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Erdogan S, Serttas R, Dibirdik I, Turkekul K. Multifaceted impact of adipose conditioned media: Obesity-driven promotion of prostate cancer and cancer stem cell dynamics. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3979. [PMID: 38481004 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for the development and progression of prostate cancer (PC). This study used adipose conditioned media (ACM) from differentiated adipocytes to assess its effect on PC development and aggressiveness. Due to limited research on ACM's impact on isolated PC stem cells (PCSCs), we also examined CD44+ PCSCs. ACM notably boosted interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-8 production in normal prostate epithelial cells and LNCaP cells. It also increased IL-6 and IL-8 production in PC3 and CD44+ LNCaP cells, and IL-1β and IL-6 production in CD44+ PC3 cells. This indicates that ACM induces the production of inflammatory cytokines in both cancer and prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, ACM promoted proliferation in androgen receptor (AR)-negative PC3 cells, CD44+ PC3 PCSCs, and nonmalignant RWPE cells, without affecting AR-positive LNCaP cells. In addition, ACM-enhanced invasion and migration potential in both PC3 and CD44+ PC3 cells. Western blot analysis indicated the involvement of NF-κB and AKT pathways in ACM-induced proliferation in PC3 cells and NF-κB in PCSCs. In ACM-treated PC3 cells, E-cadherin was downregulated, while N-cadherin, Snail, vimentin, fibronectin, and Twist were upregulated, suggesting ACM-induced invasion via classical epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathways. In response to ACM, PCSCs exhibited increased expression of E-cadherin, Snail, and vimentin, which are partial EMT markers promoting stemness and resistance to apoptosis. In addition, increased expressions of Nanog, Oct3/4, survivin, and Bcl-2 were observed. Although the molecules we studied have diverse effects on cellular regulation, our data emphasize obesity's multifaceted role in promoting and aggressing PC, notably affecting PCSC populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suat Erdogan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Türkiye
| | - Riza Serttas
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Türkiye
| | - Ilker Dibirdik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Türkiye
| | - Kader Turkekul
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Balkan Campus, Edirne, Türkiye
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2
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Borlongan MC, Saha D, Wang H. Tumor Microenvironment: A Niche for Cancer Stem Cell Immunotherapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:3-24. [PMID: 37861969 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenic Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), often called tumor-initiating cells (TICs), represent a unique subset of cells within the tumor milieu. They stand apart from the bulk of tumor cells due to their exceptional self-renewal, metastatic, and differentiation capabilities. Despite significant progress in classifying CSCs, these cells remain notably resilient to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, contributing to cancer recurrence. In this review, our objective is to explore novel avenues of research that delve into the distinctive characteristics of CSCs within their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). We will start with an overview of the defining features of CSCs and then delve into their intricate interactions with cells from the lymphoid lineage, namely T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, we will discuss their dynamic interplay with myeloid lineage cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Moreover, we will illuminate the crosstalk between CSCs and cells of mesenchymal origin, specifically fibroblasts, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. Subsequently, we will underscore the pivotal role of CSCs within the context of the tumor-associated extracellular matrix (ECM). Finally, we will highlight pre-clinical and clinical studies that target CSCs within the intricate landscape of the TME, including CAR-T therapy, oncolytic viruses, and CSC-vaccines, with the ultimate goal of uncovering novel avenues for CSC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia C Borlongan
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | - Dipongkor Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
- Master Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Graduate Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science College of Medicine, California Northstate University, 9700 West Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA.
