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Cao Z, Wu M, Wang D, Wan B, Jiang H, Tan X, Zhang Q. Space-time cube uncovers spatiotemporal patterns of basin ecological quality and their relationship with water eutrophication. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170195. [PMID: 38246364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining an optimal eco-environment is important for sustainable regional development. However, existing methods are inadequate for examining both spatial and temporal dimensions. Here, we propose a systematic procedure for spatiotemporal examination of the eco-environment using the space-time cube (STC) model and describe a preliminary investigation of the coupling relationships between basin ecological quality and water eutrophication in upstream of the Han River basin between 2000 and 2020. The STC model considers the temporal dimension as the third dimension in calculations. We first categorized the basin into three sub-watershed types: forest, cultivated land, and artificial surface. Subsequently, the ecological quality and driving factors were assessed and identified using the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) and Geodetector method, respectively. The findings indicated that the forest basin and artificial surface basin had the highest and lowest ecological quality, respectively. The spatiotemporal cold spots of ecological quality during the past 20 years were mostly located in the vicinity of reservoirs, rivers, and artificial surface areas. Human activity, precipitation, and the percentage of cultivated land were other important driving factors in the artificial surface, forest, and cultivated land sub-watersheds, respectively, in addition to the dominant factors of elevation and temperature. The results also indicated that when the ecological quality degraded to a certain extent, water eutrophication was significantly coupled with the ecological quality of the catchments. The findings of this study are useful for ecological restoration and sustainable river basin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, PR China; School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, PR China; School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Bo Wan
- School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Quanfa Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Danjiangkou Wetland Ecosystem Field Scientific Observation and Research Station, the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Hubei Province, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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Beca-Carretero P, Marín C, Azcárate-García T, Cara CL, Brun F, Stengel DB. Ecotype-Specific and Correlated Seasonal Responses of Biomass Production, Non-Structural Carbohydrates, and Fatty Acids in Zostera marina. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:396. [PMID: 38337929 PMCID: PMC10856944 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Seagrasses, which are marine flowering plants, provide numerous ecological services and goods. Zostera marina is the most widely distributed seagrass in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions. This study aimed to (i) examine seasonal trends and correlations between key seagrass traits such as biomass production and biochemical composition, and (ii) compare seasonal adaptation of two ecotypes of Z. marina exposed to similar environmental conditions on the west coast of Ireland. During summer, plants accumulated higher levels of energetic compounds and levels of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) decreased. Conversely, the opposite trend was observed during colder months. These findings indicate a positive seasonal correlation between the production of non-structural carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), suggesting that seagrasses accumulate and utilize both energetic compounds simultaneously during favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions. The two ecotypes displayed differential seasonal responses by adjusting plant morphology and production, the utilization of energetic reserves, and modulating unsaturation levels of fatty acids in seagrass leaves. These results underscore the correlated seasonal responses of key compounds, capturing ecotype-specific environmental adaptations and ecological strategies, emphasizing the robust utility of these traits as a valuable eco-physiological tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Beca-Carretero
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland (D.B.S.)
- Department of Theoretical Ecology and Modelling, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Centro de Investigación Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Clara Marín
- Centro de Investigación Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Tomás Azcárate-García
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia L. Cara
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland (D.B.S.)
| | - Fernando Brun
- Department of Biology, Division of Ecology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain;
| | - Dagmar B. Stengel
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland (D.B.S.)
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Stein RA, Sheldon ND, Smith SY. Comparing Methodologies for Stomatal Analyses in the Context of Elevated Modern CO 2. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:78. [PMID: 38255693 PMCID: PMC10821100 DOI: 10.3390/life14010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Leaf stomata facilitate the exchange of water and CO2 during photosynthetic gas exchange. The shape, size, and density of leaf pores have not been constant over geologic time, and each morphological trait has potentially been impacted by changing environmental and climatic conditions, especially by changes in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As such, stomatal parameters have been used in simple regressions to reconstruct ancient carbon dioxide, as well as incorporated into more complex gas-exchange models that also leverage plant carbon isotope ecology. Most of these proxy relationships are measured on chemically cleared leaves, although newer techniques such as creating stomatal impressions are being increasingly employed. Additionally, many of the proxy relationships use angiosperms with broad leaves, which have been increasingly abundant in the last 130 million years but are absent from the fossil record before this. We focus on the methodology to define stomatal parameters for paleo-CO2 studies using two separate methodologies (one corrosive, one non-destructive) to prepare leaves on both scale- and broad-leaves collected from herbaria with known global atmospheric CO2 levels. We find that the corrosive and non-corrosive methodologies give similar values for stomatal density, but that measurements of stomatal sizes, particularly guard cell width (GCW), for the two methodologies are not comparable. Using those measurements to reconstruct CO2 via the gas exchange model, we found that reconstructed CO2 based on stomatal impressions (due to inaccurate measurements in GCW) far exceeded measured CO2 for modern plants. This bias was observed in both coniferous (scale-shaped) and angiosperm (broad) leaves. Thus, we advise that applications of gas exchange models use cleared leaves rather than impressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A. Stein
- Department of Chemistry & Physical Sciences, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT 06518, USA
| | - Nathan D. Sheldon
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Selena Y. Smith
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Authier A, Cerdán P, Auge G. Non-stressful temperature changes affect transgenerational phenotypic plasticity across the life cycle of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1259-1270. [PMID: 37956109 PMCID: PMC10902895 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants respond in a plastic manner to seasonal changes, often resulting in adaptation to environmental variation. Although much is known about how seasonality regulates developmental transitions within generations, transgenerational effects of non-stressful environmental changes are only beginning to be unveiled. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature changes on the expression of transgenerational plasticity in key developmental traits of Arabidopsis thaliana plants. METHODS We grew Columbia-0 plants in two contrasting temperature environments (18 and 24 °C) during their whole life cycles, or the combination of those temperatures before and after bolting (18-24 and 24-18 °C) across two generations. We recorded seed germination, flowering time and reproductive biomass production for the second generation, and seed size of the third generation. KEY RESULTS The environment during the whole life cycle of the first generation of plants, even that experienced before flowering, influenced the germination response and flowering time of the second generation. These effects showed opposing directions in a pattern dependent on the life stage experiencing the cue in the first generation. In contrast, the production of reproductive biomass depended on the immediate environment of the progeny generation. Finally, the seed area of the third generation was influenced positively by correlated environments across generations. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that non-stressful environmental changes affect the expression of key developmental traits across generations, although those changes can have contrasting effects depending on the parental and grandparental life stage that perceives the cue. Thus, transgenerational effects in response to non-stressful cues might influence the expression of life-history traits and potential adaptation of future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailén Authier
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Cerdán
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas Buenos Aires - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (IIBBA - CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Auge
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Donnelly S, Akin‐Fajiye M, Fraser LH. Plant provenance can influence the impacts of temperature and moisture on intraspecific competition in Pseudoroegneria spicata. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10603. [PMID: 37886429 PMCID: PMC10598250 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Warming and changing precipitation can alter the performance of native grasses that are essential to grassland ecosystems. Native grasses may respond to changing climate by phenotypic plasticity or lose their current ranges. Establishing plant species from southern, warmer provenances may reduce the likelihood of biodiversity loss and improve restoration success in cool, northern locations that are undergoing warming. We conducted competition trials for Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass), a native grass commonly found in western North American grasslands, to understand the impact of temperature and moisture on plant-plant interactions. We obtained seeds from three locations along a latitudinal gradient in North America, two in British Columbia (BC), Canada, and one in California, USA. We compared the effects of warming, changing water inputs, and competitor provenance on pairwise competitive interactions among Pseudoroegneria spicata plants grown from seeds obtained from the three locations. We quantified interactions using the relative interaction intensity, which has values from -1 (complete competition) to +1 (complete facilitation). Target plants from northern British Columbia, the location with the coldest summer temperature, were generally more competitively suppressed when competing with plants from California, which had the warmest summer temperature and lowest summer precipitation. Competitive suppression of target plants from northern British Columbia and southern British Columbia was more intense when competitor provenance was more geographically distant from target plant provenance. Finally, plants from northern British Columbia and southern British Columbia were more suppressed at higher temperatures, indicating some local adaptation, while plants from California were not affected by competitors, temperature, or water input. Plants grown from seeds obtained from warm and dry locations appear to be more tolerant to competition at higher temperatures, compared to plants from cooler regions. Native plant diversity and restoration success in grasslands subjected to climate change may be preserved or improved by assisted migration of seeds from warm to cooler but warming locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Donnelly
- Department of Natural Resource SciencesThompson Rivers UniversityKamloopsBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Morodoluwa Akin‐Fajiye
- Department of Natural Resource SciencesThompson Rivers UniversityKamloopsBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Lauchlan H. Fraser
- Department of Natural Resource SciencesThompson Rivers UniversityKamloopsBritish ColumbiaCanada
