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Kazek M, Chodáková L, Lehr K, Strych L, Nedbalová P, McMullen E, Bajgar A, Opekar S, Šimek P, Moos M, Doležal T. Glucose and trehalose metabolism through the cyclic pentose phosphate pathway shapes pathogen resistance and host protection in Drosophila. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002299. [PMID: 38713712 PMCID: PMC11101078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Activation of immune cells requires the remodeling of cell metabolism in order to support immune function. We study these metabolic changes through the infection of Drosophila larvae by parasitoid wasp. The parasitoid egg is neutralized by differentiating lamellocytes, which encapsulate the egg. A melanization cascade is initiated, producing toxic molecules to destroy the egg while the capsule also protects the host from the toxic reaction. We combined transcriptomics and metabolomics, including 13C-labeled glucose and trehalose tracing, as well as genetic manipulation of sugar metabolism to study changes in metabolism, specifically in Drosophila hemocytes. We found that hemocytes increase the expression of several carbohydrate transporters and accordingly uptake more sugar during infection. These carbohydrates are metabolized by increased glycolysis, associated with lactate production, and cyclic pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), in which glucose-6-phosphate is re-oxidized to maximize NADPH yield. Oxidative PPP is required for lamellocyte differentiation and resistance, as is systemic trehalose metabolism. In addition, fully differentiated lamellocytes use a cytoplasmic form of trehalase to cleave trehalose to glucose and fuel cyclic PPP. Intracellular trehalose metabolism is not required for lamellocyte differentiation, but its down-regulation elevates levels of reactive oxygen species, associated with increased resistance and reduced fitness. Our results suggest that sugar metabolism, and specifically cyclic PPP, within immune cells is important not only to fight infection but also to protect the host from its own immune response and for ensuring fitness of the survivor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Kazek
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Chodáková
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Katharina Lehr
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Strych
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Nedbalová
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ellen McMullen
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Opekar
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šimek
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Moos
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of molecular biology and genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Hiengrach P, Visitchanakun P, Finkelman MA, Chancharoenthana W, Leelahavanichkul A. More Prominent Inflammatory Response to Pachyman than to Whole-Glucan Particle and Oat-β-Glucans in Dextran Sulfate-Induced Mucositis Mice and Mouse Injection through Proinflammatory Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4026. [PMID: 35409384 PMCID: PMC8999416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1→3)-β-D-glucans (BG) (the glucose polymers) are recognized as pathogen motifs, and different forms of BGs are reported to have various effects. Here, different BGs, including Pachyman (BG with very few (1→6)-linkages), whole-glucan particles (BG with many (1→6)-glycosidic bonds), and Oat-BG (BG with (1→4)-linkages), were tested. In comparison with dextran sulfate solution (DSS) alone in mice, DSS with each of these BGs did not alter the weight loss, stool consistency, colon injury (histology and cytokines), endotoxemia, serum BG, and fecal microbiome but Pachyman-DSS-treated mice demonstrated the highest serum cytokine elicitation (TNF-α and IL-6). Likewise, a tail vein injection of Pachyman together with intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the highest levels of these cytokines at 3 h post-injection than LPS alone or LPS with other BGs. With bone marrow-derived macrophages, BG induced only TNF-α (most prominent with Pachyman), while LPS with BG additively increased several cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10); inflammatory genes (iNOS, IL-1β, Syk, and NF-κB); and cell energy alterations (extracellular flux analysis). In conclusion, Pachyman induced the highest LPS proinflammatory synergistic effect on macrophages, followed by WGP, possibly through Syk-associated interactions between the Dectin-1 and TLR-4 signal transduction pathways. Selection of the proper form of BGs for specific clinical conditions might be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | - Peerapat Visitchanakun
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Wiwat Chancharoenthana
- Tropical Nephrology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Tropical Immunology and Translational Research Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence on Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (P.H.); (P.V.)