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3
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Wang J, Zheng M, Yang X, Zhou X, Zhang S. The Role of Cathepsin B in Pathophysiologies of Non-tumor and Tumor tissues: A Systematic Review. J Cancer 2023; 14:2344-2358. [PMID: 37576397 PMCID: PMC10414043 DOI: 10.7150/jca.86531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB), a lysosomal cysteine protease, plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. CTSB is associated with various human diseases, and its expression level and activity are closely related to disease progression and severity. Physiologically, CTSB is integrated into almost all lysosome-related processes, including protein turnover, degradation, and lysosome-mediated cell death. CTSB can lead to the development of various pathological processes through degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. During tumor development and progression, CTSB has two opposing effects. Its pro-apoptotic properties reduce malignancy, while its proteolytic enzymatic activity promotes invasion and metastasis, thereby inducing malignancy. Here, we discuss the roles of CTSB in tumor and non-tumor disease pathophysiologies. We conclude that targeting the activity or expression of CTSB may be important for treating tumor and non-tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P.R. China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R. China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
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Bunnell BA, Martin EC, Matossian MD, Brock CK, Nguyen K, Collins-Burow B, Burow ME. The effect of obesity on adipose-derived stromal cells and adipose tissue and their impact on cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:549-573. [PMID: 35999486 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The significant increase in the incidence of obesity represents the next global health crisis. As a result, scientific research has focused on gaining deeper insights into obesity and adipose tissue biology. As a result of the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, obesity results from hyperplasia and hypertrophy within the adipose tissue. The functional alterations in the adipose tissue are a confounding contributing factor to many diseases, including cancer. The increased incidence and aggressiveness of several cancers, including colorectal, postmenopausal breast, endometrial, prostate, esophageal, hematological, malignant melanoma, and renal carcinomas, result from obesity as a contributing factor. The increased morbidity and mortality of obesity-associated cancers are attributable to increased hormones, adipokines, and cytokines produced by the adipose tissue. The increased adipose tissue levels observed in obese patients result in more adipose stromal/stem cells (ASCs) distributed throughout the body. ASCs have been shown to impact cancer progression in vitro and in preclinical animal models. ASCs influence tumor biology via multiple mechanisms, including the increased recruitment of ASCs to the tumor site and increased production of cytokines and growth factors by ASCs and other cells within the tumor stroma. Emerging evidence indicates that obesity induces alterations in the biological properties of ASCs, subsequently leading to enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis of cancer cells. As the focus of this review is the interaction and impact of ASCs on cancer, the presentation is limited to preclinical data generated on cancers in which there is a demonstrated role for ASCs, such as postmenopausal breast, colorectal, prostate, ovarian, multiple myeloma, osteosarcoma, cervical, bladder, and gastrointestinal cancers. Our group has investigated the interactions between obesity and breast cancer and the mechanisms that regulate ASCs and adipocytes in these different contexts through interactions between cancer cells, immune cells, and other cell types present in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are discussed. The reciprocal and circular feedback loop between obesity and ASCs and the mechanisms by which ASCs from obese patients alter the biology of cancer cells and enhance tumorigenesis will be discussed. At present, the evidence for ASCs directly influencing human tumor growth is somewhat limited, though recent clinical studies suggest there may be some link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Bunnell
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
| | - Elizabeth C Martin
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Margarite D Matossian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of Chicago, IL, Chicago, USA
| | - Courtney K Brock
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Khoa Nguyen
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bridgette Collins-Burow
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Matthew E Burow
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Arman T, Nelson PS. Endocrine and paracrine characteristics of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1012005. [PMID: 36440195 PMCID: PMC9691667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1012005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common malignancy affecting men worldwide. While the vast majority of newly diagnosed prostate cancers are categorized as adenocarcinomas, a spectrum of uncommon tumor types occur including those with small cell and neuroendocrine cell features. Benign neuroendocrine cells exist in the normal prostate microenvironment, and these cells may give rise to primary neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, the more common development of neuroendocrine prostate cancer is observed after therapeutics designed to repress the signaling program regulated by the androgen receptor which is active in the majority of localized and metastatic adenocarcinomas. Neuroendocrine tumors are identified through immunohistochemical staining for common markers including chromogranin A/B, synaptophysin and neuron specific enolase (NSE). These markers are also common to neuroendocrine tumors that arise in other tissues and organs such as the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, lung and skin. Notably, neuroendocrine prostate cancer shares biochemical features with nerve cells, particularly functions involving the secretion of a variety of peptides and proteins. These secreted factors have the potential to exert local paracrine effects, and distant endocrine effects that may modulate tumor progression, invasion, and resistance to therapy. This review discusses the spectrum of factors derived from neuroendocrine prostate cancers and their potential to influence the pathophysiology of localized and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarana Arman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Peter S. Nelson,
