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Güler HA, Albayrak A, Alsancak ZB, Çınkır TS, Yavuz B, Köken HC, Özcan İH, Çinkir S, Acar FM, Teker ÖS, Özçağlayan SE, Çakmakcı ZB, Rajab F. The mediating role of ability to delay gratification in the relationship between emotional abuse and dieting behavior in healthy adolescents: Considering body mass index as a covariate. Nutrition 2024; 128:112554. [PMID: 39270433 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study we investigated the relationship between interpersonal childhood trauma, ability to delay gratification (DG), and disordered eating attitudes among adolescents. METHODS Data were collected from 145 adolescents aged 12 to 17 through an online survey distributed to parents and legal guardians. The sociodemographic data form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and Delaying Gratification Inventory were filled out by adolescents in the study. RESULTS Sociodemographic data revealed a mean age of 15.07 ± 1.64 years, with 62.8% females (n = 91). Correlation analyses revealed associations between body mass index (BMI), interpersonal childhood trauma experiences (measured by CTQ), and disordered eating attitudes (measured by EAT-26). Notably, emotional abuse correlated negatively with ability to DG and positively with dieting behavior. Mediation analysis showed that ability to DG partially mediated the relationship between emotional abuse and dieting behavior, even after controlling for BMI percentiles. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that emotional abuse may influence disordered eating attitudes especially dieting behavior through its impact on ability to DG. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore intervention strategies for adolescents affected by interpersonal childhood trauma and disordered eating attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Ali Güler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Türkiye.
| | | | | | | | - Büşra Yavuz
- Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Sena Çinkir
- Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Türkiye
| | | | | | | | | | - Fares Rajab
- Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Türkiye
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2
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Bird BM, Levitt EE, Stewart SH, Wanklyn SG, Meyer EC, Murphy JG, McDevitt-Murphy ME, MacKillop J. Posttraumatic stress and delay discounting: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Med 2024; 54:437-446. [PMID: 37947238 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Delay discounting-the extent to which individuals show a preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards-has been proposed as a transdiagnostic neurocognitive process across mental health conditions, but its examination in relation to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is comparatively recent. To assess the aggregated evidence for elevated delay discounting in relation to posttraumatic stress, we conducted a meta-analysis on existing empirical literature. Bibliographic searches identified 209 candidate articles, of which 13 articles with 14 independent effect sizes were eligible for meta-analysis, reflecting a combined sample size of N = 6897. Individual study designs included case-control (e.g. examination of differences in delay discounting between individuals with and without PTSD) and continuous association studies (e.g. relationship between posttraumatic stress symptom severity and delay discounting). In a combined analysis of all studies, the overall relationship was a small but statistically significant positive association between posttraumatic stress and delay discounting (r = .135, p < .0001). The same relationship was statistically significant for continuous association studies (r = .092, p = .027) and case-control designs (r = .179, p < .001). Evidence of publication bias was minimal. The included studies were limited in that many did not concurrently incorporate other psychiatric conditions in the analyses, leaving the specificity of the relationship to posttraumatic stress less clear. Nonetheless, these findings are broadly consistent with previous meta-analyses of delayed reward discounting in relation to other mental health conditions and provide further evidence for the transdiagnostic utility of this construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Bird
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Emily E Levitt
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sherry H Stewart
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sonya G Wanklyn
- MacDonald Franklin OSI Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eric C Meyer
- Department of Counseling and Behavioral Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton and McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Basso JC, Satyal MK, McKee KL, Lynn S, Gyamfi D, Bickel WK. Dissociation and other trauma symptomatology are linked to imbalance in the competing neurobehavioral decision systems. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1317088. [PMID: 38356995 PMCID: PMC10864435 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1317088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Dissociation is a conscious state characterized by alterations in sensation and perception and is thought to arise from traumatic life experiences. Previous research has demonstrated that individuals with high levels of dissociation show impairments in cognitive-emotional processes. Therefore, using the Competing Neurobehavioral Decisions System (CNDS) theory, we used statistical modeling to examine whether dissociative experience and trauma symptoms are independently predicted by impulsivity, risk-seeking, affective state (i.e., anxiety, depression, stress, and negative affect), and trauma history. Method In this cross-sectional study design, data were collected via Amazon Mechanical Turk from a total of n = 557 English-speaking participants in the United States. Using Qualtrics, participants answered a series of self-reported questionnaires and completed several neurocognitive tasks. Three independent multiple linear regression models were conducted to assess whether impulsivity, risk seeking, affective state, and trauma history predict depersonalization, trauma symptoms, and PTSD symptoms. Results As hypothesized, we found that depersonalization and other trauma symptoms are associated with heightened impulsivity, increased risk-seeking, impaired affective states, and a history of traumatic experiences. Conclusion We demonstrate that an imbalanced CNDS (i.e., hyperimpulsive/hypoexecutive), as evidenced by decreased future valuation, increased risk seeking, and impaired affective states, predicts heightened depersonalization and other trauma and PTSD symptomatology. This is the first time that dissociation has been connected to delay discounting (i.e., the tendency to place more value on rewards received immediately compared to farther in the future). Interventions that positively impact areas of the CNDS, such as episodic future thinking or mindfulness meditation, may be a target to help decrease dissociative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C. Basso
