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Mandal K, Tomar SK, Kumar Santra M. Decoding the ubiquitin language: Orchestrating transcription initiation and gene expression through chromatin remodelers and histones. Gene 2024; 904:148218. [PMID: 38307220 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic transcription is a finely orchestrated process and it is controlled by transcription factors as well as epigenetic regulators. Transcription factors and epigenetic regulators undergo different types of posttranslational modifications including ubiquitination to control transcription process. Ubiquitination, traditionally associated with protein degradation, has emerged as a crucial contributor to the regulation of chromatin structure through ubiquitination of histone and chromatin remodelers. Ubiquitination introduces new layers of intricacy to the regulation of transcription initiation through controlling the equilibrium between euchromatin and heterochromatin states. Nucleosome, the fundamental units of chromatin, spacing in euchromatin and heterochromatin states are regulated by histone modification and chromatin remodeling complexes. Chromatin remodeling complexes actively sculpt the chromatin architecture and thereby influence the transcriptional states of genes. Therefore, understanding the dynamic behavior of nucleosome spacing is critical as it impacts various cellular functions through controlling gene expression profiles. In this comprehensive review, we discussed the intricate interplay between ubiquitination and transcription initiation, and illuminated the underlying molecular mechanisms that occur in a variety of biological contexts. This exploration sheds light on the complex regulatory networks that govern eukaryotic transcription, providing important insights into the fine orchestration of gene expression and chromatin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Mandal
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Shiva Kumar Tomar
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Manas Kumar Santra
- Cancer Biology Division, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India.
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Adams CM, Mitra R, Xiao Y, Michener P, Palazzo J, Chao A, Gour J, Cassel J, Salvino JM, Eischen CM. Targeted MDM2 Degradation Reveals a New Vulnerability for p53-Inactivated Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1210-1229. [PMID: 36734633 PMCID: PMC10164114 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) frequently inactivate p53, increasing their aggressiveness and therapy resistance. We identified an unexpected protein vulnerability in p53-inactivated TNBC and designed a new PROteolysis TArgeting Chimera (PROTAC) to target it. Our PROTAC selectively targets MDM2 for proteasome-mediated degradation with high-affinity binding and VHL recruitment. MDM2 loss in p53 mutant/deleted TNBC cells in two-dimensional/three-dimensional culture and TNBC patient explants, including relapsed tumors, causes apoptosis while sparing normal cells. Our MDM2-PROTAC is stable in vivo, and treatment of TNBC xenograft-bearing mice demonstrates tumor on-target efficacy with no toxicity to normal cells, significantly extending survival. Transcriptomic analyses revealed upregulation of p53 family target genes. Investigations showed activation and a required role for TAp73 to mediate MDM2-PROTAC-induced apoptosis. Our data, challenging the current MDM2/p53 paradigm, show MDM2 is required for p53-inactivated TNBC cell survival, and PROTAC-targeted MDM2 degradation is an innovative potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC and superior to existing MDM2 inhibitors. SIGNIFICANCE p53-inactivated TNBC is an aggressive, therapy-resistant, and lethal breast cancer subtype. We designed a new compound targeting an unexpected vulnerability we identified in TNBC. Our MDM2-targeted degrader kills p53-inactivated TNBC cells, highlighting the requirement for MDM2 in TNBC cell survival and as a new therapeutic target for this disease. See related commentary by Peuget and Selivanova, p. 1043. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1027.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M. Adams
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ramkrishna Mitra
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Peter Michener
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juan Palazzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allen Chao
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christine M. Eischen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Deciphering the Role of p53 and TAp73 in Neuroblastoma: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246212. [PMID: 36551697 PMCID: PMC9777536 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonic cancer that develops from neural crest stem cells, being one of the most common malignancies in children. The clinical manifestation of this disease is highly variable, ranging from spontaneous regression to increased aggressiveness, which makes it a major therapeutic challenge in pediatric oncology. The p53 family proteins p53 and TAp73 play a key role in protecting cells against genomic instability and malignant transformation. However, in NB, their activities are commonly inhibited by interacting proteins such as murine double minute (MDM)2 and MDMX, mutant p53, ΔNp73, Itch, and Aurora kinase A. The interplay between the p53/TAp73 pathway and N-MYC, a known biomarker of poor prognosis and drug resistance in NB, also proves to be decisive in the pathogenesis of this tumor. More recently, a strong crosstalk between microRNAs (miRNAs) and p53/TAp73 has been established, which has been the focused of great attention because of its potential for developing new therapeutic strategies. Collectively, this review provides an updated overview about the critical role of the p53/TAp73 pathway in the pathogenesis of NB, highlighting encouraging clues for the advance of alternative NB targeted therapies.