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Sangster AB, Chang-McDonald B, Patel J, Bockett N, Paterson E, Davis PF, Tan ST. Expression of cathepsins B and D by cancer stem cells in head and neck metastatic malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2021; 31:426-438. [PMID: 34116545 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulations in head and neck metastatic malignant melanoma (HNmMM), and the expression of components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) by these CSCs. Cathepsins B, D and G are involved in carcinogenesis and constitute bypass loops of the RAS. This study investigated the expression and localization of cathepsins B, D and G, in relation to these CSCs. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated expression of cathepsins B, D and G in HNmMM sections from all 20 patients. Western blotting confirmed the presence of cathepsins B and D proteins in all six HNmMM tissue samples and four HNmMM-derived primary cell lines. RT-qPCR showed transcript expression of cathepsins B, D and G in all six HNmMM tissue samples, and cathepsins B and D but not cathepsin G in all four HNmMM-derived primary cell lines. Enzymatic activity assays demonstrated cathepsins B and D were active in all six HNmMM tissue samples. Immunofluorescence staining performed on two of the HNmMM tissue samples demonstrated expression of cathepsins B and D by the CSCs, and cathepsin G by cells within the peritumoral stroma. Our novel findings suggest the possibility of targeting these CSCs by modulation of paracrine RAS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Josie Patel
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Erin Paterson
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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7
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Obesity-related gut hormones and cancer: novel insight into the pathophysiology. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:1886-1898. [PMID: 34088971 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of cancers attributed to obesity is increasing over time. The mechanisms classically implicated in cancer pathogenesis and progression in patients with obesity involve adiposity-related alteration of insulin, sex hormones, and adipokine pathways. However, they do not fully capture the complexity of the association between obesity-related nutritional imbalance and cancer. Gut hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells along the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutritional cues, and act as nutrient sensors, regulating eating behavior and energy homeostasis and playing a role in immune-modulation. The dysregulation of gastrointestinal hormone physiology has been implicated in obesity pathogenesis. For their peculiar function, at the cross-road between nutrients intake, energy homeostasis and inflammation, gut hormones might represent an important but still underestimated mechanism underling the obesity-related high incidence of cancer. In addition, cancer research has revealed the widespread expression of gut hormone receptors in neoplastic tissues, underscoring their implication in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion processes that characterize tumor growth and aggressiveness. In this review, we hypothesize that obesity-related alterations in gut hormones might be implicated in cancer pathogenesis, and provide evidence of the pathways potentially involved.
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Wang H, Xu F, Yang F, Lv L, Jiang Y. Prognostic significance and oncogene function of cathepsin A in hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14611. [PMID: 34272452 PMCID: PMC8285409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin A (CTSA) is a lysosomal protease that regulates galactoside metabolism. The previous study has shown CTSA is abnormally expressed in various types of cancer. However, rarely the previous study has addressed the role of CTSA in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its prognostic value. To study the clinical value and potential function of CTSA in HCC, datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and a 136 HCC patient cohort were analyzed. CTSA expression was found to be significantly higher in HCC patients compared with normal liver tissues, which was supported by immunohistochemistry (IHC) validation. Both gene ontology (GO) and The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses demonstrated that CTSA co-expressed genes were involved in ATP hydrolysis coupled proton transport, carbohydrate metabolic process, lysosome organization, oxidative phosphorylation, other glycan degradation, etc. Survival analysis showed a significant reduction both in overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with high CTSA expression from both the TCGA HCC cohort and 136 patients with the HCC cohort. Furthermore, CTSA overexpression has diagnostic value in distinguishing between HCC and normal liver tissue [Area under curve (AUC) = 0.864]. Moreover, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed that CTSA expression correlated with the oxidative phosphorylation, proteasome, and lysosome, etc. in HCC tissues. These findings demonstrate that CTSA may as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxiang Wang
- The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfeng Xu
- The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Team, No. 156 The Second West Ring Road, Fuzhou, 350025, Fu Jian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Team, No. 156 The Second West Ring Road, Fuzhou, 350025, Fu Jian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Lv
- The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Team, No. 156 The Second West Ring Road, Fuzhou, 350025, Fu Jian Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Jiang
- The Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistic Team, No. 156 The Second West Ring Road, Fuzhou, 350025, Fu Jian Province, People's Republic of China.
