1
|
Lyng FM, Azzam EI. Abscopal Effects, Clastogenic Effects and Bystander Effects: 70 Years of Non-Targeted Effects of Radiation. Radiat Res 2024; 202:355-367. [PMID: 38986531 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00040.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo observations accumulated over several decades have firmly shown that the biological effects of ionizing radiation can spread from irradiated cells/tissues to non-targeted cells/tissues. Redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms that include a role for secreted factors and gap junctions, can mediate these non-targeted effects. Clearly, the expression of such effects and their transmission to progeny cells has implications for issues related to radiation protection. Their elucidation is also relevant towards enhancing the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy and reducing its impact on the development of normal tissue toxicities. In addition, the study of non-targeted effects is pertinent to our basic understanding of intercellular communications under conditions of oxidative stress. This review will trace the history of non-targeted effects of radiation starting with early reports of abscopal effects which described radiation induced effects in tissues distant from the site of radiation exposure. A related effect involved the production of clastogenic factors in plasma following irradiation which can induce chromosome damage in unirradiated cells. Despite these early reports suggesting non-targeted effects of radiation, the classical paradigm that a direct deposition of energy in the nucleus was required still dominated. This paradigm was challenged by papers describing radiation induced bystander effects. This review will cover mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effects and the potential impacts on radiation protection and radiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, FOCAS Research Institute
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edouard I Azzam
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Newark, New Jersey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bécam J, Ropars G, Dwiri FA, Brunaud C, Toutain J, Chazalviel L, Naveau M, Valable S, Bernaudin M, Touzani O, Pérès EA. Physical Activity Attenuates Brain Irradiation-Associated Skeletal Muscle Damage in the Rat. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024; 118:1081-1093. [PMID: 37866760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation therapy for brain tumors increases patient survival. Nonetheless, side effects are increasingly reported such as cognitive deficits and fatigue. The etiology of fatigue remains poorly described. Our hypothesis is that the abscopal effects of radiation therapy on skeletal muscle may be involved in fatigue. The present study aims to assess the effect of brain irradiation on skeletal muscles and its relationship with fatigue and to analyze whether physical activity could counteract brain radiation-induced side effects. METHODS AND MATERIALS Adult Wistar rats were randomly distributed between 4 groups: control (CTL), irradiated (IR), nonirradiated with physical activity (PA), and irradiated with physical activity (IR+PA). IR rats were exposed to a whole-brain irradiation (WBI) of 30 Gy (3 × 10 Gy). Rats subjected to PA underwent sessions of running on a treadmill, 3 times/week for 6 months. The effects of WBI on muscles were evaluated by complementary approaches: behavioral tests (fatigue, locomotion activity), magnetic resonance imaging, and histologic analyses. RESULTS IR rats displayed a significant fatigue and a reduced locomotor activity at short term compared with the CTL group, which were attenuated with PA at 6 months after WBI. The IR rat's gastrocnemius mass decreased compared with CTL rats, which was reversed by physical activity at 14 days after WBI. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the skeletal muscle highlighted an alteration of the fiber organization in IR rats as demonstrated by a significant decrease of the mean diffusivity in the gastrocnemius at short term. Alteration of fibers was confirmed by histologic analyses: the number of type I fibers was decreased, whereas that of type IIa fibers was increased in IR animals but not in the IR+PA group. CONCLUSIONS The data show that WBI induces skeletal muscle damage, which is attenuated by PA. This muscle damage may explain, at least in part, the fatigue of patients treated with radiation therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bécam
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Gwenn Ropars
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Fatima-Azzahra Dwiri
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Carole Brunaud
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Toutain
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Laurent Chazalviel
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Mikaël Naveau
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, INSERM, CEA, Normandie Université, UAR3408/US50, Cyceron, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Samuel Valable
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Myriam Bernaudin
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Omar Touzani
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France
| | - Elodie Anne Pérès
- Université de Caen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Université, ISTCT, UMR6030, GIP Cyceron, F-14000 Caen, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mekkawy MH, Karam HM, Mohamed MA, Lotfy DM. Evaluation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase Pathway for Assessing the Antidepressant-like Effect of Glucosamine as a Radioprotector in Rats: Behavioral and Biochemical Studies. Dose Response 2023; 21:15593258231217845. [PMID: 38022903 PMCID: PMC10666705 DOI: 10.1177/15593258231217845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a very important tool in the treatment of cancer; nevertheless, its side effects are a hindrance to its use. The present study is designed to evaluate glucosamine effects against radiation-induced brain oxidative stress and depression-like effect in rats. Four groups of female Wister rats were used as control, irradiated (4 × 2 Gy), glucosamine (1 g/kg P.O), and glucosamine + irradiated group. The behavioral responses are estimated. The brain hippocampi of the rats are separated to evaluate oxidative stress biochemical parameters and glycogen synthase kinase pathway in addition to the biogenic amines. Irradiation exposure led to disturbances in the behavioral assessments (forced swimming test, light-dark box, and open field test) and a significant decrease in brain GSH, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine), phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), and phosphorylated protein kinase-B (p-AKT) levels. Additionally, MDA and ROS levels increased significantly post-irradiation along with the phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase (p-GSK3). Glucosamine administration before irradiation caused improvement in the behavioral valuations and the biochemical parameters in the brain as well. Glucosamine might be used as a radioprotector to improve brain function and as an antidepressant drug. It could be promising as a future therapy in managing depression occurring during radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai H. Mekkawy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Heba M. Karam
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Mohamed
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina M. Lotfy
