1
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Nemerow GR. Integrin-Targeting Strategies for Adenovirus Gene Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:770. [PMID: 38793651 PMCID: PMC11125847 DOI: 10.3390/v16050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous human adenovirus (AdV) types are endowed with arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) sequences that enable them to recognize vitronectin-binding (αv) integrins. These RGD-binding cell receptors mediate AdV entry into host cells, a crucial early step in virus infection. Integrin interactions with adenoviruses not only initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis but also facilitate AdV capsid disassembly, a prerequisite for membrane penetration by AdV protein VI. This review discusses fundamental aspects of AdV-host interactions mediated by integrins. Recent efforts to re-engineer AdV vectors and non-viral nanoparticles to target αv integrins for bioimaging and the eradication of cancer cells will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen R Nemerow
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10666 North Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Mundy RM, Baker AT, Bates EA, Cunliffe TG, Teijeira-Crespo A, Moses E, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Broad sialic acid usage amongst species D human adenovirus. NPJ VIRUSES 2023; 1:1. [PMID: 38665237 PMCID: PMC11041768 DOI: 10.1038/s44298-023-00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are widespread pathogens causing usually mild infections. The Species D (HAdV-D) cause gastrointestinal tract infections and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Despite being significant pathogens, knowledge around HAdV-D mechanism of cell infection is lacking. Sialic acid (SA) usage has been proposed as a cell infection mechanism for EKC causing HAdV-D. Here we highlight an important role for SA engagement by many HAdV-D. We provide apo state crystal structures of 7 previously undetermined HAdV-D fiber-knob proteins, and structures of HAdV-D25, D29, D30 and D53 fiber-knob proteins in complex with SA. Biologically, we demonstrate that removal of cell surface SA reduced infectivity of HAdV-C5 vectors pseudotyped with HAdV-D fiber-knob proteins, whilst engagement of the classical HAdV receptor CAR was variable. Our data indicates variable usage of SA and CAR across HAdV-D. Better defining these interactions will enable improved development of antivirals and engineering of the viruses into refined therapeutic vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Emily A. Bates
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Tabitha G. Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alicia Teijeira-Crespo
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer & Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XN UK
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3
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Preston HE, Bayliss R, Temperton N, Neto MM, Brewer J, Parker AL. Capture and inactivation of viral particles from bioaerosols by electrostatic precipitation. iScience 2023; 26:107567. [PMID: 37664619 PMCID: PMC10470311 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious viral particles in bioaerosols generated during laparoscopic surgery place staff and patients at significant risk of infection and contributed to the postponement of countless surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic causing excess deaths. The implementation of devices that inactivate viral particles from bioaerosols aid in preventing nosocomial viral spread. We evaluated whether electrostatic precipitation (EP) is effective in capturing and inactivating aerosolized enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Using a closed-system model mimicking release of bioaerosols during laparoscopic surgery, known concentrations of each virus were aerosolized, exposed to EP and collected for analysis. We demonstrate that both enveloped and non-enveloped viral particles were efficiently captured and inactivated by EP, which was enhanced by increasing the voltage to 10 kV or using two discharge electrodes together at 8 kV. This study highlights EP as an effective means for capturing and inactivating viral particles in bioaerosols, which may enable continued surgical procedures during future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Preston
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rebecca Bayliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK
| | - Martin Mayora Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham ME4 4BF, UK
| | - Jason Brewer
- Alesi Surgical Ltd, Medicentre, Heath Park Way, Cardiff CF14 4UJ, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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4
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Bates EA, Lovatt C, Plein AR, Davies JA, Siebzehnrubl FA, Parker AL. Engineering Adenoviral Vectors with Improved GBM Selectivity. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051086. [PMID: 37243172 DOI: 10.3390/v15051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive adult brain cancer with an average survival rate of around 15 months in patients receiving standard treatment. Oncolytic adenovirus expressing therapeutic transgenes represent a promising alternative treatment for GBM. Of the many human adenoviral serotypes described to date, adenovirus 5 (HAdV-C5) has been the most utilised clinically and experimentally. However, the use of Ad5 as an anti-cancer agent may be hampered by naturally high seroprevalence rates to HAdV-C5 coupled with the infection of healthy cells via native receptors. To explore whether alternative natural adenoviral tropisms are better suited to GBM therapeutics, we pseudotyped an HAdV-C5-based platform using the fibre knob protein from alternative serotypes. We demonstrate that the adenoviral entry receptor coxsackie, adenovirus receptor (CAR) and CD46 are highly expressed by both GBM and healthy brain tissue, whereas Desmoglein 2 (DSG2) is expressed at a low level in GBM. We demonstrate that adenoviral pseudotypes, engaging CAR, CD46 and DSG2, effectively transduce GBM cells. However, the presence of these receptors on non-transformed cells presents the possibility of off-target effects and therapeutic transgene expression in healthy cells. To enhance the specificity of transgene expression to GBM, we assessed the potential for tumour-specific promoters hTERT and survivin to drive reporter gene expression selectively in GBM cell lines. We demonstrate tight GBM-specific transgene expression using these constructs, indicating that the combination of pseudotyping and tumour-specific promoter approaches may enable the development of efficacious therapies better suited to GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Charlotte Lovatt
