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Kranak MP, Brown KR. Updated Recommendations for Reinforcement Schedule Thinning following Functional Communication Training. Behav Anal Pract 2024; 17:87-106. [PMID: 38405284 PMCID: PMC10891008 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Schedule thinning is a necessary treatment procedure following the acquisition of a communication response during functional communication training. In this article, we update and extend the Hagopian et al. Behavior Analysis in Practice, 4, 4-16, (2011) review and recommendations on schedule-thinning procedures following functional communication training. Since their publication, substantial research has been published on the efficacy, efficiency, and social validity of schedule-thinning methods. We provide updated recommendations for schedule thinning based on contemporary literature that has been published since 2011, as well as discuss key areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Kranak
- Oakland University, Rochester, MI USA
- Oakland University Center for Autism, Rochester, MI USA
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2
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Shahan TA, Sutton GM, Van Allsburg J, Avellaneda M, Greer BD. Resurgence Following Higher or Lower Quality Alternative Reinforcement. J Exp Anal Behav 2024; 121:246-258. [PMID: 38329150 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Resurgence is a temporary increase in a previously suppressed target behavior following a worsening in reinforcement conditions. Previous studies have examined how higher rates or magnitudes of alternative reinforcement affect suppression of the target behavior and subsequent resurgence. However, there has been no investigation of the effects of higher versus lower qualities of alternative reinforcement on resurgence. Using a three-phase resurgence preparation with rats, the present experiments examined the effects of an alternative reinforcer that was of higher (Experiment 1) or lower (Experiment 2) quality than the reinforcer that had previously maintained the target behavior. The results of both experiments showed greater reductions in target behavior with a higher quality alternative reinforcer and larger increases in target responding when a higher quality alternative reinforcer was removed. Along with prior findings with higher rates and magnitudes of alternative reinforcement, these findings suggest that variations in reinforcer dimensions that increase the efficacy of alternative reinforcement also tend to increase resurgence when alternative reinforcement is removed. The results are discussed in terms of the resurgence as choice in context model and in terms of potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brian D Greer
- Children's Specialized Hospital-Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH-RUCARES), Somerset, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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3
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Laureano B, Falligant JM. Modeling Behavioral Persistence with Resurgence as Choice in Context (RaC 2): A Tutorial. Behav Anal Pract 2023; 16:640-651. [PMID: 37187845 PMCID: PMC10170016 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-023-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Resurgence as Choice in Context (RaC2) is a quantitative model for evaluating the reemergence of a previously extinguished response when alternative reinforcement is worsened. Rooted in the matching law, RaC2 proposes that allocation between target and alternative responding is based on changes in the relative value of each response option over time, accounting for periods with and without alternative reinforcement. Given that practitioners and applied researchers may have limited experience with constructing quantitative models, we provide a step-by-step task analysis for building RaC2 using Microsoft Excel 2013. We also provide a few basic learning activities to help readers better understand RaC2 itself, the variables that affect the model's predictions, and the clinical implications of those predictions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40617-023-00796-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Laureano
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John Michael Falligant
- Neurobehavioral Unit, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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4
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Kimball RT, Greer BD, Fuhrman AM, Lambert JM. Relapse and its mitigation: Toward behavioral inoculation. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:282-301. [PMID: 36715533 PMCID: PMC10121865 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Relapse following the successful treatment of problem behavior can increase the likelihood of injury and the need for more intensive care. Current research offers some predictions of how treatment procedures may contribute to relapse, and conversely, how the risk of relapse can be mitigated. This review describes relapse-mitigation procedures with varying levels of support, the quantitative models that have influenced the research on relapse mitigation, different experimental methods for measuring relapse mitigation, and directions for future research. We propose that by viewing the implementation of relapse-mitigation procedures as a means of producing behavioral inoculation, clinicians are placed in the proactive and intentional role of exposing their client's behavior to an array of reinforcement and stimulus conditions during treatment with the goal of decreasing the detrimental impact of future treatment challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Kimball
- Department of Counseling and Applied Behavioral Studies, University of Saint Joseph
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Rutgers Brain Health Institute
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES)
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
| | - Ashley M. Fuhrman
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES)
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
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5