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority (EAEA), Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baier J, Rix A, Darguzyte M, Girbig RM, May JN, Palme R, Tolba R, Kiessling F. Repeated Contrast-Enhanced Micro-CT Examinations Decrease Animal Welfare and Influence Tumor Physiology. Invest Radiol 2023; 58:327-336. [PMID: 36730911 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Computed tomography (CT) imaging is considered relatively safe and is often used in preclinical research to study physiological processes. However, the sum of low-dose radiation, anesthesia, and animal handling might impact animal welfare and physiological parameters. This is particularly relevant for longitudinal studies with repeated CT examinations. Therefore, we investigated the influence of repeated native and contrast-enhanced (CE) CT on animal welfare and tumor physiology in regorafenib-treated and nontreated tumor-bearing mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mice bearing 4T1 breast cancer were divided into 5 groups: (1) no imaging, (2) isoflurane anesthesia only, (3) 4 mGy CT, (4) 50 mGy CT, and (5) CE-CT (iomeprol). In addition, half of each group was treated with the multikinase inhibitor regorafenib. Mice were imaged 3 times within 1 week under isoflurane anesthesia. Behavioral alterations were investigated by score sheet evaluation, rotarod test, heart rate measurements, and fecal corticosterone metabolite analysis. Tumor growth was measured daily with a caliper. Tumors were excised at the end of the experiment and histologically examined for blood vessel density, perfusion, and cell proliferation. RESULTS According to the score sheet, animals showed a higher burden after anesthesia administration and in addition with CT imaging ( P < 0.001). Motor coordination was not affected by native CT, but significantly decreased after CE-CT in combination with the tumor therapy ( P < 0.001). Whereas tumor growth and blood vessel density were not influenced by anesthesia or imaging, CT-scanned animals had a higher tumor perfusion ( P < 0.001) and a lower tumor cell proliferation ( P < 0.001) for both radiation doses. The most significant difference was observed between the control and CE-CT groups. CONCLUSION Repeated (CE-) CT imaging of anesthetized animals can lead to an impairment of animal motor coordination and, thus, welfare. Furthermore, these standard CT protocols seem to be capable of inducing alterations in tumor physiology when applied repetitively. These potential effects of native and CE-CT should be carefully considered in preclinical oncological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Baier
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen International University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Rix
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen International University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Milita Darguzyte
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen International University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Renée Michèle Girbig
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen International University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan-Niklas May
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen International University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - René Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen International University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- From the Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen International University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pazzaglia S, Eidemüller M, Lumniczky K, Mancuso M, Ramadan R, Stolarczyk L, Moertl S. Out-of-field effects: lessons learned from partial body exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:485-504. [PMID: 36001144 PMCID: PMC9722818 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Partial body exposure and inhomogeneous dose delivery are features of the majority of medical and occupational exposure situations. However, mounting evidence indicates that the effects of partial body exposure are not limited to the irradiated area but also have systemic effects that are propagated outside the irradiated field. It was the aim of the "Partial body exposure" session within the MELODI workshop 2020 to discuss recent developments and insights into this field by covering clinical, epidemiological, dosimetric as well as mechanistic aspects. Especially the impact of out-of-field effects on dysfunctions of immune cells, cardiovascular diseases and effects on the brain were debated. The presentations at the workshop acknowledged the relevance of out-of-field effects as components of the cellular and organismal radiation response. Furthermore, their importance for the understanding of radiation-induced pathologies, for the discovery of early disease biomarkers and for the identification of high-risk organs after inhomogeneous exposure was emphasized. With the rapid advancement of clinical treatment modalities, including new dose rates and distributions a better understanding of individual health risk is urgently needed. To achieve this, a deeper mechanistic understanding of out-of-field effects in close connection to improved modelling was suggested as priorities for future research. This will support the amelioration of risk models and the personalization of risk assessments for cancer and non-cancer effects after partial body irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA CR-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Eidemüller
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K. Lumniczky
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M. Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA CR-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - R. Ramadan
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - L. Stolarczyk
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 25, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S. Moertl
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Buonanno M, Gonon G, Pandey BN, Azzam EI. The intercellular communications mediating radiation-induced bystander effects and their relevance to environmental, occupational, and therapeutic exposures. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:964-982. [PMID: 35559659 PMCID: PMC9809126 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2078006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The assumption that traversal of the cell nucleus by ionizing radiation is a prerequisite to induce genetic damage, or other important biological responses, has been challenged by studies showing that oxidative alterations extend beyond the irradiated cells and occur also in neighboring bystander cells. Cells and tissues outside the radiation field experience significant biochemical and phenotypic changes that are often similar to those observed in the irradiated cells and tissues. With relevance to the assessment of long-term health risks of occupational, environmental and clinical exposures, measurable genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes have been also detected in the progeny of bystander cells. How the oxidative damage spreads from the irradiated cells to their neighboring bystander cells has been under intense investigation. Following a brief summary of the trends in radiobiology leading to this paradigm shift in the field, we review key findings of bystander effects induced by low and high doses of various types of radiation that differ in their biophysical characteristics. While notable mechanistic insights continue to emerge, here the focus is on the many means of intercellular communication that mediate these effects, namely junctional channels, secreted molecules and extracellular vesicles, and immune pathways. CONCLUSIONS The insights gained by studying radiation bystander effects are leading to a basic understanding of the intercellular communications that occur under mild and severe oxidative stress in both normal and cancerous tissues. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these communications will likely contribute to reducing the uncertainty of predicting adverse health effects following exposure to low dose/low fluence ionizing radiation, guide novel interventions that mitigate adverse out-of-field effects, and contribute to better outcomes of radiotherapeutic treatments of cancer. In this review, we highlight novel routes of intercellular communication for investigation, and raise the rationale for reconsidering classification of bystander responses, abscopal effects, and expression of genomic instability as non-targeted effects of radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Buonanno