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alice R Plein
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Florian A Siebzehnrubl
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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5
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Statkute E, Wang ECY, Stanton RJ. An Optimized CRISPR/Cas9 Adenovirus Vector (AdZ-CRISPR) for High-Throughput Cloning of sgRNA, Using Enhanced sgRNA and Cas9 Variants. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:990-1001. [PMID: 35196879 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus vectors enable highly efficient gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. As a result, they are widely used in gene therapy, vaccination, and anticancer applications. We have previously developed the AdZ vector system, which uses recombineering to permit high-throughput cloning of transgenes into Adenovirus vectors, simplifies alteration of the vector backbone, and enables rapid recovery of infectious virus, even if a transgene is incompatible with vector replication. In this study, we adapt this vector system to enable high-throughput cloning of sequences for CRISPR/Cas9 editing. Vectors were optimized to ensure efficient cloning, and high editing efficiency using spCas9 and single guide RNA (sgRNA) sequences in a single vector. Using a multiplicity of infection of 50, knockout efficiencies of up to 80% could be achieved with a single sgRNA. Vectors were further enhanced by altering the spCas9 sequence to match that of SniperCas9, which has reduced off-target activity, but maintains on-target efficiency, and by applying modifications to the sgRNA sequence that significantly enhance editing efficiency. Thus, the AdZ-CRISPR vectors offer highly efficient knockout, even in hard to transfect cells, and enables large-scale CRISPR/Cas9 projects to be undertaken easily and quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Statkute
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Eddie C Y Wang
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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6
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Bates EA, Davies JA, Váňová J, Nestić D, Meniel VS, Koushyar S, Cunliffe TG, Mundy RM, Moses E, Uusi-Kerttula HK, Baker AT, Cole DK, Majhen D, Rizkallah PJ, Phesse T, Chester JD, Parker AL. Development of a low-seroprevalence, αvβ6 integrin-selective virotherapy based on human adenovirus type 10. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:43-56. [PMID: 35399606 PMCID: PMC8971729 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapies (OV) hold immense clinical potential. OV based on human adenoviruses (HAdV) derived from HAdV with naturally low rates of pre-existing immunity will be beneficial for future clinical translation. We generated a low-seroprevalence HAdV-D10 serotype vector incorporating an αvβ6 integrin-selective peptide, A20, to target αvβ6-positive tumor cell types. HAdV-D10 has limited natural tropism. Structural and biological studies of HAdV-D10 knob protein highlighted low-affinity engagement with native adenoviral receptors CAR and sialic acid. HAdV-D10 fails to engage blood coagulation factor X, potentially eliminating "off-target" hepatic sequestration in vivo. We engineered an A20 peptide that selectively binds αvβ6 integrin into the DG loop of HAdV-D10 fiber knob. Assays in αvβ6+ cancer cell lines demonstrated significantly increased transduction mediated by αvβ6-targeted variants compared with controls, confirmed microscopically. HAdV-D10.A20 resisted neutralization by neutralizing HAdV-C5 sera. Systemic delivery of HAdV-D10.A20 resulted in significantly increased GFP expression in BT20 tumors. Replication-competent HAdV-D10.A20 demonstrated αvβ6 integrin-selective cell killing in vitro and in vivo. HAdV-D10 possesses characteristics of a promising virotherapy, combining low seroprevalence, weak receptor interactions, and reduced off-target uptake. Incorporation of an αvβ6 integrin-selective peptide resulted in HAdV-D10.A20, with significant potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Jana Váňová
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Davor Nestić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerie S. Meniel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Sarah Koushyar
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Tabitha G. Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Elise Moses
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hanni K. Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Toby Phesse
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - John D. Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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7
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Tate SJ, Van de Sande L, Ceelen WP, Torkington J, Parker AL. The Feasibility of Pressurised Intraperitoneal Aerosolised Virotherapy (PIPAV) to Administer Oncolytic Adenoviruses. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2043. [PMID: 34959325 PMCID: PMC8708803 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of patients with peritoneal metastases is poor. Treatment options are limited because systemically delivered chemotherapy is not usually effective in this type of disease. Pressurised intraperitoneal aerosolised chemotherapy (PIPAC) is a recently developed alternative technology for delivering intraperitoneal chemotherapy, potentially enhancing treatment efficacy. Here, we assess the feasibility of pressurised intraperitoneal aerosolised virotherapy (PIPAV) to deliver a different class of anticancer agents, oncolytic adenoviruses, in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Adenoviral vectors expressing reporter genes green fluorescence protein (Ad5.GFP) or firefly luciferase (Ad5.Luc) were subject to pressurised aerosolisation. The ability of the virus to survive PIPAV was assessed in vitro and in vivo by monitoring reporter gene activity. Wistar rats subjected to PIPAV were assessed for any adverse procedure related events. RESULTS In vitro transduction assays demonstrated that Ad5 retained viability following pressurised aerosolisation and could transduce permissive cells equally effectively as non-aerosolised control vector. PIPAV was well tolerated in rats, although minimal transduction was observed following intraperitoneal administration. CONCLUSIONS PIPAV appears viable and well tolerated, though in vivo efficacy requires further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia J. Tate
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Leen Van de Sande
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.d.S.); (W.P.C.)