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Iannaccone JA, Jessel J. Varying reinforcer dimensions during differential reinforcement without extinction: A translational model. J Appl Behav Anal 2023; 56:470-482. [PMID: 36710451 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Procedural arrangements of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction often involve presenting the same reinforcers for problem behavior and appropriate behavior, which is typically ineffective at reducing problem behavior and increasing an alternative response. However, manipulating reinforcement dimensions such that the contingencies favor the alternative response may improve treatment outcomes when using differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction by increasing appropriate behavior and reducing problem behavior. We conducted this translational study with 32 college students completing a button-pressing task on a computer program in which they could engage in analogs to problem behavior and appropriate behavior. The effects of manipulating magnitude, immediacy, quality, and a combination of all three dimensions for the alternative response were evaluated. Overall, all dimension manipulations reduced the analog to problem behavior, with the largest reductions observed during the quality probe and the probe with all dimensions combined. These results support the notion that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction can be an effective form of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Iannaccone
- Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Jessel
- Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, USA
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6
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Ethical Behavior as a Product of Cultural Design. BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL ISSUES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42822-022-00104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Viúdez Á, Keating J, Arantes J, Martínez H. Instructional Control in Choice Tasks: the Relation between Type of Schedule and Relative Expected Values. Behav Processes 2022; 200:104698. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Keevy M, Bai JY, Ritchey CM, Podlesnik CA. Examining combinations of stimulus and contingency changes with children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and pigeons. LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Parents Are People Too: Implementing Empirically Based Strategies During Daily Interactions. Behav Anal Pract 2022; 15:986-1000. [PMID: 35342509 PMCID: PMC8935904 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-022-00686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in decision-making related to in-person versus remote behavior-analytic service delivery. For those service providers who shifted from delivering in-person therapy to remote consultation, parents have presumably, at least at times, assumed a role similar to a registered behavior technician (RBT). We suggest that behavior analysts recommend two empirically based strategies to parents that they could incorporate into their daily lives during service disruptions: environmental enrichment and differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. We provide examples of naturally occurring contexts during which parents could integrate these procedures: (1) self-care or daily living activities, (2) physical activity, and (3) preferred learning activities. We support selecting these strategies and their application during exemplar contexts under the premise that they do not result in additional time expenditure, afford parents opportunities to complete essential (household, work-related, or personal) tasks, and still result in therapeutic gains.
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10
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Bonner AC, Weinsztok SC, Fernandez N, Frank‐Crawford MA, DeLeon IG. Effects of reinforcer type on the durability of treatment for escape‐maintained behavior. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Weinsztok SC, DeLeon IG. The mitigating effects of enhanced reinforcer magnitude and quality on treatment degradation. J Appl Behav Anal 2022; 55:547-571. [PMID: 35229884 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior is a common intervention for problem behavior in persons with neurodevelopmental disorders, but it is susceptible to integrity errors that can degrade treatment effects. Manipulating reinforcement parameters to favor alternative behavior might make it more persistent in the face of integrity errors. We devised an analog of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior to examine if enhanced reinforcer magnitude or quality for the alternative response could protect against treatment degradation. Across 2 experiments, reinforcer magnitude or quality was manipulated to favor the alternative response in 1 condition but kept constant across both alternative and target responses in a second condition. Comparisons of the 2 conditions indicated that higher-magnitude or higher-quality reinforcement for alternative behavior can mitigate against treatment degradation when treatment errors occur and provided support for the utility of considering parameters of reinforcement when developing behavioral interventions for problem behavior.
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12
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Evaluation of an Individualized Levels System to Increase Consumption for an Adolescent with Food Refusal. Clin Case Stud 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/15346501211053614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A levels system is an intervention that uses a combination of behavioral principles, such as differential reinforcement and response cost, in order to increase appropriate behaviors and simultaneously decrease problem behaviors. Within a levels system, an individual must meet a pre-determined behavioral criterion in order to gain access to various levels of reinforcement. For example, engaging in higher rates of inappropriate behavior will result in access to highly preferred items or activities, while higher rates of inappropriate behavior will access to lesser preferred activities. Although levels systems have been applied in group settings, as well as in the individual treatment of severe problem behavior, their use has not been explored in the treatment of food refusal. The current study implemented a levels system to target increasing the variety and volume of food consumed by a 12-year-old female diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) effects, mild intellectual disability, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). At the end of her admission, the participant had increased her variety consumed at an age-appropriate volume significantly, as well as the volume of food consumed.
