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Shang J, Song F, Zhang Z, Chen D, Yang S. Application of novel CRISPR tools in brain therapy. Life Sci 2024; 352:122855. [PMID: 38908787 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based genome editing toolkit has been widely used to modify the genome sequence of organisms. As the CRISPR toolbox continues to grow and new CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins are discovered, its applications have expanded beyond conventional genome editing. This now encompass epigenetic editing, gene expression control, and various other functions. Notably, these advancements are finding practical application in the treatment of brain diseases. Furthermore, the amalgamation of CRISPR and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) technologies has emerged as a potential approach for disease treatment. With this in mind, this review commences by offering a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in CRISPR gene editing tools. This encompasses an exploration of various Cas proteins, gene expression control, epigenetic editing, base editing and primer editing. Additionally, we present an in-depth examination of the manifold applications of these innovative CRISPR tools in the realms of brain therapeutics, such as neurodegenerative diseases, neurological syndromes and genetic disorders, epileptic disorders, and brain tumors, also explore the pathogenesis of these diseases. This includes their utilization in modeling, gene screening, therapeutic gene editing, as well as their emerging synergy with CAR-T technology. Finally, we discuss the remaining technical challenges that need to be addressed for effective utilization of CRISPR tools in disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fei Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Di Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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2
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Banda A, Impomeni O, Singh A, Baloch AR, Hu W, Jaijyan DK. Precision in Action: The Role of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas in Gene Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:636. [PMID: 38932365 PMCID: PMC11209408 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)-associated enzyme-CAS holds great promise for treating many uncured human diseases and illnesses by precisely correcting harmful point mutations and disrupting disease-causing genes. The recent Food and Drug Association (FDA) approval of the first CRISPR-based gene therapy for sickle cell anemia marks the beginning of a new era in gene editing. However, delivering CRISPR specifically into diseased cells in vivo is a significant challenge and an area of intense research. The identification of new CRISPR/Cas variants, particularly ultra-compact CAS systems with robust gene editing activities, paves the way for the low-capacity delivery vectors to be used in gene therapies. CRISPR/Cas technology has evolved beyond editing DNA to cover a wide spectrum of functionalities, including RNA targeting, disease diagnosis, transcriptional/epigenetic regulation, chromatin imaging, high-throughput screening, and new disease modeling. CRISPR/Cas can be used to engineer B-cells to produce potent antibodies for more effective vaccines and enhance CAR T-cells for the more precise and efficient targeting of tumor cells. However, CRISPR/Cas technology has challenges, including off-target effects, toxicity, immune responses, and inadequate tissue-specific delivery. Overcoming these challenges necessitates the development of a more effective and specific CRISPR/Cas delivery system. This entails strategically utilizing specific gRNAs in conjunction with robust CRISPR/Cas variants to mitigate off-target effects. This review seeks to delve into the intricacies of the CRISPR/Cas mechanism, explore progress in gene therapies, evaluate gene delivery systems, highlight limitations, outline necessary precautions, and scrutinize the ethical considerations associated with its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrutha Banda
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Olivia Impomeni
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing Township, NJ 08618, USA
| | - Aparana Singh
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Agartala 799046, India;
| | - Abdul Rasheed Baloch
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
| | - Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA;
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3
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Pasupuleti V, Vora L, Prasad R, Nandakumar DN, Khatri DK. Glioblastoma preclinical models: Strengths and weaknesses. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189059. [PMID: 38109948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.189059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a highly malignant brain tumor with significant intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity known for its aggressive nature and poor prognosis. The complex signaling cascade that regulates this heterogeneity makes targeted drug therapy ineffective. The development of an optimal preclinical model is crucial for the comprehension of molecular heterogeneity and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. The ideal model should establish a relationship between various oncogenes and their corresponding responses. This review presents an analysis of preclinical in vivo and in vitro models that have contributed to the advancement of knowledge in model development. The experimental designs utilized in vivo models consisting of both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice induced with intracranial glioma. The transgenic model was generated using various techniques, like the viral vector delivery system, transposon system, Cre-LoxP model, and CRISPR-Cas9 approaches. The utilization of the patient-derived xenograft model in glioma research is valuable because it closely replicates the human glioma microenvironment, providing evidence of tumor heterogeneity. The utilization of in vitro techniques in the initial stages of research facilitated the comprehension of molecular interactions. However, these techniques are inadequate in reproducing the interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). As a result, bioengineered 3D-in vitro models, including spheroids, scaffolds, and brain organoids, were developed to cultivate glioma cells in a three-dimensional environment. These models have enabled researchers to understand the influence of ECM on the invasive nature of tumors. Collectively, these preclinical models effectively depict the molecular pathways and facilitate the evaluation of multiple molecules while tailoring drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasavi Pasupuleti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lalitkumar Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Renuka Prasad