| | - Wim P. Ceelen
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (L.V.d.S.); (W.P.C.)
| | - Jared Torkington
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK;
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
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Meecham A, Marshall J. Harnessing the power of foot-and-mouth-disease virus for targeting integrin alpha-v beta-6 for the therapy of cancer. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:737-744. [PMID: 33533659 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1878143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The integrin αvβ6 is a promising therapeutic target due to its limited expression in healthy tissue and significant overexpression in cancer and fibrosis. The peptide A20FMDV2, derived from the foot and mouth disease virus, is highly selective for αvβ6, and can be used therapeutically to target αvβ6 expressing cells.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the logic that led to the discovery of A20FMDV2, the importance of its stereochemistry in receptor-binding, and the strategies employed to use it as a molecular-specific drug delivery system. These strategies include creating A20FMDV2-drug conjugates, genetically modifying oncolytic viruses to express A20FMDV2 and thus redirect their tropism to predominantly αvβ6 expressing cells, creation of A20FMDV2 expressing CAR T-cells, and modifying antibody tropism by inserting A20FMDV2 into the CDR3 loop.Expert opinion: αvβ6 is one of the most promising therapeutic targets in cancer and fibrosis discovered in the last few decades. The potential use of A20FMDV2 as a molecular-specific αvβ6-targeting agent is extremely promising, particularly when considering the success of the peptide and its variants in clinical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Meecham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square London, UK
| | - John Marshall
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute-Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square London, UK
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Davies JA, Marlow G, Uusi-Kerttula HK, Seaton G, Piggott L, Badder LM, Clarkson RWE, Chester JD, Parker AL. Efficient Intravenous Tumor Targeting Using the αvβ6 Integrin-Selective Precision Virotherapy Ad5 NULL-A20. Viruses 2021; 13:864. [PMID: 34066836 PMCID: PMC8151668 DOI: 10.3390/v13050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed a refined, tumor-selective adenovirus, Ad5NULL-A20, harboring tropism ablating mutations in each major capsid protein, to ablate all native means of infection. We incorporated a 20-mer peptide (A20) in the fiber knob for selective infection via αvβ6 integrin, a marker of aggressive epithelial cancers. Methods: To ascertain the selectivity of Ad5NULL-A20 for αvβ6-positive tumor cell lines of pancreatic and breast cancer origin, we performed reporter gene and cell viability assays. Biodistribution of viral vectors in mice harboring xenografts with low, medium, and high αvβ6 levels was quantified by qPCR for viral genomes 48 h post intravenous administration. Results: Ad5NULL-A20 vector transduced cells in an αvβ6-selective manner, whilst cell killing mediated by oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 was αvβ6-selective. Biodistribution analysis following intravenous administration into mice bearing breast cancer xenografts demonstrated that Ad5NULL-A20 resulted in significantly reduced liver accumulation coupled with increased tumor accumulation compared to Ad5 in all three models, with tumor-to-liver ratios improved as a function of αvβ6 expression. Conclusions: Ad5NULL-A20-based virotherapies efficiently target αvβ6-integrin-positive tumors following intravenous administration, validating the potential of Ad5NULL-A20 for systemic applications, enabling tumor-selective overexpression of virally encoded therapeutic transgenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Hanni K. Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Gillian Seaton
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (G.S.); (L.P.); (R.W.E.C.)
| | - Luke Piggott
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (G.S.); (L.P.); (R.W.E.C.)
| | - Luned M. Badder
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
| | - Richard W. E. Clarkson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; (G.S.); (L.P.); (R.W.E.C.)
| | - John D. Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (J.A.D.); (G.M.); (H.K.U.-K.); (L.M.B.); (J.D.C.)
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10
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Urquiza M, Guevara V, Diaz-Sana E, Mora F. The Role of αvβ6 Integrin Binding Molecules in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200528124936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidic and non-peptidic αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules have been used in
the clinic for detection and treatment of tumors expressing αvβ6 integrin, because this protein
is expressed in malignant epithelial cells of the oral cavity, pancreas, breast, ovary,
colon and stomach carcinomas but it is not expressed in healthy adult tissue except during
wound healing and inflammation. This review focuses on the landscape of αvβ6 integrinbinding
molecules and their use in cancer treatment and detection, and discusses recent
designs for tumor detection, treatment, and immunotherapy. In the last ten years, several
reviews abamp;#945;vβ6 integrin-binding molecules and their role in cancer detection and treatment.
