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Abstract
High iron is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and affects most of its cardinal features: decreased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and increased hepatic gluconeogenesis. This is true across the normal range of tissue iron levels and in pathologic iron overload. Because of iron's central role in metabolic processes (e.g., fuel oxidation) and metabolic regulation (e.g., hypoxia sensing), iron levels participate in determining metabolic rates, gluconeogenesis, fuel choice, insulin action, and adipocyte phenotype. The risk of diabetes related to iron is evident in most or all tissues that determine diabetes phenotypes, with the adipocyte, beta cell, and liver playing central roles. Molecular mechanisms for these effects are diverse, although there may be integrative pathways at play. Elucidating these pathways has implications not only for diabetes prevention and treatment, but also for the pathogenesis of other diseases that are, like T2DM, associated with aging, nutrition, and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria V Harrison
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Felipe Ramos Lorenzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs, W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
| | - Donald A McClain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA;
- Department of Veterans Affairs, W.G. (Bill) Hefner Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salisbury, North Carolina, USA
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Taneera J, Ali A, Hamad M. The Role of Estrogen Signaling in Cellular Iron Metabolism in Pancreatic β Cells. Pancreas 2022; 51:121-127. [PMID: 35404886 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Several lines of evidence suggest that estrogen (17-β estradiol; E2) protects against diabetes mellitus and plays important roles in pancreatic β-cell survival and function. Mounting clinical and experimental evidence also suggest that E2 modulates cellular iron metabolism by regulating the expression of several iron regulatory genes, including hepcidin (HAMP), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α, ferroportin (SLC40A1), and lipocalin (LCN2). However, whether E2 regulates cellular iron metabolism in pancreatic β cells and whether the antidiabetic effects of E2 can be, at least partially, attributed to its role in iron metabolism is not known. In this context, pancreatic β cells express considerable levels of conventional E2 receptors (ERs; mainly ER-α) and nonconventional G protein-coupled estrogen receptors and hence responsive to E2 signals. Moreover, pancreatic islet cells require significant amounts of iron for proper functioning, replication and survival and, hence, well equipped to manage cellular iron metabolism (acquisition, utilization, storage, and release). In this review, we examine the link between E2 and cellular iron metabolism in pancreatic β cells and discuss the bearing of such a link on β-cell survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amjad Ali
- From the Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Basu A, Alman AC, Snell-Bergeon JK. Associations of Dietary Antioxidants with Glycated Hemoglobin and Insulin Sensitivity in Adults with and without Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:4747573. [PMID: 35789593 PMCID: PMC9250432 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4747573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been associated with increased risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and poor glycemic control and oxidative stress play a major role in its pathology. There is a lack of data on the role of dietary antioxidant micronutrients, including vitamins and trace elements, in glycemic control in T1D. The aim of this study is to examine associations of dietary intakes of micronutrients with glycemic status. We report data from a cross-sectional analysis from the coronary artery calcification in type 1 diabetes (CACTI) study (n = 1257; T1D: n = 568; nondiabetic controls: n = 689) collected between the years 2000 and 2002. Participants completed a validated food frequency questionnaire, a physical examination, and biochemical analyses. Linear regression was used to examine the associations of dietary antioxidant micronutrients with HbA1c and estimated insulin sensitivity (eIS) in models adjusted for relevant covariates and stratified by diabetes status. In adults with T1D, we observed higher dietary manganese intake associated with higher eIS in the model adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, and total calories. In nondiabetic controls, higher intake of manganese associated with lower HbA1c and higher eIS values that persisted in models adjusted for all relevant covariates. On the other hand, dietary copper revealed a positive association with HbA1c in models adjusted for all covariates, except BMI and plasma lipids. No associations were noted for vitamins C and E and dietary carotenoids in either group. These findings reveal dietary antioxidant micronutrients, especially trace elements such as copper and manganese deserve special attention in glycemic control in adults with T1D as well as in nondiabetic controls.This trial is register with NCT00005754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Basu
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, USA
| | - Amy C. Alman
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Janet K. Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, USA
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Mattila M, Hakola L, Niinistö S, Tapanainen H, Takkinen HM, Ahonen S, Ilonen J, Toppari J, Veijola R, Knip M, Virtanen SM. Maternal Vitamin C and Iron Intake during Pregnancy and the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes in Children: A Birth Cohort Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030928. [PMID: 33805588 PMCID: PMC8001228 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to study the associations between maternal vitamin C and iron intake during pregnancy and the offspring’s risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. The study was a part of the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) prospective birth cohort including children genetically at risk of type 1 diabetes born between 1997–2004. The diets of 4879 mothers in late pregnancy were assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. The outcomes were islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for energy, family history of diabetes, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype and sex was used for statistical analyses. Total intake of vitamin C or iron from food and supplements was not associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity (vitamin C: HR 0.91: 95% CI (0.80, 1.03), iron: 0.98 (0.87, 1.10)) or type 1 diabetes (vitamin C: 1.01 (0.87, 1.17), iron: 0.92 (0.78, 1.08)), neither was the use of vitamin C or iron supplements associated with the outcomes. In conclusion, no association was found between maternal vitamin C or iron intake during pregnancy and the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mattila
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (L.H.); (H.-M.T.); (S.A.); (S.M.V.)
- Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Leena Hakola
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (L.H.); (H.-M.T.); (S.A.); (S.M.V.)
- Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sari Niinistö
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Heli Tapanainen
- Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Hanna-Mari Takkinen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (L.H.); (H.-M.T.); (S.A.); (S.M.V.)
- Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Suvi Ahonen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (L.H.); (H.-M.T.); (S.A.); (S.M.V.)
- Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 10, FI-90029 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland;
- Folkhälsan Research Center, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi M. Virtanen
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (L.H.); (H.-M.T.); (S.A.); (S.M.V.)
- Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, FI-33521 Tampere, Finland
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland;
- Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
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Karganov MY, Alchinova IB, Tinkov AA, Medvedeva YS, Lebedeva MA, Ajsuvakova OP, Polyakova MV, Skalnaya MG, Burtseva TI, Notova SV, Khlebnikova NN, Skalny AV. Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Diabetes Affects Tissue Trace Element Content in Rats in a Dose-Dependent Manner. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 198:567-574. [PMID: 32144716 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was investigation of tissue trace element distribution in a streptozotocin model of DM1 in rats. DM1 was modeled in 2-month-old male Wistar rats (n = 30) using intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg b.w. (STZ1) and 55 mg/kg b.w. streptozotocin (STZ2), whereas control animals were injected with physiological saline. The rats were subjected to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbA1c level assessment at day 14. At day 30, blood serum, liver, kidney, and heart samples were collected for tissue trace element assessment using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). STZ-treated rats were characterized by lack of significant weight gain and elevated HbA1c and blood glucose levels. ICP-MS analysis demonstrated a dose-dependent accumulation of Cu, Mn, Mo, and Se levels in the liver. Correspondingly, the dose-dependent increase in renal Cu, Mn, V, and Zn levels was significant, whereas the observed trend for kidney V and Mo accumulation was nearly significant. The patterns of trace element content in the myocardium of STZ-exposed rats were quite different from those observed for liver and kidney. Only cardiac Zn content was characterized by a significant decrease. Serum Co, Cr, Cu, Se, V, and Mo levels were characterized by a significant decrease in response to STZ-induced diabetes. Generally, the obtained data demonstrate that diabetes is associated with altered copper, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, and vanadium handling. In turn, only altered Zn status may provide a link to diabetic cardiotoxicity. However, the particular mechanisms of both impaired metal handling in STZ diabetes and their potential anti-diabetic activity require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina B Alchinova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Yaroslavl State University, 150003, Yaroslavl, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia S Medvedeva
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina A Lebedeva
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P Ajsuvakova
- Yaroslavl State University, 150003, Yaroslavl, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Tatiana I Burtseva
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146, Moscow, Russia
- Orenburg State University, Pobedy Ave. 13, 460352, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Notova
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 460000, Orenburg, Russia
| | | | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Yaroslavl State University, 150003, Yaroslavl, Russia
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146, Moscow, Russia
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Ludvigsson J, Andersson-White P, Guerrero-Bosagna C. Toxic metals in cord blood and later development of Type 1 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4. [PMID: 31396560 PMCID: PMC6687082 DOI: 10.15761/pd.1000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has increased explained by changes in environment or lifestyle. In modern society dissemination of heavy metals has increased. As the autoimmune process usually starts already, we hypothesized that exposure to toxic metals during fetal life might contribute to development of T1D in children. We analysed arsenic (AS), aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), lithium (Li), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), in cord blood of 20 children who later developed T1D (probands), and in 40 age-and sex-matched controls. Analysis of heavy metals in cord blood was performed by ALS Scandinavia AB (Luleå, Sweden) using the ‘ultrasensitive inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry method’ (ICP-SFMS) after acid digestion with HNO3. Most children had no increased concentrations of the metals in cord blood. However, children who later developed T1D had more often increased concentrations (above limit of detection; LOD) of aluminium (p = 0.006) in cord blood than the non-diabetic controls, and also more often mercury and arsenic (n.s). Our conclusion is that exposure to toxic metals during pregnancy might be one among several contributing environmental factors to the disease process if confirmed in other birth cohort trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ludvigsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - P Andersson-White
- Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital, Region Östergötland. Linköping Sweden
| | - C Guerrero-Bosagna
- IFM Biology, Linköping, University; Linköping university, Linköping, Sweden