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Pan T, Lin SC, Lee YC, Yu G, Song JH, Pan J, Titus M, Satcher RL, Panaretakis T, Logothetis C, Yu-Lee LY, Lin SH. Statins reduce castration-induced bone marrow adiposity and prostate cancer progression in bone. Oncogene 2021; 40:4592-4603. [PMID: 34127814 PMCID: PMC8384136 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A fraction of patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) will develop recurrent castrate-resistant PCa (CRPC) in bone. Strategies to prevent CRPC relapse in bone are lacking. Here we show that the cholesterol-lowering drugs statins decrease castration-induced bone marrow adiposity in the tumor microenvironment and reduce PCa progression in bone. Using primary bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) and M2-10B4 cells, we showed that ADT increases bone marrow adiposity by enhancing BMSC-to-adipocyte transition in vitro. Knockdown of androgen receptor abrogated BMSC-to-adipocyte transition, suggesting an androgen receptor-dependent event. RNAseq analysis showed that androgens reduce the secretion of adipocyte hormones/cytokines including leptin during BMSC-to-adipocyte transition. Treatment of PCa C4-2b, C4-2B4, and PC3 cells with leptin led to an increase in cell cycle progression and nuclear Stat3. RNAseq analysis also showed that androgens inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, raising the possibility that inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis may decrease BMSC-to-adipocyte transition. Indeed, statins decreased BMSC-to-adipocyte transition in vitro and castration-induced bone marrow adiposity in vivo. Statin pre-treatment reduced 22RV1 PCa progression in bone after ADT. Our findings with statin may provide one of the mechanisms to the clinical correlations that statin use in patients undergoing ADT seems to delay progression to "lethal" PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Song-Chang Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guoyu Yu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jian H Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jing Pan
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert L Satcher
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Cheng BKC, Castellani D, Chan ISH, Baker A, Gauhar V, Wroclawski ML, Santamaria HT, Tanidir Y, Enikeev D, Chan VWS, Ng CF, Herrmann T, Teoh JYC. Incidence, predictive factors and oncological outcomes of incidental prostate cancer after endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol 2021; 40:87-101. [PMID: 34142230 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review aims at reporting the incidence, predictive factors, and the oncological outcomes of incidental prostate cancer (IPCa) in men who underwent endoscopic enucleation of prostate (EEP). METHODS A literature search was performed using the following Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms and keywords: "Prostatic Neoplasms", "Prostate Cancer", "Transurethral Resection of Prostate", "Prostate resection", "Prostate enucleation". Meta-analysis was performed if there were two or more studies reporting the same outcome under the same definition. In case of insufficient data, results were presented in a narrative manner. RESULTS Sixty-one studies were included in qualitative synthesis and 55 were included in meta-analysis. The pooled IPCa rate was 0.08 (95% CI 0.073-0.088). Increasing age, higher preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, higher preoperative PSA density (PSAD), smaller prostate volume, higher postoperative PSA velocity and lower enucleated prostate weight, were reported to have significant correlation with IPCa. In BPH patients, the mean pre-operative and post-operative PSA levels were 5.58 ± 1.48 ng/dL and 1.06 ± 0.27 ng/dL, respectively. In patients with IPCa, the mean pre-operative and post-operative PSA levels were 7.72 ± 2.90 ng/dL and 2.77 ± 1.66 ng/dL, respectively. The mean percentage PSA reduction was 82.0% ± 1.8% for BPH patients and 68.2% ± 12.1% for IPCa patients. IPCa was most commonly managed by active surveillance (68.7%). CONCLUSIONS The pooled incidence of IPCa after EEP was 8%. An absolute post-operative PSA level of < 2.0 and a percentage PSA reduction of > 70% should be expected in BPH patients after EEP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Castellani
- Department of Urology, University Hospital "Ospedali Riuniti" and Polytechnic University of Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ivan Sik-Hei Chan
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abu Baker
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vineet Gauhar
- Department of Urology, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, NUHS, Jurong East, Singapore
| | - Marcelo Langer Wroclawski
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- BP-a Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Yiloren Tanidir