Firstly, this review describes the role of the αvβ6 integrin in normal tissues, how the expression
of this protein is correlated with cancer severity and its role in cancer development. Taking into account
the potential of αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules in detection and treatment of specific tumors, special
attention is given to several high-affinity αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides used for tumor imaging; particularly,
the αvβ6-binding peptide NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART [A20FMDV2], derived from the foot and mouth
disease virus. This peptide labeled with either 18F, 111In or with 68Ga has been used for PET imaging of αvβ6
integrin-positive tumors. Moreover, αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides have been used for photoacoustic and fluorescence
imaging and could potentially be used in clinical application in cancer diagnosis and intraoperative
imaging of αvβ6-integrin positive tumors. Additionally, non-peptidic αvβ6-binding molecules have been designed
and used in the clinic for the detection and treatment of αvβ6-expressing tumors. Anti-αvβ6 integrin antibodies
are another useful tool for selective identification and treatment of αvβ6 (+) tumors. The utility of
these αvβ6 integrin-binding molecules as a tool for tumor detection and treatment is discussed, considering
specificity, sensitivity and serum stability. Another use of the αvβ6 integrin-binding peptides is to modify the
Ad5 cell tropism for inducing oncolytic activity of αvβ6-integrin positive tumor cells by expressing
A20FMDV2 peptide within the fiber knob protein (Ad5NULL-A20). The newly designed oncolytic
Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapy is promising for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers. Finally,
new evidence has emerged, indicating that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) containing the αvβ6 integrin-
binding peptide on top of CD28+CD3 endodomain displays a potent therapeutic activity in a diverse
repertoire of solid tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Urquiza
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Valentina Guevara
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Erika Diaz-Sana
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
| | - Felipe Mora
- Grupo de Investigacion en Hormonas (GIH), Department of Chemistry, National University of Columbia, Cra 30 # 45-03, Bogota, zip code 111321, Colombia
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11
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Species D Adenoviruses as Oncolytic Viral Vectors. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121399. [PMID: 33291224 PMCID: PMC7762200 DOI: 10.3390/v12121399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic adenoviruses (Ad) have shown promising results in the therapeutic treatment of cancer. Ad type 5 (Ad5) is the most extensively utilized Ad type. However, several limitations exist to using Ad5 as an oncolytic virus, including high levels of anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies in the population, binding of the Ad5 hexon to blood coagulation factor X leading to liver sequestration and toxicity, and reduced expression of the primary receptor CAR on many tumors. Here, we use in vitro methods to explore the oncolytic potential of four alternative Ad types (Ad26, 28, 45, and 48) belonging to the species D Ad subgroup and developed replication-competent species D Ads expressing the human sodium iodide symporter protein (hNIS) for combination radiovirotherapy. We evaluated the species D Ad vectors transduction, replication, cytotoxicity, and gene expression in six different cancer cell lines. Species D Ads showed the greatest transduction and cytotoxic killing in the SKBR3 breast cancer cells, followed by 293, A549, and HepG2 cells, however the cytotoxicity was less than the wild type Ad5 virus. In contrast, species D Ads showed limited transduction and cytotoxicity in the Hela and SKOV3 cancer cell lines. These species D Ad vectors also successfully expressed the hNIS gene during infection leading to increased iodide uptake in multiple cancer cell lines. These results, the low seroprevalence of anti-species D antibodies, and the lack of binding to blood coagulation FX, support further exploration of species D Ads as alternative oncolytic adenoviruses against multiple types of cancer.
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12
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Cunliffe TG, Bates EA, Parker AL. Hitting the Target but Missing the Point: Recent Progress towards Adenovirus-Based Precision Virotherapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3327. [PMID: 33187160 PMCID: PMC7696810 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More people are surviving longer with cancer. Whilst this can be partially attributed to advances in early detection of cancers, there is little doubt that the improvement in survival statistics is also due to the expansion in the spectrum of treatments available for efficacious treatment. Transformative amongst those are immunotherapies, which have proven effective agents for treating immunogenic forms of cancer, although immunologically "cold" tumour types remain refractive. Oncolytic viruses, such as those based on adenovirus, have great potential as anti-cancer agents and have seen a resurgence of interest in recent years. Amongst their many advantages is their ability to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) of infected tumour cells, thus providing the alluring potential to synergise with immunotherapies by turning immunologically "cold" tumours "hot". Additionally, enhanced immune mediated cell killing can be promoted through the local overexpression of immunological transgenes, encoded from within the engineered viral genome. To achieve this full potential requires the development of refined, tumour selective "precision virotherapies" that are extensively engineered to prevent off-target up take via native routes of infection and targeted to infect and replicate uniquely within malignantly transformed cells. Here, we review the latest advances towards this holy grail within the adenoviral field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (T.G.C.); (E.A.B.)
