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Beaugrand G, Kléparski L, Luczak C, Goberville E, Kirby RR. A niche-based theory of island biogeography. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11540. [PMID: 38932973 PMCID: PMC11199848 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography (ETIB) is a widely applied dynamic theory proposed in the 1960s to explain why islands have coherent differences in species richness. The development of the ETIB was temporarily challenged in the 1970s by the alternative static theory of ecological impoverishment (TEI). The TEI suggests that the number of species on an island is determined by its number of habitats or niches but, with no clear evidence relating species richness to the number of niches however, the TEI has been almost dismissed as a theory in favour of the original ETIB. Here, we show that the number of climatic niches on islands is an important predictor of the species richness of plants, herpetofauna and land birds. We therefore propose a model called the niche-based theory of island biogeography (NTIB), based on the MacroEcological Theory on the Arrangement of Life (METAL), which successfully integrates the number of niches sensu Hutchinson into ETIB. To account for greater species turnover at the beginning of colonisation, we include higher initial extinction rates. When we test our NTIB for resident land birds in the Krakatau Islands, it reveals a good correspondence with observed species richness, immigration and extinction rates. Provided the environmental regime remains unchanged, we estimate that the current species richness at equilibrium is ~45 species (range between 38.39 and 61.51). Our NTIB provides better prediction because it counts for changes in species richness with latitude, which is not considered in any theory of island biogeography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Beaugrand
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de GéosciencesCNRS, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOGWimereuxFrance
| | - Loick Kléparski
- Marine Biological Association, The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey, The LaboratoryPlymouthUK
| | - Christophe Luczak
- Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de GéosciencesCNRS, Université de Lille, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UMR 8187, LOGWimereuxFrance
| | - Eric Goberville
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des AntillesParisFrance
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2
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Sarran C, Harvey E. Ecology: Experimental enclosures reveal effects of invertebrate biodiversity decline. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1054-R1057. [PMID: 37875080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial invertebrates are declining globally, yet we still have a poor understanding of how this will influence ecosystem functioning. A new study suggests that the effect might disrupt connections among ecosystem compartments, leading to loss of important ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Sarran
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Eric Harvey
- Groupe de recherche interuniversitaire en limnologie et en environnement aquatique (GRIL), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada; Centre de Recherche sur les Interactions bassins-Versants - Écosystèmes aquatiques (RIVE), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada.
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3
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Shinohara N, Yoshida T. Temporal changes of local and regional processes in the assembly of herbivorous insect communities. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Shinohara
- Dept of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Univ. of Tokyo Bunkyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takehito Yoshida
- Research Inst. for Humanity and Nature Kamigamo, Kita‐ku Kyoto Japan
- Dept of General Systems Studies, Univ. of Tokyo Meguro Tokyo Japan
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4
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Jaiswal D, Pandey U, Mishra V, Pandey J. Integrating resilience with functional ecosystem measures: A novel paradigm for management decisions under multiple-stressor interplay in freshwater ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3699-3717. [PMID: 33915017 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Moving beyond monitoring the state of water quality to understanding how the sensitive ecosystems "respond" to complex interplay of climatic and anthropogenic perturbations, and eventually the mechanisms that underpin alterations leading to transitional shifts is crucial for managing freshwater resources. The multiple disturbance dynamics-a single disturbance as opposed to multiple disturbances for recovery and other atrocities-alter aquatic ecosystem in multiple ways, yet the global models lack representation of key processes and feedbacks, impeding potential management decisions. Here, the procedure we have embarked for what is known about the biogeochemical and ecological functions in freshwaters in context of ecosystem resilience, feedbacks, stressors synergies, and compensatory dynamics, is highly relevant for process-based ecosystem models and for developing a novel paradigm toward potential management decisions. This review advocates the need for a more aggressive approach with improved understanding of changes in key ecosystem processes and mechanistic links thereof, regulating resilience and compensatory dynamics concordant with climate and anthropogenic perturbations across a wide range of spatio-temporal scales. This has relevance contexting climate change and anthropogenic pressures for developing proactive and adaptive management strategies for safeguarding freshwater resources and services they provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Jaiswal
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Usha Pandey
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mahatma Gandhi Kashividyapith University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vibha Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad Institute of Humanity, Science and Technology, Sitapur, India
| | - Jitendra Pandey