- Department of Urology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Dmitry Enikeev
- Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vinson Wai-Shun Chan
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Fai Ng
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Department of Urology, Spital Thurgau AG, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
- Department of Urology, Hanover Medical School (MHH), Hanover, Germany
| | - Jeremy Yuen-Chun Teoh
- S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Fujimoto T, Tsunedomi R, Matsukuma S, Yoshimura K, Oga A, Fujiwara N, Fujiwara Y, Matsui H, Shindo Y, Tokumitsu Y, Suzuki N, Kobayashi S, Hazama S, Eguchi H, Nagano H. Cathepsin B is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and is associated with patients' surgical outcomes. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:30. [PMID: 33240436 PMCID: PMC7681200 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) in solid tumors are resistant to conventional chemotherapy and molecularly targeted therapy, which is thought to contribute to cancer recurrence and metastasis. The present study aimed to identify biomarkers for pancreatic CSLCs (P-CSLCs). Using our previously reported methods, P-CSLC-enriched populations were generated from pancreatic cancer cell lines. The protein expression profiles of these populations were compared with those of parental cells using two-dimensional electrophoresis, tandem mass spectrometry, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Protein expression in surgical specimens was also evaluated for relationships with clinical outcomes. A lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin B (CTSB), was significantly upregulated in P-CSLCs compared with that in the parental cells, as shown using western blotting. Flow cytometry analysis also confirmed that CTSB was more highly expressed on the surface of P-CSLCs compared with that on parental cells. Moreover, PCLCs had elevated cellular secretions of CTSB compared with the parental cells. Finally, CTSB expression was evaluated in 69 resected tumor specimens, and high expression was associated with the patients' clinicopathological features and surgical outcomes. The present results suggested that CTSB is a biomarker for poor survival in patients with pancreatic cancer, which is possibly associated with P-CSLCs. This novel biomarker may also have potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsukuma
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Clinical Research in Tumor Immunology, Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
| | - Atsunori Oga
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yukio Tokumitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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12
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Sulfiredoxin as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Advanced and Metastatic Prostate Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2148562. [PMID: 32411320 PMCID: PMC7201699 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2148562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing, and it is currently the second most frequent cause of death by cancer in men. Despite advancements in cancer therapies, new therapeutic approaches are still needed for treatment-refractory advanced metastatic PCa. Cross-species analysis presents a robust strategy for the discovery of new potential therapeutic targets. This strategy involves the integration of genomic data from genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) and human PCa datasets. Considering the role of antioxidant pathways in tumor initiation and progression, we searched oxidative stress-related genes for a potential therapeutic target for PCa. First, we analyzed RNA-sequencing data from Pb-Cre4; Ptenf/f mice and discovered an increase in sulfiredoxin (Srxn1) mRNA expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (medium-stage tumors), and poor-differentiated adenocarcinoma (advanced-stage prostate tumors). The increase of SRXN1 protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in mouse prostate tumor paraffin samples. Analyses of human databases and prostate tissue microarrays demonstrated that SRXN1 is overexpressed in a subset of high-grade prostate tumors and correlates with aggressive PCa with worse prognosis and decreased survival. Analyses in vitro showed that SRXN1 expression is also higher in most PCa cell lines compared to normal cell lines. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated downregulation of SRXN1 led to decreased viability of PCa cells LNCaP. In conclusion, we identified the antioxidant enzyme SRXN1 as a potential therapeutic target for PCa. Our results suggest that the use of specific SRXN1 inhibitors may be an effective strategy for the adjuvant treatment of castration-resistant PCa with SRXN1 overexpression.