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Abuetabh Y, Wu HH, Chai C, Al Yousef H, Persad S, Sergi CM, Leng R. DNA damage response revisited: the p53 family and its regulators provide endless cancer therapy opportunities. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1658-1669. [PMID: 36207426 PMCID: PMC9636249 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor therapeutic strategies that fundamentally rely on the induction of DNA damage to eradicate and inhibit the growth of cancer cells are integral approaches to cancer therapy. Although DNA-damaging therapies advance the battle with cancer, resistance, and recurrence following treatment are common. Thus, searching for vulnerabilities that facilitate the action of DNA-damaging agents by sensitizing cancer cells is an active research area. Therefore, it is crucial to decipher the detailed molecular events involved in DNA damage responses (DDRs) to DNA-damaging agents in cancer. The tumor suppressor p53 is active at the hub of the DDR. Researchers have identified an increasing number of genes regulated by p53 transcriptional functions that have been shown to be critical direct or indirect mediators of cell fate, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) primarily orchestrate and direct the activity of p53 in response to DNA damage. Many molecules mediating PTMs on p53 have been identified. The anticancer potential realized by targeting these molecules has been shown through experiments and clinical trials to sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. This review briefly acknowledges the complexity of DDR pathways/networks. We specifically focus on p53 regulators, protein kinases, and E3/E4 ubiquitin ligases and their anticancer potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Abuetabh
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - H Helena Wu
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Chengsen Chai
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Habib Al Yousef
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Sujata Persad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Consolato M Sergi
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Roger Leng
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Targeting an MDM2/MYC Axis to Overcome Drug Resistance in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14061592. [PMID: 35326742 PMCID: PMC8945937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MDM2 is elevated in multiple myeloma (MM). Although traditionally, MDM2 negatively regulates p53, a growing body of research suggests that MDM2 plays several p53-independent roles in cancer pathogenesis as a regulator of oncogene mRNA stability and translation. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying MDM2 overexpression and its role in drug resistance in MM remain undefined. METHODS Both myeloma cell lines and primary MM samples were employed. Cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis assays, siRNA transfection, quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblotting, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), soft agar colony formation and migration assay, pulse-chase assay, UV cross-linking, gel-shift assay, RNA-protein binding assays, MEME-analysis for discovering c-Myc DNA binding motifs studies, reporter gene constructs procedure, gene transfection and reporter assay, MM xenograft mouse model studies, and statistical analysis were applied in this study. RESULTS We show that MDM2 is associated with poor prognosis. Importantly, its upregulation in primary MM samples and human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) drives drug resistance. Inhibition of MDM2 by RNAi, or by the MDM2/XIAP dual inhibitor MX69, significantly enhanced the sensitivity of resistant HMCLs and primary MM samples to bortezomib and other anti-myeloma drugs, demonstrating that MDM2 can modulate drug response. MDM2 inhibition resulted in a remarkable suppression of relapsed MM cell growth, colony formation, migration and induction of apoptosis through p53-dependent and -independent pathways. Mechanistically, MDM2 was found to reciprocally regulate c-Myc in MM; MDM2 binds to AREs on c-Myc 3'UTR to increase c-Myc mRNA stability and translation, while MDM2 is a direct transcriptional target of c-Myc. MDM2 inhibition rendered c-Myc mRNA unstable, and reduced c-Myc protein expression in MM cells. Importantly, in vivo delivery of MX69 in combination with bortezomib led to significant regression of tumors and prolonged survival in an MM xenograft model. CONCLUSION Our findings provide a rationale for the therapeutic targeting of MDM2/c-Myc axis to improve clinical outcome of patients with refractory/relapsed MM.
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Omran Z, H. Dalhat M, Abdullah O, Kaleem M, Hosawi S, A Al-Abbasi F, Wu W, Choudhry H, Alhosin M. Targeting Post-Translational Modifications of the p73 Protein: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081916. [PMID: 33921128 PMCID: PMC8071514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p73 is a member of the p53 family and is expressed as different isoforms with opposing properties. The TAp73 isoforms act as tumor suppressors and have pro-apoptotic effects, whereas the ΔNp73 isoforms lack the N-terminus transactivation domain and behave as oncogenes. The TAp73 protein has a high degree of similarity with both p53 function and structure, and it induces the regulation of various genes involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis. Unlike those of the p53 gene, the mutations in the p73 gene are very rare in tumors. Cancer cells have developed several mechanisms to inhibit the activity and/or expression of p73, from the hypermethylation of its promoter to the modulation of the ratio between its pro- and anti-apoptotic isoforms. The p73 protein is also decorated by a panel of post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitin proteasomal pathway modifications, and small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)ylation, that regulate its transcriptional activity, subcellular localization, and stability. These modifications orchestrate the multiple anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic functions of TAp73, thereby offering multiple promising candidates for targeted anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the different pathways implicated in the regulation of TAp73 at the post-translational level. This review also highlights the growing importance of targeting the post-translational modifications of TAp73 as a promising antitumor strategy, regardless of p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Omran
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (Z.O.); (O.A.)
| | - Mahmood H. Dalhat
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Omeima Abdullah
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (Z.O.); (O.A.)
| | - Mohammed Kaleem
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Salman Hosawi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Fahd A Al-Abbasi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Hani Choudhry
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
| | - Mahmoud Alhosin
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.D.); (M.K.); (S.H.); (F.A.A.-A.); (H.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-65-9795-9354
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Reglero C, Ortiz del Castillo B, Rivas V, Mayor F, Penela P. Mdm2-Mediated Downmodulation of GRK2 Restricts Centrosome Separation for Proper Chromosome Congression. Cells 2021; 10:729. [PMID: 33806062 PMCID: PMC8064503 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing of centrosome separation and the distance moved apart influence the formation of the bipolar spindle, affecting chromosome stability. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling induces early centrosome separation through downstream G protein-coupled receptor kinase GRK2, which phosphorylates the Hippo pathway component MST2 (Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 2), in turn allowing NIMA kinase Nek2A activation for centrosomal linker disassembly. However, the mechanisms that counterbalance centrosome disjunction and separation remain poorly understood. We unveil that timely degradation of GRK2 by the E3 ligase Mdm2 limits centrosome separation in the G2. Both knockout expression and catalytic inhibition of Mdm2 result in GRK2 accumulation and enhanced centrosome separation before mitosis onset. Phosphorylation of GRK2 on residue S670 enables a complex pattern of non-K48-linked polyubiquitin chains assembled by Mdm2, which correlate with kinase protein degradation. Remarkably, GRK2-S670A protein fails to phosphorylate MST2 despite overcoming Mdm2-dependent degradation, which results in defective centrosome separation, shorter spindles, and abnormal chromosome congression. Conversely, extra levels of wild-type kinase in the G2 cause increased inter-centrosome distances with longer spindles, also converging in congression issues. Our findings show that the signals enabling activity of the GRK2/MST2/Nek2A axis for separation also switches on Mdm2 degradation of GRK2 to ensure accurate centrosome dynamics and proper mitotic spindle functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Reglero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (B.O.d.C.); (V.R.); (F.M.J.)