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Xiao D, Hong T, Chen M, He X, Wang K. Assessing the Effect of Slope Position on the Community Assemblage of Soil Diazotrophs and Root Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040394. [PMID: 37108849 PMCID: PMC10145487 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the crucial role of soil diazotrophs and root arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil nutrient cycling during ecosystem restoration, diazotroph and AMF communities may be determined by slope position. However, the effect of slope position on diazotroph and AMF abundance, diversity, and community composition of karst ecosystems remains unknown. In this study, soil diazotrophs and root AMF characteristics on varying slope positions were assessed in a karst shrub ecosystem. The results displayed that the abundance of soil diazotrophs and root AMF diversity were significantly affected by slope position. Diazotroph abundance accompanied by soil nutrient and plant richness was higher on the lower slopes than the upper slopes, whereas root AMF diversity displayed the opposite trend. The soil diazotroph and root AMF community composition differed among the upper, middle, and lower slopes. The dominant taxa of soil diazotrophs and root AMF at the order level were Rhizobiales and Glomerales, respectively. Moreover, the diazotroph order of Nostocales and the AMF order of Paraglomerales were richer on the upper slopes than on the lower slopes. The slope position directly affected the plant diversity and soil nutrient distribution, indirectly affecting the diazotroph and AMF communities. Increased available nitrogen on the lower slope caused great diazotroph abundance by stimulating plant growth with sufficient carbohydrates. However, low soil nutrients and plant diversity but high plant root biomass induced more root AMF diversity on the upper slope than on the lower slope. Therefore, this study expands the knowledge of soil diazotroph and root AMF ecological functions along different slope positions during vegetation recovery for the successive stages of grass and shrub in the karst region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiao
- Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo 531400, China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Ecosystem and Treatment of Rocky Desertification, Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin 541004, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Pingguo Guangxi, Karst Ecosystem, National Observation and Research Station, Pingguo 531400, China
- Key Laboratory of Karst Ecosystem and Treatment of Rocky Desertification, Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Meifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Xunyang He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
- Guangxi Industrial Technology Research Institute for Karst Rocky Desertification Control, Nanning 530001, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Kelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
- Guangxi Industrial Technology Research Institute for Karst Rocky Desertification Control, Nanning 530001, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang 547100, China
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Recart W, Bernhard R, Ng I, Garcia K, Fleming-Davies AE. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Insect Pathogens: Implications for Plant Reproduction. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020347. [PMID: 36839619 PMCID: PMC9958737 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive work on both insect disease and plant reproduction, there is little research on the intersection of the two. Insect-infecting pathogens could disrupt the pollination process by affecting pollinator population density or traits. Pathogens may also infect insect herbivores and change herbivory, potentially altering resource allocation to plant reproduction. We conducted a meta-analysis to (1) summarize the literature on the effects of pathogens on insect pollinators and herbivores and (2) quantify the extent to which pathogens affect insect traits, with potential repercussions for plant reproduction. We found 39 articles that fit our criteria for inclusion, extracting 218 measures of insect traits for 21 different insect species exposed to 25 different pathogens. We detected a negative effect of pathogen exposure on insect traits, which varied by host function: pathogens had a significant negative effect on insects that were herbivores or carried multiple functions but not on insects that solely functioned as pollinators. Particular pathogen types were heavily studied in certain insect orders, with 7 of 11 viral pathogen studies conducted in Lepidoptera and 5 of 9 fungal pathogen studies conducted in Hymenoptera. Our results suggest that most studies have focused on a small set of host-pathogen pairs. To understand the implications for plant reproduction, future work is needed to directly measure the effects of pathogens on pollinator effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilnelia Recart
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Rover Bernhard
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
- Biology Department, Lewis and Clark College, 615 S. Palatine Hill Road, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - Isabella Ng
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
| | - Katherine Garcia
- Biology Department, University of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, CA 92110, USA
- Environmental Sciences Department, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0021, USA
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Wadgymar SM, DeMarche ML, Josephs EB, Sheth SN, Anderson JT. Local adaptation: Causal agents of selection and adaptive trait divergence. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2022; 53:87-111. [PMID: 37790997 PMCID: PMC10544833 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012722-035231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Divergent selection across the landscape can favor the evolution of local adaptation in populations experiencing contrasting conditions. Local adaptation is widely observed in a diversity of taxa, yet we have a surprisingly limited understanding of the mechanisms that give rise to it. For instance, few have experimentally confirmed the biotic and abiotic variables that promote local adaptation, and fewer yet have identified the phenotypic targets of selection that mediate local adaptation. Here, we highlight critical gaps in our understanding of the process of local adaptation and discuss insights emerging from in-depth investigations of the agents of selection that drive local adaptation, the phenotypes they target, and the genetic basis of these phenotypes. We review historical and contemporary methods for assessing local adaptation, explore whether local adaptation manifests differently across life history, and evaluate constraints on local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan L DeMarche
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Emily B Josephs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Seema N Sheth
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602
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Kramp RE, Liancourt P, Herberich MM, Saul L, Weides S, Tielbörger K, Májeková M. Functional traits and their plasticity shift from tolerant to avoidant under extreme drought. Ecology 2022; 103:e3826. [PMID: 35857330 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Under climate change, extreme droughts will limit water availability for plants. However, the species-specific responses make it difficult to draw general conclusions. We hypothesized that changes in species' abundance in response to extreme drought can be best explained by a set of water economic traits under ambient conditions in combination with the ability to adjust these traits towards higher drought resistance. We conducted a four-year field experiment in temperate grasslands using rainout shelters with 30% and 50% rainfall reduction. We quantified the response as the change in species abundance between ambient conditions and the rainfall reduction. Abundance response to extreme drought was best explained by a combination of traits in ambient conditions and their functional adjustment, most likely reflecting plasticity. Smaller leaved species decreased less in abundance under drought. With increasing drought intensity, we observed a shift from drought tolerance, i.e. an increase in leaf dry matter content, to avoidance, i.e. a less negative turgor loss point (TLP) in ambient conditions and a constancy in TLP under drought. We stress the importance of using a multidimensional approach of variation in multiple traits and the importance of considering a range of drought intensities to improve predictions of species' response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa E Kramp
- Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pierre Liancourt
- Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Germany.,Botany Department, State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lara Saul
- Plant Ecology Group, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sophie Weides
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Switzerland
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10
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Collins CG, Elmendorf SC, Smith JG, Shoemaker L, Szojka M, Swift M, Suding KN. Global change re-structures alpine plant communities through interacting abiotic and biotic effects. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1813-1826. [PMID: 35763598 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Global change is altering patterns of community assembly, with net outcomes dependent on species' responses to the abiotic environment, both directly and mediated through biotic interactions. Here, we assess alpine plant community responses in a 15-year factorial nitrogen addition, warming and snow manipulation experiment. We used a dynamic competition model to estimate the density-dependent and -independent processes underlying changes in species-group abundances over time. Density-dependent shifts in competitive interactions drove long-term changes in abundance of species-groups under global change while counteracting environmental drivers limited the growth response of the dominant species through density-independent mechanisms. Furthermore, competitive interactions shifted with the environment, primarily with nitrogen and drove non-linear abundance responses across environmental gradients. Our results highlight that global change can either reshuffle species hierarchies or further favour already-dominant species; predicting which outcome will occur requires incorporating both density-dependent and -independent mechanisms and how they interact across multiple global change factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney G Collins
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah C Elmendorf
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jane G Smith
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren Shoemaker
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Megan Szojka
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Margaret Swift
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Katharine N Suding
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Soil Nematodes as the Silent Sufferers of Climate-Induced Toxicity: Analysing the Outcomes of Their Interactions with Climatic Stress Factors on Land Cover and Agricultural Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2519-2586. [PMID: 35593954 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Unsustainable anthropogenic activities over the last few decades have resulted in alterations of the global climate. It can be perceived through changes in the rainfall patterns and rise in mean annual temperatures. Climatic stress factors exert their effects on soil health mainly by modifying the soil microenvironments where the soil fauna reside. Among the members of soil fauna, the soil nematodes have been found to be sensitive to these stress factors primarily because of their low tolerance limits. Additionally, because of their higher and diverse trophic positions in the soil food web they can integrate the effects of many stress factors acting together. This is important because under natural conditions the climatic stress factors do not exert their effect individually. Rather, they interact amongst themselves and other abiotic stress factors in the soil to generate their impacts. Some of these interactions may be synergistic while others may be antagonistic. As such, it becomes very difficult to assess their impacts on soil health by simply analysing the physicochemical properties of soil. This makes soil nematodes outstanding candidates for studying the effects of climatic stress factors on soil biology. The knowledge obtained therefrom can be used to design sustainable agricultural practices because most of the conventional techniques aim at short-term benefits with complete disregard of soil biology. This can partly ensure food security in the coming decades for the expanding population. Moreover, understanding soil biology can help to preserve landscapes that have developed over long periods of climatic stability and belowground soil biota interactions.