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Moonsuk Medical Research Building, 516, 5th floor, 73 Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 12841, Republic of Korea
| | - D N Nandakumar
- Department of Neurochemistry National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Gulati P, Singh CV. The Crucial Role of Molecular Biology in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e52246. [PMID: 38352075 PMCID: PMC10863367 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology shines a light of hope amid the complex terrain of cancer, bringing revolutionary approaches to cancer treatment. Instead of providing a synopsis, this review presents an engaging story that sheds light on the genetic nuances controlling the course of cancer. This review goes beyond just listing genetic alterations to examine the complex interactions that lead to oncogene activation, exploring particular triggers such as viral infections or proto-oncogene mutations. A comprehensive grasp of the significant influence of oncogenes is possible through the classification and clarification of their function in various types of cancer. Furthermore, the role of tumor suppressor genes in controlling cell division and preventing tumor growth is fully explained, providing concrete examples and case studies to ground the conversation and create a stronger story. This study highlights the practical applications of molecular biology and provides a comprehensive overview of various detection and treatment modalities. It emphasizes the effectiveness of RNA analysis, immunohistochemistry, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) in cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction. Examples include the individualized classification of breast cancers through RNA profiling, the use of NGS to identify actionable mutations such as epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase in lung cancer, and the use of immunohistochemical staining for proteins such as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene to guide treatment decisions in colorectal cancer. This paper carefully examines how molecular biology is essential to creating new strategies to fight this difficult and widespread illness. It highlights the exciting array of available therapeutic approaches, offering concrete instances of how clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9), targeted pharmaceuticals, immunotherapy, and treatments that induce apoptosis are driving a paradigm shift in cancer care. The revolutionary CRISPR-Cas9 system takes center stage, showcasing how precise gene editing could transform cancer therapy. This study concludes by fervently highlighting the critical role that molecular biology plays in reducing the complexity of cancer and changing the treatment landscape. It lists accomplishments but also thoughtfully examines cases and findings that progress our search for more precisely customized and effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisha Gulati
- Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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5
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Navickas SM, Giles KA, Brettingham-Moore KH, Taberlay PC. The role of chromatin remodeler SMARCA4/BRG1 in brain cancers: a potential therapeutic target. Oncogene 2023:10.1038/s41388-023-02773-9. [PMID: 37433987 PMCID: PMC10374441 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The chromatin remodeler SMARCA4/BRG1 is a key epigenetic regulator with diverse roles in coordinating the molecular programs that underlie brain tumour development. BRG1 function in brain cancer is largely specific to the tumour type and varies further between tumour subtypes, highlighting its complexity. Altered SMARCA4 expression has been linked to medulloblastoma, low-grade gliomas such as oligodendroglioma, high-grade gliomas such as glioblastoma and atypical/teratoid rhabdoid tumours. SMARCA4 mutations in brain cancer predominantly occur in the crucial catalytic ATPase domain, which is associated with tumour suppressor activity. However, SMARCA4 is opposingly seen to promote tumourigenesis in the absence of mutation and through overexpression in other brain tumours. This review explores the multifaceted interaction between SMARCA4 and various brain cancer types, highlighting its roles in tumour pathogenesis, the pathways it regulates, and the advances that have been made in understanding the functional relevance of mutations. We discuss developments made in targeting SMARCA4 and the potential to translate these to adjuvant therapies able to enhance current methods of brain cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Navickas
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Katherine A Giles
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Kate H Brettingham-Moore
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia
| | - Phillippa C Taberlay
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
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6
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Quader S, Kataoka K, Cabral H. Nanomedicine for brain cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114115. [PMID: 35077821 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CNS tumors remain among the deadliest forms of cancer, resisting conventional and new treatment approaches, with mortality rates staying practically unchanged over the past 30 years. One of the primary hurdles for treating these cancers is delivering drugs to the brain tumor site in therapeutic concentration, evading the blood-brain (tumor) barrier (BBB/BBTB). Supramolecular nanomedicines (NMs) are increasingly demonstrating noteworthy prospects for addressing these challenges utilizing their unique characteristics, such as improving the bioavailability of the payloadsviacontrolled pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, BBB/BBTB crossing functions, superior distribution in the brain tumor site, and tumor-specific drug activation profiles. Here, we review NM-based brain tumor targeting approaches to demonstrate their applicability and translation potential from different perspectives. To this end, we provide a general overview of brain tumor and their treatments, the incidence of the BBB and BBTB, and their role on NM targeting, as well as the potential of NMs for promoting superior therapeutic effects. Additionally, we discuss critical issues of NMs and their clinical trials, aiming to bolster the potential clinical applications of NMs in treating these life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Quader
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 212-0821, Japan.