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Medha K. Satyal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kevin L. McKee
- Center for Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Lynn
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Daphne Gyamfi
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Addiction Recovery Research Center, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
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Olson EA, Ahmad S, Granger SJ, Ashraf A, Pizzagalli DA, Rosso IM. Anhedonia and Delay Discounting: Differing Patterns of Brain-Behavior Relationships in Healthy Control Participants Versus Individuals With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2024; 9:80-90. [PMID: 37536568 PMCID: PMC10830883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anhedonia may contribute to individual differences in delay discounting (DD). In prior work, we found that higher anhedonia was associated with shallower DD in healthy control (HC) participants but steeper DD in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, we aimed to directly compare the relationship between anhedonia and DD across groups and to identify functional brain correlates of this interaction. METHODS Participants (HC group: n = 23, DSM-5 PTSD group: n = 23) completed a questionnaire assessing anhedonia (Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale [SHAPS]), task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging of decision making including DD, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Task-based activity and resting-state functional connectivity were evaluated in reward-related regions that have also been implicated in PTSD (nucleus accumbens [NAcc], right anterior insula). RESULTS Higher SHAPS scores were associated with steeper DD in PTSD, but there was no relationship between DD and SHAPS in the HC group. There was a significant group-by-SHAPS interaction for NAcc activity, t31 = 2.92, p = .007: Greater NAcc activity when immediate rewards were chosen was associated with higher SHAPS in the PTSD group but lower SHAPS in the HC group. In resting-state functional connectivity, there was a group-by-SHAPS interaction between the NAcc seed and right parietal and frontal pole clusters. CONCLUSIONS These results extend prior findings that anhedonia is associated with steeper DD in PTSD and demonstrate that this behavioral finding occurs in the context of NAcc hyperactivity to immediate rewards and hyperconnectivity in anhedonic individuals with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Olson
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Subul Ahmad
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Steven J Granger
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aseelah Ashraf
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts
| | - Isabelle M Rosso
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Yeh YH, Tegge AN, Freitas-Lemos R, Myerson J, Green L, Bickel WK. Discounting of delayed rewards: Missing data imputation for the 21- and 27-item monetary choice questionnaires. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292258. [PMID: 37844072 PMCID: PMC10578570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ) is a widely used behavioral task that measures the rate of delay discounting (i.e., k), the degree to which a delayed reward loses its present value as a function of the time to its receipt. Both 21- and 27-item MCQs have been extensively validated and proven valuable in research. Different methods have been developed to streamline MCQ scoring. However, existing scoring methods have yet to tackle the issue of missing responses or provide clear guidance on imputing such data. Due to this lack of knowledge, the present study developed and compared three imputation approaches that leverage the MCQ's structure and prioritize ease of implementation. Additionally, their performance was compared with mode imputation. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to evaluate the performance of these approaches in handling various missing responses in each observation across two datasets from prior studies that employed the 21- and 27-item MCQs. One of the three approaches consistently outperformed mode imputation across all performance measures. This approach involves imputing missing values using congruent non-missing responses to the items corresponding to the same k value or introducing random responses when congruent answers are unavailable. This investigation unveils a straightforward method for imputing missing data in the MCQ while ensuring unbiased estimates. Along with the investigation, an R tool was developed for researchers to implement this strategy while streamlining the MCQ scoring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Yeh
- Psychology Department, Illinois College, Jacksonville, IL, United States of America
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | | | - Joel Myerson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Leonard Green
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States of America