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, 10032, USA
| | - Géraldine Gonon
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSESANTE/SERAMED/LRAcc, 92262, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India
| | - Edouard I. Azzam
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Isotopes, Radiobiology & Environment Directorate (IRED), Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sex-Specific Expression of Non-Coding RNA Fragments in Frontal Cortex, Hippocampus and Cerebellum of Rats. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6020011. [PMID: 35466186 PMCID: PMC9036230 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNA fragments (ncRFs) are processed from various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), with the most abundant being those produced from tRNAs. ncRFs were reported in many animal and plant species. Many ncRFs exhibit tissue specificity or/and are affected by stress. There is, however, only a handful of reports that describe differential expression of ncRFs in the brain regions. In this work, we analyzed the abundance of ncRFs processed from four major ncRNAs, including tRNA (tRFs), snoRNA (snoRFs), snRNA (snRFs), and rRNA (rRFs) in the frontal cortex (FC), hippocampus (HIP), and cerebellum (CER) of male and female rats. We found brain-specific and sex-specific differences. Reads mapping to lincRNAs were significantly larger in CER as compared to HIP and CER, while those mapping to snRNAs and tRNA were smaller in HIP than in FC and CER. tRF reads were the most abundant among all ncRF reads, and FC had more reads than HIP and CER. Reads mapping to antisense ncRNAs were significantly larger in females than in males in FC. Additionally, males consistently had more tRF, snRF, and snoRF reads in all brain regions. rRFs were more abundant in males in FC and females in HIP. Several tRFs were significantly underrepresented, including tRF-ValCAC, tRF-ValACC, and tRF-LysCTT in all brain regions. We also found brain- and sex-specific differences in the number of brain function-related mRNA targets. To summarize, we found sex-specific differences in the expression of several ncRNA fragments in various brain regions of healthy rats.
Collapse
|
8
|
Calaf GM, Crispin LA, Roy D, Aguayo F, Muñoz JP, Bleak TC. Gene Signatures Induced by Ionizing Radiation as Prognostic Tools in an In Vitro Experimental Breast Cancer Model. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4571. [PMID: 34572798 PMCID: PMC8465284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the expression of genes involved in radiation, using an Affymetrix system with an in vitro experimental breast cancer model developed by the combined treatment of low doses of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation α particle radiation and estrogen yielding different stages in a malignantly transformed breast cancer cell model called Alpha model. Altered expression of different molecules was detected in the non-tumorigenic Alpha3, a malignant cell line transformed only by radiation and originally derived from the parental MCF-10F human cell line; that was compared with the Alpha 5 cell line, another cell line exposed to radiation and subsequently grown in the presence 17β-estradiol. This Alpha5, a tumorigenic cell line, originated the Tumor2 cell line. It can be summarized that the Alpha 3 cell line was characterized by greater gene expression of ATM and IL7R than control, Alpha5, and Tumor2 cell lines, it presented higher selenoprotein gene expression than control and Tumor2; epsin 3 gene expression was higher than control; stefin A gene expression was higher than Alpha5; and metallothionein was higher than control and Tumor2 cell line. Therefore, radiation, independently of estrogen, induced increased ATM, IL7R, selenoprotein, GABA receptor, epsin, stefin, and metallothioneins gene expression in comparison with the control. Results showed important findings of genes involved in cancers of the breast, lung, nervous system, and others. Most genes analyzed in these studies can be used for new prognostic tools and future therapies since they affect cancer progression and metastasis. Most of all, it was revealed that in the Alpha model, a breast cancer model developed by the authors, the cell line transformed only by radiation, independently of estrogen, was characterized by greater gene expression than other cell lines. Understanding the effect of radiotherapy in different cells will help us improve the clinical outcome of radiotherapies. Thus, gene signature has been demonstrated to be specific to tumor types, hence cell-dependency must be considered in future treatment planning. Molecular and clinical features affect the results of radiotherapy. Thus, using gene technology and molecular information is possible to improve therapies and reduction of side effects while providing new insights into breast cancer-related fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leodan A. Crispin
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Debasish Roy
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos College of the City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10451, USA;
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| | - Tammy C. Bleak
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (L.A.C.); (J.P.M.); (T.C.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar G, Dutta P, Parihar VK, Chamallamudi MR, Kumar N. Radiotherapy and Its Impact on the Nervous System of Cancer Survivors. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:374-385. [PMID: 32640964 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200708125741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is routinely used for the treatment of nearly all brain tumors, but it may lead to progressive and debilitating impairments of cognitive function. The growing evidence supports the fact that radiation exposure to CNS disrupts diverse cognitive functions including learning, memory, processing speed, attention and executive functions. The present review highlights the types of radiotherapy and the possible mechanisms of cognitive deficits and neurotoxicity following radiotherapy. The review summarizes the articles from Scopus, PubMed, and Web of science search engines. Radiation therapy uses high-powered x-rays, particles, or radioactive seeds to kill cancer cells, with minimal damage to healthy cells. While radiotherapy has yielded relative success in the treatment of cancer, patients are often plagued with unwanted and even debilitating side effects from the treatment, which can lead to dose reduction or even cessation of treatment. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of these behavioral toxicities; however, neuroinflammation is widely considered as one of the major mechanisms responsible for radiotherapy-induced toxicities. The present study reviews the different types of radiotherapy available for the treatment of various types of cancers and their associated neurological complications. It also summarizes the doses of radiations used in the variety of radiotherapy, and their early and delayed side effects. Special emphasis is given to the effects of various types of radiations or late side effects on cognitive impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Priyadarshini Dutta
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vipan K Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697- 2695, United States
| | - Mallikarjuna R Chamallamudi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal-576104, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