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13
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Hulin-Curtis SL, Davies JA, Nestić D, Bates EA, Baker AT, Cunliffe TG, Majhen D, Chester JD, Parker AL. Identification of folate receptor α (FRα) binding oligopeptides and their evaluation for targeted virotherapy applications. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:785-798. [PMID: 31902944 PMCID: PMC7661341 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapies (OV) based on human adenoviral (HAdV) vectors hold significant promise for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancers where local, intraperitoneal delivery to tumour metastases is feasible, bypassing many complexities associated with intravascular delivery. The efficacy of HAdV-C5-based OV is hampered by a lack of tumour selectivity, where the primary receptor, hCAR, is commonly downregulated during malignant transformation. Conversely, folate receptor alpha (FRα) is highly expressed on ovarian cancer cells, providing a compelling target for tumour selective delivery of virotherapies. Here, we identify high-affinity FRα-binding oligopeptides for genetic incorporation into HAdV-C5 vectors. Biopanning identified a 12-mer linear peptide, DWSSWVYRDPQT, and two 7-mer cysteine-constrained peptides, CIGNSNTLC and CTVRTSAEC that bound FRα in the context of the phage particle. Synthesised lead peptide, CTVRTSAEC, bound specifically to FRα and could be competitively inhibited with folic acid. To assess the capacity of the elucidated FRα-binding oligopeptides to target OV to FRα, we genetically incorporated the peptides into the HAdV-C5 fiber-knob HI loop including in vectors genetically ablated for hCAR interactions. Unfortunately, the recombinant vectors failed to efficiently target transduction via FRα due to defective intracellular trafficking following entry via FRα, indicating that whilst the peptides identified may have potential for applications for targeted drug delivery, they require additional refinement for targeted virotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Hulin-Curtis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Davor Nestić
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Emily A Bates
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Tabitha G Cunliffe
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John D Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff, CF14 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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14
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Li F, Shang Y, Shi F, Zhang L, Yan J, Sun Q, She J. Expression of Integrin β6 and HAX-1 Correlates with Aggressive Features and Poor Prognosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:9599-9608. [PMID: 33061645 PMCID: PMC7537805 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s274892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a complicated process in which cell adhesion and motility, mediated by integrins, are involved through connecting the cytoskeleton to extracellular matrix. Different mechanisms via which integrin β6 participates in cancer invasion and metastasis have been described by numerous studies; however, the expression and clinical significance of integrin β6 in ESCC remain unknown. Methods To investigate the differential expression of integrin β6 in ESCC, qPCR and immunohistochemistry assays were performed in 10 paired human samples. A total of 137 ESCC samples were further enrolled to evaluate the expression levels of integrin β6 and its endocytic trafficking regulator HS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1), followed by the evaluation of their correlation with clinicopathological parameters. The overall survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method, with significant variables further evaluated by multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results The expression of integrin β6 was markedly increased in ESCC compared with matched adjacent normal tissues. Among the ESCC samples, positive expression of integrin β6 was observed in 41.6% tumors, which was associated with histological differentiation, lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. High expression of HAX-1 was detected in 47.4% tumors, and there was a positive relationship between the expression levels of integrin β6 and HAX-1. Furthermore, the expression of integrin β6 and HAX-1 were independent unfavorable indicators for prognosis. Patients with positive integrin β6 and high HAX-1 expression demonstrated worst outcomes. Conclusion The present findings suggested the predictive value of integrin β6 and HAX-1 as independent indicators of poor prognosis for patients with ESCC, both of which may contribute to the tumor proliferation and metastasis, leading to ESCC progression. Therefore, combined targeting of integrin β6 and HAX-1 may provide a potential novel approach for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanni Li
- Department of Talent Highland, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukui Shang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyu Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun She
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, People's Republic of China
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15
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Understanding and addressing barriers to successful adenovirus-based virotherapy for ovarian cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:375-389. [PMID: 32951021 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecological cancer, with an overall 5-year survival rate below 50% due to a lack of specific symptoms, late stage at time of diagnosis and a high rate of recurrence after standard therapy. A better understanding of heterogeneity, genetic mutations, biological behavior and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment have allowed the development of more effective therapies based on anti-angiogenic treatments, PARP and immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies and oncolytic vectors. Oncolytic adenoviruses are commonly used platforms in cancer gene therapy that selectively replicate in tumor cells and at the same time are able to stimulate the immune system. In addition, they can be genetically modified to enhance their potency and overcome physical and immunological barriers. In this review we highlight the challenges of adenovirus-based oncolytic therapies targeting ovarian cancer and outline recent advances to improve their potential in combination with immunotherapies.
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16