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钟 莹, 李 雨, 陈 如, 从 恩, 徐 一. [Childhood trauma and adolescent game addiction: the mediating effects of self-control]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2023; 25:976-981. [PMID: 37718406 PMCID: PMC10511223 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2303114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between childhood trauma and game addiction in adolescents, as well as the mediating effect of self-control. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using cluster random sampling. The participants were 2 664 adolescents from a senior high school in Henan Province. The research tools included a demographic data questionnaire, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form, Self-Control Scale, and Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents. The Bootstrap method was used to test the parallel mediating effect, with the five dimensions of self-control as mediators. RESULTS The prevalence of game addiction among the adolescents was 17.68% (471/2 664). There was a positive correlation between childhood trauma and game addiction scores (P<0.01), and a negative correlation between childhood trauma scores and each dimension of self-control (P<0.01). Moreover, all five dimensions of self-control were negatively correlated with game addiction scores (P<0.01) and acted as parallel mediators between childhood trauma and game addiction. The mediating effects of restraint from entertainment (accounting for 15.6% of the total effect) and resistance to temptation (accounting for 10.6% of the total effect) were stronger. CONCLUSIONS Childhood trauma may increase the risk of game addiction by impairing adolescents' self-control abilities. The reduction of childhood trauma can cultivate self-control in adolescents and prevent the occurrence of game addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - 恩朝 从
- 同济大学附属第十人民医院精神心理科上海200072
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Pilcher JJ, Morris DM, Erikson DN. Self-Control Measurement Methodologies: An Integrative Approach. Psychol Rep 2023; 126:1108-1129. [PMID: 35084257 DOI: 10.1177/00332941211067969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of self-control occurs in many different types of experimental settings using a wide range of methodologies. In addition, measures of self-control vary in their procedures and operational definitions from simple questionnaires to complex scenarios where individuals must choose to act or not. The present summary draws on trends within the literature using widely accepted measures of self-control. The measures are organized based on established paradigms in the literature and focus on three categories: executive functioning tasks, delay of gratification tasks, and subjective-report surveys. We also include an "additional measures" category to capture measures that do not readily fit in these three categories. Finally, we discuss recent approaches to the scientific exploration of self-control and integrate the categories of measures used here within these approaches. This integration incorporates a wide range of research paradigms and provides direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- June J Pilcher
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Drew M Morris
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Dylan N Erikson
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Choung Y, Pak TY. More than just a bad day? Traumatic life events and self-control in old age. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0266312. [PMID: 36753499 PMCID: PMC9907851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The behavioral economics literature suggests that exposure to traumatic events shifts preference features including risk aversion and time preference. In this study, we examined the association between traumatic life events and self-control in old age. Data were obtained from the Health and Retirement Study, which offers retrospective data on trauma exposure and early life characteristics. The results showed that experiences of serious physical attacks or assaults is associated with a 3.1% reduction in self-control, adjusted for demographic and childhood socioeconomic characteristics. The attacks or assaults were experienced approximately 30 years prior to the survey, indicating that traumatic life events exert a lasting influence on self-control. Further analyses found no difference in the association between the experience of serious physical attacks or assaults and self-control according to the timing of occurrence. Our findings are consistent with the evidence that experiences of natural disasters or armed conflicts increase impatience among survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Choung
- Department of Consumer Science, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Pak
- Department of Consumer Science and Convergence Program for Social Innovation, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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9
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Interconnections between Emotion Recognition, Self-Processes and Psychological Well-Being in Adolescents. ADOLESCENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/adolescents3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental period for mentalization and emotion regulation skills. Studies show that during this time, adolescents may experience greater vulnerability to challenges of mental and emotional well-being. Studies also show that self-skills, such as mentalization, self-compassion, and self-control are independently associated with feelings of global self-worth or psychological well-being. To date, no known studies have explored interconnected relations among these self-skills, despite significant overlaps in the social-biological development of these skills. Aims: To investigate interconnected relations among psychological well-being, mentalization, self-compassion and self-control. Gender differences in these relations are explored. Method: As part of a larger, longitudinal study of adolescent well-being, this cross-sectional study drew on a variety of self-report measures, investigating relations among adolescents’ self-reports of psychological well-being, emotion recognition, self-control, and self-compassion. Participants consisted of 88 girls and 57 boys, mean age 13.38. Results: Main results showed associations among emotion recognition, self-control and self-compassion and feelings of global self-worth. Specifically, results showed that understanding negative emotions in others relates to lower levels of self-compassion and feelings of self-worth. Further, adolescents who report low levels of self-control reported uncompassionate self-responding and lower levels of self-worth. Gender differences and implications for further research and adolescent social-emotional interventions are discussed.