- Ganga River Ecology Research Laboratory, Environmental Science Division, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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5
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Dolezal AJ, Esch EH, MacDougall AS. Restored marginal farmland benefits arthropod diversity at multiple scales. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J. Dolezal
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Ellen H. Esch
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Andrew S. MacDougall
- University of Guelph, Department of Integrative Biology, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario Canada N1G 2W1
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6
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Heydari M, Cheraghi J, Omidipour R, Mirab-balou M, Pothier D. Beta diversity of plant community and soil mesofauna along an elevational gradient in a mountainous semi-arid oak forest. COMMUNITY ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-021-00046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Harvey E, Gounand I, Fronhofer EA, Altermatt F. Metaecosystem dynamics drive community composition in experimental, multi‐layered spatial networks. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dept of Aquatic Ecology Überlandstrasse 133 CH‐8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Dépt de Sciences Biologiques, Univ. de Montréal Canada
| | - Isabelle Gounand
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dept of Aquatic Ecology Überlandstrasse 133 CH‐8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Emanuel A. Fronhofer
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Inst. of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dept of Aquatic Ecology Überlandstrasse 133 CH‐8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Dept of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, Univ. of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zürich Switzerland
- Dépt de Sciences Biologiques, Univ. de Montréal Canada
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8
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Harvey E, Gounand I, Fronhofer EA, Altermatt F. Disturbance reverses classic biodiversity predictions in river-like landscapes. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:20182441. [PMID: 30963914 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Global analyses of biodiversity consistently reveal recurrent patterns of species distributions worldwide. However, unveiling the specific mechanisms behind those patterns remains logistically challenging, yet necessary for reliable biodiversity forecasts. Here, we combine theory and experiments to investigate the processes underlying spatial biodiversity patterns in dendritic, river-like landscapes, iconic examples of highly threatened ecosystems. We used geometric scaling properties, common to all rivers, to show that the distribution of biodiversity in these landscapes fundamentally depends on how ecological selection is modulated across space: while uniform ecological selection across the network leads to higher diversity in downstream confluences, this pattern can be inverted by disturbances when population turnover (i.e. local mortality) is higher upstream than downstream. Higher turnover in small headwater patches can slow down ecological selection, increasing local diversity in comparison to large downstream confluences. Our results show that disturbance-mediated slowing down of competitive exclusion can generate a specific transient signature in terms of biodiversity distribution when applied over a spatial gradient of disturbance, which is a common feature of many river landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich , Switzerland.,2 Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Isabelle Gounand
- 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich , Switzerland.,2 Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Emanuel A Fronhofer
- 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich , Switzerland.,2 Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland.,4 ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EDPHE , Montpellier , France
| | - Florian Altermatt
- 1 Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich , Switzerland.,2 Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
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9
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Ross SRPJ, Friedman NR, Janicki J, Economo EP. A test of trophic and functional island biogeography theory with the avifauna of a continental archipelago. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1392-1405. [PMID: 31132149 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The classical MacArthur-Wilson theory of island biogeography (TIB) emphasizes the role of island area and isolation in determining island biotas, but is neutral with respect to species differences that could affect community assembly and persistence. Recent extensions of island biogeography theory address how functional differences among species may lead to non-random community assembly processes and different diversity-area scaling patterns. First, the trophic TIB considers how diversity scaling varies across trophic position in a community, with species at higher trophic levels being most strongly influenced by island area. Second, further extensions have predicted how trait distributions, and hence functional diversity, should scale with area. Trait-based theory predicts richness-corrected functional diversity should be low on small islands but converge to null on larger islands. Conversely, competitive assembly predicts high diversity on small islands converging to null with increasing size. However, despite mounting interest in diversity-area relationships across different dimensions of diversity, these predictions derived from theory have not been extensively tested across taxa and island systems. Here, we develop and test predictions of the trophic TIB and extensions to functional traits, by examining the diversity-area relationship across multiple trophic ranks and dimensions of avian biodiversity in the Ryūkyū archipelago of Japan. We find evidence for a positive species- and phylogenetic diversity-area relationship, but functional diversity was not strongly affected by island area. Counter to the trophic TIB, we found no differences in the slopes of species-area relationships among trophic ranks, although slopes varied among trophic guilds at the same rank. We revealed differential assembly of trophic ranks, with evidence of trait-based assembly of intermediate predators but otherwise neutral community assembly. Our results suggest that niche space differs among trophic guilds of birds, but that differences are mostly not predicted by current extensions of island biogeography theory. While predicted patterns do not fit the empirical data well in this case, the development of such theory provides a useful framework to analyse island patterns from new perspectives. The application of empirical datasets such as ours should help provide a basis for developing further iterations of island biogeography theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R P-J Ross