ATR-FTIR spectroscopy probing of structural alterations in the cellular membrane of abscopal liver cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183726. [PMID: 34375629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we utilize ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to investigate the structural damages in the cell membrane lipids and proteins as a result of the oxidative stress in abscopal liver tissue of rats either whole-body, cranially or lower limb irradiated as compared with sham-irradiated group. We also question whether the original irradiation region would influence the induction of the abscopal effect. The data present compelling evidence that an abscopal effect was induced in the liver tissue following both cranial and lower limb irradiations, marked by damage in the membrane-associated lipids and proteins. Lipid damage manifestation is evident by; 1) decrease in the lipid/protein ratio. 2) Degradation of lipid as marked by the decrease in the area ratio CH 2 asymmetric/CH 3 asymmetric stretching bands. 3) Increase in the carbonyl content evident by the increase in the band area ratio of carbonyl ester/lipid. 4) Increase in the degree of methylation as indicated by the increase in the band area ratio of CH3/lipid. 5) Disorder in the phospholipid acyl chains marked by the shift in the CH2 asymmetric stretching and olefinic HCCH absorption bands. Protein damage was indicated by 1) Shifts in the position of amide I and amide II bands. 2) Decrease in the area ratio amide I/amide II. 3) Broadening in amide II band. Our data strongly suggest similar induction of the abscopal effect as a result of either cranial or lower limb irradiation, which means that the original irradiation region did not influence the induced abscopal effect in the examined system.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li T, Cao Y, Li B, Dai R. The biological effects of radiation-induced liver damage and its natural protective medicine. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 167:87-95. [PMID: 34216638 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The biological damage caused by the environmental factors such as radiation and its control methods are one of the frontiers of life science research that has received widespread attention. Ionizing radiation can directly interact with target molecules (such as DNA, proteins and lipids) or decomposed by radiation from water, leading to changes in oxidative events and biological activities in cells. Liver is a radiation-sensitive organ, and its radiosensitivity is second only to bone marrow, lymph, gastrointestinal tissue, gonads, embryos and kidneys. In addition, as a key organ of mammals, liver performs a series of functions, including the production of bile, the metabolism of nutrients, the elimination of waste, the storage of glycogen, and the synthesis of proteins. Therefore, liver is prone to various pathophysiological changes. In this review, the effects of radiation on liver injury, its pathogenesis, bystander effect and the natural traditional Chinese medicine to protect the radiation induced liver damage are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianmei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanlu Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Rongji Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boerma M, Davis CM, Jackson IL, Schaue D, Williams JP. All for one, though not one for all: team players in normal tissue radiobiology. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:346-366. [PMID: 34129427 PMCID: PMC8781287 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1941383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As part of the special issue on 'Women in Science', this review offers a perspective on past and ongoing work in the field of normal (non-cancer) tissue radiation biology, highlighting the work of many of the leading contributors to this field of research. We discuss some of the hypotheses that have guided investigations, with a focus on some of the critical organs considered dose-limiting with respect to radiation therapy, and speculate on where the field needs to go in the future. CONCLUSIONS The scope of work that makes up normal tissue radiation biology has and continues to play a pivotal role in the radiation sciences, ensuring the most effective application of radiation in imaging and therapy, as well as contributing to radiation protection efforts. However, despite the proven historical value of preclinical findings, recent decades have seen clinical practice move ahead with altered fractionation scheduling based on empirical observations, with little to no (or even negative) supporting scientific data. Given our current appreciation of the complexity of normal tissue radiation responses and their temporal variability, with tissue- and/or organ-specific mechanisms that include intra-, inter- and extracellular messaging, as well as contributions from systemic compartments, such as the immune system, the need to maintain a positive therapeutic ratio has never been more urgent. Importantly, mitigation and treatment strategies, whether for the clinic, emergency use following accidental or deliberate releases, or reducing occupational risk, will likely require multi-targeted approaches that involve both local and systemic intervention. From our personal perspective as five 'Women in Science', we would like to acknowledge and applaud the role that many female scientists have played in this field. We stand on the shoulders of those who have gone before, some of whom are fellow contributors to this special issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isabel L. Jackson
- Division of Translational Radiation Sciences, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline P. Williams
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Radiation-Induced Metabolic Shifts in the Hepatic Parenchyma: Findings from 18F-FDG PET Imaging and Tissue NMR Metabolomics in a Mouse Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092573. [PMID: 33925109 PMCID: PMC8125521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: By taking advantage of 18F-FDG PET imaging and tissue nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics, we examined the dynamic metabolic alterations induced by liver irradiation in a mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: After orthotopic implantation with the mouse liver cancer BNL cells in the right hepatic lobe, animals were divided into two experimental groups. The first received irradiation (RT) at 15 Gy, while the second (no-RT) did not. Intergroup comparisons over time were performed, in terms of 18F-FDG PET findings, NMR metabolomics results, and the expression of genes involved in inflammation and glucose metabolism. Results: As of day one post-irradiation, mice in the RT group showed an increased 18F-FDG uptake in the right liver parenchyma compared with the no-RT group. However, the difference reached statistical significance only on the third post-irradiation day. NMR metabolomics revealed that glucose concentrations peaked on day one post-irradiation both, in the right and left lobes—the latter reflecting a bystander effect. Increased pyruvate and glutamate levels were also evident in the right liver on the third post-irradiation day. The expression levels of the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6PC) and fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase 1 (FBP1) genes were down-regulated on the first and third post-irradiation days, respectively. Therefore, liver irradiation was associated with a metabolic shift from an impaired gluconeogenesis to an enhanced glycolysis from the first to the third post-irradiation day. Conclusion: Radiation-induced metabolic alterations in the liver parenchyma occur as early as the first post-irradiation day and show dynamic changes over time.