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13
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Cancer Stem Cells: Powerful Targets to Improve Current Anticancer Therapeutics. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9618065. [PMID: 31781251 PMCID: PMC6874936 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9618065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A frequent observation in several malignancies is the development of resistance to therapy that results in frequent tumor relapse and metastasis. Much of the tumor resistance phenotype comes from its heterogeneity that halts the ability of therapeutic agents to eliminate all cancer cells effectively. Tumor heterogeneity is, in part, controlled by cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC may be considered the reservoir of cancer cells as they exhibit properties of self-renewal and plasticity and the capability of reestablishing a heterogeneous tumor cell population. The endowed resistance mechanisms of CSC are mainly attributed to several factors including cellular quiescence, accumulation of ABC transporters, disruption of apoptosis, epigenetic reprogramming, and metabolism. There is a current need to develop new therapeutic drugs capable of targeting CSC to overcome tumor resistance. Emerging in vitro and in vivo studies strongly support the potential benefits of combination therapies capable of targeting cancer stem cell-targeting agents. Clinical trials are still underway to address the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of combination treatment. This review will address the main characteristics, therapeutic implications, and perspectives of targeting CSC to improve current anticancer therapeutics.
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14
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Role of the Microenvironment in Regulating Normal and Cancer Stem Cell Activity: Implications for Breast Cancer Progression and Therapy Response. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091240. [PMID: 31450577 PMCID: PMC6770706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cells in an adult woman’s breast tissue are continuously replaced throughout their reproductive life during pregnancy and estrus cycles. Such extensive epithelial cell turnover is governed by the primitive mammary stem cells (MaSCs) that proliferate and differentiate into bipotential and lineage-restricted progenitors that ultimately generate the mature breast epithelial cells. These cellular processes are orchestrated by tightly-regulated paracrine signals and crosstalk between breast epithelial cells and their tissue microenvironment. However, current evidence suggests that alterations to the communication between MaSCs, epithelial progenitors and their microenvironment plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. In this article, we review the current knowledge regarding the role of the breast tissue microenvironment in regulating the special functions of normal and cancer stem cells. Understanding the crosstalk between MaSCs and their microenvironment will provide new insights into how an altered breast tissue microenvironment could contribute to breast cancer development, progression and therapy response and the implications of this for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to target cancer stem cells.
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15
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Sabol RA, Giacomelli P, Beighley A, Bunnell BA. Adipose Stem Cells and Cancer: Concise Review. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1261-1266. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.3050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Sabol
- Center for Stem Cell Research; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Paulina Giacomelli
- Center for Stem Cell Research; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Adam Beighley
- Center for Stem Cell Research; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research; Tulane University School of Medicine; New Orleans Louisiana USA
- Department of Pharmacology; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine; Tulane National Primate Research Center; Covington Louisiana USA
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16
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Tang KD, Liu J, Russell PJ, Clements JA, Ling MT. Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019. [PMID: 30866453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051164,] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that gamma-tocotrienol (γ-T3), a vitamin E isomer, has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers. γ-T3 not only inhibited the growth and survival of cancer cells in vitro, but also suppressed angiogenesis and tumour metastasis under in vivo conditions. Recently, γ-T3 was found to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to suppression of tumour formation and chemosensitisation. Despite its promising anti-cancer potential, the exact mechanisms responsible for the effects of γ-T3 are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of Ang-1 (Angiopoietin-1)/Tie-2 as a novel γ-T3 downstream target. In prostate cancer cells, γ-T3 treatment leads to the suppression of Ang-1 at both the mRNA transcript and protein levels. Supplementing the cells with Ang-1 was found to protect them against the anti-CSC effect of γ-T3. Intriguingly, inactivation of Tie-2, a member receptor that mediates the effect of Ang-1, was found to significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of γ-T3 through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequent interruption of autophagy. Our results highlighted the therapeutic potential of using γ-T3 in combination with a Tie-2 inhibitor to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dun Tang
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Ji Liu
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Pamela J Russell
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Judith A Clements
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
| | - Ming-Tat Ling
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland & Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology and The Translational Research Institute, Queensland 4102, Australia.