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12
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Jochems LW, Lau JA, Brudvig LA, Grman E. Do southern seed or soil microbes mitigate the effects of warming on establishing prairie plant communities? ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02487. [PMID: 34679217 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Restoration in this era of climate change comes with a new challenge: anticipating how best to restore populations to persist under future climate conditions. Specifically, it remains unknown whether locally adapted or warm-adapted seeds best promote native plant community restoration in the warmer conditions predicted in the future and whether local or warm-adapted soil microbial communities could mitigate plant responses to warming. This may be especially relevant for biomes spanning large climatic gradients, such as the North American tallgrass prairie. Here, we used a short-term mesocosm experiment to evaluate how seed provenances (Local Northern region, Non-local Northern region, Non-local Southern region) of 10 native tallgrass prairie plants (four forbs, two legumes, and four grasses) responded to warmer conditions predicted in the future and how soil microbial communities from those three regions influenced these responses. Warming and seed provenance affected plant community composition and warming decreased plant diversity for all three seed provenances. Plant species varied in their individual responses to warming, and across species, we detected no consistent differences among the three provenances in terms of biomass response to warming and few strong effects of soil provenance. Our work provides evidence that warming, in part, may reduce plant diversity and affect restored prairie composition. Because the southern provenance did not consistently outperform others under warming and we found little support for the "local is best" paradigm currently dominating restoration practice, identifying appropriate seed provenances to promote restoration success both now and in future warmer environments may be challenging. Due to the idiosyncratic responses across species, we recommend that land managers compare seeds from different regions for each species to determine which seed provenance performs best under warming and in restoration for tallgrass prairies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis W Jochems
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, 441 Mark Jefferson Hall, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 48197, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lau
- Department of Biology and the Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Lars A Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Emily Grman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, 441 Mark Jefferson Hall, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 48197, USA
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13
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Authier A, Cerdán P, Auge GA. Role of the RNA-directed DNA Methylation pathway in the regulation of maternal effects in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021:10.17912/micropub.biology.000504. [PMID: 34901781 PMCID: PMC8652579 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-directed DNA Methylation pathway (RdDM) influences progeny seed responses to different maternal environments. However, its role in the regulation of early traits in response to non-stressful environmental cues across generations, which can potentially affect life cycle adjustment to seasonal changes, has not been explored in detail. Here we show that the RdDM pathway regulates overall germination but, in some instances, it does so depending on the early life maternal environment. Altogether, our results support that epigenetic memory (mediated by RdDM) is regulating intergenerational transmission of environmental information to affect the phenotypic expression of early traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailén Authier
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina,
Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Cerdán
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gabriela A. Auge
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Argentina,
Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,
Correspondence to: Gabriela A. Auge ()
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14
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Crow TM, Hufford KM, Burney OT. Plant performance predicted by genetic variation and environmental distance in important restoration shrub species
Cercocarpus montanus
. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Crow
- Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Kristina M. Hufford
- Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming Laramie WY 82071 U.S.A
| | - Owen T. Burney
- John T. Harrington Forestry Research Center New Mexico State University Mora NM 87732 U.S.A
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15
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Villellas J, Ehrlén J, Crone EE, Csergő AM, Garcia MB, Laine AL, Roach DA, Salguero-Gómez R, Wardle GM, Childs DZ, Elderd BD, Finn A, Munné-Bosch S, Bachelot B, Bódis J, Bucharova A, Caruso CM, Catford JA, Coghill M, Compagnoni A, Duncan RP, Dwyer JM, Ferguson A, Fraser LH, Griffoul E, Groenteman R, Hamre LN, Helm A, Kelly R, Laanisto L, Lonati M, Münzbergová Z, Nuche P, Olsen SL, Oprea A, Pärtel M, Petry WK, Ramula S, Rasmussen PU, Enri SR, Roeder A, Roscher C, Schultz C, Skarpaas O, Smith AL, Tack AJM, Töpper JP, Vesk PA, Vose GE, Wandrag E, Wingler A, Buckley YM. PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY MASKS RANGE-WIDE GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION FOR VEGETATIVE BUT NOT REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN A SHORT-LIVED PLANT. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2378-2393. [PMID: 34355467 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity jointly shape intraspecific trait variation, but their roles differ among traits. In short-lived plants, reproductive traits may be more genetically determined due to their impact on fitness, whereas vegetative traits may show higher plasticity to buffer short-term perturbations. Combining a multi-treatment greenhouse experiment with observational field data throughout the range of a widespread short-lived herb, Plantago lanceolata, we (1) disentangled genetic and plastic responses of functional traits to a set of environmental drivers and (2) assessed how genetic differentiation and plasticity shape observational trait-environment relationships. Reproductive traits showed distinct genetic differentiation that largely determined observational patterns, but only when correcting traits for differences in biomass. Vegetative traits showed higher plasticity and opposite genetic and plastic responses, masking the genetic component underlying field-observed trait variation. Our study suggests that genetic differentiation may be inferred from observational data only for the traits most closely related to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Villellas
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth E Crone
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna Mária Csergő
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Botany and Soroksár Botanical Garden, Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Maria B Garcia
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological & Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Deborah A Roach
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Roberto Salguero-Gómez
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenda M Wardle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Bret D Elderd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alain Finn
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benedicte Bachelot
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Judit Bódis
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Anna Bucharova
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group, Institut of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Germany.,Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institut of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christina M Caruso
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane A Catford
- Department of Geography, King's College London, London, UK.,Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Coghill
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aldo Compagnoni
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard P Duncan
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - John M Dwyer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,CSIRO Land & Water, EcoSciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Lauchlan H Fraser
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Liv Norunn Hamre
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Aveliina Helm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ruth Kelly
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Michele Lonati
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Zuzana Münzbergová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Population Ecology, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paloma Nuche
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Adrian Oprea
- Botanic Garden "Anastasie Fatu", University "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" Iaşi, Romania
| | - Meelis Pärtel
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - William K Petry
- Department of Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Satu Ramula
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pil U Rasmussen
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone Ravetto Enri
- Department of Agriculture, Forest and Food Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Roeder
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cheryl Schultz
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Olav Skarpaas
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annabel L Smith
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter A Vesk
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory E Vose
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Wandrag
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Astrid Wingler
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Estimating Ecological Responses to Climatic Variability on Reclaimed and Unmined Lands Using Enhanced Vegetation Index. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13061100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Climatic impact on re-established ecosystems at reclaimed mined lands may have changed. However, little knowledge is available about the difference in vegetation–climate relationships between reclaimed and unmined lands. In this study, ecological responses to climatic variability on reclaimed and neighbouring unmined lands were estimated using remote-sensing data at the Pingshuo Mega coal mine, one of the largest coal mines with long-term reclamation history in China. Time-series MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data and meteorological data from 1997 to 2017 were collected. Results show significantly different vegetation–climate relationships between reclaimed and unmined lands. First, the accumulation periods of all climatic variables were much longer on reclaimed mining lands. Second, vegetation on reclaimed lands responded to variabilities in temperature, rainfall, air humidity, and wind speed, while undisturbed vegetation only responded to variabilities of temperature and air humidity. Third, climatic variability made a much higher contribution to EVI variation on reclaimed land (20.0–46.5%) than on unmined land (0.7–1.7%). These differences were primarily caused by limited ecosystem resilience, and changed site hydrology and microclimate on reclaimed land. Thus, this study demonstrates that the legacy effects of surface mining can critically change on-site vegetation–climate relationships, which impacts the structure, functions, and stability of reclaimed ecosystems. Vegetation–climate relationships of reclaimed ecosystems deserve further research, and remote-sensing vegetation data are an effective source for relevant studies.