Collapse
|
14
|
Out-of-Field Hippocampus from Partial-Body Irradiated Mice Displays Changes in Multi-Omics Profile and Defects in Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084290. [PMID: 33924260 PMCID: PMC8074756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain undergoes ionizing radiation exposure in many clinical situations, particularly during radiotherapy for brain tumors. The critical role of the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced neurocognitive dysfunction is well recognized. The goal of this study is to test the potential contribution of non-targeted effects in the detrimental response of the hippocampus to irradiation and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. C57Bl/6 mice were whole body (WBI) or partial body (PBI) irradiated with 0.1 or 2.0 Gy of X-rays or sham irradiated. PBI consisted of the exposure of the lower third of the mouse body, whilst the upper two thirds were shielded. Hippocampi were collected 15 days or 6 months post-irradiation and a multi-omics approach was adopted to assess the molecular changes in non-coding RNAs, proteins and metabolic levels, as well as histological changes in the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis. Notably, at 2.0 Gy the pattern of early molecular and histopathological changes induced in the hippocampus at 15 days following PBI were similar in quality and quantity to the effects induced by WBI, thus providing a proof of principle of the existence of out-of-target radiation response in the hippocampus of conventional mice. We detected major alterations in DAG/IP3 and TGF-β signaling pathways as well as in the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity and synapse organization, coupled with defects in neural stem cells self-renewal in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, compared to the persistence of the WBI effects, most of the PBI effects were only transient and tended to decrease at 6 months post-irradiation, indicating important mechanistic difference. On the contrary, at low dose we identified a progressive accumulation of molecular defects that tended to manifest at later post-irradiation times. These data, indicating that both targeted and non-targeted radiation effects might contribute to the pathogenesis of hippocampal radiation-damage, have general implications for human health.
Collapse
|
15
|
Lenarczyk M, Laiakis EC, Mattson DL, Johnson BD, Kronenberg A, North PE, Komorowski R, Mäder M, Baker JE. Irradiation of the kidneys causes pathologic remodeling in the nontargeted heart: A role for the immune system. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:705-719. [PMID: 33336158 PMCID: PMC7734425 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is a frequent and significant adverse event associated with radiotherapy for cancer. Identifying the underlying mechanism responsible for radiation injury to the heart will allow interventions to be developed. In the present study, we tested if local kidney irradiation results in remodeling of the shielded, nontargeted heart. One kidney, two kidneys, or the total body of male WAG and Dahl SS rats were irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays. Local kidney irradiation resulted in systemic hypertension, increased BUN, infiltration of T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages into the renal cortex and medulla, and renal fibrosis. Local irradiation of kidneys in WAG rats resulted in remodeling in the nontargeted heart after 120 days, manifested by perivascular fibrosis and increased interventricular septal thickness, but was not seen in Dahl SS rats due to a high baseline level of fibrosis in the sham-irradiated animals. Genetic depletion of T cells mitigated the nephropathy after local kidney irradiation, indicating a role for the immune system in mediating this outcome. Local kidney irradiation resulted in a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low-molecular weight metabolites into the circulation associated with transmission of signals resulting in pathologic remodeling in the nontargeted heart. A new model is proposed whereby radiation-induced cardiac remodeling in susceptible animals is indirect, with lower hemi body organs such as the kidney exporting factors into the circulation that cause remodeling outside of the irradiated field in the shielded, nontargeted heart. This nontargeted effect appears to be mediated, in part, by the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles yield predictive markers of cranial irradiation exposure in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9460. [PMID: 31263197 PMCID: PMC6603161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation exposure to the brain is common for patients with a variety of CNS related malignancies. This exposure is known to induce structural and functional alterations to the brain, impacting dendritic complexity, spine density and inflammation. Over time, these changes are associated with cognitive decline. However, many of these impacts are only observable long after irradiation. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells in nearly all known tissues, with roles in many disease pathologies. EVs are becoming an important target for identifying circulating biomarkers. The aim of this study is to identify minimally invasive biomarkers of ionizing radiation damage to the CNS that are predictors of late responses that manifest as persistent cognitive impairments. Using a clinically relevant 9 Gy irradiation paradigm, we exposed mice to cranial (head only) irradiation. Using metabolomic and lipidomic profiling, we analyzed their plasma and plasma-derived EVs two days and two weeks post-exposure to detect systemic signs of damage. We identified significant changes associated with inflammation in EVs. Whole-plasma profiling provided further evidence of systemic injury. These studies are the first to demonstrate that profiling of plasma-derived EVs may be used to study clinically relevant markers of ionizing radiation toxicities to the brain.