| | - Belén Ortiz del Castillo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (B.O.d.C.); (V.R.); (F.M.J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Rivas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (B.O.d.C.); (V.R.); (F.M.J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (B.O.d.C.); (V.R.); (F.M.J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (UAM-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.R.); (B.O.d.C.); (V.R.); (F.M.J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Calabrese C, Panuzzo C, Stanga S, Andreani G, Ravera S, Maglione A, Pironi L, Petiti J, Shahzad Ali M, Scaravaglio P, Napoli F, Fava C, De Gobbi M, Frassoni F, Saglio G, Bracco E, Pergolizzi B, Cilloni D. Deferasirox-Dependent Iron Chelation Enhances Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Restores p53 Signaling by Stabilization of p53 Family Members in Leukemic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207674. [PMID: 33081324 PMCID: PMC7589297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is crucial to satisfy several mitochondrial functions including energy metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. Patients affected by Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are frequently characterized by iron overload (IOL), due to continuous red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. This event impacts the overall survival (OS) and it is associated with increased mortality in lower-risk MDS patients. Accordingly, the oral iron chelator Deferasirox (DFX) has been reported to improve the OS and delay leukemic transformation. However, the molecular players and the biological mechanisms laying behind remain currently mostly undefined. The aim of this study has been to investigate the potential anti-leukemic effect of DFX, by functionally and molecularly analyzing its effects in three different leukemia cell lines, harboring or not p53 mutations, and in human primary cells derived from 15 MDS/AML patients. Our findings indicated that DFX can lead to apoptosis, impairment of cell growth only in a context of IOL, and can induce a significant alteration of mitochondria network, with a sharp reduction in mitochondrial activity. Moreover, through a remarkable reduction of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), known to regulate the stability of p53 and p73 proteins, we observed an enhancement of p53 transcriptional activity after DFX. Interestingly, this iron depletion-triggered signaling is enabled by p73, in the absence of p53, or in the presence of a p53 mutant form. In conclusion, we propose a mechanism by which the increased p53 family transcriptional activity and protein stability could explain the potential benefits of iron chelation therapy in terms of improving OS and delaying leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Calabrese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Cristina Panuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Stanga
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Giacomo Andreani
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Human Anatomy Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Maglione
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Lucrezia Pironi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Jessica Petiti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Ali
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Patrizia Scaravaglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesca Napoli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Carmen Fava
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Marco De Gobbi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Francesco Frassoni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Enrico Bracco
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (F.N.); (E.B.)
| | - Barbara Pergolizzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Daniela Cilloni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (A.M.); (L.P.); (J.P.); (M.S.A.); (P.S.); (C.F.); (M.D.G.); (F.F.); (G.S.); (B.P.); (D.C.)
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Kong D, Gu R, Zhang C, Yin R. Knockdown of hsa_circ_0059955 Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in Nucleus Pulposus Cells via Inhibiting Itchy E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3951-3963. [PMID: 33061300 PMCID: PMC7526870 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s253293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play an important role in the progression of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD). Using bioinformatics analysis, we have found that the expression of circRNA hsa_circ_0059955 was significantly downregulated in IVDD tissues. However, the relevant mechanism of hsa_circ_0059955 in the progression of IVDD remains unclear. Methods CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays were used to evaluate cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, Western blot assay was used to detect the expressions of ITCH, p73, CDK2 in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Moreover, a puncture-induced IVDD rat model was established to explore the role of hsa_circ_0059955 in IVDD. Results The level of hsa_circ_0059955 was significantly decreased in IVDD tissues from IVDD patients. Itchy E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (ITCH) is the host gene of hsa_circ_0059955, and downregulation of hsa_circ_0059955 significantly decreased the expression of ITCH in NP cells. In addition, downregulation of hsa_circ_0059955 markedly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in NP cells. Moreover, in vivo study illustrated that overexpression of hsa_circ_0059955 ameliorated IVDD in rats. Conclusion Downregulation of hsa_circ_0059955 could induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in NP cells in vitro, while overexpression of hsa_circ_0059955 attenuated the IVDD in a puncture-induced rat model in vivo. Therefore, hsa_circ_0059955 might serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daliang Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130031, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengtao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofeng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130031, People's Republic of China
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10
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The Undervalued Avenue to Reinstate Tumor Suppressor Functionality of the p53 Protein Family for Improved Cancer Therapy-Drug Repurposing. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092717. [PMID: 32971841 PMCID: PMC7563196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 and p73 are critical tumor suppressors that are often inactivated in human cancers through various mechanisms. Owing to their high structural homology, the proteins have many joined functions and recognize the same set of genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. p53 is known as the 'guardian of the genome' and together with p73 forms a barrier against cancer development and progression. The TP53 is mutated in more than 50% of all human cancers and the germline mutations in TP53 predispose to the early onset of multiple tumors in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), the inherited cancer predisposition. In cancers where TP53 gene is intact, p53 is degraded. Despite the ongoing efforts, the treatment of cancers remains challenging. This is due to late diagnoses, the toxicity of the current standard of care and marginal benefit of newly approved therapies. Presently, the endeavors focus on reactivating p53 exclusively, neglecting the potential of the restoration of p73 protein for cancer eradication. Taken that several small molecules reactivating p53 failed in clinical trials, there is a need to develop new treatments targeting p53 proteins in cancer. This review outlines the most advanced strategies to reactivate p53 and p73 and describes drug repurposing approaches for the efficient reinstatement of the p53 proteins for cancer therapy.