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10
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Olin CC, McDevitt-Murphy ME, Murphy JG, Zakarian RJ, Roache JD, Young-McCaughan S, Litz BT, Keane TM, Peterson AL. The associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and delay discounting, future orientation, and reward availability: A behavioral economic model. J Trauma Stress 2022; 35:1252-1262. [PMID: 35437823 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical framework of behavioral economics, a metatheory that integrates operant learning and economic theory, has only recently been applied to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A behavioral economic theory of PTSD reflects an expansion of prior behavioral conceptualization of PTSD, which described PTSD in terms of respondent and operant conditioning. In the behavioral economic framework of PTSD, negatively reinforced avoidance behavior is overvalued, in part due to deficits in environmental reward, and may be conceptualized as a form of reinforcer pathology (i.e., excessive preference for and valuation of an immediate reinforcer). We investigated cross-sectional relationships between PTSD severity and several constructs rooted in this behavioral economic framework, including future orientation, reward availability, and delay discounting in a sample of 110 military personnel/veterans (87.2% male) who had served combat deployments following September 11, 2001. Total PTSD severity was inversely related to environmental reward availability, β = -.49, ΔR2 = 0.24, p < .001; hedonic reward availability, β = -.32, ΔR2 = 0.10, p = .001; and future orientation, β = -.20, ΔR2 = 0.04, p = .032, but not delay discounting, r = -.05, p = .633. An examination of individual symptom clusters did not suggest that avoidance symptoms were uniquely associated with these behavioral economic constructs. The findings offer support for a behavioral economic model of PTSD in which there is a lack of positive reinforcement as well as a myopic focus on the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia C Olin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - James G Murphy
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca J Zakarian
- Department of Psychology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John D Roache
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Stacey Young-McCaughan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Brett T Litz
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiological Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Terence M Keane
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Behavioral Science Division, National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan L Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Research and Development Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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11
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Jeon MS, Bae EB. Emotions and sensory processing in adolescents: The effect of childhood traumatic experiences. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 151:136-143. [PMID: 35477078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Reportedly, maltreated children are more likely to have a mental illness, interpersonal violence, and other social behavior problems than those without trauma experience. However, there are few studies regarding childhood trauma and sensory processing relationship and the relationship is not clear until today. To verify the association between childhood trauma emotions and sensory processing in adolescents is the aim of this study. To gather traumatized adolescents, we conducted survey questionnaires from six alternative schools and one general high school in South Korea. A total of 260 students has answered the questions: trauma/parenting/school adaptation factors, childhood trauma, the difficulty of emotion regulation, positive and negative emotional measure, shortened self-control measure, and adolescent/adult sensory profile. We analyzed linear regression between childhood trauma and other emotions/sensory processing in total subjects and conducted group comparisons between general school and alternative school. With childhood trauma, negative emotion, emotion dysregulation, sensory profile including subscales showed positive correlations. A significant negative correlation was observed between the self-control scale and childhood trauma score. In group comparison results, trauma factors, primary caregiver, custody transfer, and school life adaptation factors were significantly higher in alternative school students (p < 0.002) while the parental relationship did not show a difference. Childhood trauma score, vision, and tactile were significantly higher in alternative school students. To summarize, our results present a direct effect of childhood trauma on sensory function in adolescents and was confirmed the importance of family environments in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Soon Jeon
- Department of Adolescents Counselor, Institute of Nakdonggang Education, Kimhae-si, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bit Bae
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Su-won, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Oltean LE, Șoflău R, Miu AC, Szentágotai-Tătar A. Childhood adversity and impaired reward processing: A meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022:105596. [PMID: 35346502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversity (CA) is associated with increased risk of psychopathology, and reward processing (RP) may be one of the underlying mechanisms. However, evidence on impaired RP in childhood adversity is theoretically and methodologically heterogeneous. OBJECTIVE To provide a quantitative overview of studies on the relation between childhood adversity and RP assessed at the behavioral and subjective levels, and identify differences between studies that influence the effect size. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Twenty-seven studies (overall N = 6801) were included. METHODS Peer-reviewed publications describing empirical studies on the relation between CA and behavioral and self-report measures of RP in humans were identified through systematic searches in six bibliographic databases. Effect sizes (r) were pooled using random-effects models. The potential moderator role of RP dimension, type of RP assessment, type of childhood adversity assessment, and age were examined. RESULTS Results indicated a small, but consistent association between CA and impaired RP (r = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.16), with medium heterogeneity (I2 = 62.43). The effect size was significantly larger (i.e., medium-sized) in studies that focused on reward learning rather than reward valuation and reward responsiveness; used cognitive tasks rather than self-report assessments of RP; and relied on official records rather than subjective reports of CA. There was evidence of publication bias, but overall effect size remained significant after imputation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that multidimensional RP impairments (e.g., deficits in reward learning, biased reward valuation) are a consistent marker of CA, and may represent mechanisms underlying the increased risk of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia-Ecaterina Oltean
- Evidence-Based Assessment and Psychological Interventions Doctoral School, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu Șoflău
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, CJ, Romania
| | - Andrei C Miu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, CJ, Romania.