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13
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Fritz JN, Fletcher VL, Dyer SP, Carpenter KA, Skrbec ML, Yankelevitz RL. Functional analysis and treatment of aggression exhibited by cats toward humans during petting. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 55:169-179. [PMID: 34449088 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human-directed aggression is a common problem that can often result in rehoming or relinquishing the cat as well as injuries and infections for the human. Functional analyses (FAs) have been used to determine the cause of problem behavior by human and nonhuman animals, and treatments developed based on FA results have been proven effective. This study applied this methodology to assess and treat human-directed aggression exhibited by 3 cats during petting. Results suggested that aggression during petting for all 3 cats was maintained by social-negative reinforcement (escape from petting), and differential reinforcement of other behavior plus within-session stimulus fading (escape contingent on the absence of aggression following a specified number of pets that systematically increased as aggression remained low) was effective in decreasing aggression for all 3 cats. All 3 cats were available for adoption through a rescue organization during the study, and all of the cats were adopted after completing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Fritz
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Victoria L Fletcher
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Samantha P Dyer
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Kristin A Carpenter
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Megan L Skrbec
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
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14
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Alakhzami M, Chitiyo M. Using Functional Communication Training to Reduce Self-Injurious Behavior for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:3586-3597. [PMID: 34417654 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a high risk of developing self-injurious behavior (SIB), which is often a result of deficits in communication skills. The use of functional communication training (FCT) to address SIB maintained by negative reinforcement among children with ASD is supported by an emerging trend of behavioral research. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of FCT on the SIB of children with ASD and to find out if the results would be maintained during periods of nonreinforcement. The results indicated significant reduction in SIB for all three participants and maintained for over two weeks following the withdrawal of the intervention. However, resurgence of SIB occurred when extinction was implemented for all participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alakhzami
- Special Education-Autism Spectrum Disorder At Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Morgan Chitiyo
- School of Education, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,School of Education, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, USA
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15
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Nuta R, Koudys J, O'Neill P. Parent treatment integrity across multiple components of a behavioral intervention. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Nuta
- Department of Applied Disability Studies Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Julie Koudys
- Department of Applied Disability Studies Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
| | - Paige O'Neill
- Department of Applied Disability Studies Brock University St. Catharines Ontario Canada
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16
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Axe JB, Murphy CM, Heward WL. Functional Communication Training and Most-To-Least Prompting as Treatments for Problem Behavior. Clin Case Stud 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/15346501211030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) is a treatment for problem behavior in which the learner is taught a communicative behavior that fulfills the same function as the problem behavior. Although effective, when FCT is used to request breaks from work, limitations include increased time spent in breaks and reduced task-related responding. An alternative treatment is most-to-least prompting (MTL) of a task in which a therapist provides the most helpful prompts for task-related responding (e.g., physical guidance) and gradually reduces the amount of help (e.g., visual prompt and then verbal) until the learner responds independently. We evaluated FCT and MTL in a multiple treatments design with an 11-year-old girl with severe developmental disabilities. Both treatments reduced problem behavior from baseline levels, and academic responding was greater during MTL than during FCT. MTL is an errorless teaching approach conceptualized as an abolishing operation that reduces the aversiveness of a task and makes escape less valuable.
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17
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Kronfli FR, Lloveras LA, Vollmer TR. Applications of the matching law to observe shifts in problem behavior: A proof‐of‐concept study. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Faris R. Kronfli
- Department of Psychology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA
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18
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Hanratty LA, Hanley GP. A preference analysis of reinforcer variation and choice. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 54:1062-1074. [PMID: 33990131 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcement procedures are the cornerstone of behavioral interventions. Previous research has focused on manipulating parameters of reinforcement including quality, magnitude, and rate. In this study, we sought to better understand ways to implement reinforcer choice and variation, and to assess preference for these parameters. Across 10 participants with and without disabilities, we assessed preference for varied reinforcement conditions, as well as choice of reinforcers in a concurrent-chains arrangement. Most participants preferred varied reinforcement conditions and subsequently, choice of reinforcers, over a previously preferred varied reinforcement condition. Implications for reinforcement arrangement in teaching situations are discussed.
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Rajaraman A, Hanley GP, Gover HC, Staubitz JL, Staubitz JE, Simcoe KM, Metras R. Minimizing Escalation by Treating Dangerous Problem Behavior Within an Enhanced Choice Model. Behav Anal Pract 2021; 15:219-242. [DOI: 10.1007/s40617-020-00548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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Stocco CS, Moline AD, Bowar S. Further evaluation of contingencies on lying about homework completion. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corey S. Stocco
- Department of Psychology University of the Pacific Stockton California USA
| | - Adam D. Moline
- Department of Psychology University of the Pacific Stockton California USA
| | - Stephanie Bowar
- Department of Psychology University of the Pacific Stockton California USA
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21
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Lillie MA, Harman MJ, Hurd M, Smalley MR. Increasing passive compliance to wearing a facemask in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Appl Behav Anal 2021; 54:582-599. [PMID: 33740281 PMCID: PMC8251131 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study taught 6 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to increase passive compliance of wearing a facemask across sequentially increasing durations of time. A changing-criterion design embedded within a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a resetting differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) without escape extinction procedure on passive compliance. Terminal probe sessions determined DRO fading intervals. Results showed that 2 participants acquired mastery level passive compliance (30 min) without fading during the initial baseline sessions. The remaining 4 participants acquired mastery level passive compliance following fading intervals within the DRO intervention. Participants' passive compliance generalized across 2 novel settings. This study replicates previous studies and extends empirical support for the use of DRO without escape extinction interventions for increasing passive compliance with medical devices in children with ASD.