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11
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Wang S, Zhou D, Xu Z, Song J, Qian X, Lv X, Luan J. Anti-tumor Drug Targets Analysis: Current Insight and Future Prospect. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1180-1202. [PMID: 30947670 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190402145325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of malignant tumors are on the rise, which has become the second leading cause of death in the world. At present, anti-tumor drugs are one of the most common methods for treating cancer. In recent years, with the in-depth study of tumor biology and related disciplines, it has been gradually discovered that the essence of cell carcinogenesis is the infinite proliferation of cells caused by the disorder of cell signal transduction pathways, followed by a major shift in the concept of anti-tumor drugs research and development. The focus of research and development is shifting from traditional cytotoxic drugs to a new generation of anti-tumor drugs targeted at abnormal signaling system targets in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the targets of anti-tumor drugs and analyse the molecular mechanisms of their effects, which lay a foundation for subsequent treatment, research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Dexi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xueyi Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicines, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jiajie Luan
- Department of Pharmacy, Yijishan Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
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12
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Bang S, Kaur S, Kurokawa M. Regulation of the p53 Family Proteins by the Ubiquitin Proteasomal Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E261. [PMID: 31905981 PMCID: PMC6981958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 and its homologues, p63 and p73, play a pivotal role in the regulation of the DNA damage response, cellular homeostasis, development, aging, and metabolism. A number of mouse studies have shown that a genetic defect in the p53 family could lead to spontaneous tumor development, embryonic lethality, or severe tissue abnormality, indicating that the activity of the p53 family must be tightly regulated to maintain normal cellular functions. While the p53 family members are regulated at the level of gene expression as well as post-translational modification, they are also controlled at the level of protein stability through the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway. Over the last 20 years, many ubiquitin E3 ligases have been discovered that directly promote protein degradation of p53, p63, and p73 in vitro and in vivo. Here, we provide an overview of such E3 ligases and discuss their roles and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manabu Kurokawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA; (S.B.); (S.K.)
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13
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Kanagasabai T, Venkatesan T, Natarajan U, Alobid S, Alhazzani K, Algahtani M, Rathinavelu A. Regulation of cell cycle by MDM2 in prostate cancer cells through Aurora Kinase-B and p21WAF1 /CIP1 mediated pathways. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109435. [PMID: 31706019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of MDM2 oncoprotein has been detected in a large number of diverse human malignancies and has been shown to play both p53-dependent and p53-independent roles in oncogenesis. Our study was designed to explore the impact of MDM2 overexpression on the levels of various cell cycle regulatory proteins including Aurora kinase-B (AURK-B), CDC25C and CDK1, which are known to promote tumor progression and increase metastatic potential. Our data from human cell cycle RT2 profiler PCR array experiments revealed significant changes in the expression profile of genes that are involved in different phases of cell cycle regulation in LNCaP-MST (MDM2 transfected) prostate cancer cells. Our current study has demonstrated a significant increase in the expression level of AURK-B, CDC25C, Cyclin A2, Cyclin B and CDK1 in LNCaP-MST cells as compared with wild type LNCaP cells that were modulated by MDM2 specific inhibitor Nutlin-3. In fact, the expression levels of the above- mentioned proteins were significantly altered at both mRNA and protein levels after treating the cells with 20 μM Nutlin-3 for 24h. Additionally, the pro-apoptotic proteins including p53, p21, and Bax were elevated with the concomitant decrease in the key anti-apoptotic proteins following MDM2 inhibitor treatment. Also, Nutlin-3 treated cells demonstrated caspase-3 activation was observed with an in-vitro caspase-3 fluorescent assay performed with caspase 3/7 specific DEVD-amc substrate. Our results offer significant evidence towards the effectiveness of MDM2 inhibition in causing cell cycle arrest via blocking the transmission of signals through AURKB-CDK1 axis and inducing apoptosis in LNCaP-MST cancer cells. It is evident from our data that MDM2 overexpression probably is the primary cause for CDK1 up-regulation in the LNCaP-MST cells, which might have occurred possibly through activation of AURK-B. However, further studies in this direction should shed more light on the intracellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of Aurora kinase-B and CDK1 axis in MDM2 positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaivelan Kanagasabai
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Thiagarajan Venkatesan
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Umamaheswari Natarajan
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; VRR Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Kattupakkam, Chennai, TN 600056, India
| | - Saad Alobid
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Algahtani
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 12371, Saudi Arabia
| | - Appu Rathinavelu
- Rumbaugh-Goodwin Institute for Cancer Research, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
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14