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Cattenoz PB, Monticelli S, Pavlidaki A, Giangrande A. Toward a Consensus in the Repertoire of Hemocytes Identified in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:643712. [PMID: 33748138 PMCID: PMC7969988 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.643712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The catalog of the Drosophila immune cells was until recently limited to three major cell types, based on morphology, function and few molecular markers. Three recent single cell studies highlight the presence of several subgroups, revealing a large diversity in the molecular signature of the larval immune cells. Since these studies rely on somewhat different experimental and analytical approaches, we here compare the datasets and identify eight common, robust subgroups associated to distinct functions such as proliferation, immune response, phagocytosis or secretion. Similar comparative analyses with datasets from different stages and tissues disclose the presence of larval immune cells resembling embryonic hemocyte progenitors and the expression of specific properties in larval immune cells associated with peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre B. Cattenoz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Sara Monticelli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Alexia Pavlidaki
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Angela Giangrande
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Bajgar A, Krejčová G, Doležal T. Polarization of Macrophages in Insects: Opening Gates for Immuno-Metabolic Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:629238. [PMID: 33659253 PMCID: PMC7917182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.629238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance and cachexia represent severe metabolic syndromes accompanying a variety of human pathological states, from life-threatening cancer and sepsis to chronic inflammatory states, such as obesity and autoimmune disorders. Although the origin of these metabolic syndromes has not been fully comprehended yet, a growing body of evidence indicates their possible interconnection with the acute and chronic activation of an innate immune response. Current progress in insect immuno-metabolic research reveals that the induction of insulin resistance might represent an adaptive mechanism during the acute phase of bacterial infection. In Drosophila, insulin resistance is induced by signaling factors released by bactericidal macrophages as a reflection of their metabolic polarization toward aerobic glycolysis. Such metabolic adaptation enables them to combat the invading pathogens efficiently but also makes them highly nutritionally demanding. Therefore, systemic metabolism has to be adjusted upon macrophage activation to provide them with nutrients and thus support the immune function. That anticipates the involvement of macrophage-derived systemic factors mediating the inter-organ signaling between macrophages and central energy-storing organs. Although it is crucial to coordinate the macrophage cellular metabolism with systemic metabolic changes during the acute phase of bacterial infection, the action of macrophage-derived factors may become maladaptive if chronic or in case of infection by an intracellular pathogen. We hypothesize that insulin resistance evoked by macrophage-derived signaling factors represents an adaptive mechanism for the mobilization of sources and their preferential delivery toward the activated immune system. We consider here the validity of the presented model for mammals and human medicine. The adoption of aerobic glycolysis by bactericidal macrophages as well as the induction of insulin resistance by macrophage-derived factors are conserved between insects and mammals. Chronic insulin resistance is at the base of many human metabolically conditioned diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cachexia. Therefore, revealing the original biological relevance of cytokine-induced insulin resistance may help to develop a suitable strategy for treating these frequent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Gabriela Krejčová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czechia
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Luo Z, Wang J, Tang S, Zheng Y, Zhou X, Tian F, Xu Z. Dynamic-related protein 1 inhibitor eases epileptic seizures and can regulate equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 expression. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:353. [PMID: 32962663 PMCID: PMC7507736 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dynamic-related protein 1 (Drp1) is a key protein involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fission, and it could affect the dynamic balance of mitochondria and appears to be protective against neuronal injury in epileptic seizures. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) is expressed and functional in the mitochondrial membrane that equilibrates adenosine concentration across membranes. Whether Drp1 participates in the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures via regulating function of ENT1 remains unclear. Methods In the present study, we used pilocarpine to induce status epilepticus (SE) in rats, and we used mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), a selective inhibitor to Drp1, to suppress mitochondrial fission in pilocarpine-induced SE model. Mdivi-1administered by intraperitoneal injection before SE induction, and the latency to firstepileptic seizure and the number of epileptic seizures was thereafter observed. The distribution of Drp1 was detected by immunofluorescence, and the expression patterns of Drp1 and ENT1 were detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the mitochondrial ultrastructure of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Results We found that Drp1 was expressed mainly in neurons and Drp1 expression was significantly upregulated in the hippocampal and temporal neocortex tissues at 6 h and 24 h after induction of SE. Mitochondrial fission inhibitor 1 attenuated epileptic seizures after induction of SE, reduced mitochondrial damage and ENT1 expression. Conclusions These data indicate that Drp1 is upregulated in hippocampus and temporal neocortex after pilocarpine-induced SE and the inhibition of Drp1 may lead to potential therapeutic target for SE by regulating ENT1 after pilocarpine-induced SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Shirong Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Thirteenth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400053, China
| | - Yongsu Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China
| | - Fei Tian
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zucai Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Road, Zunyi, 563003, Guizhou, China.