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22
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Trump CE, Herrod JL, Ayres KM, Ringdahl JE, Best L. Behavior Momentum Theory and Humans: A Review of the Literature. PSYCHOLOGICAL RECORD 2020; 71:71-83. [PMID: 33020671 PMCID: PMC7527147 DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral Momentum Theory (BMT) is often described as analogous to Newton's (1687) laws of motion. That is to say, similar to an object in motion continuing in motion unless acted upon by a force, responses occurring in a static environment will continue to occur at the same rate, unless presented with a disruptor (Nevin, Tota, Torquato, & Shull, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 359-379, 1990). When evaluating response rates through a behavioral momentum framework, responding continuing after a change in reinforcer conditions is said to persist. Previous research conducted with nonhuman animals indicates greater response persistence following conditions with either higher reinforcer rates or higher reinforcer magnitudes (Nevin, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21(3), 389-408, 1974; Nevin et al., Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 359-379, 1990). Although BMT's implications extend across human and nonhuman species, this literature review attempts to provide practitioners and researchers information regarding response persistence across various conditions with human participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary E Trump
- College of Education and Behavioral Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, McKee 40, Campus Box 141, Greeley, CO 80639 USA
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23
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A Quality Review of School-Based Challenging Behavior Interventions for Adolescents with Developmental Disabilities. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-020-00207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Vollmer TR, Peters KP, Kronfli FR, Lloveras LA, Ibañez VF. On the definition of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 53:1299-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Morris SL, Vollmer TR. A comparison of methods for assessing preference for social interactions. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 53:918-937. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Brown KR, Greer BD, Craig AR, Sullivan WE, Fisher WW, Roane HS. Resurgence following differential reinforcement of alternative behavior implemented with and without extinction. J Exp Anal Behav 2020; 113:449-467. [PMID: 32133673 PMCID: PMC8111434 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the clinic, differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) often involves programming extinction for destructive behavior while reinforcing an alternative form of communication (e.g., a functional communication response); however, implementing extinction can be unsafe or impractical under some circumstances. Quantitative theories of resurgence (i.e., Behavioral Momentum Theory and Resurgence as Choice) predict differences in the efficacy of treatments that do and do not involve extinction of target responding when reinforcement conditions maintaining alternative responding worsen. We tested these predictions by examining resurgence following two DRA conditions in which we equated rates of reinforcement. In DRA without extinction, target and alternative behavior produced reinforcement. In DRA with extinction plus noncontingent reinforcement, only alternative behavior produced reinforcement. We conducted this study in a reverse-translation sequence, first with participants who engaged in destructive behavior (Experiment 1) and then in a laboratory setting with rats (Experiment 2). Across both experiments, we observed proportionally lower levels of target responding during and following the DRA condition that arranged extinction for the target response. However, levels of resurgence were similar following both arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian D. Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center’s Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | | | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center’s Munroe-Meyer Institute
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27
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Rogalski JP, Roscoe EM, Fredericks DW, Mezhoudi N. Negative reinforcer magnitude manipulations for treating escape-maintained problem behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 53:1514-1530. [PMID: 32034774 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different magnitudes of escape for compliance relative to the magnitudes of escape for problem behavior in a concurrent-schedule arrangement. Three individuals who exhibited escape-maintained problem behavior participated. A large differential magnitude condition (240-s escape for compliance, 10-s escape for problem behavior) was compared to equal (30-s escape for compliance and problem behavior) and moderate differential magnitude (90-s escape for compliance, 10-s escape for problem behavior) conditions. The authors also evaluated the impact of correcting for reinforcer access time (i.e., time on escape intervals) on intervention interpretation. For all participants, problem behavior decreased during only the large differential magnitude condition, and including reinforcer access time in the overall session time did not affect interpretation of treatment outcomes. Providing larger escape magnitudes for compliance relative to problem behavior may facilitate treatment involving concurrent-reinforcement schedules for escape-maintained problem behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eileen M Roscoe
- Western New England University & The New England Center for Children
| | | | - Nabil Mezhoudi
- Western New England University & The New England Center for Children
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Boyle MA, Bacon MT, Brewer EM, Carton SM, Gaskill LA. Evaluating a treatment without extinction for elopement maintained by access to stereotypy. J Appl Behav Anal 2020; 53:1531-1541. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Briggs AM, Dozier CL, Lessor AN, Kamana BU, Jess RL. Further investigation of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction for escape-maintained destructive behavior. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 52:956-973. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Suess AN, Schieltz KM, Wacker DP, Detrick J, Podlesnik CA. An evaluation of resurgence following functional communication training conducted in alternative antecedent contexts via telehealth. J Exp Anal Behav 2019; 113:278-301. [PMID: 31617951 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatments based on differential reinforcement may inadvertently increase the recurrence of problem behavior in the face of challenges because reinforcers for appropriate behavior occur in the same context as problem behavior. The current study evaluated one potential approach to mitigating these problems with differential reinforcement treatments based on behavioral momentum theory. Specifically, appropriate behavior was trained in contexts without a history of reinforcement prior to intervening with problem behavior. Participants were 4 children with autism spectrum disorder. Treatment used telehealth to implement functional communication training (FCT) in three alternative contexts with minimal or no history of reinforcement for problem behavior before initiating FCT in the treatment context. Evaluations of the effects of treatment and tests of resurgence were conducted intermittently during treatment to evaluate maintenance. When FCT treatment was initiated in alternative contexts, initial results were comparable to more typical implementations of FCT. Resurgence was reduced to similar levels during tests of resurgence for all participants when compared to more typical previously published implementations of FCT, but clinically significant reductions in resurgence occurred more quickly in the present study. These findings support training appropriate behavior in an alternative context to mitigate the resurgence of problem behavior during differential reinforcement treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Suess