| | - Aurora Szentágotai-Tătar
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, CJ, Romania.
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Gao T, Mei S, Li M, O'Donnell K, Caron J, Meng X. Impulsivity mediates the relationship between childhood maltreatment and quality of life: Does social support make it different? PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Wojciechowski T. The dual mediating roles of impulsivity and emotion regulation of the borderline personality disorder-violence relationship: A structural equation modeling approach. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2329-2339. [PMID: 34286852 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the past research has indicated that features of borderline personality disorder (BPD) increase the risk for violence, much less research has examined the mediators of this relationship. This study examined the mediating roles that impulsivity and emotion dysregulation may play in explaining the relationship between BPD and violence. The Pathways to Desistance data were used in analyses. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to estimate the direct effect of BPD features on violent offending risk and to examine the mediating roles of emotion dysregulation and impulsivity. Results indicated that the direct effect of BPD symptoms on violence was mediated to non-significance by key constructs, and the magnitude of the effect was reduced by around 40%. The total indirect effect was significant, and the mediation was attributed mainly to impulsivity. This indicates the importance of structuring treatment programming for BPD patients around impulsivity for reducing violence. Programming focused on improving impulsivity among individuals suffering from BPD may aid in reducing violent offending among this population, particularly those prior histories of involvement with the criminal justice system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wojciechowski
- Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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15
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Merz MP, Turner JD. Is early life adversity a trigger towards inflammageing? Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111377. [PMID: 33905877 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There are many 'faces' of early life adversity (ELA), such as childhood trauma, institutionalisation, abuse or exposure to environmental toxins. These have been implicated in the onset and severity of a wide range of chronic non-communicable diseases later in life. The later-life disease risk has a well-established immunological component. This raises the question as to whether accelerated immune-ageing mechanistically links early-life adversity to the lifelong health trajectory resulting in either 'poor' or 'healthy' ageing. Here we examine observational and mechanistic studies of ELA and inflammageing, highlighting common and distinct features in these two life stages. Many biological processes appear in common including reduction in telomere length, increased immunosenescence, metabolic distortions and chronic (viral) infections. We propose that ELA shapes the developing immune, endocrine and nervous system in a non-reversible way, creating a distinct phenotype with accelerated immunosenescence and systemic inflammation. We conclude that ELA might act as an accelerator for inflammageing and age-related diseases. Furthermore, we now have the tools and cohorts to be able to dissect the interaction between ELA and later life phenotype. This should, in the near future, allow us to identify the ecological and mechanistic processes that are involved in 'healthy' or accelerated immune-ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam P Merz
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 2 avenue de Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jonathan D Turner
- Immune Endocrine and Epigenetics Research Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29 rue Henri Koch, L-4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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16
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Felton JW, Strutz KL, McCauley HL, Poland CA, Barnhart KJ, Lejuez CW. Delay Discounting Interacts with Distress Tolerance to Predict Depression and Alcohol Use Disorders among Individuals Receiving Inpatient Substance Use Services. Int J Ment Health Addict 2020; 18:1416-1421. [PMID: 33312085 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality-linked psychological factors including distress tolerance and delay discounting have been shown to underlie both Alcohol Use and Major Depressive Disorders. Although these disorders commonly co-occur, especially among individuals seeking in-patient treatment, no study has examined the association between distress tolerance, delay discounting and dual diagnoses. This project evaluated these relations in a sample of 79 low-income adults receiving in-patient substance use treatment. It was hypothesized that individuals with low levels of distress tolerance and elevated discounting would be more likely to report co-occurring disorders. Utilizing structural equation modeling, we found that the interaction between distress tolerance and delay discounting was associated with co-occurring Alcohol Use and Major Depressive Disorders in the expected direction. Findings suggest these constructs could be used for targeting prevention efforts for vulnerable individuals as well as refining current interventions to improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia W Felton
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI
| | - Kelly L Strutz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Heather L McCauley
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Social Sciences, East Lansing, MI
| | - Cara A Poland
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI.,Spectrum Health, Department of Women's Health, Grand Rapids, MI.,Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI
| | - Kathryn J Barnhart
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Professions, Grand Valley State University
| | - Carl W Lejuez
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment and Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
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17
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Steep Discounting of Future Rewards as an Impulsivity Phenotype: A Concise Review. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2020; 47:113-138. [PMID: 32236897 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2020_128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview over the behavioral economic index of impulsivity known as delay discounting. Specifically, delay discounting refers to an individual's preference for smaller immediate rewards over a larger delayed rewards. The more precipitously an individual discounts future rewards, the more impulsive they are considered to be. First, the chapter reviews the nature of delay discounting as a psychological process and juxtaposes it with nominally similar processes, including other facets of impulsivity. Second, the chapter reviews the links between delay discounting and numerous health behaviors, including addiction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and obesity. Third, the determinants of individual variation in delay discounting are discussed, including both genetic and environmental contributions. Finally, the chapter evaluates delay discounting as a potentially modifiable risk factor and the status of clinical interventions designed to reduce delay discounting to address deficits in self-control in a variety of maladaptive behaviors.