Collapse
|
17
|
El-Missiry MA, Othman AI, El-Sawy MR, Lebede MF. Neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on radiation-induced damage and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:798-808. [PMID: 29939076 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1492755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on radiation-induced cell death and damage in the hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wister rats received oral treatment with EGCG at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/d for 3 d before 4 Gy γ irradiation. RESULTS The pretreatment of irradiated rats with EGCG significantly ameliorated the increased plasma levels of homocysteine, amyloid β, TNF-α and IL-6 levels and the decrease of dopamine and serotonin. Pretreatment with EGCG also significantly ameliorated the irradiation-induced increase in the 4-HNE and protein carbonyl levels and the decreased antioxidants including glutathione level, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the hippocampus. EGCG treatment prior to radiation exposure protected against DNA damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus. The increase in the levels of p53, Cytochrome-c, Bax and caspases 3 and 9 in the hippocampus were significantly ameliorated with a significant increase in Bcl-2. These changes were supported by marked protection of the dentate gyrus that exhibited a similar histological structure of the control animals. CONCLUSIONS EGCG can attenuate the severity of radiation-induced damage and cell death in hippocampus recommending polyphenols as successful option for protecting against radiation-induced hippocampal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Missiry
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt.,b Prince Sultan Military Collage of Health Sciences , Dhahran , KSA
| | - Azza I Othman
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R El-Sawy
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Mohamad F Lebede
- c Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Medical Technology , Tobruk University , Tobruk , Libya
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Samuel P, Mulcahy LA, Furlong F, McCarthy HO, Brooks SA, Fabbri M, Pink RC, Carter DRF. Cisplatin induces the release of extracellular vesicles from ovarian cancer cells that can induce invasiveness and drug resistance in bystander cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0065. [PMID: 29158318 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor overall survival that is partly caused by resistance to drugs such as cisplatin. Resistance can be acquired as a result of changes to the tumour or due to altered interactions within the tumour microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small lipid-bound vesicles that are loaded with macromolecular cargo and released by cells, are emerging as mediators of communication in the tumour microenvironment. We previously showed that EVs mediate the bystander effect, a phenomenon in which stressed cells can communicate with neighbouring naive cells leading to various effects including DNA damage; however, the role of EVs released following cisplatin treatment has not been tested. Here we show that treatment of cells with cisplatin led to the release of EVs that could induce invasion and increased resistance when taken up by bystander cells. This coincided with changes in p38 and JNK signalling, suggesting that these pathways may be involved in mediating the effects. We also show that EV uptake inhibitors could prevent this EV-mediated adaptive response and thus sensitize cells in vitro to the effects of cisplatin. Our results suggest that preventing pro-tumourigenic EV cross-talk during chemotherapy is a potential therapeutic target for improving outcome in ovarian cancer patients.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Samuel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Laura Ann Mulcahy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Fiona Furlong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Susan Ann Brooks
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California-Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Ryan Charles Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sokolov M, Neumann R. Changes in gene expression as one of the key mechanisms involved in radiation-induced bystander effect. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:99-111. [PMID: 30013775 PMCID: PMC6036822 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) refers to the manifestation of responses by non-targeted/non-hit cells or tissues situated in proximity to cells and tissues directly exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). The RIBE is elicited by agents and factors released by IR-hit cells. The growing body of data suggests that the underlying mechanisms of the RIBE are multifaceted depending both on the biological (characteristics of directly IR-exposed cells, bystander cells, intercellular milieu) and the physical (dose, rate and type of IR, time after exposure) factors/parameters. Although the exact identity of bystander signal(s) is yet to be identified, the published data indicate changes in gene expression for multiple types of RNA (mRNA, microRNA, mitochondrial RNA, long non-coding RNA, small nucleolar RNA) as being one of the major responses of cells and tissues in the context of the RIBE. Gene expression profiles demonstrate a high degree of variability between distinct bystander cell and tissue types. These alterations could independently, or in a signaling cascade, result in the manifestation of readily observable endpoints, including changes in viability and genomic instability. Here, the relevant publications on the gene candidates and signaling pathways involved in the RIBE are reviewed, and a framework for future studies, both in vitro and in vivo, on the genetic aspect of the RIBE is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mykyta Sokolov
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald Neumann
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kovalchuk A, Ilnytskyy Y, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Katz A, Sidransky D, Kolb B, Kovalchuk O. Growth of Triple Negative and Progesterone Positive Breast Cancer Causes Oxidative Stress and Down-Regulates Neuroprotective Transcription Factor NPAS4 and NPAS4-Regulated Genes in Hippocampal Tissues of TumorGraft Mice-an Aging Connection. Front Genet 2018; 9:58. [PMID: 29556248 PMCID: PMC5845109 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While the refinement of existing and the development of new chemotherapeutic regimens has significantly improved cancer treatment outcomes and patient survival, chemotherapy still causes many persistent side effects. Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity is of particular concern, as cancer patients experience significant deficits in memory, learning, cognition, and decision-making. These chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes are termed chemo brain, and manifest in more than half of cancer survivors. Moreover, recent studies have emerged suggesting that neurocognitive deficits manifest prior to cancer diagnosis and treatment, and thus may be associated with tumor presence, a phenomenon recently termed “tumor brain.” To dissect the molecular mechanisms of tumor brain, we used TumorGraftTM models, wherein part of a patient's tumor is grafted into immune-deficient mice. Here, we analyzed molecular changes in the hippocampal tissues of mice carrying triple negative (TNBC) or progesterone receptor positive (PR+BC) xenografts. TNBC growth led to increased oxidative damage, as detected by elevated levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the growth of TNBC and PR+BC tumors altered global gene expression in the murine hippocampus and affected multiple pathways implicated in PI3K-Akt and MAPK signaling, as well as other pathways crucial for the proper functioning of hippocampal neurons. TNBC and PR+BC tumor growth also led to a significant decrease in the levels of neuronal transcription factor NPAS4, a regulator that governs the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and several other key brain neurotrophic factors and pro-survival molecules. The decreased expression of ERK1/2, NPAS4, and BDNF are also seen in neurodegenerative conditions and aging, and may constitute an important tumor brain mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovalchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,Leaders in Medicine Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yaroslav Ilnytskyy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Katz