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Krejčová G, Danielová A, Nedbalová P, Kazek M, Strych L, Chawla G, Tennessen JM, Lieskovská J, Jindra M, Doležal T, Bajgar A. Drosophila macrophages switch to aerobic glycolysis to mount effective antibacterial defense. eLife 2019; 8:50414. [PMID: 31609200 PMCID: PMC6867711 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and cytokine production represent the front lines of resistance to bacterial invaders. A key feature of this pro-inflammatory response in mammals is the complex remodeling of cellular metabolism towards aerobic glycolysis. Although the function of bactericidal macrophages is highly conserved, the metabolic remodeling of insect macrophages remains poorly understood. Here, we used adults of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the metabolic changes that occur in macrophages during the acute and resolution phases of Streptococcus-induced sepsis. Our studies revealed that orthologs of Hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are required for macrophage activation, their bactericidal function, and resistance to infection, thus documenting the conservation of this cellular response between insects and mammals. Further, we show that macrophages employing aerobic glycolysis induce changes in systemic metabolism that are necessary to meet the biosynthetic and energetic demands of their function and resistance to bacterial infection. Macrophages are the immune system's first line of defense against infection. These immune cells can be found in all tissues and organs, watching for signs of disease-causing agents and targeting them for destruction. Maintaining macrophages costs energy, so to minimize waste, these cells spend most of their lives in 'low power mode'. When macrophages sense harmful bacteria, they rapidly awaken and trigger a series of immune events that protect the body from infection. However, to perform these protective tasks macrophages need a sudden surge in energy. In mammals, activated macrophages get their energy from aerobic glycolysis – a series of chemical reactions normally reserved for low oxygen environments. Switching on this metabolic process requires a protein called hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1 α), which switches on the genes that macrophages need to generate energy as quickly as possible. Macrophages then maintain their energy supply by sending out chemical signals which divert glucose away from the rest of the body. Fruit flies are regularly used as a model system for studying human disease, as the mechanisms they use to defend themselves from infections are similar to human immune cells. However, it remains unclear whether their macrophages undergo the same metabolic changes during an infection. To address this question, Krejčová et al. isolated macrophages from fruit flies that had been infected with bacteria. Experiments studying the metabolism of these cells revealed that, just like human macrophages, they responded to bacteria by taking in more glucose and generating energy via aerobic glycolysis. The macrophages of these flies were also found to draw in energy from the rest of the body by raising blood sugar levels and depleting stores of glucose. Similar to human macrophages, these metabolic changes depended on HIF1α, and flies without this protein were unable to secure the level of energy needed to effectively fight off the bacteria. These findings suggest that this metabolic switch to aerobic glycolysis is a conserved mechanism that both insects and mammals use to fight off infections. This means in the future fruit flies could be used as a model organism for studying diseases associated with macrophage mis-activation, such as chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Krejčová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Danielová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Nedbalová
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michalina Kazek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Strych
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Jason M Tennessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, United States
| | - Jaroslava Lieskovská
- Department of Medical Biology, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Jindra
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Doležal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.,Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Nitrobenzylthioinosine mimics adenosine to attenuate the epileptiform discharge of hippocampal neurons from epileptic rats. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35573-35582. [PMID: 28415676 PMCID: PMC5482599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), a specific inhibitor of type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter, could regulate the extracellular adenosine concentration and have protective roles in seizures. However, the protection mechanism of NBTI in seizures remains poorly understood. Here, the expression pattern and subcellular distribution of adenosine A1 receptor were detected by Western blot analysis and double-labeling immunofluorescence staining in Lithium Chloride-Pilocarpine induced epileptic rat model. At 24 h after pilocarpine induced rat seizures, hippocampal slices were prepared and the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) amplitude of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1 region was recorded using whole-cell patch clamp. In vivo, compared to control group, Western blotting analysis showed that the expression of adenosine A1 receptor protein was increased at 24 h and 72 h after seizure, didn't change at 0 min and 1 w, and decreased at 2 w. Double-label immunofluorescence revealed that adenosine A1 receptor was mainly expressed in the membrane and cytoplasm of neurons. In Vitro, adenosine decreased the eEPSCs amplitude of pyramidal neurons in hippocampus CA1 region, NBTI also had the same effect. Meantime, NBTI could further inhibit eEPSCs amplitude on the basis of lower concentration adenosine (50μM), and adenosine A1 receptor inhibitor DPCPX partially reversed this effect. Taken together, we confirmed that the expression of adenosine A1 receptor protein was increased in the early seizures and decreased in the late seizures. At the same time, NBTI mimics adenosine to attenuate the epileptiform discharge through adenosine A1 receptor, which might provide a novel therapeutic approach toward the control of epilepsy.
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