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Scurr MJ, Greenshields-Watson A, Campbell E, Somerville MS, Chen Y, Hulin-Curtis SL, Burnell SEA, Davies JA, Davies MM, Hargest R, Phillips S, Christian AD, Ashelford KE, Andrews R, Parker AL, Stanton RJ, Gallimore A, Godkin A. Cancer Antigen Discovery Is Enabled by RNA Sequencing of Highly Purified Malignant and Nonmalignant Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3360-3370. [PMID: 32122920 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Broadly expressed, highly differentiated tumor-associated antigens (TAA) can elicit antitumor immunity. However, vaccines targeting TAAs have demonstrated disappointing clinical results, reflecting poor antigen selection and/or immunosuppressive mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Here, a panel of widely expressed, novel colorectal TAAs were identified by performing RNA sequencing of highly purified colorectal tumor cells in comparison with patient-matched colonic epithelial cells; tumor cell purification was essential to reveal these genes. Candidate TAA protein expression was confirmed by IHC, and preexisting T-cell immunogenicity toward these antigens tested. RESULTS The most promising candidate for further development is DNAJB7 [DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B7], identified here as a novel cancer-testis antigen. It is expressed in many tumors and is strongly immunogenic in patients with cancers originating from a variety of sites. DNAJB7-specific T cells were capable of killing colorectal tumor lines in vitro, and the IFNγ+ response was markedly magnified by control of immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide in patients with cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights how prior methods that sequence whole tumor fractions (i.e., inclusive of alive/dead stromal cells) for antigen identification may have limitations. Through tumor cell purification and sequencing, novel candidate TAAs have been identified for future immunotherapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Scurr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Greenshields-Watson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Campbell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle S Somerville
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Chen
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Hulin-Curtis
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie E A Burnell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Sir Geraint Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michael M Davies
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hargest
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Phillips
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Christian
- Department of Histopathology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin E Ashelford
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Sir Geraint Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Andrews
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Sir Geraint Evans Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Henry Wellcome Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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17
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Page A, Fusil F, Cosset FL. Towards Physiologically and Tightly Regulated Vectored Antibody Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E962. [PMID: 32295072 PMCID: PMC7226531 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent highly significant health issues and the options for their treatment are often not efficient to cure the disease. Immunotherapy strategies have been developed to modulate the patient's immune system in order to eradicate cancerous cells. For instance, passive immunization consists in the administration at high doses of exogenously produced monoclonal antibodies directed either against tumor antigen or against immune checkpoint inhibitors. Its main advantage is that it provides immediate immunity, though during a relatively short period, which consequently requires frequent injections. To circumvent this limitation, several approaches, reviewed here, have emerged to induce in vivo antibody secretion at physiological doses. Gene delivery vectors, such as adenoviral vectors or adeno-associated vectors, have been designed to induce antibody secretion in vivo after in situ cell modification, and have driven significant improvements in several cancer models. However, anti-idiotypic antibodies and escape mutants have been detected, probably because of both the continuous expression of antibodies and their expression by unspecialized cell types. To overcome these hurdles, adoptive transfer of genetically modified B cells that secrete antibodies either constitutively or in a regulated manner have been developed by ex vivo transgene insertion with viral vectors. Recently, with the emergence of gene editing technologies, the endogenous B cell receptor loci of B cells have been modified with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas-9) system to change their specificity in order to target a given antigen. The expression of the modified BCR gene hence follows the endogenous regulation mechanisms, which may prevent or at least reduce side effects. Although these approaches seem promising for cancer treatments, major questions, such as the persistence and the re-activation potential of these engineered cells, remain to be addressed in clinically relevant animal models before translation to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - François-Loïc Cosset
- CIRICentre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d’Italie, F-69007 Lyon, France; (A.P.); (F.F.)
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18
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Rajabi M, Adeyeye M, Mousa SA. Peptide-Conjugated Nanoparticles as Targeted Anti-angiogenesis Therapeutic and Diagnostic in Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5664-5683. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
:Targeting angiogenesis in the microenvironment of a tumor can enable suppression of tumor angiogenesis and delivery of anticancer drugs into the tumor. Anti-angiogenesis targeted delivery systems utilizing passive targeting such as Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) and specific receptor-mediated targeting (active targeting) should result in tumor-specific targeting. One targeted anti-angiogenesis approach uses peptides conjugated to nanoparticles, which can be loaded with anticancer agents. Anti-angiogenesis agents can suppress tumor angiogenesis and thereby affect tumor growth progression (tumor growth arrest), which may be further reduced with the targetdelivered anticancer agent. This review provides an update of tumor vascular targeting for therapeutic and diagnostic applications, with conventional or long-circulating nanoparticles decorated with peptides that target neovascularization (anti-angiogenesis) in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rajabi
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Mary Adeyeye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
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19
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Baker AT, Mundy RM, Davies JA, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Human adenovirus type 26 uses sialic acid-bearing glycans as a primary cell entry receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax3567. [PMID: 31517055 PMCID: PMC6726447 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are clinically important agents. They cause respiratory distress, gastroenteritis, and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis. As non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses, they are easily manipulated, making them popular vectors for therapeutic applications, including vaccines. Species D adenovirus type 26 (HAdV-D26) is both a cause of EKC and other diseases and a promising vaccine vector. HAdV-D26-derived vaccines are under investigation as protective platforms against HIV, Zika, and respiratory syncytial virus infections and are in phase 3 clinical trials for Ebola. We recently demonstrated that HAdV-D26 does not use CD46 or Desmoglein-2 as entry receptors, while the putative interaction with coxsackie and adenovirus receptor is low affinity and unlikely to represent the primary cell receptor. Here, we establish sialic acid as a primary entry receptor used by HAdV-D26. We demonstrate that removal of cell surface sialic acid inhibits HAdV-D26 infection, and provide a high-resolution crystal structure of HAdV-D26 fiber-knob in complex with sialic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rosie M. Mundy
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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20