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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7
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Li G, Li X, Zhuang S, Wang L, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Sun W, Wu Z, Zhou Z, Chen J, Huang X, Wang J, Li D, Li W, Wang H, Wei W. Gene editing and its applications in biomedicine. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:660-700. [PMID: 35235150 PMCID: PMC8889061 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The steady progress in genome editing, especially genome editing based on the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and programmable nucleases to make precise modifications to genetic material, has provided enormous opportunities to advance biomedical research and promote human health. The application of these technologies in basic biomedical research has yielded significant advances in identifying and studying key molecular targets relevant to human diseases and their treatment. The clinical translation of genome editing techniques offers unprecedented biomedical engineering capabilities in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease or disability. Here, we provide a general summary of emerging biomedical applications of genome editing, including open challenges. We also summarize the tools of genome editing and the insights derived from their applications, hoping to accelerate new discoveries and therapies in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Songkuan Zhuang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Liren Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yangcan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zeguang Wu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Gene Editing Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Bejing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Haoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Wensheng Wei
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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8
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Luo J, Junaid M, Hamid N, Duan JJ, Yang X, Pei DS. Current understanding of gliomagenesis: from model to mechanism. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:2071-2079. [PMID: 36483593 PMCID: PMC9724244 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.77287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma, a kind of central nervous system (CNS) tumor, is hard to cure and accounts for 32% of all CNS tumors. Establishing a stable glioma model is critically important to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Various core signaling pathways have been identified in gliomagenesis, such as RTK/RAS/PI3K, TP53, and RB1. Traditional methods of establishing glioma animal models have included chemical induction, xenotransplantation, and genetic modifications (RCAS/t-va system, Cre-loxP, and TALENs). Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has emerged as an efficient gene editing tool with high germline transmission and has extended the scope of stable and efficient glioma models that can be generated. Therefore, this review will highlight the documented evidence about the molecular characteristics, critical genetic markers, and signaling pathways responsible for gliomagenesis and progression. Moreover, methods of establishing glioma models using gene editing techniques and therapeutic aspects will be discussed. Finally, the prospect of applying gene editing in glioma by using CRISPR/Cas9 strategy and future research directions to establish a stable glioma model are also included in this review. In-depth knowledge of glioma signaling pathways and use of CRISPR/Cas9 can greatly assist in the development of a stable, efficient, and spontaneous glioma model, which can ultimately improve the effectiveness of therapeutic responses and cure glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Luo
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Naima Hamid
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Jing Duan
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: De-Sheng Pei, E-mail: ; Xiaojun Yang, E-mail:
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: De-Sheng Pei, E-mail: ; Xiaojun Yang, E-mail:
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9
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Haddad AF, Young JS, Amara D, Berger MS, Raleigh DR, Aghi MK, Butowski NA. Mouse models of glioblastoma for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab100. [PMID: 34466804 PMCID: PMC8403483 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite an aggressive standard of care that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and ionizing radiation. Mouse models have advanced our understanding of GBM biology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GBM patients. However, model selection is crucial when testing developmental therapeutics, and each mouse model of GBM has unique advantages and disadvantages that can influence the validity and translatability of experimental results. To shed light on this process, we discuss the strengths and limitations of 3 types of mouse GBM models in this review: syngeneic models, genetically engineered mouse models, and xenograft models, including traditional xenograft cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Haddad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob S Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dominic Amara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Corresponding Author: Nicholas A. Butowski, MD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Ave Eighth Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA ()
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10