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.,Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Nicholas R Friedman
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Julia Janicki
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Evan P Economo
- Biodiversity and Biocomplexity Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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10
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Harvey E, Altermatt F. Regulation of the functional structure of aquatic communities across spatial scales in a major river network. Ecology 2019; 100:e02633. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich CH‐8057 Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Duebendorf CH‐8600 Switzerland
- Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal H2V 2S9 Canada
| | - Florian Altermatt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Zurich CH‐8057 Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Duebendorf CH‐8600 Switzerland
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11
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Zalewski M, Hajdamowicz I, Stańska M, Dudek-Godeau D, Tykarski P, Sienkiewicz P, Ciurzycki W, Ulrich W. β-diversity decreases with increasing trophic rank in plant - arthropod food chains on lake islands. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17425. [PMID: 30479354 PMCID: PMC6258687 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34768-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrasting trophic theories of island biogeography try to link spatial patterns in species distribution and richness with dietary preferences, arguing that the spatial turnover of species among habitat patches changes with trophic rank causing a systematic change in the proportion of plants, herbivores, and predators across habitats of different size. Here we test these predictions using quantitative surveys of plants, spiders, and herbivores as well as of omnivorous and predatory ground beetles on undisturbed Polish lake islands. We found decreased proportions of predators and habitat generalists on larger islands. Environmental niches and niche overlap were highest in predators. Variability in environmental niche width among species increased at higher trophic levels. Our results confirm models that predict a decrease in spatial species turnover (β-diversity) with increasing trophic level. We speculate that the major trigger for these differences is a reduced dispersal ability in plants at basal trophic ranks when compared to higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zalewski
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Izabela Hajdamowicz
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Prusa 12, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Marzena Stańska
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Prusa 12, 08-110, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Dorota Dudek-Godeau
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Wóycickiego1/3, building 23, 01-938, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Tykarski
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, The University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Sienkiewicz
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Ciurzycki
- Department of Forest Botany, Faculty of Forestry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Lwowska 1, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
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12
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MacDougall AS, Harvey E, McCune JL, Nilsson KA, Bennett J, Firn J, Bartley T, Grace JB, Kelly J, Tunney TD, McMeans B, Matsuzaki SIS, Kadoya T, Esch E, Cazelles K, Lester N, McCann KS. Context-dependent interactions and the regulation of species richness in freshwater fish. Nat Commun 2018; 9:973. [PMID: 29511186 PMCID: PMC5840330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Species richness is regulated by a complex network of scale-dependent processes. This complexity can obscure the influence of limiting species interactions, making it difficult to determine if abiotic or biotic drivers are more predominant regulators of richness. Using integrative modeling of freshwater fish richness from 721 lakes along an 11o latitudinal gradient, we find negative interactions to be a relatively minor independent predictor of species richness in lakes despite the widespread presence of predators. Instead, interaction effects, when detectable among major functional groups and 231 species pairs, were strong, often positive, but contextually dependent on environment. These results are consistent with the idea that negative interactions internally structure lake communities but do not consistently ‘scale-up’ to regulate richness independently of the environment. The importance of environment for interaction outcomes and its role in the regulation of species richness highlights the potential sensitivity of fish communities to the environmental changes affecting lakes globally. Species richness patterns are driven by biotic and abiotic factors, the relative strengths of which are unclear. Here, the authors test how species interactions or environmental traits influence fish richness across over 700 Canadian lakes, showing a surprisingly small role of negative interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S MacDougall
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.