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Baker AT, Greenshields-Watson A, Coughlan L, Davies JA, Uusi-Kerttula H, Cole DK, Rizkallah PJ, Parker AL. Diversity within the adenovirus fiber knob hypervariable loops influences primary receptor interactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:741. [PMID: 30765704 PMCID: PMC6376029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus based vectors are of increasing importance for wide ranging therapeutic applications. As vaccines, vectors derived from human adenovirus species D serotypes 26 and 48 (HAdV-D26/48) are demonstrating promising efficacy as protective platforms against infectious diseases. Significant clinical progress has been made, yet definitive studies underpinning mechanisms of entry, infection, and receptor usage are currently lacking. Here, we perform structural and biological analysis of the receptor binding fiber-knob protein of HAdV-D26/48, reporting crystal structures, and modelling putative interactions with two previously suggested attachment receptors, CD46 and Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR). We provide evidence of a low affinity interaction with CAR, with modelling suggesting affinity is attenuated through extended, semi-flexible loop structures, providing steric hindrance. Conversely, in silico and in vitro experiments are unable to provide evidence of interaction between HAdV-D26/48 fiber-knob with CD46, or with Desmoglein 2. Our findings provide insight into the cell-virus interactions of HAdV-D26/48, with important implications for the design and engineering of optimised Ad-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029-6574, USA
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David K Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.,Immunocore Ltd., Abingdon, OX14 4RY, Oxon, UK
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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21
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Liu J, Boehme P, Zhang W, Fu J, Yumul R, Mese K, Tsoukas R, Solanki M, Kaufmann M, Lu R, Schmidtko A, Stewart AF, Lieber A, Ehrhardt A. Human adenovirus type 17 from species D transduces endothelial cells and human CD46 is involved in cell entry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13442. [PMID: 30194327 PMCID: PMC6128842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 70 human adenoviruses with type-dependent pathogenicity have been identified but biological information about the majority of these virus types is scarce. Here we employed multiple sequence alignments and structural information to predict receptor usage for the development of an adenoviral vector with novel biological features. We report the generation of a cloned adenovirus based on human adenovirus type 17 (HAdV17) with high sequence homology to the well characterized human adenovirus type 37 (HAdV37) that causes epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Our study revealed that human CD46 (CD46) is involved in cell entry of HAdV17. Moreover, we found that HAdV17 infects endothelial cells (EC) in vitro including primary cells at higher efficiencies compared to the commonly used human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5). Using a human CD46 transgenic mouse model, we observed that HAdV17 displays a broad tropism in vivo after systemic injection and that it transduces ECs in this mouse model. We conclude that the HAdV17-based vector may provide a novel platform for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.,Department of Oncology and cancer immunotherapy, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip Boehme
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.,Medical Student, Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Wenli Zhang
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnoloy, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, People's Republic of China.,Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, BioInnovations Zentrum, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roma Yumul
- Division for Medical Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Kemal Mese
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Raphael Tsoukas
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Manish Solanki
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research (IEGT), Medical University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Kaufmann
- University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, Seattle, USA
| | - Ruirui Lu
- Institute for Pharmakology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Achim Schmidtko
- Institute for Pharmakology and Toxicology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.,Institute of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Francis Stewart
- Genomics, Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, BioInnovations Zentrum, Dresden, Germany
| | - André Lieber
- Division for Medical Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Anja Ehrhardt
- Institute for Virology and Microbiology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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Hoare J, Campbell N, Carapuça E. Oncolytic virus immunotherapies in ovarian cancer: moving beyond adenoviruses. Porto Biomed J 2018; 3:e7. [PMID: 31595233 PMCID: PMC6726300 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the 5th most common cancer in UK women with a high relapse rate. The overall survival for ovarian cancer has remained low for decades prompting a real need for new therapies. Recurrent ovarian cancer remains confined in the peritoneal cavity in >80% of the patients, providing an opportunity for locoregional administration of novel therapeutics, including gene and viral therapy approaches. Immunotherapy is an expanding field, and includes oncolytic viruses as well as monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines. Oncolytic viruses cause direct cancer cell cytolysis and immunogenic cell death and subsequent release of tumor antigens that will prime for a potent tumor-specific immunity. This effect may be further enhanced when the viruses are engineered to express, or coadministered with, immunostimulatory molecules. Currently, the most commonly used and well-characterized vectors utilized for virotherapy purposes are adenoviruses. They have been shown to work synergistically with traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy and have met with success in clinical trials. However, pre-existing immunity and poor in vivo models limit our ability to fully investigate the potential of oncolytic adenovirus as effective immunotherapies which in turn fosters the need to develop alternative viral vectors. In this review we cover recent advances in adenovirus-based oncolytic therapies targeting ovarian cancer and recent advances in mapping immune responses to oncolytic virus therapies in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hoare
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Campbell
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabete Carapuça