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Zhang C, Jin M, Zhao J, Chen J, Jin W. Organoid models of glioblastoma: advances, applications and challenges. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2242-2257. [PMID: 32905502 PMCID: PMC7471358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality and poor clinical prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are concerns for many GBM patients as well as clinicians and researchers. The lack of a preclinical model that can easily be established and accurately recapitulate tumour biology and the tumour microenvironment further complicates GBM research and its clinical translation. GBM organoids (GBOs) are promising high-fidelity models that can be applied to model the disease, develop drugs, establish a living biobank, mimic therapeutic responses and explore personalized therapy. However, GBO models face some challenges, including deficient immune responses, absent vascular system and controversial reliability. In recent years, considerable progress has been achieved in the improvement of brain tumour organoid models and research based on such models. In addition to the traditional cultivation method, these models can be cultivated via genetic engineering and co-culture of cerebral organoids and GBM. In this review, we summarize the applications of GBM organoids and related advances and provide our opinions on associated limitations and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaocai Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikou, PR China
| | - Mingzhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai, PR China
| | - Jiannong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan General Hospital/Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical UniversityHaikou, PR China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, PR China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai, PR China
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11
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Cacabelos R. Pharmacogenomics of drugs used to treat brain disorders. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2020.1738217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Cacabelos
- International Center of Neuroscience and Genomic Medicine, EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Corunna, Spain
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12
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Safari F, Sharifi M, Farajnia S, Akbari B, Karimi Baba Ahmadi M, Negahdaripour M, Ghasemi Y. The interaction of phages and bacteria: the co-evolutionary arms race. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2019; 40:119-137. [PMID: 31793351 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2019.1674774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the dawn of life, bacteria and phages are locked in a constant battle and both are perpetually changing their tactics to overcome each other. Bacteria use various strategies to overcome the invading phages, including adsorption inhibition, restriction-modification (R/E) systems, CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins) systems, abortive infection (Abi), etc. To counteract, phages employ intelligent tactics for the nullification of bacterial defense systems, such as accessing host receptors, evading R/E systems, and anti-CRISPR proteins. Intense knowledge about the details of these defense pathways is the basis for their broad utilities in various fields of research from microbiology to biotechnology. Hence, in this review, we discuss some strategies used by bacteria to inhibit phage infections as well as phage tactics to circumvent bacterial defense systems. In addition, the application of these strategies will be described as a lesson learned from bacteria and phage combats. The ecological factors that affect the evolution of bacterial immune systems is the other issue represented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Sharifi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahman Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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13
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Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Gliomas: Technological Developments for Translational Discoveries. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091335. [PMID: 31505839 PMCID: PMC6770673 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common brain tumours, gliomas, have significant morbidity. Detailed biological and genetic understanding of these tumours is needed in order to devise effective, rational therapies. In an era generating unprecedented quantities of genomic sequencing data from human cancers, complementary methods of deciphering the underlying functional cancer genes and mechanisms are becoming even more important. Genetically engineered mouse models of gliomas have provided a platform for investigating the molecular underpinning of this complex disease, and new tools for such models are emerging that are enabling us to answer the most important questions in the field. Here, I discuss improvements to genome engineering technologies that have led to more faithful mouse models resembling human gliomas, including new cre/LoxP transgenic lines that allow more accurate cell targeting of genetic recombination, Sleeping Beauty and piggyBac transposons for the integration of transgenes and genetic screens, and CRISPR-cas9 for generating genetic knockout and functional screens. Applications of these technologies are providing novel insights into the functional genetic drivers of gliomagenesis, how these genes cooperate with one another, and the potential cells-of-origin of gliomas, knowledge of which is critical to the development of targeted treatments for patients in the clinic.