- Department of Oncology, Champions Oncology, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Oncology, Champions Oncology, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kovalchuk A, Ilnytskyy Y, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Katz A, Sidransky D, Kolb B, Kovalchuk O. Growth of malignant extracranial tumors alters microRNAome in the prefrontal cortex of TumorGraft mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88276-88293. [PMID: 29179434 PMCID: PMC5687604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide array of central nervous system complications, neurological deficits, and cognitive impairments occur and persist as a result of systemic cancer and cancer treatments. This condition is known as chemo brain and it affects over half of cancer survivors. Recent studies reported that cognitive impairments manifest before chemotherapy and are much broader than chemo brain alone, thereby adding in tumor brain as a component. The molecular mechanisms of chemo brain are under-investigated, and the mechanisms of tumor brain have not been analyzed at all. The frequency and timing, as well as the long-term persistence, of chemo brain and tumor brain suggest they may be epigenetic in nature. MicroRNAs, small, single-stranded non-coding RNAs, constitute an important part of the cellular epigenome and are potent regulators of gene expression. miRNAs are crucial for brain development and function, and are affected by a variety of different stresses, diseases and conditions. However, nothing is known about the effects of extracranial tumor growth or chemotherapy agents on the brain microRNAome. We used the well-established TumorGraft ™ mouse models of triple negative (TNBC) and progesterone receptor positive (PR+BC) breast cancer, and profiled global microRNAome changes in tumor-bearing mice upon chemotherapy, as compared to untreated tumor-bearing mice and intact mice. Our analysis focused on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), based on its roles in memory, learning, and executive functions, and on published data showing the PFC is a target in chemo brain. This is the first study showing that tumor presence alone significantly impacted the small RNAome of PFC tissues. Both tumor growth and chemotherapy treatment affected the small RNAome and altered levels of miRNAs, piRNAs, tRNAs, tRNA fragments and other molecules involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Amongst those, miRNA changes were the most pronounced, involving several miRNA families, such as the miR-200 family and miR-183/96/182 cluster; both were deregulated in tumor-bearing and chemotherapy-treated animals. We saw that miRNA deregulation was associated with altered levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which plays an important role in cognition and memory and is one of the known miRNA targets. BDNF downregulation has been associated with an array of neurological conditions and could be one of the mechanisms underlying tumor brain and chemo brain. In the future our study could serve as a roadmap for further analysis of cancer and chemotherapy's neural side effects, and differentially expressed miRNAs should be explored as potential tumor brain and chemo brain biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovalchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,Leaders in Medicine Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yaroslav Ilnytskyy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Amanda Katz
- Department of Oncology, Champions Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Oncology, Champions Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kovalchuk A, Kolb B. Low dose radiation effects on the brain - from mechanisms and behavioral outcomes to mitigation strategies. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1266-1270. [PMID: 28656797 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1320003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the most recent estimates by the Canadian Cancer Society, 2 in 5 Canadians will develop cancer in their lifetimes. More than half of all cancer patients receive some type of radiation therapy, and all patients undergo radiation-based diagnostics. While radiation is one of the most important diagnostic and treatments modalities, high-dose cranial radiation therapy causes numerous central nervous system side-effects, including declines in cognitive function, memory, and attention. While the mechanisms of these effects have been studies, they still need to be further elucidated. On the other hand, the effects of low dose radiation as well as indirect radiation bystander effects on the brain remain elusive. We pioneered analysis of the molecular and cellular effects of low dose direct, bystander and scatter radiation on the brain. Using a rat model, we showed that low dose radiation exposures cause molecular and cellular changes in the brain and impacts animal behavior. Here we reflect upon our recent findings and current state of knowledge in the field, and suggest novel radiation effect biomarkers and means of prevention. We propose strategies and interventions to prevent and mitigate radiation effects on the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovalchuk
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , AB , Canada.,b Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Alberta Epigenetics Network , AB , Canada
| | - Bryan Kolb
- a Department of Neuroscience , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , AB , Canada.,b Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , Toronto , ON , Canada.,c Alberta Epigenetics Network , AB , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
A reaction-diffusion model for radiation-induced bystander effects. J Math Biol 2016; 75:341-372. [PMID: 28035423 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-016-1090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We develop and analyze a reaction-diffusion model to investigate the dynamics of the lifespan of a bystander signal emitted when cells are exposed to radiation. Experimental studies by Mothersill and Seymour 1997, using malignant epithelial cell lines, found that an emitted bystander signal can still cause bystander effects in cells even 60 h after its emission. Several other experiments have also shown that the signal can persist for months and even years. Also, bystander effects have been hypothesized as one of the factors responsible for the phenomenon of low-dose hyper-radiosensitivity and increased radioresistance (HRS/IRR). Here, we confirm this hypothesis with a mathematical model, which we fit to Joiner's data on HRS/IRR in a T98G glioma cell line. Furthermore, we use phase plane analysis to understand the full dynamics of the signal's lifespan. We find that both single and multiple radiation exposure can lead to bystander signals that either persist temporarily or permanently. We also found that, in an heterogeneous environment, the size of the domain exposed to radiation and the number of radiation exposures can determine whether a signal will persist temporarily or permanently. Finally, we use sensitivity analysis to identify those cell parameters that affect the signal's lifespan and the signal-induced cell death the most.