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17
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Park HJ, Nam BE, Moon SY, Kim SG, Joo Y, Kim JG. Reduced host plant growth and increased tyrosine-derived secondary metabolites under climate change and negative consequences on its specialist herbivore. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143507. [PMID: 33223185 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compositive changes in climatic factors, e.g., carbon dioxide (CO2) and precipitation frequency and intensity, affect the strength of species interactions via responses in plants. Therefore, understanding the effects of climate change on plant-herbivore interactions is important to maintain biodiversity as about 70% of insects are herbivorous. However, the interactive effects of CO2 and precipitation on plants and consequences for herbivores are poorly understood. Here, we examined how elevated CO2 and increased watering frequency affect the growth and resistance responses of Aristolochia contorta and the growth performance of its specialist herbivore, Sericinus montela. Elevated CO2 suppressed growth with decreased photosynthesis ability, and increased resistance in plants. In contrast, increased watering frequency partly ameliorated the negative effects of high CO2. Growth performance of specialist herbivores decreased under elevated CO2 condition as a consequence of increased resistance in plants. Due to the significant effects of CO2, we suggest that both the quantity and the quality of host plants as a food would decline, and the growth performance of its specialist herbivore might be threatened as climate change progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Moon
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Diez JM, Boone R, Bohner T, Godoy O. Frequency-dependent tree growth depends on climate. Ecology 2021; 102:e03284. [PMID: 33464571 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Climate and competition interact to affect species' performance, such as growth and survival, and help determine species distributions and coexistence. However, it is unclear how climatic conditions modulate frequency-dependent performance, that is, how performance changes as a species becomes locally rare or common. This is critical because declines in performance as a species becomes more common (negative frequency dependence) is a signature of niche differences among species that stabilize coexistence, whereas positive frequency dependence leads to priority effects and hampers species coexistence. Here, we used dendrochronology and hierarchical models to test whether frequency-dependent growth of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) depends on climatic conditions. We found that growth rates were strongly dependent on annual precipitation, but no frequency dependence was evident across all years. However, there was a strong interaction between precipitation and frequency dependence, revealing stabilizing niche differences in dry years but positive frequency dependence in wet years. These differences emerged because of precipitation-driven changes in the direction and strength of both con- and heterospecific competition. Overall, these results show how stabilizing and destabilizing effects can be temporally dynamic for long-lived species and interact with climate variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Diez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92501, USA
| | - Rohan Boone
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92501, USA.,School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, 86001, USA
| | - Teresa Bohner
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, 92501, USA
| | - Oscar Godoy
- Departamento de Biología, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real, E-11510, Spain
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19
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Kohli M, Mijiddorj TN, Suryawanshi KR, Mishra C, Boldgiv B, Sankaran M. Grazing and climate change have site‐dependent interactive effects on vegetation in Asian montane rangelands. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Kohli
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St Paul MN USA
| | - Tserennadmid Nadia Mijiddorj
- Ecology Group Department of Biology School of Arts and Sciences National University of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
- Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | | | - Charudutt Mishra
- Nature Conservation Foundation Mysore India
- Snow Leopard Trust Seattle WA USA
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- Ecology Group Department of Biology School of Arts and Sciences National University of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Mahesh Sankaran
- National Center for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
- School of Biology University of Leeds Leeds UK
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20
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Dolezal J, Kurnotova M, Stastna P, Klimesova J. Alpine plant growth and reproduction dynamics in a warmer world. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1295-1305. [PMID: 32632948 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming may stimulate growth and reproduction in cold-adapted plants, but also reduce their performance due to warming-induced drought limitation. We tested this theory using a unique experiment with the alpine forb Rumex alpinus. We examined how climate warming over the past four decades affected its annual rhizome growth, leaf production and flowering, and whether responses varied between alpine, subalpine and montane populations. Before the period of accelerated warming in the 1970s and 1980s, the primary limitation on growth had been cold temperatures and short growing seasons. Increased summer temperatures in the 1990s and 2000s enhanced rhizome growth and leaf production, but not flowering. Alpine and subalpine plants profit more than montane plants, currently producing three times longer annual rhizome increments and twice as many leaves as 40 yr ago, and achieving nearly the same values as montane plants. During the warmest 2005-2015 period, growth became contingent on summer precipitation and began to decrease across all populations, likely due to an increasing water shortage in dense monospecific stands. Warming releases plants from cold limitations but induces water shortage. Rumex alpinus exceeds its thermal optimum and becomes water-limited as the climate warms. Our results suggest that warming-induced responses in alpine plants will not be one-sided shifts to higher growth and reproduction, but rather multidimensional and spatiotemporally variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, CZ-379 01, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Margareta Kurnotova
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Stastna
- Krkonoše Mts. National Park Administration, Dobrovského 3, Vrchlabí, CZ-543 01, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimesova
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, CZ-379 01, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, CZ-120 01, Czech Republic
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21
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Davidson BE, Germino MJ. Spatial grain of adaptation is much finer than ecoregional-scale common gardens reveal. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9920-9931. [PMID: 33005354 PMCID: PMC7520178 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive variation among plant populations must be known for effective conservation and restoration of imperiled species and predicting their responses to a changing climate. Common-garden experiments, in which plants sourced from geographically distant populations are grown together such that genetic differences may be expressed, have provided much insight on adaptive variation. Common-garden experiments also form the foundation for climate-based seed-transfer guidelines. However, the spatial scale at which population differentiation occurs is rarely addressed, leaving a critical information gap for parameterizing seed-transfer guidelines and assessing species' climate vulnerability. We asked whether adaptation was evident among populations of a foundational perennial within a single "empirical" seed-transfer zone (based on previous common-garden findings evaluating very distant populations) but different "provisional" seed zones (groupings of areas of similar climate and are not parameterized from common-garden data). Seedlings from three populations originating from similar conditions within an intermediate elevation were planted into gardens nearby at the same elevation, or 250-450 m higher or lower in elevation and 0.4-25 km away. Substantial variation was observed between gardens in survival (ranging 2%-99%), foliar crown volume (7.8-22.6 dm3), and reproductive effort (0%-65%), but not among the three transplanted populations. The between garden variation was inversely related to climatic differences between the gardens and seed-source populations, specifically the site differences in maximum-minimum annual temperatures. Results suggest that substantial site-specificity in adaptation can occur at finer scales than is accounted for in empirical seed-transfer guidance when the guidance is derived from broadscale common-garden studies. Being within the same empirical seed zone, geographic unit, and even within 10 km distance may not qualify as "local" in the context of seed transfer. Moving forward, designing common-garden experiments so that they allow for testing the scale of adaptation will help in translating the resulting seed-transfer guidance to restoration projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill E. Davidson
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyBoiseIDUSA
| | - Matthew J. Germino
- Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyBoiseIDUSA
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22
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Schmitt S, Hérault B, Ducouret É, Baranger A, Tysklind N, Heuertz M, Marcon É, Cazal SO, Derroire G. Topography consistently drives intra‐ and inter‐specific leaf trait variation within tree species complexes in a Neotropical forest. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Schmitt
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO 69 route d'Arcachon FR‐33610 Cestas France
| | - Bruno Hérault
- CIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, and: Forêts et Sociétés, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD Montpellier France
| | - Émilie Ducouret
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Anne Baranger
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO 69 route d'Arcachon FR‐33610 Cestas France
| | - Niklas Tysklind
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Cirad, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Myriam Heuertz
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, BIOGECO 69 route d'Arcachon FR‐33610 Cestas France
| | - Éric Marcon
- Agroparistech, UMR EcoFoG (CNRS, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Saint Omer Cazal
- INRAE, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, Cirad, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
| | - Géraldine Derroire
- Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Univ. de la Guyane) Kourou French Guiana
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23
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Abstract
Thermal macrophysiology is an established research field that has led to well-described patterns in the global structuring of climate adaptation and risk. However, since it was developed primarily in animals, we lack information on how general these patterns are across organisms. This is alarming if we are to understand how thermal tolerances are distributed globally, improve predictions of climate change, and mitigate effects. We approached this knowledge gap by compiling a geographically and taxonomically extensive database on plant heat and cold tolerances and used this dataset to test for thermal macrophysiological patterns and processes in plants. We found support for several expected patterns: Cold tolerances are more variable and exhibit steeper latitudinal clines and stronger relationships with local environmental temperatures than heat tolerances overall. Next, we disentangled the importance of local environments and evolutionary and biogeographic histories in generating these patterns. We found that all three processes have significantly contributed to variation in both heat and cold tolerances but that their relative importance differs. We also show that failure to simultaneously account for all three effects overestimates the importance of the included variable, challenging previous conclusions drawn from less comprehensive models. Our results are consistent with rare evolutionary innovations in cold acclimation ability structuring plant distributions across biomes. In contrast, plant heat tolerances vary mainly as a result of biogeographical processes and drift. Our results further highlight that all plants, particularly at mid-to-high latitudes and in their nonhardened state, will become increasingly vulnerable to ongoing climate change.