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18
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Wu J, Guo Z, Gao X, Kou Y. The relations between early-life stress and risk, time, and prosocial preferences in adulthood: A meta-analytic review. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Carr A, Duff H, Craddock F. A Systematic Review of the Outcome of Child Abuse in Long-Term Care. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:660-677. [PMID: 30033824 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018789154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the systematic review described in this article was to determine the outcome of child maltreatment in long-term childcare and the scope of the evidence base in this area. Searches of 10 databases were conducted. Forty-nine documents describing 21 primary studies and 25 secondary studies were selected for review. Searches, study selection, data extraction, and study quality assessments were independently conducted by two researchers, with a high degree of interrater reliability. Participants in the 21 primary studies included 3,856 abuse survivors and 1,577 nonabused controls. In six primary studies, survivors were under 18 years, and participants in the remaining primary studies were adults with a mean age of 54 years. Reviewed studies were conducted in the United Kingdom, the United States, Finland, Romania, Tanzania, Canada, Ireland, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Participants were abused in religious and nonreligious residential care centers and foster care. There were significant associations between the experience of child abuse in long-term care and adjustment across the life span in the domains of mental health, physical health, and psychosocial adjustment. Evidence-based trauma-focused treatment should be offered to child abuse survivors. Future research in this area should prioritize longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Carr
- University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Clanwilliam Institute, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Wojciechowski T. PTSD as a Risk Factor Predicting Polydrug Use: A Dual Systems of Self-Control Mediation Model. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042620958198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with increased risk for polydrug use. Low self-control is a key characteristic of the disorder and is predictive of polydrug use. However, there is a dearth of research focused on the relevance of a dual systems model delineation of self-control into the constructs of risk-seeking and impulsivity as it pertains to polydrug use and PTSD. This study tested dual systems mediation of this relationship. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to test for mediation effects. Results indicated that more PTSD symptoms predicted increased drug use variety (coefficient = 0.024; confidence interval [CI] = [0.001, 0.046]). Inclusion of dual systems constructs fully attenuated this relationship. The total indirect effect achieved marginal significance (coefficient = 0.005; CI = [>−0.001, 0.009]). Sensitivity analyses of the specific indirect effect of impulsivity as the sole mediator indicated significant mediation. These results provide some indication that impulsivity-based programming may help to treat polydrug use among those with severe PTSD.
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21
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Acheson A. Behavioral processes and risk for problem substance use in adolescents. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 198:173021. [PMID: 32871140 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This narrative review examines associations of delay discounting, response inhibition, sensation-seeking, and urgency with adolescent problem substance use. Each of these processes is linked to adult substance use disorders, is associated with conditions linked to increased risk for adolescent problem substance use, and predicts problem substance use. Notably, all processes are linked to early life adversity (ELA) exposure and most appear to help explain links between ELA exposure and problem substance use. These findings are consistent with a growing body of literature indicating ELA interferes with the development of neural circuits crucial to cognitive functioning and emotion regulation. Further, developmental trajectories of these processes generally align with maturational imbalance hypotheses of adolescent risk. Ongoing and pending large longitudinal studies may be essential for better understanding how ELA and other influences shapes these processes and the role of these processes in risk for problem substance use in adolescence and beyond. Finally it is possible that risk-related processes may be useful metrics in the context of implementing and evaluating strategies to prevent problem substance use in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Acheson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America.