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Lai Y, Zhu B, Sun F, Luo D, Ma Y, Luo B, Tang J, Xiong M, Liu L, Long Y, Hu X, He L, Deng X, Zhang JH, Yang J, Yan Z, Chen G. Estrogen receptor α promotes Cav1.2 ubiquitination and degradation in neuronal cells and in APP/PS1 mice. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12961. [PMID: 31012223 PMCID: PMC6612642 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cav1.2 is the pore-forming subunit of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (LTCC) that plays an important role in calcium overload and cell death in Alzheimer's disease. LTCC activity can be regulated by estrogen, a sex steroid hormone that is neuroprotective. Here, we investigated the potential mechanisms in estrogen-mediated regulation of Cav1.2 protein. We found that in cultured primary neurons, 17β-estradiol (E2) reduced Cav1.2 protein through estrogen receptor α (ERα). This effect was offset by a proteasomal inhibitor MG132, indicating that ubiquitin-proteasome system was involved. Consistently, the ubiquitin (UB) mutant at lysine 29 (K29R) or the K29-deubiquitinating enzyme TRAF-binding protein domain (TRABID) attenuated the effect of ERα on Cav1.2. We further identified that the E3 ligase Mdm2 (double minute 2 protein) and the PEST sequence in Cav1.2 protein played a role, as Mdm2 overexpression and the membrane-permeable PEST peptides prevented ERα-mediated Cav1.2 reduction, and Mdm2 overexpression led to the reduced Cav1.2 protein and the increased colocalization of Cav1.2 with ubiquitin in cortical neurons in vivo. In ovariectomized (OVX) APP/PS1 mice, administration of ERα agonist PPT reduced cerebral Cav1.2 protein, increased Cav1.2 ubiquitination, and improved cognitive performances. Taken together, ERα-induced Cav1.2 degradation involved K29-linked UB chains and the E3 ligase Mdm2, which might play a role in cognitive improvement in OVX APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Jie Lai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Department of Neurologythe Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bing‐Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of PhysiologyWayne State University School of MedicineDetroitMichigan
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yuan‐Lin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Bio Luo
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ming‐Jian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yan Long
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiao‐Tong Hu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Ling He
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xiao‐Juan Deng
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - John H. Zhang
- Division of Physiology, School of MedicineLoma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCalifornia
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biological SciencesColumbia UniversityNew York CityNew York
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsState University of New York at BuffaloBuffaloNew York
| | - Guo‐Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
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15
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Regulation of autoimmune disease by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch. Cell Immunol 2019; 340:103916. [PMID: 31126634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Itch is a HECT type E3 ubiquitin ligase that is required to prevent the development of autoimmune disease in both mice and humans. Itch is expressed in most mammalian cell types, and, based on published data, it regulates many cellular pathways ranging from T cell differentiation to liver tumorigenesis. Since 1998, when Itch was first discovered, hundreds of publications have described mechanisms through which Itch controls various biologic activities in both immune and non-immune cells. Other studies have provided insight into how Itch catalytic activity is regulated. However, while autoimmunity is the primary clinical feature that occurs in both mice and humans lacking Itch, and Itch control of immune cell function has been well-studied, it remains unclear how Itch prevents the emergence of autoimmune disease. In this review, we explore recent discoveries that advance our understanding of how Itch regulates immune cell biology, and the extent to which these clarify how Itch prevents autoimmune disease. Additionally, we discuss how molecular regulators of Itch impact its ability to control these processes, as this may provide clues on how to therapeutically target Itch to treat patients with autoimmune disease.
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16
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Neira JL, Díaz-García C, Prieto M, Coutinho A. The C-terminal SAM domain of p73 binds to the N terminus of MDM2. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:760-770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Gomes S, Raimundo L, Soares J, Loureiro JB, Leão M, Ramos H, Monteiro MN, Lemos A, Moreira J, Pinto M, Chlapek P, Veselska R, Sousa E, Saraiva L. New inhibitor of the TAp73 interaction with MDM2 and mutant p53 with promising antitumor activity against neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2019; 446:90-102. [PMID: 30664963 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
TAp73 is a key tumor suppressor protein, regulating the transcription of unique and shared p53 target genes with crucial roles in tumorigenesis and therapeutic response. As such, in tumors with impaired p53 signaling, like neuroblastoma, TAp73 activation represents an encouraging strategy, alternative to p53 activation, to suppress tumor growth and chemoresistance. In this work, we report a new TAp73-activating agent, the 1-carbaldehyde-3,4-dimethoxyxanthone (LEM2), with potent antitumor activity. Notably, LEM2 was able to release TAp73 from its interaction with both MDM2 and mutant p53, enhancing TAp73 transcriptional activity, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in p53-null and mutant p53-expressing tumor cells. Importantly, LEM2 displayed potent antitumor activity against patient-derived neuroblastoma cells, consistent with an activation of the TAp73 pathway. Additionally, potent synergistic effects were obtained for the combination of LEM2 with doxorubicin and cisplatin in patient-derived neuroblastoma cells. Collectively, besides its relevant contribution to the advance of TAp73 pharmacology, LEM2 may pave the way to improved therapeutic alternatives against neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomes
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Raimundo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B Loureiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Leão
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ramos
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena N Monteiro
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Lemos
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Moreira
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Petr Chlapek
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 61137, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR, Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Sznarkowska A, Kostecka A, Kawiak A, Acedo P, Lion M, Inga A, Zawacka-Pankau J. Reactivation of TAp73 tumor suppressor by protoporphyrin IX, a metabolite of aminolevulinic acid, induces apoptosis in TP53-deficient cancer cells. Cell Div 2018; 13:10. [PMID: 30603043 PMCID: PMC6306007 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-018-0043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The p73 protein is a tumor suppressor that shares structural and functional similarity with p53. p73 is expressed in two major isoforms; the TA isoform that interacts with p53 pathway, thus acting as tumor suppressor and the N-terminal truncated ΔN isoform that inhibits TAp73 and p53 and thus, acts as an oncogene. Results By employing a drug repurposing approach, we found that protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a metabolite of aminolevulinic acid applied in photodynamic therapy of cancer, stabilizes TAp73 and activates TAp73-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells lacking p53. The mechanism of TAp73 activation is via disruption of TAp73/MDM2 and TAp73/MDMX interactions and inhibition of TAp73 degradation by ubiquitin ligase Itch. Finally, PpIX showed potent antitumor effect and inhibited the growth of xenograft human tumors in mice. Conclusion Our findings may in future contribute to the successful repurposing of PpIX into clinical practice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13008-018-0043-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Sznarkowska