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Rastelli E, Petani B, Corinaldesi C, Dell'Anno A, Lo Martire M, Cerrano C, Danovaro R. A high biodiversity mitigates the impact of ocean acidification on hard-bottom ecosystems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2948. [PMID: 32076065 PMCID: PMC7031329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity loss and climate change simultaneously threaten marine ecosystems, yet their interactions remain largely unknown. Ocean acidification severely affects a wide variety of marine organisms and recent studies have predicted major impacts at the pH conditions expected for 2100. However, despite the renowned interdependence between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, the hypothesis that the species’ response to ocean acidification could differ based on the biodiversity of the natural multispecies assemblages in which they live remains untested. Here, using experimentally controlled conditions, we investigated the impact of acidification on key habitat-forming organisms (including corals, sponges and macroalgae) and associated microbes in hard-bottom assemblages characterised by different biodiversity levels. Our results indicate that, at higher biodiversity, the impact of acidification on otherwise highly vulnerable key organisms can be reduced by 50 to >90%, depending on the species. Here we show that such a positive effect of a higher biodiversity can be associated with higher availability of food resources and healthy microbe-host associations, overall increasing host resistance to acidification, while contrasting harmful outbreaks of opportunistic microbes. Given the climate change scenarios predicted for the future, we conclude that biodiversity conservation of hard-bottom ecosystems is fundamental also for mitigating the impacts of ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Rastelli
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy.
| | - Bruna Petani
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, 23000, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Dell'Anno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Martire
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carlo Cerrano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy. .,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
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MacTavish R, Anderson JT. Resource availability alters fitness trade-offs: implications for evolution in stressful environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:308-318. [PMID: 31943133 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Industrialization and human activities have elevated temperatures and caused novel precipitation patterns, altering soil moisture and nutrient availability. Predicting evolutionary responses to climate change requires information on the agents of selection that drive local adaptation and influence resource acquisition and allocation. Here, we examined the contribution of nutrient and drought stress to local adaptation, and we tested whether trade-offs across fitness components constrain or facilitate adaptation under resource stress. METHODS We exposed 35 families of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae) to three levels of water and two levels of nutrient supply in a factorial design in the greenhouse. We sourced maternal families from a broad elevational gradient (2499-3530 m a.s.l.), representing disparate soil moisture and nutrient availability. RESULTS Concordant with local adaptation, maternal families from arid, low-elevation populations had enhanced fecundity under severe drought over those from more mesic, high-elevation sites. Furthermore, fitness trade-offs between growth and reproductive success depended on the environmental context. Under high, but not low, nutrient levels, we found a negative phenotypic relationship between the probability of reproduction and growth rate. Similarly, a negative phenotypic association only emerged between fecundity and growth under severe drought stress, not the benign water treatment levels, indicating that stressful resource environments alter the direction of trait correlations. Genetic covariances were broadly concordant with these phenotypic patterns. CONCLUSIONS Despite high heritabilities in all fitness components across treatments, trade-offs between growth and reproduction could constrain adaptation to increasing drought stress and novel nutrient levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel MacTavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Briscoe Runquist RD, Gorton AJ, Yoder JB, Deacon NJ, Grossman JJ, Kothari S, Lyons MP, Sheth SN, Tiffin P, Moeller DA. Context Dependence of Local Adaptation to Abiotic and Biotic Environments: A Quantitative and Qualitative Synthesis. Am Nat 2020; 195:412-431. [PMID: 32097038 DOI: 10.1086/707322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how spatially variable selection shapes adaptation is an area of long-standing interest in evolutionary ecology. Recent meta-analyses have quantified the extent of local adaptation, but the relative importance of abiotic and biotic factors in driving population divergence remains poorly understood. To address this gap, we combined a quantitative meta-analysis and a qualitative metasynthesis to (1) quantify the magnitude of local adaptation to abiotic and biotic factors and (2) characterize major themes that influence the motivation and design of experiments that seek to test for local adaptation. Using local-foreign contrasts as a metric of local adaptation (or maladaptation), we found that local adaptation was greater in the presence than in the absence of a biotic interactor, especially for plants. We also found that biotic environments had stronger effects on fitness than abiotic environments when ignoring whether those environments were local versus foreign. Finally, biotic effects were stronger at low latitudes, and abiotic effects were stronger at high latitudes. Our qualitative analysis revealed that the lens through which local adaptation has been examined differs for abiotic and biotic factors. It also revealed biases in the design and implementation of experiments that make quantitative results challenging to interpret and provided directions for future research.
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27
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Anderson JT, Wadgymar SM. Climate change disrupts local adaptation and favours upslope migration. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:181-192. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill T. Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte CO 81224 USA
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28
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Yang X, Huang Z, Dong M, Ye X, Liu G, Hu D, Tuvshintogtokh I, Tumenjargal T, Cornelissen JHC. Responses of community structure and diversity to nitrogen deposition and rainfall addition in contrasting steppes are ecosystem-dependent and dwarfed by year-to-year community dynamics. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:461-469. [PMID: 31161191 PMCID: PMC6798833 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Long-term studies to disentangle the multiple, simultaneous effects of global change on community dynamics are a high research priority to forecast future distribution of diversity. Seldom are such multiple effects of global change studied across different ecosystems. METHODS Here we manipulated nitrogen deposition and rainfall at levels realistic for future environmental scenarios in three contrasting steppe types in Mongolia and followed community dynamics for 7 years. KEY RESULTS Redundancy analyses showed that community composition varied significantly among years. Rainfall and nitrogen manipulations did have some significant effects, but these effects were dependent on the type of response and varied between ecosystems. Community compositions of desert and meadow steppes, but not that of typical steppe, responded significantly to rainfall addition. Only community composition of meadow steppe responded significantly to nitrogen deposition. Species richness in desert steppe responded significantly to rainfall addition, but the other two steppes did not. Typical steppe showed significant negative response of species richness to nitrogen deposition, but the other two steppes did not. There were significant interactions between year and nitrogen deposition in desert steppe and between year and rainfall addition in typical steppe, suggesting that the effect of the treatments depends on the particular year considered. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-year experiment thus suggests that responses of community structure and diversity to global change drivers are ecosystem-dependent and that their responses to experimental treatments are dwarfed by the year-to-year community dynamics. Therefore, our results point to the importance of taking annual environmental variability into account for understanding and predicting the specific responses of different ecosystems to multiple global change drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guofang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Indree Tuvshintogtokh
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tsogtsaikhan Tumenjargal
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - J Hans C Cornelissen
- Systems Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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Begley-Miller DR, Diefenbach DR, McDill ME, Drohan PJ, Rosenberry CS, Just Domoto EH. Soil chemistry, and not short-term (1-2 year) deer exclusion, explains understory plant occupancy in forests affected by acid deposition. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz044. [PMID: 31649810 PMCID: PMC6799995 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The loss of species diversity and plant community structure throughout the temperate deciduous forests of North America have often been attributed to overbrowsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus). Slow species recovery following removal from browsing, or reduction in deer density, has been termed a legacy effect of past deer herbivory. However, vegetation legacy effects have also coincided with changes to soil chemistry throughout the north-eastern USA. In this paper, we assess the viability of soil chemistry (i.e. pH, extractable nutrients and extractable metals) and other factors (topography, light, overstory basal area and location) as alternative explanations for a lack of vegetation recovery. We compared the relative effects of soil chemistry, site conditions and short-term (1-2 year) deer exclusion on single-species occupancy probabilities of 10 plant taxa common to oak-hickory forests in central Pennsylvania. We found detection for all modelled species was constant and high (p ^ > 0.65), and occupancy probability of most taxa was best explained by at least one soil chemistry parameter. Specifically, ericaceous competing vegetation was more likely to occupy acidic (pH < 3.5), base cation-poor (K < 0.20 cmolc kg-1) sites, while deer-preferred plants were less likely to occur when soil manganese exceeded 0.1 cmolc kg-1. Short-term deer exclusion did not explain occupancy of any plant taxon, and site conditions were of nominal importance. This study demonstrates the importance of soil chemistry in shaping plant community composition in the north-central Appalachians, and suggests soil as an alternative, or additional, explanation for deer vegetation legacy effects. We suggest that the reliance on phyto-indicators of deer browsing effects may overestimate the effects of browsing if those species are also limited by unfavourable soil conditions. Future research should consider study designs that address the complexity of deer forest interactions, especially in areas with complex site-vegetation histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Begley-Miller
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Duane R Diefenbach
- U.S. Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Marc E McDill
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Drohan
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Emily H Just Domoto
- Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry, Harrisburg, PA, USA
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30