- The University of Iowa Center for Disabilities and Development, The University of Iowa Children's Hospital
| | - Kelly M Schieltz
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa Children's Hospital
| | - David P Wacker
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa Children's Hospital
| | - Jessica Detrick
- The University of Iowa Center for Disabilities and Development, The University of Iowa Children's Hospital
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Dufour MM, Lanovaz MJ. Increasing compliance with wearing a medical device in children with autism. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 53:1089-1096. [PMID: 32319096 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Health professionals often recommend the use of medical devices to assess the health, monitor the well-being, or improve the quality of life of their patients. Children with autism may present challenges in these situations as their sensory peculiarities may increase refusals to wear such devices. To address this issue, we systematically replicated prior research by examining the effects of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) to increase compliance with wearing a heart rate monitor in 2 children with autism. The intervention increased compliance to 100% for both participants when an edible reinforcer was delivered every 90 s. The results indicate that DRO does not require the implementation of extinction to increase compliance with wearing a medical device. More research is needed to examine whether the reinforcement schedule can be further thinned.
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32
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Hood SA, Rodriguez NM, Luczynski KC, Fisher WW. Evaluating the effects of physical reactions on aggression via concurrent‐operant analyses. J Appl Behav Anal 2019; 52:642-651. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe Meyer Institute
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33
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May ME. Effects of Differential Consequences on Choice Making in Students at Risk for Academic Failure. Behav Anal Pract 2019; 12:154-161. [PMID: 30918778 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-018-0267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem behavior can be reduced through choice making and use of preferred instructional activities. However, the opportunity to choose does not imply students are more engaged with instructional activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of differential consequences on the on-task behavior of students within the context of teacher versus student selection of instructional activities. Students were exposed to two contingencies (i.e., escape + differential attention vs. escape + physical proximity) across two stimulus events (i.e., teacher vs. student choice of preferred instructional activities) using an alternating-treatments design within an A-B-A-B design. Choice of instructional activities increased on-task behavior during student-choice conditions compared to the teacher-choice conditions, but only when differential attention was provided. Differential attention was also more effective than physical proximity at increasing on-task behavior. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E May
- 1Counseling, Quantitative Methods, and Special Education, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Mailcode: 4618, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.,2Department of Applied Behavior Analysis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Dallas, TX USA.,Department of Applied Behavior Analysis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2101 Waterview Parkway, Richardson, TX 75080 USA
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Lomas Mevers JE, Noell GH, Scheithauer M, Miller S, Alvarez JP, Fischer AJ. The impact of stimulus preference, order-effects, and treatment component omission in evaluating treatment integrity. J Sch Psychol 2018; 69:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Briggs AM, Fisher WW, Greer BD, Kimball RT. Prevalence of resurgence of destructive behavior when thinning reinforcement schedules during functional communication training. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:620-633. [PMID: 29774545 PMCID: PMC6041172 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Functional communication training is a well-established treatment for socially reinforced destructive behavior that typically includes differential reinforcement of the functional communication response (FCR) in combination with extinction of destructive behavior. However, when the schedule of reinforcement for the FCR is thinned, destructive behavior may resurge (e.g., Greer, Fisher, Saini, Owen, & Jones, 2016). Currently, data are unavailable on the prevalence and characteristics of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning. In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of resurgence during reinforcement schedule thinning on a per-case and per-schedule-step basis and also evaluated the magnitude of resurgence in relation to the functions of destructive behavior. We observed resurgence in 19 of the 25 (76%) applications of reinforcement schedule thinning. In some cases, the magnitude of resurgence exceeded the mean levels of destructive behavior observed in baseline. We discuss these results relative to prior translational and applied research on resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Briggs
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
| | - Wayne W. Fisher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
| | - Brian D. Greer
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
| | - Ryan T. Kimball
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe‐Meyer Institute
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36