| | - Eric Harvey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.,Institute Of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Ch-8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department Of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University Of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3B2
| | - Jenny L McCune
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.,Department Of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Karin A Nilsson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.,Department of Ecology And Environmental Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Joseph Bennett
- Department Of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Jennifer Firn
- Queensland University Of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Timothy Bartley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - James B Grace
- US Geological Survey, Wetland And Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Boulevard, Lafayette, Los Angeles, 70506, USA
| | - Jocelyn Kelly
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Tyler D Tunney
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.,Fisheries And Oceans Canada, Gulf Fisheries Centre, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, NB EC 9B6
| | - Bailey McMeans
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1.,University Of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6
| | | | - Taku Kadoya
- National Institute For Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-0053, Japan
| | - Ellen Esch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Kevin Cazelles
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Nigel Lester
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, K9J 8M5
| | - Kevin S McCann
- Department of Integrative Biology, University Of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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13
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Harvey E, MacDougall AS. Non-interacting impacts of fertilization and habitat area on plant diversity via contrasting assembly mechanisms. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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14
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Ord TJ, Emblen J, Hagman M, Shofner R, Unruh S. Manipulation of habitat isolation and area implicates deterministic factors and limited neutrality in community assembly. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5845-5860. [PMID: 28811885 PMCID: PMC5552957 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts deterministic and stochastic factors will contribute to community assembly in different ways: Environmental filters should regulate those species that establish in a particular area resulting in the ecological requirements of species being the primary driver of species distributions, while chance and dispersal limitation should dictate the likelihood of species reaching certain areas with the ecology of species being largely neutral. These factors are specifically relevant for understanding how the area and isolation of different habitats or islands interact to affect community composition. Our review of the literature found few experimental studies have examined the interactive effect of habitat area and isolation on community assembly, and the results of those experiments have been mixed. We manipulated the area and isolation of rock “islands” created de novo in a grassland matrix to experimentally test how deterministic and stochastic factors shape colonizing animal communities. Over 64 weeks, the experiment revealed the primacy of deterministic factors in community assembly, with habitat islands of the same size exhibiting remarkable consistency in community composition and diversity, irrespective of isolation. Nevertheless, tangible differences still existed in abundance inequality among taxa: Large, near islands had consistently higher numbers of common taxa compared to all other island types. Dispersal limitation is often assumed to be negligible at small spatial scales, but our data shows this not to be the case. Furthermore, the dispersal limitation of a subset of species has potentially complex flow‐on effects for dictating the type of deterministic factors affecting other colonizing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Ord
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Jack Emblen
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Mattias Hagman
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Ryan Shofner
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - Sara Unruh
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and the School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
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15
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Start D, Gilbert B. Host-parasitoid evolution in a metacommunity. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.0477. [PMID: 27194705 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patch size and isolation are predicted to alter both species diversity and evolution; yet, there are few empirical examples of eco-evolutionary feedback in metacommunities. We tested three hypotheses about eco-evolutionary feedback in a gall-forming fly, Eurosta solidaginis and two of its natural enemies that select for opposite traits: (i) specialization and poor dispersal ability constrain a subset of natural enemies from occupying small and isolated patches, (ii) this constraint alters selection on the gall fly, causing phenotypic shifts towards traits resistant to generalist and dispersive enemies in small and isolated patches, and (iii) reduced dispersal evolves in small, isolated populations. We sampled patches in a natural metacommunity and found support for all hypotheses; Eurosta's specialist wasp parasitoid attacked fewer galls in small and isolated patches, generating a selection gradient that favoured small galls resistant to predation by a dispersive and generalist bird predator. Phenotype distributions matched this selection gradient, and these phenotypic differences were maintained in a common garden experiment. Finally, we found lower dispersal abilities in small and isolated patches, a phenotypic shift that aids in the maintenance of local adaptation. We suggest that the trophic rank and the species traits of consumers are central to evolution in metacommunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denon Start
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3
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16