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Amundrud SL, Srivastava DS. Disentangling how climate change can affect an aquatic food web by combining multiple experimental approaches. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3528-3538. [PMID: 31148300 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the biological effects of climate change presents major challenges due to the interplay of potential biotic and abiotic mechanisms. Climate change can create unexpected outcomes by altering species interactions, and uncertainty over the ability of species to develop in situ tolerance or track environmental change further hampers meaningful predictions. As multiple climatic variables shift in concert, their potential interactions further complicate ecosystem responses. Despite awareness of these complexities, we still lack controlled experiments that manipulate multiple climatic stressors, species interactions, and prior exposure of species to future climatic conditions. Particularly studies that address how changes in water availability interact with other climatic stressors to affect aquatic ecosystems are still rare. Using aquatic insect communities of Neotropical tank bromeliads, we combined controlled manipulations of drought length and species interactions with a space-for-time transplant (lower elevations represent future climate) and a common garden approach. Manipulating drought length and experiment elevation revealed that adverse effects of drought were amplified at the warmer location, highlighting the potential of climatic stressors to synergistically affect communities. Manipulating the presence of omnivorous tipulid larvae showed that negative interactions from tipulids, presumably from predation, arose under drought, and were stronger at the warmer location, stressing the importance of species interactions in mediating community responses to climate change. The common garden treatments revealed that prior community exposure to potential future climatic conditions did not affect the outcome. In this powerful experiment, we demonstrated how complexities arise from the interplay of biotic and abiotic mechanisms of climate change. We stress that single species can steer ecological outcomes, and suggest that focusing on such disproportionately influential species may improve attempts at making meaningful predictions of climate change impacts on food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Amundrud
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diane S Srivastava
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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31
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Does adaptation to historical climate shape plant responses to future rainfall patterns? A rainfall manipulation experiment with common ragweed. Oecologia 2019; 190:941-953. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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32
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Su F, Wei Y, Wang F, Guo J, Zhang J, Wang Y, Guo H, Hu S. Sensitivity of plant species to warming and altered precipitation dominates the community productivity in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:7628-7638. [PMID: 31346427 PMCID: PMC6635936 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming and changes in precipitation patterns can critically influence the structure and productivity of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We conducted two independent but complementary experiments (one with warming and precipitation manipulation (+ or - 30%) and another with selective plant removal) in a semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau, northwestern China, to assess how warming and altered precipitation affect plant community. Our results showed that warming and altered precipitation affected community aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) through impacting soil moisture. Results of the removal experiment showed competitive relationships among dominant grasses, the dominant subshrub and nondominant species, which played a more important role than soil moisture in the response of plant community to warming and altered precipitation. Precipitation addition intensified the competition but primarily benefited the dominant subshrub. Warming and precipitation reduction enhanced water stresses but increased ANPP of the dominant subshrub and grasses, indicating that plant tolerance to drought critically meditated the community responses. These findings suggest that specie competitivity for water resources as well as tolerance to environmental stresses may dominate the responses of plant communities on the Loess Plateaus to future climate change factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglong Su
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yanan Wei
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fuwei Wang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jiuxin Guo
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou CityChina
| | - Juanjuan Zhang
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary, Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi'anChina
| | - Hui Guo
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shuijin Hu
- Ecosystem Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental SciencesNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Entomology & Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth Carolina
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33
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Galliart M, Bello N, Knapp M, Poland J, St Amand P, Baer S, Maricle B, Smith AB, Johnson L. Local adaptation, genetic divergence, and experimental selection in a foundation grass across the US Great Plains' climate gradient. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:850-868. [PMID: 30468548 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many prior studies have uncovered evidence for local adaptation using reciprocal transplant experiments. However, these studies are rarely conducted for a long enough time to observe succession and competitive dynamics in a community context, limiting inferences for long-lived species. Furthermore, the genetic basis of local adaptation and genetic associations with climate has rarely been identified. Here, we report on a long-term (6-year) experiment conducted under natural conditions focused on Andropogon gerardii, the dominant grass of the North American Great Plains tallgrass ecosystem. We focus on this foundation grass that comprises 80% of tallgrass prairie biomass and is widely used in 20,000 km2 of restoration. Specifically, we asked the following questions: (a) Whether ecotypes are locally adapted to regional climate in realistic ecological communities. (b) Does adaptive genetic variation underpin divergent phenotypes across the climate gradient? (c) Is there evidence of local adaptation if the plants are exposed to competition among ecotypes in mixed ecotype plots? Finally, (d) are local adaptation and genetic divergence related to climate? Reciprocal gardens were planted with 3 regional ecotypes (originating from dry, mesic, wet climate sources) of Andropogon gerardii across a precipitation gradient (500-1,200 mm/year) in the US Great Plains. We demonstrate local adaptation and differentiation of ecotypes in wet and dry environments. Surprisingly, the apparent generalist mesic ecotype performed comparably under all rainfall conditions. Ecotype performance was underpinned by differences in neutral diversity and candidate genes corroborating strong differences among ecotypes. Ecotype differentiation was related to climate, primarily rainfall. Without long-term studies, wrong conclusions would have been reached based on the first two years. Further, restoring prairies with climate-matched ecotypes is critical to future ecology, conservation, and sustainability under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Bello
- Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Mary Knapp
- State Climate Office, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jesse Poland
- Dept of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Sara Baer
- Plant Biology and Center for Ecology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
| | - Brian Maricle
- Biological Sciences, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas
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O’Brien AM, Sawers RJH, Ross-Ibarra J, Strauss SY. Evolutionary Responses to Conditionality in Species Interactions across Environmental Gradients. Am Nat 2018; 192:715-730. [DOI: 10.1086/700118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Villellas J, García MB, Morris WF. Geographic location, local environment, and individual size mediate the effects of climate warming and neighbors on a benefactor plant. Oecologia 2018; 189:243-253. [PMID: 30467597 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4304-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Predictions of plant responses to global warming frequently ignore biotic interactions and intraspecific variation across geographical ranges. Benefactor species play an important role in plant communities by protecting other taxa from harsh environments, but the combined effects of warming and beneficiary species on their performance have been largely unexamined. We analyzed the joint effects of elevated temperature and neighbor removal on the benefactor plant Silene acaulis, in factorial experiments near its low- and high-latitude range limits in Europe. We recorded growth, probability of reproduction and fruit set during 3 years. The effects of enhanced temperature were positive near the northern limit and negative in the south for some performance measures. This pattern was stronger in the presence of neighbors, possibly due to differential thermal tolerances between S. acaulis and beneficiary species in each location. Neighbors generally had a negative or null impact on S. acaulis, in agreement with previous reviews of overall effects of plant-plant interactions on benefactors. However, small S. acaulis individuals in the north showed higher growth when surrounded by neighbors. Finally, the local habitat within each location influenced some effects of experimental treatments. Overall, we show that plant responses to rising temperatures may strongly depend on their position within the geographic range, and on species interactions. Our results also highlight the need to consider features of the interacting taxa, such as whether they are benefactor species, as well as local-scale environmental variation, to predict the joint effects of global warming and biotic interactions on species and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Villellas
- Biology Department, Duke University, 125 Science Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Departamento Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, E-28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María B García
- Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 13034, 50080, Saragossa, Spain
| | - William F Morris
- Biology Department, Duke University, 125 Science Dr, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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36
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Mojzes A, Ónodi G, Lhotsky B, Kalapos T, Csontos P, Kröel-Dulay G. Within-generation and transgenerational plasticity in growth and regeneration of a subordinate annual grass in a rainfall experiment. Oecologia 2018; 188:1059-1068. [PMID: 30276461 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Precipitation changes may induce shifts in plant species or life form dominance in ecosystems, making some previously subordinate species abundant. The plasticity of certain plant functional traits of these expanding subordinate species may be one possible mechanism behind their success. In this study, we tested if the subordinate winter annual grass Secale sylvestre shows plasticity in growth and reproduction in response to altered environment associated with field-scale rainfall manipulations (severe drought, moderate drought, and watering) in a semiarid grassland, and whether the maternal environment influences offspring germination or growth in a subsequent pot experiment. Compared to control plots, S. sylvestre plants grew 38% taller, and produced 32% more seeds in severe drought plots, while plants in watered plots were 17% shorter, and had 22% less seeds. Seed mass was greatest in severe drought plots. Plants growing in drought plots had offspring with enhanced juvenile shoot growth compared to the progeny whose mother plants grew in watered plots. These responses are most likely explained by the decreased cover of previously dominant perennial grasses in severe drought plots, which resulted in wetter soil compared to control and watered plots during the peak growth of S. sylvestre. We conclude that the plasticity of this subordinate annual species in response to changing environment may help to gain dominance with recurring droughts that suppress perennial grasses. Our results highlight that exploring both within-generation and transgenerational plasticity of subordinate species may lead to a better prediction of changes in plant species dominance under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mojzes
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Ónodi
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary.,MTA Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
| | - Barbara Lhotsky
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kalapos
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Csontos
- MTA Centre for Agricultural Research, Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Herman O. út 15, Budapest, 1022, Hungary
| | - György Kröel-Dulay
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Alkotmány u. 2-4, Vácrátót, 2163, Hungary.,MTA Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, Tihany, 8237, Hungary
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37