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14
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Luo JJ, Su DS, Xie SL, Liu Y, Liu P, Yang XJ, Pei DS. Hypersensitive assessment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcriptional activity using a novel truncated cyp1a promoter in zebrafish. FASEB J 2018; 32:2814-2826. [PMID: 29298861 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701171r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP), an unintentional byproduct of various industrial processes, and a human carcinogen. The expression of the cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a) gene is upregulated in the presence of TCDD through activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway in a dose-dependent manner. Several essential response elements, including the 8 potential xenobiotic response elements in the cyp1a promoter region, have been identified to be the main functional parts for the response to TCDD. Thus, we aimed to develop a convenient and sensitive biomonitoring tool to examine the level of POPs in the environment and evaluate its potential human health risks by TCDD. Here, we established a transgenic zebrafish model with a red fluorescent reporter gene ( mCherry) using the truncated cyp1a promoter. Under exposure to TCDD, the expression pattern of mCherry in the reporter zebrafish mirrored that of endogenous cyp1a mRNA, and the primary target tissues for TCDD were the brain vessels, liver, gut, cloaca, and skin. Our results indicated that exposure of the embryos to TCDD at concentrations as low as 0.005 nM for 48 h, which did not elicit morphologic abnormalities in the embryos, markedly increased mCherry expression. In addition, the reporter embryos responded to other POPs, and primary liver cell culture of zebrafish revealed that Cyp1a protein was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of liver cells. Furthermore, our transgenic fish embryos demonstrated that TCDD exposure can regulate the expression levels of several tumor-related factors, including epidermal growth factor, TNF-α, C-myc, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, TGF-β, serine/threonine kinase (Akt), and phosphorylated Akt, suggesting that our transgenic fish can be used as a sensitive model to evaluate the carcinogenicity induced by TCDD exposure.-Luo, J.-J., Su, D.-S., Xie, S.-L., Liu, Y., Liu, P., Yang, X.-J., Pei D.-S. Hypersensitive assessment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor transcriptional activity using a novel truncated cyp1a promoter in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Luo
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Su
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Shao-Lin Xie
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yang
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
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15
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Jin MZ, Han RR, Qiu GZ, Ju XC, Lou G, Jin WL. Organoids: An intermediate modeling platform in precision oncology. Cancer Lett 2018; 414:174-180. [PMID: 29174804 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer harbors variable heterogeneity and plasticity. Thus far, our comprehension is greatly based on cell lines, organoids, and patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs). Organoids are a three-dimensional in vitro culture platform constructed from self-organizing stem cells. They can almost accurately recapitulate tumor heterogeneity and microenvironment "in a dish," which surpass established cell lines and are not as expensive and time-consuming as PDTXs. As an intermediate model, tumor organoids are also used to study the fundamental issues of tumorigenesis and metastasis. They are specifically applied for drug testing and stored as "living biobanks." In this review, we highlight the translational applications of organoid technologies in tumor research and precision medicine, discuss the advantages and limitations compared with other mentioned methods, and provide our outlook on its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Run-Run Han
- Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Guan-Zhong Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan 250031, PR China
| | - Xiang-Chun Ju
- Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
| | - Ge Lou
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, The Tumor Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, PR China.
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; National Center for Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovational Center for System Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, PR China.