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Si X, Cadotte MW, Zeng D, Baselga A, Zhao Y, Li J, Wu Y, Wang S, Ding P. Functional and phylogenetic structure of island bird communities. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:532-542. [PMID: 28191629 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity change in anthropogenically transformed habitats is often nonrandom, yet the nature and importance of the different mechanisms shaping community structure are unclear. Here, we extend the classic Theory of Island Biogeography (TIB) to account for nonrandom processes by incorporating species traits and phylogenetic relationships into a study of faunal relaxation following habitat loss and fragmentation. Two possible mechanisms can create nonrandom community patterns on fragment islands. First, small and isolated islands might consist of similar or closely related species because they are environmentally homogeneous or select for certain shared traits, such as dispersal ability. Alternatively, communities on small islands might contain more dissimilar or distantly related species than on large islands because limited space and resource availability result in greater competitive exclusion among species with high niche overlap. Breeding birds were surveyed on 36 islands and two mainland sites annually from 2010 to 2014 in the Thousand Island Lake region, China. We assessed community structure of breeding birds on these subtropical land-bridge islands by integrating species' trait and evolutionary distances. We additionally analysed habitat heterogeneity and variance in size ratios to distinguish biotic and abiotic processes of community assembly. Results showed that functional-phylogenetic diversity increased with island area, and decreased with isolation. Bird communities on the mainland were more diverse and generally less clustered than island bird communities and not different than randomly assembled communities. Bird communities on islands tend to be functionally similar and phylogenetically clustered, especially on small and isolated islands. The nonrandom decline in species diversity and change in bird community structure with island area and isolation, along with the relatively homogeneous habitats on small islands, support the environmental filtering hypothesis. Our study demonstrates the importance of integrating multiple forms of diversity for understanding the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and further reveals that TIB could be extended to community measures by moving beyond assumptions of species equivalency in colonisation rates and extinction susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Si
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Di Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Andrés Baselga
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yiru Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China
| | - Ping Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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17
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Grainger TN, Germain RM, Jones NT, Gilbert B. Predators modify biogeographic constraints on species distributions in an insect metacommunity. Ecology 2017; 98:851-860. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tess Nahanni Grainger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Rachel M. Germain
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Natalie T. Jones
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
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18
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Harvey E, MacDougall AS. Spatially Heterogeneous Perturbations Homogenize the Regulation of Insect Herbivores. Am Nat 2015; 186:623-33. [PMID: 26655775 DOI: 10.1086/683199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic influences on resources and consumers can affect food web regulation, with impacts on trophic structure and ecosystem processes. Identifying how these impacts unfold is challenging because alterations to one or both resources and consumers can similarly transform community structure, especially for intermediate consumers. To date, empirical testing of perturbations on trophic regulation has been limited by the difficulty in separating the direct effect of perturbations on species composition and diversity from those unfolding indirectly via altered feeding pathways. Moreover, disentangling the independent and interactive impacts of covarying stressors that characterize human-altered systems has been an ongoing analytical challenge. We used a large-scale metacommunity experiment in grasslands to test how resource inputs, stand perturbation, and spatial factors affect regulation of insect herbivores in tritrophic grassland food webs. Using path-model comparisons, we observed significant simplification of food web regulation on insect herbivores, shifting from mixed predator-resource regulation in unaltered mainland areas to strictly resource-based regulation with landscape perturbation and fragmentation. Most changes were attributed to homogenization of plant community caused by landscape fragmentation and the deterministic influence of eutrophication that reduced among-patch beta diversity. This led to a simplified food web dominated by fewer but more abundant herbivore taxa. Our work implies that anthropogenic perturbation relating to resources and spatial isolation can transform the regulation of food web diversity, structure, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Harvey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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19
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Telfer AC, Young MR, Quinn J, Perez K, Sobel CN, Sones JE, Levesque-Beaudin V, Derbyshire R, Fernandez-Triana J, Rougerie R, Thevanayagam A, Boskovic A, Borisenko AV, Cadel A, Brown A, Pages A, Castillo AH, Nicolai A, Glenn Mockford BM, Bukowski B, Wilson B, Trojahn B, Lacroix CA, Brimblecombe C, Hay C, Ho C, Steinke C, Warne CP, Garrido Cortes C, Engelking D, Wright D, Lijtmaer DA, Gascoigne D, Hernandez Martich D, Morningstar D, Neumann D, Steinke D, Marco DeBruin DD, Dobias D, Sears E, Richard E, Damstra E, Zakharov EV, Laberge F, Collins GE, Blagoev GA, Grainge G, Ansell G, Meredith G, Hogg I, McKeown J, Topan J, Bracey J, Guenther J, Sills-Gilligan J, Addesi J, Persi J, Layton KKS, D'Souza K, Dorji K, Grundy K, Nghidinwa K, Ronnenberg K, Lee KM, Xie L, Lu L, Penev L, Gonzalez M, Rosati ME, Kekkonen M, Kuzmina M, Iskandar M, Mutanen M, Fatahi M, Pentinsaari M, Bauman M, Nikolova N, Ivanova NV, Jones N, Weerasuriya N, Monkhouse N, Lavinia PD, Jannetta P, Hanisch PE, McMullin RT, Ojeda Flores R, Mouttet R, Vender R, Labbee RN, Forsyth R, Lauder R, Dickson R, Kroft R, Miller SE, MacDonald