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Król E, Bogdański P, Suliburska J, Krejpcio Z. The Relationship between Dietary, Serum and Hair Levels of Minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu) and Glucose Metabolism Indices in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:34-44. [PMID: 30091069 PMCID: PMC6443611 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1470-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the levels of Zn, Fe and Cu in the serum and hair, and dietary intake of type 2 diabetic patients and their association with glucose and lipid indices. The study was conducted on 62 people aged 40-78 years (31 diabetic patients and 31 healthy subjects, who were the control group). The content of trace elements in the hair and serum was analysed with the AAS method. The serum insulin, HbA1c, glucose, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were measured by means of RIA, HPLC and colorimetric methods, respectively. The diabetic patients were found to have significantly higher dietary iron intake, higher hair Fe and lower serum Zn concentrations than the non-diabetic subjects, while the hair Zn and Cu contents were comparable in both groups. The serum Zn and Cu levels of the diabetic subjects were negatively correlated with the serum glucose, the serum Zn and Cu/Zn ratio was inversely correlated with the serum total cholesterol and the serum insulin level was positively associated with the hair Cu/Zn ratio. The results of this study indicate that the trace element status (Zn, Fe, Cu), as reflected in the blood serum and hair, may be disturbed due to metabolic derangement occurring in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Król
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Internal Medicine, Metabolic Disorders and Hypertension, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 84 Szamarzewskiego, 60-569, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Suliburska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Krejpcio
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego, 60-624, Poznan, Poland
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Thorsen SU, Halldorsson TI, Bjerregaard AA, Olsen SF, Svensson J. Maternal and Early Life Iron Intake and Risk of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes: A Danish Case-Cohort Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E734. [PMID: 30934897 PMCID: PMC6521102 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron overload has been associated with diabetes. Studies on iron exposure during pregnancy and in early life and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes (T1D) are sparse. We investigated whether iron supplementation during pregnancy and early in life were associated with risk of childhood T1D. METHODS In a case-cohort design, we identified up to 257 children with T1D (prevalence 0.37%) from the Danish National Birth Cohort through linkage with the Danish Childhood Diabetes Register. The primary exposure was maternal pure iron supplementation (yes/no) during pregnancy as reported in interview two at 30 weeks of gestation (n = 68,497 with iron supplement data). We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) using weighted Cox regression adjusting for multiple confounders. We also examined if offspring supplementation during the first 18 months of life was associated with later risk of T1D. RESULTS Maternal iron supplementation was not associated with later risk of T1D in the offspring HR 1.05 (95% CI: 0.76⁻1.45). Offspring intake of iron droplets during the first 18 months of life was inversely associated with risk of T1D HR 0.74 (95% CI: 0.55⁻1.00) (ptrend = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our large-scale prospective study demonstrated no harmful effects of iron supplementation during pregnancy and in early life in regard to later risk of childhood T1D in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Ullitz Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Thorhallur I Halldorsson
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland.
| | - Anne A Bjerregaard
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Thorsen SU, Pipper CB, Ellervik C, Pociot F, Kyvsgaard JN, Svensson J. Association between Neonatal Whole Blood Iron Content and Cytokines, Adipokines, and Other Immune Response Proteins. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030543. [PMID: 30836628 PMCID: PMC6470999 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: High iron associates with inflammation and type 1 diabetes (T1D). Iron is essential not only for neonatal development but also for infectious microorganisms. The neonatal immune system is immature, and innate immunity prevails before immunocompetence develops. (2) Methods: In 398 newborns from the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank, we examined if whole blood iron (WB-Iron) content were associated with cytokines, adipokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in non-infected healthy neonates, and if these associations differed in newborns who later developed T1D (cases) (n = 199). WB-Iron was quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on the neonatal dried blood spots. For each analyte, the relative change (RC) in the mean level was modeled by robust log-normal regression. (3) Results: A one unit increase in neonatal WB-Iron was associated with a 38% decrease in mean interleukin (IL)-6 levels (0.62; 95% CI: 0.40–0.95, p = 0.03), and a 37% decrease in mean MBL levels (0.63; 95% CI: 0.41–0.95, p = 0.03), but was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. (4) Conclusions: In summary, we found that higher neonatal WB-iron content was inversely associated with IL-6 and MBL, which may increase susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen U Thorsen
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Christian B Pipper
- Department of Public Health, Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5, 1710 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Production, Research, and Innovation, Region Zealand, Alleen 15, 4180 Sorø, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Niels Steensensvej, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark.
| | - Julie N Kyvsgaard
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Paediatrics, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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