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O'Brien MJ, Pugnaire FI, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Morillo JA, Martín-Usero F, López-Escoriza A, Aránega DJ, Armas C. Mimicking a rainfall gradient to test the role of soil microbiota for mediating plant responses to drier conditions. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, ES-04120 La Cañada; Almería Spain
- URPP Global Change and Biodiversity, Univ. of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Francisco I. Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, ES-04120 La Cañada; Almería Spain
| | | | - José A. Morillo
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, ES-04120 La Cañada; Almería Spain
| | - Francisco Martín-Usero
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, ES-04120 La Cañada; Almería Spain
| | - Almudena López-Escoriza
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, ES-04120 La Cañada; Almería Spain
| | - Diego J. Aránega
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, ES-04120 La Cañada; Almería Spain
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, ES-04120 La Cañada; Almería Spain
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Graff P, Aguiar MR, Almeida RJ. Females engage in stronger relationships: positive and negative effects of shrubs are more intense for Poa ligularis females than for males. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:435-443. [PMID: 29790914 PMCID: PMC6110346 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Dioecious plants are of particular concern in view of global environmental changes because reproductive females are more sensitive to abiotic stresses, thus compromising population viability. Positive interactions with other plants may counteract the direct effects of any abiotic environmental stress, allowing them to thrive and maintain a viable population in suboptimal habitats, although this process has not been tested for dioecious species. Furthermore, almost no data are available on the outcome of such species interactions and their link with local spatial patterns and sex ratios. Methods We set up a field experiment with Poa ligularis, a dioecious native grass from the arid grasslands of South America. We studied the interaction of male and female plants with cushion shrubs of contrasting ecological strategies. We experimentally limited direct shrub-grass competition for soil moisture and transplanted plants to evaluate the amelioration of abiotic stress by shrub canopies (i.e. sun and wind) on grasses. We also studied the distribution of naturally established female and male plants to infer process-pattern relationships. Key Results Positive canopy effects as well as negative below-ground effects were more intense for females than for males. Deep-rooted Mulinum spinosum shrubs strongly facilitated survival, growth and reproduction of P. ligularis females. Naturally established female plants tended to distribute more closely to Mulinum than co-occurring males. Female growth suffered intensive negative root competition from the shallow-rooted Senecio filaginoides shrub. Conclusions Interactions with other plants may reduce or enhance the effect of abiotic stresses on the seemingly maladapted sex to arid environments. We found that these biased interactions are evident in the current organization of sexes in the field, confirming our experimental findings. Therefore, indirect effects of climate change on population sex ratios may be expected if benefactor species abundances are differentially affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Graff
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martin R Aguiar
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocio J Almeida
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de lnvestigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Facultad de Agronomía, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Cowles J, Boldgiv B, Liancourt P, Petraitis PS, Casper BB. Effects of increased temperature on plant communities depend on landscape location and precipitation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5267-5278. [PMID: 29938051 PMCID: PMC6010887 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Global climate change is affecting and will continue to affect ecosystems worldwide. Specifically, temperature and precipitation are both expected to shift globally, and their separate and interactive effects will likely affect ecosystems differentially depending on current temperature, precipitation regimes, and other biotic and environmental factors. It is not currently understood how the effects of increasing temperature on plant communities may depend on either precipitation or where communities lie on soil moisture gradients. Such knowledge would play a crucial role in increasing our predictive ability for future effects of climate change in different systems. To this end, we conducted a multi-factor global change experiment at two locations, differing in temperature, moisture, aspect, and plant community composition, on the same slope in the northern Mongolian steppe. The natural differences in temperature and moisture between locations served as a point of comparison for the experimental manipulations of temperature and precipitation. We conducted two separate experiments, one examining the effect of climate manipulation via open-top chambers (OTCs) across the two different slope locations, the other a factorial OTC by watering experiment at one of the two locations. By combining these experiments, we were able to assess how OTCs impact plant productivity and diversity across a natural and manipulated range of soil moisture. We found that warming effects were context dependent, with the greatest negative impacts of warming on diversity in the warmer, drier upper slope location and in the unwatered plots. Our study is an important step in understanding how global change will affect ecosystems across multiple scales and locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Cowles
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution & BehaviorUniversity of Minnesota Twin CitiesSaint PaulMNUSA
| | | | - Pierre Liancourt
- Institute of BotanyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicTřeboňCzech Republic
| | | | - Brenda B. Casper
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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40
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Casalini AI, Bisigato AJ. Stress-gradient hypothesis and plant distribution along ecotonal gradients. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Casalini
- IPEEC; CONICET; Blvd. Brown 2915 9120 Puerto Madryn Argentina
| | - Alejandro J. Bisigato
- IPEEC; CONICET; Blvd. Brown 2915 9120 Puerto Madryn Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco; Puerto Madryn Argentina
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41
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Crow TM, Albeke SE, Buerkle CA, Hufford KM. Provisional methods to guide species‐specific seed transfer in ecological restoration. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M. Crow
- Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Shannon E. Albeke
- Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - C. Alex Buerkle
- Department of Botany University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
| | - Kristina M. Hufford
- Ecosystem Science and Management University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming 82071 USA
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Liancourt P, Le Bagousse-Pinguet Y, Rixen C, Dolezal J. SGH: stress or strain gradient hypothesis? Insights from an elevation gradient on the roof of the world. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:29-38. [PMID: 28444363 PMCID: PMC5737727 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH), the view that competition prevails in undisturbed and productive environments, and shifts to facilitation in disturbed or stressful environments, has become a central paradigm in ecology. However, an alternative view proposes that the relationship between biotic interactions and environmental severity should be unimodal instead of monotonic. Possible causes of discrepancies between these two views were examined in the high elevation desert of the arid Trans-Himalayas. METHODS A putative nurse species and its associated plant community was surveyed over its entire elevation range, spanning from alpine to desert vegetation belts. The results were analysed at the community level (vegetation cover and species richness), considering the distinction between the intensity and the importance of biotic interactions. Interactions at the species level (pairwise interactions) were also considered, i.e. the variation of biotic interactions within the niche of a species, for which the abundance (species cover) and probability of occurrence (presence/absence) for the most widespread species along the gradient were distinguished. KEY RESULTS Overall, facilitation was infrequent in our study system; however, it was observed for the two most widespread species. At the community level, the intensity and importance of biotic interactions showed a unimodal pattern. The departure from the prediction of the SGH happened abruptly where the nurse species entered the desert vegetation belt at the lowest elevation. This abrupt shift was attributed to the turnover of species with contrasting tolerances. At the species level, however, facilitation increased consistently as the level of stress increases and individuals deviate from their optimum (increasing strain). CONCLUSION While the stress gradient hypothesis was not supported along our elevation gradient at the community level, the strain gradient hypothesis, considering how species perceive the ambient level of stress and deviate from their optimum, provided a parsimonious explanation for the outcome of plant-plant interactions at both scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Liancourt
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Christian Rixen
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Dolezal
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Trebon, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlate stoce 1, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Le Bagousse-Pinguet Y, Gross N, Maestre FT, Maire V, de Bello F, Fonseca CR, Kattge J, Valencia E, Leps J, Liancourt P. Testing the environmental filtering concept in global drylands. THE JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017; 105. [PMID: 28642625 PMCID: PMC5476209 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
1. The environmental filtering hypothesis predicts that the abiotic environment selects species with similar trait values within communities. Testing this hypothesis along multiple - and interacting - gradients of climate and soil variables constitutes a great opportunity to better understand and predict the responses of plant communities to ongoing environmental changes. 2. Based on two key plant traits, maximum plant height and specific leaf area (SLA), we assessed the filtering effects of climate (mean annual temperature and precipitation, precipitation seasonality), soil characteristics (soil pH, sand content and total phosphorus) and all potential interactions on the functional structure and diversity of 124 dryland communities spread over the globe. The functional structure and diversity of dryland communities were quantified using the mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of plant trait distributions. 3. The models accurately explained the observed variations in functional trait diversity across the 124 communities studied. All models included interactions among factors, i.e. climate - climate (9% of explanatory power), climate - soil (24% of explanatory power) and soil - soil interactions (5% of explanatory power). Precipitation seasonality was the main driver of maximum plant height, and interacted with mean annual temperature and precipitation. Soil pH mediated the filtering effects of climate and sand content on SLA. Our results also revealed that communities characterized by a low variance can also exhibit low kurtosis values, indicating that functionally contrasting species can co-occur even in communities with narrow ranges of trait values. 4. Synthesis We identified the particular set of conditions under which the environmental filtering hypothesis operates in drylands worldwide. Our findings also indicate that species with functionally contrasting strategies can still co-occur locally, even under prevailing environmental filtering. Interactions between sources of environmental stress should be therefore included in global trait-based studies, as this will help to further anticipate where the effects of environmental filtering will impact plant trait diversity under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlate stoce 1, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- Correspondence author
| | - Nicolas Gross
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
- INRA, USC1339 Chizé (CEBC), F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
- Centre d’étude biologique de Chizé, CNRS - Université La Rochelle (UMR 7372), F-79360, Villiers en Bois, France
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Vincent Maire
- Département des sciences de l’environnement, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Francesco de Bello