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Briggs AM, Akers JS, Greer BD, Fisher WW, Retzlaff BJ. Systematic Changes in Preference for Schedule-Thinning Arrangements as a Function of Relative Reinforcement Density. Behav Modif 2018; 42:472-497. [PMID: 29182009 PMCID: PMC5930149 DOI: 10.1177/0145445517742883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We treated destructive behavior maintained by both social-positive (i.e., access to tangibles) and social-negative (i.e., escape from demands) reinforcement in an individual diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder using functional communication training (FCT). We then thinned the schedule of reinforcement for the tangible function using a multiple schedule (mult FCT) and later thinned the availability of escape using a chained schedule (chain FCT). Both treatments proved effective at maintaining functional communicative responses while decreasing destructive behavior to near-zero levels. In addition, treatment effects maintained when we rapidly thinned mult FCT to the terminal schedule. Throughout chain-FCT schedule thinning, we assessed client preference for each schedule-thinning arrangement (mult FCT or chain FCT) using a concurrent-chains procedure. Client preference reliably shifted from chain FCT to mult FCT as the response requirement increased and the proportion of session spent in reinforcement began to favor mult FCT. We discuss the clinical implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Briggs
- 1 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jessica S Akers
- 1 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- 2 Baylor University School of Education, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Brian D Greer
- 1 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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37
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Effects of reinforcement without extinction on increasing compliance with nail cutting: A systematic replication. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:924-930. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Ghaemmaghami M, Hanley GP, Jessel J, Landa R. Shaping complex functional communication responses. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:502-520. [PMID: 29761485 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Response efficiency plays an important role in the initial success of functional communication training (FCT). Although low-effort functional communication responses (FCRs) have been shown to be most effective in replacing problem behavior; more developmentally advanced FCRs are favored later in the treatment process. Attempts to teach these more complex FCRs, however, often lead to the resurgence of problem behavior. In this study, we provide a detailed description of an effective shaping process applied within a changing criterion design to develop complex FCRs from simple FCRs without resurgence of problem behavior. Four children with various language and intellectual abilities participated in this study. A practical shaping procedure, suitable for typical teaching contexts, is described for two participants in Experiment 1. The necessity and efficacy of the shaping process are demonstrated with the participants in Experiment 2. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
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39
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Kunnavatana SS, Bloom SE, Samaha AL, Slocum TA, Clay CJ. Manipulating parameters of reinforcement to reduce problem behavior without extinction. J Appl Behav Anal 2018; 51:283-302. [PMID: 29473653 DOI: 10.1002/jaba.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA) most often includes extinction as a treatment component. However, extinction is not always feasible and it can be counter-therapeutic if implemented without optimal treatment integrity. Researchers have successfully implemented DRA without extinction by manipulating various parameters of reinforcement such that alternative behavior is favored. We extended previous research by assessing three participants' sensitivities to quality, magnitude, and immediacy using arbitrary responses and reinforcers that maintain problem behavior. The results were used to implement an intervention for problem behavior using DRA without extinction. Our findings indicate that arbitrary responses can be used to identify individual and relative sensitivity to parameters of reinforcement for reinforcers that maintain problem behavior. Treatment was effective for all participants when we manipulated parameters of reinforcement to which they were most sensitive, and, for two participants, the treatment was less effective when we manipulated parameters to which they were least sensitive.
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40
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MacNaul HL, Neely LC. Systematic Review of Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior Without Extinction for Individuals With Autism. Behav Modif 2017; 42:398-421. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445517740321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review the literature on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior procedures without extinction for individuals with autism. Using predetermined inclusion criteria, a total of 10 studies were included and summarized in terms of the following: (a) participant characteristics (e.g., sex, age, and diagnosis), (b) treatment setting, (c) problem behavior, (d) function, (e) alternative behavior, (f) intervention, (g) outcomes, and (h) conclusiveness of evidence. Of the 10 studies, nine demonstrated positive effects and one mixed effects. Five studies successfully reduced problem behavior by manipulating different reinforcement parameters (magnitude, immediacy, and quality) and four manipulated the schedule of reinforcement. One study had mixed results with two of the three participants requiring extinction. The findings of this review suggest that variations of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior interventions without an extinction component may be considered promising practices for the treatment of challenging behavior in individuals with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leslie C. Neely
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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41
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Bonner AC, Borrero JC. Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate Schedules Reduce Severe Problem Behavior. Behav Modif 2017; 42:747-764. [PMID: 28922928 DOI: 10.1177/0145445517731723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedules are reinforcement contingencies designed to reduce response rates. A common variation of the DRL arrangement is known as full-session DRL ( f-DRL), in which a reinforcer is presented at the end of an interval if the response rate during that interval is below a predetermined criterion. Prior human operant research involving arbitrary mouse clicks has shown that the f-DRL is likely to reduce target responding to near zero rates. Similarly, applied research has shown that the f-DRL is likely to reduce minimally disruptive classroom behavior. There are, however, relatively few successful applications of the f-DRL to severe forms of problem behavior (e.g., self-injurious behavior). Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of f-DRL on the severe problem behavior of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities. For four participants, the f-DRL reduced severe problem behavior by clinically significant levels. Furthermore, results of a contingency strength analysis showed a strong negative contingency strength between target responding and reinforcer delivery for all participants.