S, Panthi S, Pedersen S, Sobek-Swant S, Naik S, Lipinskaya T, Eagalle T, Decaëns T, Kosuth T, Braukmann T, Woodcock T, Roslin T, Zammit T, Campbell V, Dinca V, Peneva V, Hebert PDN, deWaard JR. Biodiversity inventories in high gear: DNA barcoding facilitates a rapid biotic survey of a temperate nature reserve. Biodivers Data J 2015; 3:e6313. [PMID: 26379469 PMCID: PMC4568406 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e6313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive biotic surveys, or 'all taxon biodiversity inventories' (ATBI), have traditionally been limited in scale or scope due to the complications surrounding specimen sorting and species identification. To circumvent these issues, several ATBI projects have successfully integrated DNA barcoding into their identification procedures and witnessed acceleration in their surveys and subsequent increase in project scope and scale. The Biodiversity Institute of Ontario partnered with the rare Charitable Research Reserve and delegates of the 6th International Barcode of Life Conference to complete its own rapid, barcode-assisted ATBI of an established land trust in Cambridge, Ontario, Canada. NEW INFORMATION The existing species inventory for the rare Charitable Research Reserve was rapidly expanded by integrating a DNA barcoding workflow with two surveying strategies - a comprehensive sampling scheme over four months, followed by a one-day bioblitz involving international taxonomic experts. The two surveys resulted in 25,287 and 3,502 specimens barcoded, respectively, as well as 127 human observations. This barcoded material, all vouchered at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario collection, covers 14 phyla, 29 classes, 117 orders, and 531 families of animals, plants, fungi, and lichens. Overall, the ATBI documented 1,102 new species records for the nature reserve, expanding the existing long-term inventory by 49%. In addition, 2,793 distinct Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) were assigned to genus or higher level taxonomy, and represent additional species that will be added once their taxonomy is resolved. For the 3,502 specimens, the collection, sequence analysis, taxonomic assignment, data release and manuscript submission by 100+ co-authors all occurred in less than one week. This demonstrates the speed at which barcode-assisted inventories can be completed and the utility that barcoding provides in minimizing and guiding valuable taxonomic specialist time. The final product is more than a comprehensive biotic inventory - it is also a rich dataset of fine-scale occurrence and sequence data, all archived and cross-linked in the major biodiversity data repositories. This model of rapid generation and dissemination of essential biodiversity data could be followed to conduct regional assessments of biodiversity status and change, and potentially be employed for evaluating progress towards the Aichi Targets of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jenna Quinn
- rare Charitable Research Reserve, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Kate Perez
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alex Cadel
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - Anais Pages
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Belén Bukowski
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bill Wilson
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Christmas Ho
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dario A Lijtmaer
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Gascoigne
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | - Dirk Neumann
- SNSB, Zoologische Staatssammlung Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinke
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Emily Damstra
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerrie Grainge
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | - Ian Hogg
- University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Janet Topan
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jason Bracey
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Jerry Guenther
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | - Joshua Persi
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Grundy
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Kirsti Nghidinwa
- Ministry of Environment and Tourism in Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | | | | | - Linxi Xie
- The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Liuqiong Lu
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Mailyn Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Margaret E Rosati
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Miriam Bauman
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pablo D Lavinia
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Priscila E Hanisch
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" (MACN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Raphaëlle Mouttet
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la Santé des Végétaux, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Reid Vender
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ross Dickson
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Ruth Kroft
- rare Charitable Research Reserve (Affiliate of), Cambridge, Canada
| | - Scott E Miller
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Sishir Panthi
- Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Suresh Naik
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
| | - Tatsiana Lipinskaya
- Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Thibaud Decaëns
- Université de Montpellier Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Tom Woodcock
- rare Charitable Research Reserve, Cambridge, Canada
| | - Tomas Roslin
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tony Zammit
- Grand River Conservation Authority, Cambridge, Canada
| | | | - Vlad Dinca
- Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph, Canada
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20
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Des Roches S, Harmon LJ, Rosenblum EB. Colonization of a novel depauperate habitat leads to trophic niche shifts in three desert lizard species. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Des Roches
- Dept of Environmental Science; Policy and Management, Univ. of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Luke J. Harmon
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844-3051 USA
| | - Erica B. Rosenblum
- Dept of Environmental Science; Policy and Management, Univ. of California; Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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