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17
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Gamma-Tocotrienol Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeting the Ang-1/Tie-2 Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051164. [PMID: 30866453 PMCID: PMC6429150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that gamma-tocotrienol (γ-T3), a vitamin E isomer, has potent anti-cancer properties against a wide-range of cancers. γ-T3 not only inhibited the growth and survival of cancer cells in vitro, but also suppressed angiogenesis and tumour metastasis under in vivo conditions. Recently, γ-T3 was found to target cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to suppression of tumour formation and chemosensitisation. Despite its promising anti-cancer potential, the exact mechanisms responsible for the effects of γ-T3 are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of Ang-1 (Angiopoietin-1)/Tie-2 as a novel γ-T3 downstream target. In prostate cancer cells, γ-T3 treatment leads to the suppression of Ang-1 at both the mRNA transcript and protein levels. Supplementing the cells with Ang-1 was found to protect them against the anti-CSC effect of γ-T3. Intriguingly, inactivation of Tie-2, a member receptor that mediates the effect of Ang-1, was found to significantly enhance the cytotoxic effect of γ-T3 through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and subsequent interruption of autophagy. Our results highlighted the therapeutic potential of using γ-T3 in combination with a Tie-2 inhibitor to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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18
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Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine cathepsins: Their biological and molecular significance in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Araujo TF, Cordeiro AV, Vasconcelos DAA, Vitzel KF, Silva VRR. The role of cathepsin B in autophagy during obesity: A systematic review. Life Sci 2018; 209:274-281. [PMID: 30107168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates energy homeostasis by releasing adipokines and modulating cell maintenance. Nutrient excess affects adipocyte hypertrophy directly in WAT by increasing excessively the activity of autophagy systems, generating proinflammatory markers and increasing infiltration of macrophages, causing metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Evidences suggest that cathepsin B (CTSB), a papain-like cysteine peptidase protein, can modulate autophagy processes in adipocytes. This review will focus on the role of CTSB in autophagy under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Araujo
- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kaio F Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To investigate the association between obesity and prostate cancer (PCa). RECENT FINDINGS Obesity has been proposed to be involved in the pathogenesis of PCa through different biological mechanisms that include deregulation of the insulin axis, sex hormone secretion, adipokines signaling, and oxidative stress. Hypertrophic peritumoral adipocytes may also facilitate the local spread of PCa through the chemo-attraction of tumor cells. Clinical studies demonstrate that obesity might have clinical implications also in disease detection and management. Obese men have been shown to be less likely to be diagnosed with early-stage disease. Moreover, they are at increased risk of experiencing upgrading and upstaging when managed with active surveillance. However, the association between obesity and the risk of PCa recurrence and mortality after radical treatment is still debated. SUMMARY Obesity may facilitate the development and progression of PCa trough different biologic mechanisms that may pose obese men at higher risk of advanced and high-grade disease. However, the association between obesity and long-term oncologic outcome after radical treatments appears unclear.
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21
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Impact of Obesity on Long-Term Urinary Incontinence after Radical Prostatectomy: A Meta-Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8279523. [PMID: 29850573 PMCID: PMC5903323 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8279523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a known risk factor for prostate cancer progression and may contribute to poor treatment outcomes. However, little is known concerning the relationship between obesity (body mass index [BMI] ⩾ 30) and the urinary incontinence (UI) of patients after radical prostatectomy (RP). The goal of this study was to focus on the prevalence and duration of UI after RP with specific attention to the BMI. Subsequently, trials were identified in a literature search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using appropriate search terms. All comparative studies reporting BMI, study characteristics, and outcome data including the relationship between BMI and urinary incontinence data were included. Finally, four studies comprising 6 trials with 2890 participants were included. The results showed that obesity increased UI risk at 12 months in patients who underwent robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RLRP) (odds ratio [OR] 2.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.21, 4.88], P = 0.01). When stratified by the surgical methods, the pooled results showed that obesity increased UI risk at 24 months in patients who underwent RLRP (OR 2.00, 95% CI [1.57, 2.56], P < 0.001). However, in patients who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), the pooled results showed that obesity does not increase UI risk at 24 months (OR 1.13, 95% CI [0.74, 1.72], P = 0.58). This is the first study to include obesity as the primary independent variable. Outcomes indicate that obesity (BMI ≥ 30) may increase the UI risk at 12 and 24 months after RLRP. Well-designed randomized controlled trials with strict control of confounders are needed to make results comparable.