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16
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Imran A, Qamar HY, Ali Q, Naeem H, Riaz M, Amin S, Kanwal N, Ali F, Sabar MF, Nasir IA. Role of Molecular Biology in Cancer Treatment: A Review Article. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 46:1475-1485. [PMID: 29167765 PMCID: PMC5696686 DOI: pmid/29167765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Cancer is a genetic disease and mainly arises due to a number of reasons include activation of onco-genes, malfunction of tumor suppressor genes or mutagenesis due to external factors. Methods: This article was written from the data collected from PubMed, Nature, Science Direct, Springer and Elsevier groups of journals. Results: Oncogenes are deregulated form of normal proto-oncogenes required for cell division, differentiation and regulation. The conversion of proto-oncogene to oncogene is caused due to translocation, rearrangement of chromosomes or mutation in gene due to addition, deletion, duplication or viral infection. These oncogenes are targeted by drugs or RNAi system to prevent proliferation of cancerous cells. There have been developed different techniques of molecular biology used to diagnose and treat cancer, including retroviral therapy, silencing of oncogenes and mutations in tumor suppressor genes. Conclusion: Among all the techniques used, RNAi, zinc finger nucleases and CRISPR hold a brighter future towards creating a Cancer Free World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Imran
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Yasara Qamar
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Naeem
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mariam Riaz
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saima Amin
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naila Kanwal
- Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Fawad Ali
- Dept. of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, Australia
| | | | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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17
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Martinez-Lage M, Torres-Ruiz R, Rodriguez-Perales S. CRISPR/Cas9 Technology: Applications and Human Disease Modeling. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 152:23-48. [PMID: 29150003 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CRISPR/Cas9 system development has revolutionized the field of genome engineering through the efficient creation of targeted breaks in the DNA of almost any organism and cell type, opening an avenue for a wide range of applications in biomedical research and medicine. Apart from gene edition through knock-in or knock-out approaches, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been used for many other purposes, including regulation of endogenous gene expression, epigenome editing, live-cell imaging of chromosomal loci, edition of RNA and high-throughput screening. With all those technological improvements, CRISPR/Cas9 system has broadened the number of alternatives for studying gene function and the generation of more accurate disease models. Although many mechanistic questions remain to be answered and several challenges have yet to be addressed, the use of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome engineering technologies will increase our knowledge of disease processes and their treatment in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Martinez-Lage
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Torres-Ruiz
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sandra Rodriguez-Perales
- Molecular Cytogenetics and Genome Engineering Group, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Zulfiqar HF, Javed A, Sumbal, Afroze B, Ali Q, Akbar K, Nadeem T, Rana MA, Nazar ZA, Nasir IA, Husnain T. HIV Diagnosis and Treatment through Advanced Technologies. Front Public Health 2017; 5:32. [PMID: 28326304 PMCID: PMC5339269 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the chief contributor to global burden of disease. In 2010, HIV was the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in people of all ages and leading cause for people aged 30-44 years. It is classified as a member of the family Retroviridae and genus Lentivirus based on the biological, morphological, and genetic properties. It infects different cells of the immune system, such as CD4+ T cells (T-helper cells), dendritic cells, and macrophages. HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among these strains, HIV-1 is the most virulent and pathogenic. Advanced diagnostic methods are exploring new ways of treatment and contributing in the reduction of HIV cases. The diagnostic techniques like PCR, rapid test, EIA, p24 antigen, and western blot have markedly upgraded the diagnosis of HIV. Antiretroviral therapy and vaccines are promising candidates in providing therapeutic and preventive regimes, respectively. Invention of CRISPR/Cas9 is a breakthrough in the field of HIV disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneeqa Javed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Sumbal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Bakht Afroze
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Khadija Akbar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Tariq Nadeem
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | | | - Zaheer Ahmad Nazar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
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19
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Bredlau AL, McCrackin MA, Motamarry A, Helke K, Chen C, Broome AM, Haemmerich D. Thermal Therapy Approaches for Treatment of Brain Tumors in Animals and Humans. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 44:443-457. [PMID: 29431091 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2017021249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors are often aggressive, with short survival from time of diagnosis even with standard of care therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Thermal therapies have been extensively investigated as both primary and adjuvant therapy. Although thermal therapies are not yet widely used clinically, there have been several promising approaches demonstrated in both animals and humans. This review presents thermal therapy approaches in animal and human studies, including both hyperthermia (temperatures ~42°C-45°C) and thermal ablation (temperatures > 50°C). Hyperthermia is primarily used as adjuvant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and is the most widely studied radiation sensitizer where enhanced efficacy has been shown in human patients with brain cancer. Hyperthermia has additional beneficial effects such as immunogenic effects, and opening of the bloodbrain barrier to potentially enhance drug delivery, for example in combination with nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Thermal ablation uses high temperatures for direct local tumor destruction, and it found its way into clinical use as laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT). This review presents various hyperthermia and ablation approaches, including a review of different devices and methods that have been used for thermal therapies, such as radiofrequency/microwaves, laser, high-intensity focused ultrasound, and magnetic nanoparticles. Current research efforts include the combination of advanced thermal therapy devices, such as focused ultrasound with radiation, as well as the use of thermal therapies to enhance chemotherapy delivery across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Bredlau
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - M A McCrackin
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson VAMC Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Anjan Motamarry
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kris Helke
- Ralph H. Johnson VAMC Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Dieter Haemmerich
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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