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42
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Podlesnik CA, Miranda-Dukoski L, Jonas Chan CK, Bland VJ, Bai JYH. Generalization of the disruptive effects of alternative stimuli when combined with target stimuli in extinction. J Exp Anal Behav 2017; 108:255-268. [DOI: 10.1002/jeab.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Podlesnik
- Florida Institute of Technology and The Scott Center for Autism Treatment
- The University of Auckland
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43
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Moskowitz LJ, Walsh CE, Mulder E, McLaughlin DM, Hajcak G, Carr EG, Zarcone JR. Intervention for Anxiety and Problem Behavior in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:3930-3948. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ward S, Parker A, Perdikaris A. Task as Reinforcer: a Reactive Alternative to Traditional Forms of Escape Extinction. Behav Anal Pract 2017; 10:22-34. [PMID: 28352504 PMCID: PMC5352626 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-016-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate behaviors, ranging from passive resistance to physical aggression, property destruction, or self-injurious behavior frequently function for escape from or avoidance of non-preferred activities. Proactive procedures have been shown to be only moderately effective without the use of escape extinction, but escape extinction can produce negative side effects, and efforts have been made to find alternatives. The current study tested the efficacy of a reactive procedure that may serve as an alternative to traditional forms of escape extinction. In a multiple baseline across behavioral excesses, non-preferred activities, and participants, a timeout from the opportunity to work effectively reduced behavioral excesses and increased compliance with non-preferred activities. With one participant, a multiple baseline was implemented across instructional targets, resulting in an increased rate of skill acquisition after "wait outs" were introduced to each program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ward
- Whole Child Consulting, LLC, Dunnellon, FL 34434 USA
| | - Amanda Parker
- Chicago Autism Behavior Specialists, Itasca, IL 60143 USA
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45
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Davis TN, Machalicek W, Scalzo R, Kobylecky A, Campbell V, Pinkelman S, Chan JM, Sigafoos J. A Review and Treatment Selection Model for Individuals with Developmental Disabilities Who Engage in Inappropriate Sexual Behavior. Behav Anal Pract 2016; 9:389-402. [PMID: 27920970 PMCID: PMC5118249 DOI: 10.1007/s40617-015-0062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some individuals with developmental disabilities develop inappropriate sexual behaviors such as public masturbation, disrobing, and touching others in an unwanted sexual manner. Such acts are problematic given the taboo nature of the behaviors and the potential for significant negative consequences, such as restricted community access, injury, and legal ramifications. Therefore, it is necessary to equip caregivers and practitioners with effective treatment options. The purpose of this paper is to review studies that have evaluated behavioral treatments to reduce inappropriate sexual behavior in persons with developmental disabilities. The strengths and weaknesses of each treatment are reviewed, and a model for treatment selection is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jeff Sigafoos
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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46
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Bello-Mojeed M, Ani C, Lagunju I, Omigbodun O. Feasibility of parent-mediated behavioural intervention for behavioural problems in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Nigeria: a pilot study. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2016; 10:28. [PMID: 27594900 PMCID: PMC5010684 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-016-0117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a disabling and lifelong neuro-developmental disorder. Challenging behaviours such as aggression and self injury are common maladaptive behaviours in ASD which adversely affect the mental health of both the affected children and their caregivers. Although there is evidence-base for parent-delivered behavioural intervention for children with ASD and challenging behaviours, there is no published research on the feasibility of such an intervention in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed the feasibility of parent-mediated behavioural intervention for challenging behaviour in children with ASD in Nigeria. METHODS This was a pre-post intervention pilot study involving 20 mothers of children with DSM-5 diagnosis of ASD recruited from a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service out-patient Unit. All the mothers completed five sessions of weekly manualised group-based intervention from March to April, 2015. The intervention included Functional Behavioural Analysis for each child followed by an individualised behaviour management plan. The primary outcome measure was the Aggression and Self Injury Questionnaire, which assessed both Aggression towards a Person and Property (APP) and Self Injurious Behaviour (SIB). The mothers' knowledge of the intervention content was the secondary outcome. All outcome measures were completed at baseline and after the intervention. The mothers' level of satisfaction with the programme was also assessed. Treatment effect was evaluated with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Tests of baseline and post-intervention scores on outcome measures. RESULTS The children were aged 3-17 years (mean = 10.7 years, SD 4.6 years), while their mothers' ages ranged from 32 to 52 years (mean 42.8 years, SD 6.4 years). The post intervention scores in all four domains of the APP and SIB were significantly reduced compared with pre-intervention scores. The mothers' knowledge of the intervention content significantly increased post-intervention. The intervention was well received with the vast majority (75 %) of participants being very satisfied and all (100 %) were willing to recommend the programme to a friend whose child has similar difficulties. CONCLUSIONS Parent-mediated behavioural intervention is a feasible and promising treatment for challenging behaviour in children with ASD in Nigeria. Behavioural intervention should be an integral component in scaling up services for children with ASD in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashudat Bello-Mojeed