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Kostecka
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Kawiak
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Pilar Acedo
- 2Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattia Lion
- 3Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.,4Present Address: Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Alberto Inga
- 3Centre for Integrative Biology, CIBIO, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Joanna Zawacka-Pankau
- 2Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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BTK modulates p73 activity to induce apoptosis independently of p53. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:30. [PMID: 30245853 PMCID: PMC6134113 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a key component of B cell receptor signalling. Because of this, BTK plays an important role in cell proliferation and survival in various B cell malignancies. However, in certain contexts, BTK can also have tumour suppressor functions. We have previously shown that BTK activates the p53 transcriptional activity by binding to and phosphorylating p53, as well as acting on MDM2 to reduce its inhibitory effects. This results in increased p53 functions, including enhanced cell death. Here, we report that BTK can also induce cell death and increase responses to DNA damage independently of p53. This is concomitant to the induction of p21, PUMA and MDM2, which are classic target genes of the p53 family of proteins. Our results show that these p53-independent effects of BTK are mediated through p73. Similar to what we observed in the p53 pathway, BTK can upregulate p73 after DNA damage and induce expression of its target genes, suggesting that BTK is a modulator of p73 functions and in the absence of p53. This effect allows BTK to have pro-apoptotic functions independently of its effects on the p53 pathway and thus play an important role in the DNA damage-related induction of apoptosis in the absence of p53. This provides a novel role of BTK in tumour suppression and contributes to the understanding of its complex pleiotropic functions
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20
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Yan W, Chen X. p73 expression is regulated by ribosomal protein RPL26 through mRNA translation and protein stability. Oncotarget 2018; 7:78255-78268. [PMID: 27825141 PMCID: PMC5346636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
p73, a p53 family tumor suppressor, is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including transcription and mRNA and protein stability. However, whether p73 expression is regulated via mRNA translation has not been explored. To test this, we examined whether ribosomal protein 26 (RPL26) plays a role in p73 expression. Here, we showed that p73 expression is controlled by RPL26 via protein stability and mRNA translation. To examine whether MDM2 mediates RPL26 to regulate p73 protein stability, we generated multiple MDM2-knockout cell lines by CRISPR-cas9. We found that in the absence of MDM2, the half-life of p73 protein is markedly increased. Interestingly, we also found that RPL26 is still capable of regulating p73 expression, albeit to a lesser extent, in MDM2-KO cells compared to that in isogenic control cells, suggesting that RPL26 regulates p73 expression via multiple mechanisms. Indeed, we found that RPL26 is necessary for efficient assembly of polysomes on p73 mRNA and de novo synthesis of p73 protein. Consistently, we found that RPL26 directly binds to p73 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) and that RPL26 is necessary for efficient expression of an eGFP reporter that carries p73 3′UTR. We also found that RPL26 interacts with cap-binding protein eIF4E and enhances the association of eIF4E with p73 mRNA, leading to increased p73 mRNA translation. Finally, we showed that knockdown of RPL26 promotes, whereas ectopic expression of RPL26 inhibits, cell growth in a TAp73-dependent manner. Together, our data indicate that RPL26 regulates p73 expression via two distinct mechanisms: protein stability and mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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21
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Saadatzadeh MR, Elmi AN, Pandya PH, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K, Ding J, Stamatkin CW, Cohen-Gadol AA, Pollok KE. The Role of MDM2 in Promoting Genome Stability versus Instability. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102216. [PMID: 29065514 PMCID: PMC5666895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, the mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is an oncoprotein that contributes to the promotion of cell growth, survival, invasion, and therapeutic resistance. The impact of MDM2 on cell survival versus cell death is complex and dependent on levels of MDM2 isoforms, p53 status, and cellular context. Extensive investigations have demonstrated that MDM2 protein–protein interactions with p53 and other p53 family members (p63 and p73) block their ability to function as transcription factors that regulate cell growth and survival. Upon genotoxic insults, a dynamic and intricately regulated DNA damage response circuitry is activated leading to release of p53 from MDM2 and activation of cell cycle arrest. What ensues following DNA damage, depends on the extent of DNA damage and if the cell has sufficient DNA repair capacity. The well-known auto-regulatory loop between p53-MDM2 provides an additional layer of control as the cell either repairs DNA damage and survives (i.e., MDM2 re-engages with p53), or undergoes cell death (i.e., MDM2 does not re-engage p53). Furthermore, the decision to live or die is also influenced by chromatin-localized MDM2 which directly interacts with the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and inhibits DNA damage-sensing giving rise to the potential for increased genome instability and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reza Saadatzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
| | - Adily N Elmi
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Pankita H Pandya
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | - Jixin Ding
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
| | - Christopher W Stamatkin
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
| | | | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics (Division of Hematology/Oncology), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, 1044 West Walnut Street R4 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5525, USA.