Collapse
|
24
|
Koturbash I, Jadavji NM, Kutanzi K, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Kogosov D, Metz GA, Kovalchuk O. Fractionated low-dose exposure to ionizing radiation leads to DNA damage, epigenetic dysregulation, and behavioral impairment. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2016; 2:dvw025. [PMID: 29492301 PMCID: PMC5804539 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies of Fractionated Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation (FELDIR) has become of increasing importance to clinical interventions. Its consequences on DNA damage, physical, and mental health have been insufficiently investigated, however. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of FELDIR on the brain using a mouse model. We addressed the levels of DNA damage, global genomic methylation, and DNA methylation machinery in cerebellum, frontal lobe, olfactory bulb and hippocampal tissues, as well as behavioral changes linked to FELDIR exposure. The results reveal increased levels of DNA damage, as reflected by increased occurrence of DNA Strand Breaks (SBs) and dysregulation of stress-response kinase p38. FELDIR also resulted in initial loss of global genomic methylation and altered expression of methyltransferases DNMT1 (down-regulation) and DNMT3a (up-regulation), as well as methyl-binding protein MeCP2 (up-regulation). FELDIR-associated behavioral changes included impaired skilled limb placement on a ladder rung task, increased rearing activity in an open field, and elevated anxiety-like behaviors. The said alterations showed significant dose and tissue specificity. Thus, FELDIR represents a critical impact on DNA integrity and behavioral outcomes that need to be considered in the design of clinical intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Koturbash
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Nafisa M. Jadavji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Kristy Kutanzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Rocio Rodriguez-Juarez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Dmitry Kogosov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
| | - Gerlinde A.S. Metz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
- Alberta Epigenetics Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K3M4
- Alberta Epigenetics Network, Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kovalchuk A, Mychasiuk R, Muhammad A, Hossain S, Ilnytskyy Y, Ghose A, Kirkby C, Ghasroddashti E, Kolb B, Kovalchuk O. Profound and Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Clinically-Relevant Low Dose Scatter Irradiation on the Brain and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:84. [PMID: 27375442 PMCID: PMC4891337 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiated cells can signal damage and distress to both close and distant neighbors that have not been directly exposed to the radiation (naïve bystanders). While studies have shown that such bystander effects occur in the shielded brain of animals upon body irradiation, their mechanism remains unexplored. Observed effects may be caused by some blood-borne factors; however they may also be explained, at least in part, by very small direct doses received by the brain that result from scatter or leakage. In order to establish the roles of low doses of scatter irradiation in the brain response, we developed a new model for scatter irradiation analysis whereby one rat was irradiated directly at the liver and the second rat was placed adjacent to the first and received a scatter dose to its body and brain. This work focuses specifically on the response of the latter rat brain to the low scatter irradiation dose. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence that very low, clinically relevant doses of scatter irradiation alter gene expression, induce changes in dendritic morphology, and lead to behavioral deficits in exposed animals. The results showed that exposure to radiation doses as low as 0.115 cGy caused changes in gene expression and reduced spine density, dendritic complexity, and dendritic length in the prefrontal cortex tissues of females, but not males. In the hippocampus, radiation altered neuroanatomical organization in males, but not in females. Moreover, low dose radiation caused behavioral deficits in the exposed animals. This is the first study to show that low dose scatter irradiation influences the brain and behavior in a sex-specific way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovalchuk
- Department of Neuroscience, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada; Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richelle Mychasiuk
- Department of Psychology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arif Muhammad
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Shakhawat Hossain
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Yaroslav Ilnytskyy
- Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Abhijit Ghose
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health Services Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Charles Kirkby
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health ServicesLethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of CalgaryAB, Canada
| | - Esmaeel Ghasroddashti
- Jack Ady Cancer Center, Alberta Health ServicesLethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Physics and Astronomy and Department of Oncology, University of CalgaryAB, Canada
| | - Bryan Kolb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada; Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced ResearchToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Alberta Epigenetics NetworkCalgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of LethbridgeLethbridge, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|