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22
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Abstract
Solid tumor growth and metastasis require the interaction of tumor cells with the surrounding tissue, leading to a view of tumors as tissue-level phenomena rather than exclusively cell-intrinsic anomalies. Due to the ubiquitous nature of adipose tissue, many types of solid tumors grow in proximate or direct contact with adipocytes and adipose-associated stromal and vascular components, such as fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells, stem and progenitor cells, endothelial cells, innate and adaptive immune cells, and extracellular signaling and matrix components. Excess adiposity in obesity both increases risk of cancer development and negatively influences prognosis in several cancer types, in part due to interaction with adipose tissue cell populations. Herein, we review the cellular and noncellular constituents of the adipose "organ," and discuss the mechanisms by which these varied microenvironmental components contribute to tumor development, with special emphasis on obesity. Due to the prevalence of breast and prostate cancers in the United States, their close anatomical proximity to adipose tissue depots, and their complex epidemiologic associations with obesity, we particularly highlight research addressing the contribution of adipose tissue to the initiation and progression of these cancer types. Obesity dramatically modifies the adipose tissue microenvironment in numerous ways, including induction of fibrosis and angiogenesis, increased stem cell abundance, and expansion of proinflammatory immune cells. As many of these changes also resemble shifts observed within the tumor microenvironment, proximity to adipose tissue may present a hospitable environment to developing tumors, providing a critical link between adiposity and tumorigenesis. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:237-282, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J. Cozzo
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashley M. Fuller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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23
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Zhang S, Lei R, Wu J, Shan J, Hu Z, Chen L, Ren X, Yao L, Wang J, Wang X. Role of high mobility group A1 and body mass index in the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5719-5726. [PMID: 29113200 PMCID: PMC5661362 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) protein is associated with poor prognosis in patients with a wide range of cancers. However, the affect of HMGA1 on the risk of mortality from breast cancer (BC) has not been fully characterized. In the present retrospective multiple center study, the HMGA1 expression level was determined by performing immunohistochemistry on surgical tissue samples of 273 BC specimens from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (Zhejiang, China) and 310 BCs from the National Engineering Center for Biochip (Shanghai, China). Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were employed to analyze the survivability. HMGA1 expression was significantly associated with tumor histological degree and body mass index (BMI). However, HMGA1 expression showed no prognostic value in patients with BC. Combined evaluation of HMGA1 expression and high BMI (≥24 kg/m2) predicted worse overall survival of BC. Therefore, HMGA1 and BMI were considered to serve synergistic roles in the development and progression of BC, and combined evaluation of HMGA1 expression and high BMI may be an effective marker in predicting poor prognosis of BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Rui Lei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jinlan Shan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zujian Hu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xingchang Ren
- Department of Pathology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Lifang Yao
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China.,Department of Cancer Institute, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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24
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Cancer Stem Cells and Their Microenvironment: Biology and Therapeutic Implications. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3714190. [PMID: 28337221 PMCID: PMC5346399 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3714190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor consists of heterogeneous cancer cells including cancer stem cells (CSCs) that can terminally differentiate into tumor bulk. Normal stem cells in normal organs regulate self-renewal within a stem cell niche. Likewise, accumulating evidence has also suggested that CSCs are maintained extrinsically within the tumor microenvironment, which includes both cellular and physical factors. Here, we review the significance of stromal cells, immune cells, extracellular matrix, tumor stiffness, and hypoxia in regulation of CSC plasticity and therapeutic resistance. With a better understanding of how CSC interacts with its niche, we are able to identify potential therapeutic targets for the development of more effective treatments against cancer.
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