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22
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Morris VL, Huffman LG, Naish KR, Holshausen K, Oshri A, McKinnon M, Amlung M. Impulsivity as a mediating factor in the association between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and substance use. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2020; 12:659-668. [PMID: 32406714 PMCID: PMC9068278 DOI: 10.1037/tra0000588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with heightened impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors, including higher rates of substance use than individuals without PTSD. Although a number of studies suggest that impulsivity is associated with substance use in PTSD, the specific role of impulsivity in this common pattern of comorbidity remains unclear. The current study investigated associations between PTSD symptoms, substance use patterns, and impulsivity in a sample of adults. METHOD A total of 2,967 participants were recruited online through Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Participants who did not report at least one Criterion A traumatic event on the Brief Trauma Questionnaire were excluded. The remaining 1,609 trauma-exposed individuals were placed into either the probable PTSD group (n = 406) or the trauma-exposed non-PTSD group (n = 1,203) based on their PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (PCL-5) score. Impulsivity was assessed via a delay discounting measure and the brief UPPS-P (urgency, premeditation, perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency) Impulsive Behavior Scale. Alcohol and cannabis were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT-R) scales, respectively. RESULTS Probable PTSD participants exhibited steeper (more impulsive) delay discounting and endorsed more impulsive traits than participants in the trauma-exposed non-PTSD group. Moreover, the PTSD group reported significantly higher scores on both the AUDIT and CUDIT-R. Lastly, impulsive personality traits on the UPPS-P partially mediated the association between PTSD and both cannabis and alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that trauma-exposed individuals who exhibit elevated PTSD symptoms show heightened impulsivity. It also appears that lower levels of impulsivity may serve as a protective factor among trauma-exposed individuals resilient to the development of PTSD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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23
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DeVylder JE. Letter to the editor re: "Delay discounting abnormalities are seen in first-episode schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder" by Wang et al. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:537. [PMID: 32499164 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, United States of America.
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24
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al'Absi M. The influence of stress and early life adversity on addiction: Psychobiological mechanisms of risk and resilience. STRESS AND BRAIN HEALTH: IN CLINICAL CONDITIONS 2020; 152:71-100. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Acheson A, Vincent AS, Cohoon A, Lovallo WR. Early life adversity and increased delay discounting: Findings from the Family Health Patterns project. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:153-159. [PMID: 30556730 PMCID: PMC6719544 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Increased discounting (devaluing) of delayed rewards is associated with nearly all types of substance use disorders (SUDs) and is also present in individuals with family histories of SUDs. Early life adversity (ELA) likely contributes to these findings as it is common in both individuals with SUDs and their children and is linked to increased delay discounting and other neurocognitive impairments in human and animal studies. Here we examined data from 1192 healthy young adults (average age 23.6 years old) with (SUDs+) and without (SUDs-) histories of SUDs and with (FH+) and without (FH-) family histories of SUDs. A 2-way ANOVA was conducted to examine the effects of SUDs (SUDs-, SUDs+) and FH (FH-, FH+) on delay discounting followed by an examination of the effects of adding ELA to the model. First, we replicated findings that SUDs+ and FH+ participants had increased rates of delay discounting. After taking ELA into account, the effect of SUDs and FH on delay discounting were both reduced but still significant. The association of ELA and delay discounting was similar in magnitude among both SUDs+ and SUDs- participants and FH+ and FH- participants; those with higher levels of ELA had increased delay discounting. Collectively, these findings indicate that increased ELA is closely associated with the increased delay discounting seen in SUDs+ and FH+ individuals and suggests ELA may be contributing to the increased delay discounting seen in these populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Acheson
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock, AR,, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205, Phone number: 501-526-8437
| | - Andrea S. Vincent
- Cognitive Science Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK
| | - Andrew Cohoon
- Behavioral Sciences Laboratories, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - William R. Lovallo
- Behavioral Sciences Laboratories, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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26
