaboglu A, Zrenner E, Ueffing M, Ekström PAR, Paquet-Durand F. Efficacy of PARP inhibition in Pde6a mutant mouse models for retinitis pigmentosa depends on the quality and composition of individual human mutations. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16040. [PMID: 27551530 PMCID: PMC4979439 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), an inherited blinding disease, is caused by a variety of different mutations that affect retinal photoreceptor function and survival. So far there is neither effective treatment nor cure. We have previously shown that poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) acts as a common and critical denominator of cell death in photoreceptors, qualifying it as a potential target for future therapeutic intervention. A significant fraction of RP-causing mutations affect the genes for the rod photoreceptor phosphodiesterase 6A (PDE6A) subunit, but it is not known whether they all engage the same death pathway. Analysing three homozygous point mutations (Pde6a R562W, D670G, and V685M) and one compound heterozygous Pde6aV685M/R562W mutation in mouse models that match human RP patients, we demonstrate excessive activation of PARP, which correlated in time with the progression of photoreceptor degeneration. The causal involvement of PARP activity in the neurodegenerative process was confirmed in organotypic retinal explant cultures treated with the PARP-selective inhibitor PJ34, using different treatment time-points and durations. Remarkably, the neuroprotective efficacy of PARP inhibition correlated inversely with the strength of the genetically induced insult, with the D670G mutant showing the best treatment effects. Our results highlight PARP as a target for neuroprotective interventions in RP caused by PDE6A mutations and are a first attempt towards personalized, genotype-matched therapy development for RP. In addition, for each of the different mutant situations, our work identifies windows of opportunity for an optimal treatment regimen for further in vivo experimentation and possibly clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jiao
- Cell Death Mechanisms Group, Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Roentgenweg 11, Tuebingen 72076, Germany; Centre for Ophthalmology, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province and The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Qingnian 176, Kunming 650021, China
| | - A Sahaboglu
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - E Zrenner
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany; Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - M Ueffing
- Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen , Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - P A R Ekström
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, University of Lund , Lund 22184, Sweden
| | - F Paquet-Durand
- Cell Death Mechanisms Group, Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Centre for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen , Roentgenweg 11, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
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30
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Scherbakov AM, Gershtein ES, Korotkova EA, Ovchinnikova LK, Ovsii OG, Ermilova VD, Gens GP, Kushlinskii NE. Regulatory Proteins of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Some Components of VEGF Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 160:802-6. [PMID: 27165081 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical method was used to assay for Snail family regulatory proteins of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, their NF-κB coactivator, and the components of VEGF signaling pathway (VEGF and its receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) in 157 specimens of breast tumors. Most tumors did not express SNAI1, while 65% tumors demonstrated mid- or high-level SNAI2 expression. There were significant correlations between the expression of SNAI1, SNAI2, and their NF-κB co-activator. Correlation was also detected between expression of Snail and VEGFR1 protein families in the tumors. In addition, the study revealed tumoral co-expression of SNAI2 and VEGFR2. The data attest to coordinated activation of regulatory proteins of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the major components of VEGF signaling pathway in breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Scherbakov
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E S Gershtein
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Korotkova
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - L K Ovchinnikova
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - O G Ovsii
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V D Ermilova
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G P Gens
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - N E Kushlinskii
- N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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