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a CRUK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Baker AT, Aguirre-Hernández C, Halldén G, Parker AL. Designer Oncolytic Adenovirus: Coming of Age. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E201. [PMID: 29904022 PMCID: PMC6025169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The licensing of talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec) represented a landmark moment for oncolytic virotherapy, since it provided unequivocal evidence for the long-touted potential of genetically modified replicating viruses as anti-cancer agents. Whilst T-Vec is promising as a locally delivered virotherapy, especially in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors, the quest continues for a virus capable of specific tumour cell killing via systemic administration. One candidate is oncolytic adenovirus (Ad); it’s double stranded DNA genome is easily manipulated and a wide range of strategies and technologies have been employed to empower the vector with improved pharmacokinetics and tumour targeting ability. As well characterised clinical and experimental agents, we have detailed knowledge of adenoviruses’ mechanisms of pathogenicity, supported by detailed virological studies and in vivo interactions. In this review we highlight the strides made in the engineering of bespoke adenoviral vectors to specifically infect, replicate within, and destroy tumour cells. We discuss how mutations in genes regulating adenoviral replication after cell entry can be used to restrict replication to the tumour, and summarise how detailed knowledge of viral capsid interactions enable rational modification to eliminate native tropisms, and simultaneously promote active uptake by cancerous tissues. We argue that these designer-viruses, exploiting the viruses natural mechanisms and regulated at every level of replication, represent the ideal platforms for local overexpression of therapeutic transgenes such as immunomodulatory agents. Where T-Vec has paved the way, Ad-based vectors now follow. The era of designer oncolytic virotherapies looks decidedly as though it will soon become a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Carmen Aguirre-Hernández
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Gunnel Halldén
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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Hulin-Curtis SL, Davies JA, Jones R, Hudson E, Hanna L, Chester JD, Parker AL. Histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A sensitises cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells to oncolytic adenovirus. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26328-26341. [PMID: 29899862 PMCID: PMC5995174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is often termed a silent killer due to the late onset of symptoms. Whilst patients initially respond to chemotherapy, they rapidly develop chemo-resistance. Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) are promising anti-cancer agents engineered to "hijack" the unique molecular machinery of cancer cells enabling tumour-selective viral replication. This allows spread to adjacent cells and amplification of oncolysis within the tumour. OAds represent an excellent opportunity for ovarian cancer therapy via intra-peritoneal delivery, however the efficacy of OAds thus far is limited. Here, we evaluate chromatin (histone) modification in chemo-resistant cells and its relationship to Ad efficacy (wild-type or oncolytic Ad). In contrast to cisplatin-sensitive A2780 cells that show an efficient reduction of cell viability by Ad in the presence of cisplatin, cisplatin-resistant A2780/cp70 cells show diminishing Ad-mediated reduction of cell viability with escalating doses of cisplatin. Histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2 and to a lesser extent HDAC1 were up-regulated in cisplatin-resistant but not cisplatin-sensitive cells. Cisplatin-resistant cells treated with a pan-HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TsA) significantly enhanced Ad-mediated reduction of cell viability in the presence of cisplatin. Cells treated with TsA alone did not reduce cell viability suggesting these findings are Ad-dependent. Thus, we identify HDAC inhibition as a potential means to sensitise cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells to virotherapies, an observation that may offer improved outcomes for patients with late stage, chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Hulin-Curtis
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James A. Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Rachel Jones
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff, CF14, 2TL, UK
| | - Emma Hudson
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff, CF14, 2TL, UK
| | - Louise Hanna
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff, CF14, 2TL, UK
| | - John D. Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Whitchurch, Cardiff, CF14, 2TL, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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25
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Uusi-Kerttula H, Davies JA, Thompson JM, Wongthida P, Evgin L, Shim KG, Bradshaw A, Baker AT, Rizkallah PJ, Jones R, Hanna L, Hudson E, Vile RG, Chester JD, Parker AL. Ad5 NULL-A20: A Tropism-Modified, αvβ6 Integrin-Selective Oncolytic Adenovirus for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Therapies. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4215-4224. [PMID: 29798908 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Virotherapies are maturing in the clinical setting. Adenoviruses (Ad) are excellent vectors for the manipulability and tolerance of transgenes. Poor tumor selectivity, off-target sequestration, and immune inactivation hamper clinical efficacy. We sought to completely redesign Ad5 into a refined, tumor-selective virotherapy targeted to αvβ6 integrin, which is expressed in a range of aggressively transformed epithelial cancers but nondetectable in healthy tissues.Experimental Design: Ad5NULL-A20 harbors mutations in each major capsid protein to preclude uptake via all native pathways. Tumor-tropism via αvβ6 targeting was achieved by genetic insertion of A20 peptide (NAVPNLRGDLQVLAQKVART) within the fiber knob protein. The vector's selectivity in vitro and in vivo was assessed.Results: The tropism-ablating triple mutation completely blocked all native cell entry pathways of Ad5NULL-A20 via coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), αvβ3/5 integrins, and coagulation factor 10 (FX). Ad5NULL-A20 efficiently and selectively transduced αvβ6+ cell lines and primary clinical ascites-derived EOC ex vivo, including in the presence of preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity. In vivo biodistribution of Ad5NULL-A20 following systemic delivery in non-tumor-bearing mice was significantly reduced in all off-target organs, including a remarkable 107-fold reduced genome accumulation in the liver compared with Ad5. Tumor uptake, transgene expression, and efficacy were confirmed in a peritoneal SKOV3 xenograft model of human EOC, where oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20-treated animals demonstrated significantly improved survival compared with those treated with oncolytic Ad5.Conclusions: Oncolytic Ad5NULL-A20 virotherapies represent an excellent vector for local and systemic targeting of αvβ6-overexpressing cancers and exciting platforms for tumor-selective overexpression of therapeutic anticancer modalities, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4215-24. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Uusi-Kerttula
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - James A Davies
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Angela Bradshaw
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Jones
- South West Wales Cancer Institute, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Hudson
- Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John D Chester
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Velindre Cancer Centre, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alan L Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Zhu P, Duan AQ, Deng TX, Lu XR, Ma XY, Liang SS, Pang CY, Liang XW. Generation of buffalo mammary epithelial cells with targeted knockout of 18s rDNA by a CRISPR/Cas9 adenovirus system. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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