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van den Berk-Clark C, Myerson J, Green L, Grucza RA. Past trauma and future choices: differences in discounting in low-income, urban African Americans. Psychol Med 2018; 48:2702-2709. [PMID: 29463327 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traumatic events is surprisingly common, yet little is known about its effect on decision making beyond the fact that those with post-traumatic stress disorder are more likely to have substance-abuse problems. We examined the effects of exposure to severe trauma on decision making in low-income, urban African Americans, a group especially likely to have had such traumatic experiences. METHOD Participants completed three decision-making tasks that assessed the subjective value of delayed monetary rewards and payments and of probabilistic rewards. Trauma-exposed cases and controls were propensity-matched on demographic measures, treatment for psychological problems, and substance dependence. RESULTS Trauma-exposed cases discounted the value of delayed rewards and delayed payments, but not probabilistic rewards, more steeply than controls. Surprisingly, given previous findings that suggested women are more affected by trauma when female and male participants' data were analyzed separately, only the male cases showed steeper delay discounting. Compared with nonalcoholic males who were not exposed to trauma, both severe trauma and alcohol-dependence produced significantly steeper discounting of delayed rewards. CONCLUSIONS The current study shows that exposure to severe trauma selectively affects fundamental decision-making processes. Only males were affected, and effects were observed only on discounting delayed outcomes (i.e. intertemporal choice) and not on discounting probabilistic outcomes (i.e. risky choice). These findings are the first to show significant differences in the effects of trauma on men's and women's decision making, and the selectivity of these effects has potentially important implications for treatment and also provides clues as to underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Myerson
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences,Washington University,St. Louis, MO,USA
| | - Leonard Green
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences,Washington University,St. Louis, MO,USA
| | - Richard A Grucza
- Department of Psychiatry,Washington University School of Medicine,St. Louis, MO,USA
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27
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Duffy KA, McLaughlin KA, Green PA. Early life adversity and health-risk behaviors: proposed psychological and neural mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1428:151-169. [PMID: 30011075 PMCID: PMC6158062 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with poorer health in adulthood, an association explained, at least in part, by increased engagement in health-risk behaviors (HRBs). In this review, we make the case that ELA influences brain development in ways that increase the likelihood of engaging in HRBs. We argue that ELA alters neural circuitry underpinning cognitive control as well as emotional processing, including networks involved in processing threat and reward. These neural changes are associated psychologically and behaviorally with heightened emotional reactivity, blunted reward responsivity, poorer emotion regulation, and greater delay discounting. We then demonstrate that these adaptations to ELA are associated with an increased risk of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, and eating high-fat, high-sugar foods. Furthermore, we explore how HRBs affect the brain in ways that reinforce addiction and further explain clustering of HRBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrina A. Duffy
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Paige A. Green
- Basic Biobehavioral and Psychological Sciences Branch, Behavioral Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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28
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Boyraz G, Cherry ML, Cherry MA, Aarstad-Martin S, Cloud C, Shamp LM. Posttraumatic Stress, Coping Flexibility, and Risky Drinking Among Trauma-Exposed Male and Female College Students: The Mediating Effect of Delay of Gratification. Subst Use Misuse 2018; 53:508-520. [PMID: 28857646 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2017.1342658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-occurence of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and risky drinking has been demonstrated in diverse populations, including college students. However, the mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence, as well as the protective factors that may reduce risky drinking among trauma-exposed college students have yet to be fully understood in the literature. OBJECTIVES The present study builds upon self-regulation theories and previous empirical work to determine whether the effects of PTS and coping flexibility on risky drinking were mediated by delay of gratification among trauma-exposed college students. In addition, the potential moderating effect of gender on these relationships was examined. METHODS Participants included 624 trauma-exposed college students (68.4% female) attending a public university in the southeast region of the United States. Data were collected through an online survey. The hypothesized model was examined using a multigroup structural equation modeling approach. RESULTS As hypothesized, PTS had a significant, positive indirect effect on risky drinking through delay of gratification; however, the effect of PTS on delay of gratification was stronger for males than for females. Results also indicated that the indirect effect of coping flexibility on risky drinking through delay of gratification was significant and negative for males and females. Conclusions/Importance: The findings of this study suggest that delay of gratification might be an important mechanism underlying the co-occurrence of PTS and risky drinking. In addition, our results highlight the potential benefits of coping flexibility for college students coping with PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Boyraz
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Louisiana Tech University , Ruston , Louisiana , USA
| | - Megan L Cherry
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Louisiana Tech University , Ruston , Louisiana , USA
| | - Marcus A Cherry
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Louisiana Tech University , Ruston , Louisiana , USA
| | - Samantha Aarstad-Martin
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Louisiana Tech University , Ruston , Louisiana , USA
| | - Cody Cloud
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Louisiana Tech University , Ruston , Louisiana , USA
| | - Lindsey M Shamp
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Louisiana Tech University , Ruston , Louisiana , USA
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