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlate stoce 1, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Roberto Fonseca
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59072-900 RN, Brazil
| | - Jens Kattge
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knoell Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e; 04103 Leipzig
| | - Enrique Valencia
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlate stoce 1, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Jan Leps
- Department of Botany, University of South Bohemia, Na Zlate stoce 1, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pierre Liancourt
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, 379 82 Trebon, Czech Republic
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Wadgymar SM, Lowry DB, Gould BA, Byron CN, Mactavish RM, Anderson JT. Identifying targets and agents of selection: innovative methods to evaluate the processes that contribute to local adaptation. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana M. Wadgymar
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - David B. Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Plant Resilience Institute Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Billie A. Gould
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Caitlyn N. Byron
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Rachel M. Mactavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Jill T. Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
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Tullus A, Kupper P, Kaasik A, Tullus H, Lõhmus K, Sõber A, Sellin A. The competitive status of trees determines their responsiveness to increasing atmospheric humidity - a climate trend predicted for northern latitudes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1961-1974. [PMID: 27779805 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The interactive effects of climate variables and tree-tree competition are still insufficiently understood drivers of forest response to global climate change. Precipitation and air humidity are predicted to rise concurrently at high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. We investigated whether the growth response of deciduous trees to elevated air humidity varies with their competitive status. The study was conducted in seed-originated silver birch and monoclonal hybrid aspen stands grown at the free air humidity manipulation (FAHM) experimental site in Estonia, in which manipulated stands (n = 3 for both species) are exposed to artificially elevated relative air humidity (6-7% over the ambient level). The study period included three growing seasons during which the stands had reached the competitive stage (trees were 7 years old in the final year). A significant 'treatment×competitive status' interactive effect on growth was detected in all years in birch (P < 0.01) and in one year in aspen stands (P = 0.015). Competitively advantaged trees were always more strongly affected by elevated humidity. Initially the growth of advantaged and neutral trees of both species remained significantly suppressed in humidified stands. In the following years, dominance and elevated humidity had a synergistic positive effect on the growth of birches. Aspens with different competitive status recovered more uniformly, attaining similar relative growth rates in manipulated and control stands, but preserved a significantly lower total growth yield due to severe initial growth stress. Disadvantaged trees of both species were never significantly affected by elevated humidity. Our results suggest that air humidity affects trees indirectly depending on their social status. Therefore, the response of northern temperate and boreal forests to a more humid climate in future will likely be modified by competitive relationships among trees, which may potentially affect species composition and cause a need to change forestry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvo Tullus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Priit Kupper
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Hardi Tullus
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Krista Lõhmus
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Anu Sõber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
| | - Arne Sellin
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu, 51005, Estonia
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O'Brien MJ, Pugnaire FI, Armas C, Rodríguez‐Echeverría S, Schöb C. The shift from plant-plant facilitation to competition under severe water deficit is spatially explicit. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:2441-2448. [PMID: 28405307 PMCID: PMC5383484 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress-gradient hypothesis predicts a higher frequency of facilitative interactions as resource limitation increases. Under severe resource limitation, it has been suggested that facilitation may revert to competition, and identifying the presence as well as determining the magnitude of this shift is important for predicting the effect of climate change on biodiversity and plant community dynamics. In this study, we perform a meta-analysis to compare temporal differences of species diversity and productivity under a nurse plant (Retama sphaerocarpa) with varying annual rainfall quantity to test the effect of water limitation on facilitation. Furthermore, we assess spatial differences in the herbaceous community under nurse plants in situ during a year with below-average rainfall. We found evidence that severe rainfall deficit reduced species diversity and plant productivity under nurse plants relative to open areas. Our results indicate that the switch from facilitation to competition in response to rainfall quantity is nonlinear. The magnitude of this switch depended on the aspect around the nurse plant. Hotter south aspects under nurse plants resulted in negative effects on beneficiary species, while the north aspect still showed facilitation. Combined, these results emphasize the importance of spatial heterogeneity under nurse plants for mediating species loss under reduced precipitation, as predicted by future climate change scenarios. However, the decreased water availability expected under climate change will likely reduce overall facilitation and limit the role of nurse plants as refugia, amplifying biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. O'Brien
- Estación Experimental de Zonas ÁridasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlmeríaSpain
| | - Francisco I. Pugnaire
- Estación Experimental de Zonas ÁridasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlmeríaSpain
| | - Cristina Armas
- Estación Experimental de Zonas ÁridasConsejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasAlmeríaSpain
| | | | - Christian Schöb
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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47
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Losapio G, Schöb C. Resistance of plant–plant networks to biodiversity loss and secondary extinctions following simulated environmental changes. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianalberto Losapio
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Christian Schöb
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Noto AE, Shurin JB. Early Stages of Sea-Level Rise Lead To Decreased Salt Marsh Plant Diversity through Stronger Competition in Mediterranean-Climate Marshes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169056. [PMID: 28103271 PMCID: PMC5245857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change shuffles species ranges and creates novel interactions that may either buffer communities against climate change or exacerbate its effect. For instance, facilitation can become more prevalent in salt marshes under stressful conditions while competition is stronger in benign environments. Sea-level rise (SLR) is a consequence of climate change that affects the distribution of stress from inundation and salinity. To determine how interactions early in SLR are affected by changes in these two stressors in Mediterranean-climate marshes, we transplanted marsh turfs to lower elevations to simulate SLR and manipulated cover of the dominant plant species, Salicornia pacifica (formerly Salicornia virginica). We found that both S. pacifica and the subordinate species were affected by inundation treatments, and that subordinate species cover and diversity were lower at low elevations in the presence of S. pacifica than when it was removed. These results suggest that the competitive effect of S. pacifica on other plants is stronger at lower tidal elevations where we also found that salinity is reduced. As sea levels rise, stronger competition by the dominant plant will likely reduce diversity and cover of subordinate species, suggesting that stronger species interactions will exacerbate the effects of climate change on the plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akana E. Noto
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan B. Shurin
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Sun F, Pan K, Tariq A, Zhang L, Sun X, Li Z, Wang S, Xiong Q, Song D, Olatunji OA. The response of the soil microbial food web to extreme rainfall under different plant systems. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37662. [PMID: 27874081 PMCID: PMC5118748 DOI: 10.1038/srep37662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An agroforestry experiment was conducted that involved four planting systems: monoculture of the focal species Zanthoxylum bungeanum and mixed cultures of Z. bungeanum and Capsicum annuum, Z. bungeanum and Medicago sativa and Z. bungeanum and Glycine max. Soil microbial food web (microorganisms and nematodes) was investigated under manipulated extreme rainfall in the four planting systems to assess whether presence of neighbor species alleviated the magnitude of extreme rainfall on nutrient uptake of the focal species by increasing the stability of soil food web. Our results indicate that in the focal species and G. max mixed culture, leaf nitrogen contents of the focal species were higher than in the monoculture and in the other mixed cultures under extreme rainfall. This result was mainly due to the significant increase under extreme rainfall of G. max species root biomass, resulting in enhanced microbial resistance and subsequent net nitrogen mineralization rate and leaf nitrogen uptake for the focal species. Differences in functional traits of neighbors had additive effects and led to a marked divergence of soil food-web resistance and nutrient uptake of the focal species. Climate change can indirectly alleviate focal species via its influence on their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiwen Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Akash Tariq
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Sizhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinli Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Dagang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Olusanya Abiodun Olatunji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization &Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, People's Republic of China
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Copeland SM, Harrison SP. Shading and litter mediate the effects of soil fertility on the performance of an understorey herb. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 118:1187-1198. [PMID: 27604279 PMCID: PMC5091728 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Soil fertility and topographic microclimate are common determinants of plant species distributions. However, biotic conditions also vary along these abiotic gradients, and may mediate their effects on plants. In this study, we investigated whether soils and topographic microclimate acted directly on the performance of a focal understorey plant, or indirectly via changing biotic conditions. METHODS We examined direct and indirect relationships between abiotic variables (soil fertility and topographic microclimate) and biotic factors (overstorey and understorey cover, litter depth and mycorrhizal colonization) and the occurrence, density and flowering of a common understorey herb, Trientalis latifolia, in the Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, USA. RESULTS We found that the positive effects of soil fertility on Trientalis occurrence were mediated by greater overstorey shading and deeper litter. However, we did not find any effects of topographic microclimate on Trientalis distribution that were mediated by the biotic variables we measured. The predictive success of Trientalis species distribution models with soils and topographic microclimate increased by 12 % with the addition of the biotic variables. CONCLUSIONS Our results reinforce the idea that species distributions are the outcome of interrelated abiotic gradients and biotic interactions, and suggest that biotic conditions, such as overstorey density, should be included in species distribution models if data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Copeland
- Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susan P Harrison
- Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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