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22
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Tang H, Lei CT, Ye C, Gao P, Wan C, Chen S, He FF, Wang YM, Su H, Zhang C. MDM2 is implicated in high-glucose-induced podocyte mitotic catastrophe via Notch1 signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28643424 PMCID: PMC5706520 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury and depletion are essential events involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). As a terminally differentiated cell, podocyte is restricted in ‘post‐mitosis’ state and unable to regenerate. Re‐entering mitotic phase will cause podocyte disastrous death which is defined as mitotic catastrophe (MC). Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), a cell cycle regulator, is widely expressed in renal resident cells including podocytes. Here, we explore whether MDM2 is involved in podocyte MC during hyperglycaemia. We found aberrant mitotic podocytes with multi‐nucleation in DN patients. In vitro, cultured podocytes treated by high glucose (HG) also showed an up‐regulation of mitotic markers and abnormal mitotic status, accompanied by elevated expression of MDM2. HG exposure forced podocytes to enter into S phase and bypass G2/M checkpoint with enhanced expression of Ki67, cyclin B1, Aurora B and p‐H3. Genetic deletion of MDM2 partly reversed HG‐induced mitotic phase re‐entering of podocytes. Moreover, HG‐induced podocyte injury was alleviated by MDM2 knocking down but not by nutlin‐3a, an inhibitor of MDM2‐p53 interaction. Interestingly, knocking down MDM2 or MDM2 overexpression showed inhibition or activation of Notch1 signalling, respectively. In addition, genetic silencing of Notch1 prevented HG‐mediated podocyte MC. In conclusion, high glucose up‐regulates MDM2 expression and leads to podocyte MC. Notch1 signalling is an essential downstream pathway of MDM2 in mediating HG‐induced MC in podocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Tao Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang-Fang He
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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23
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Feeley KP, Adams CM, Mitra R, Eischen CM. Mdm2 Is Required for Survival and Growth of p53-Deficient Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3823-3833. [PMID: 28576884 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
p53 deletion prevents the embryonic lethality of normal tissues lacking Mdm2, suggesting that cells can survive without Mdm2 if p53 is also absent. Here we report evidence challenging this view, with implications for therapeutically targeting Mdm2. Deletion of Mdm2 in T-cell lymphomas or sarcomas lacking p53 induced apoptosis and G2 cell-cycle arrest, prolonging survival of mice with these tumors. p53-/- fibroblasts showed similar results, indicating that the effects of Mdm2 loss extend to premalignant cells. Mdm2 deletion in p53-/- cells upregulated p53 transcriptional target genes that induce apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. Mdm2 deletion also increased levels of p73, a p53 family member. RNAi-mediated attenuation of p73 rescued the transcriptional and biological effects of Mdm2 loss, indicating that p73 mediates the consequences of Mdm2 deletion. In addition, Mdm2 deletion differed from blocking Mdm2 interaction with p53 family members, as Nutlin-3 induced G1 arrest but did not activate apoptosis in p53-/- sarcoma cells. Our results indicate that, in contrast to current dogma, Mdm2 expression is required for cell survival even in the absence of p53. Moreover, our results suggest that p73 compensates for loss of p53 and that targeting Mdm2 in p53-deficient cancers has therapeutic potential. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3823-33. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Feeley
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Clare M Adams
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ramkrishna Mitra
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christine M Eischen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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24
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Tan BX, Liew HP, Chua JS, Ghadessy FJ, Tan YS, Lane DP, Coffill CR. Anatomy of Mdm2 and Mdm4 in evolution. J Mol Cell Biol 2017; 9:3-15. [PMID: 28077607 PMCID: PMC6372010 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse double minute (Mdm) genes span an evolutionary timeframe from the ancient eukaryotic placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens to Homo sapiens, implying a significant and possibly conserved cellular role throughout history. Maintenance of DNA integrity and response to DNA damage involve many key regulatory pathways, including precise control over the tumour suppressor protein p53. In most vertebrates, degradation of p53 through proteasomal targeting is primarily mediated by heterodimers of Mdm2 and the Mdm2-related protein Mdm4 (also known as MdmX). Both Mdm2 and Mdm4 have p53-binding regions, acidic domains, zinc fingers, and C-terminal RING domains that are conserved throughout evolution. Vertebrates typically have both Mdm2 and Mdm4 genes, while analyses of sequenced genomes of invertebrate species have identified single Mdm genes, suggesting that a duplication event occurred prior to emergence of jawless vertebrates about 550-440 million years ago. The functional relationship between Mdm and p53 in T. adhaerens, an organism that has existed for 1 billion years, implies that these two proteins have evolved together to maintain a conserved and regulated function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Xiong Tan
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Hoe Peng Liew
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Joy S. Chua
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Farid J. Ghadessy
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis St, #07-01,Singapore138671, Singapore
| | - David P. Lane
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
| | - Cynthia R. Coffill
- p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #06-06, Singapore138648, Singapore
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25
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Armstrong SR, Wu H, Wang B, Abuetabh Y, Sergi C, Leng RP. The Regulation of Tumor Suppressor p63 by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122041. [PMID: 27929429 PMCID: PMC5187841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein p63 has been identified as a homolog of the tumor suppressor protein p53 and is capable of inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, or senescence. p63 has at least six isoforms, which can be divided into two major groups: the TAp63 variants that contain the N-terminal transactivation domain and the ΔNp63 variants that lack the N-terminal transactivation domain. The TAp63 variants are generally considered to be tumor suppressors involved in activating apoptosis and suppressing metastasis. ΔNp63 variants cannot induce apoptosis but can act as dominant negative inhibitors to block the function of TAp53, TAp73, and TAp63. p63 is rarely mutated in human tumors and is predominately regulated at the post-translational level by phosphorylation and ubiquitination. This review focuses primarily on regulation of p63 by the ubiquitin E-3 ligase family of enzymes via ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation, and introduces a new key regulator of the p63 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Armstrong
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Hong Wu
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Benfan Wang
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Yasser Abuetabh
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (5B4. 09), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada.
| | - Roger P Leng
- 370 Heritage Medical Research Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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26
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UBE4B targets phosphorylated p53 at serines 15 and 392 for degradation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2823-36. [PMID: 26673821 PMCID: PMC4823074 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of p53 is a key mechanism responsible for the activation of its tumor suppressor functions in response to various stresses. In unstressed cells, p53 is rapidly turned over and is maintained at a low basal level. After DNA damage or other forms of cellular stress, the p53 level increases, and the protein becomes metabolically stable. However, the mechanism of phosphorylated p53 regulation is unclear. In this study, we studied the kinetics of UBE4B, Hdm2, Pirh2, Cop1 and CHIP induction in response to p53 activation. We show that UBE4B coimmunoprecipitates with phosphorylated p53 at serines 15 and 392. Notably, the affinity between UBE4B and Hdm2 is greatly decreased after DNA damage. Furthermore, we observe that UBE4B promotes endogenous phospho-p53(S15) and phospho-p53(S392) degradation in response to IR. We demonstrate that UBE4B and Hdm2 repress p53S15A, p53S392A, and p53-2A(S15A, S392A) functions, including p53-dependent transactivation and growth inhibition. Overall, our results reveal that UBE4B plays an important role in regulating phosphorylated p53 following DNA damage.
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27
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He Z, Agostini M, Liu H, Melino G, Simon HU. p73 regulates basal and starvation-induced liver metabolism in vivo. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33178-90. [PMID: 26375672 PMCID: PMC4741757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the p53 gene family, p73 regulates cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, neurogenesis, immunity and inflammation. Recently, p73 has been shown to transcriptionally regulate selective metabolic enzymes, such as cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV isoform 1, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutaminase-2, resulting in significant effects on metabolism, including hepatocellular lipid metabolism, glutathione homeostasis and the pentose phosphate pathway. In order to further investigate the metabolic effect of p73, here, we compared the global metabolic profile of livers from p73 knockout and wild-type mice under both control and starvation conditions. Our results show that the depletion of all p73 isoforms cause altered lysine metabolism and glycolysis, distinct patterns for glutathione synthesis and Krebs cycle, as well as an elevated pentose phosphate pathway and abnormal lipid accumulation. These results indicate that p73 regulates basal and starvation-induced fuel metabolism in the liver, a finding that is likely to be highly relevant for metabolism-associated disorders, such as diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyue He
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Agostini
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - He Liu
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gerry Melino
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Hans-Uwe Simon
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Marine JC, Jochemsen AG. MDMX (MDM4), a Promising Target for p53 Reactivation Therapy and Beyond. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:6/7/a026237. [PMID: 27371671 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The MDMX protein was identified as a p53-interacting protein with a strong similarity to MDM2. Like Mdm2, Mdmx expression is essential for curbing p53 activity during embryonic development, indicating nonredundant functions of Mdmx and Mdm2. There is now a large body of evidence indicating that cancers frequently up-regulate MDMX expression as a means to dampen p53 tumor-suppressor function. Importantly, MDMX also shows p53-independent oncogenic functions. These data make MDMX an attractive therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Here, we summarize the mechanisms used by cancer cells to increase MDMX expression and promising pharmacological strategies to target MDMX in cancer-in particular, the recent findings that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be used to efficiently modulate MDMX messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center of Human Genetics, KULeuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aart G Jochemsen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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dos Santos HG, Nunez-Castilla J, Siltberg-Liberles J. Functional Diversification after Gene Duplication: Paralog Specific Regions of Structural Disorder and Phosphorylation in p53, p63, and p73. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151961. [PMID: 27003913 PMCID: PMC4803236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational and functional flexibility promote protein evolvability. High evolvability allows related proteins to functionally diverge and perhaps to neostructuralize. p53 is a multifunctional protein frequently referred to as the Guardian of the Genome–a hub for e.g. incoming and outgoing signals in apoptosis and DNA repair. p53 has been found to be structurally disordered, an extreme form of conformational flexibility. Here, p53, and its paralogs p63 and p73, were studied for further insights into the evolutionary dynamics of structural disorder, secondary structure, and phosphorylation. This study is focused on the post gene duplication phase for the p53 family in vertebrates, but also visits the origin of the protein family and the early domain loss and gain events. Functional divergence, measured by rapid evolutionary dynamics of protein domains, structural properties, and phosphorylation propensity, is inferred across vertebrate p53 proteins, in p63 and p73 from fish, and between the three paralogs. In particular, structurally disordered regions are redistributed among paralogs, but within clades redistribution of structural disorder also appears to be an ongoing process. Despite its deemed importance as the Guardian of the Genome, p53 is indeed a protein with high evolvability as seen not only in rearranged structural disorder, but also in fluctuating domain sequence signatures among lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena G. dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Janelle Nunez-Castilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jessica Siltberg-Liberles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Gomes S, Leão M, Raimundo L, Ramos H, Soares J, Saraiva L. p53 family interactions and yeast: together in anticancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:616-24. [PMID: 26891980 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The p53 family proteins are among the most appealing targets for cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of the complex interplay that these proteins establish with murine double minute (MDM)2, MDMX, and mutant p53 could reveal new exciting therapeutic opportunities in cancer treatment. Here, we summarize the most relevant advances in the biology of p53 family protein-protein interactions (PPIs), and the latest pharmacological developments achieved from targeting these interactions. We also highlight the remarkable contributions of yeast-based assays to this research. Collectively, we emphasize promising strategies, based on the inhibition of p53 family PPIs, which have expedited anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gomes
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Leão
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Raimundo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Ramos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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