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service Unit, Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Cornelius Ani
- Centre for Mental Health, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ike Lagunju
- Department of Pediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olayinka Omigbodun
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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47
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Martens BK, Lambert TL, Sullivan WE, Magnuson JD, Morley AJ, Sallade SJ, Baxter EL. Choice in transition: Replication and extension to preschool children in a naturalistic setting. J Exp Anal Behav 2016; 105:307-21. [PMID: 27002688 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study replicated previous basic research into the dynamics of choice and extended this analysis to children's behavior in a naturalistic setting. Two preschoolers with disabilities were observed interacting with their teachers at baseline and during an experimental analysis involving four pairs of concurrent variable-interval schedules of adult attention implemented by an experimenter. Each child was exposed to four experimental phases in which the relative reinforcer rates for on- and off-task behavior were 10:1, 1:1, 1:10, and reversed back to 10:1. The 10:1 phase was designed to mimic the same schedules and types of adult attention observed at baseline. We used the generalized matching equation to model steady-state behavior at the end of the transition phases and to evaluate changes in sensitivity at various points throughout the phases. Choice in transition was evaluated by plotting log behavior ratios by session, cumulated time on- and off-task and cumulated attention for on- and off-task behavior by session, and interreinforcer behavior ratios following different sequences of the first four reinforcer deliveries. The generalized matching equation accounted for a large proportion of variance in steady-state responding, sensitivity values increased steadily throughout the phases, patterns of choice in transition were similar to those reported in basic research, and interreinforcer preference generally shifted toward the just-reinforced alternative. These findings are consistent with previous basic research and support the generality of the dynamics of choice to children's on- and off-task behavior reinforced by adult attention.
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48
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Robertson RE. The acquisition of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities as a behavioral cusp. Behav Modif 2015; 39:475-95. [PMID: 25733661 DOI: 10.1177/0145445515572185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A behavioral cusp has been defined as a behavior change that produces contact with new contingencies with important and far-reaching consequences. The concept of behavioral cusps has most frequently been used to select target skills taught to learners and to evaluate the importance of those skills; however, the concept is equally applicable to behavior changes that bring about important and far-reaching negative consequences. Although it has been acknowledged that socially undesirable behavior change can also qualify as a behavioral cusp, this area of the cusp concept has been under-examined. In this article, an undesirable behavior change, the acquisition of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities, is compared with criteria for behavioral cusps previously identified in the literature. The advantages of viewing problem behavior as a behavioral cusp are outlined, and implications for practice and research from a behavioral cusp approach to problem behavior are provided.
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Harrington M, Velicer WF. Comparing Visual and Statistical Analysis in Single-Case Studies Using Published Studies. MULTIVARIATE BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH 2015; 50:162-183. [PMID: 26609876 PMCID: PMC4677800 DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2014.973989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the extent to which interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) can be applied to short, single-case study designs and whether those applications produce results consistent with visual analysis (VA). This article examines the extent to which ITSA can be applied to single-case study designs and compares the results based on two methods: ITSA and VA, using papers published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis in 2010. The study was made possible by the development of software called UnGraph®, which facilitates the recovery of raw data from the graphs. ITSA was successfully applied to 94% of the examined graphs with the number of observations ranging from 8 to 136. Moderate to high lag-1 autocorrelations (>.50) were found for 46% of the data series. Effect sizes similar to group-level Cohen's d were identified based on the tertile distribution. Effects ranging from 0.00 to 0.99 were classified as small, those ranging from 1.00 to 2.49 as medium, and large effect sizes were defined as 2.50 or greater. Comparison of the conclusions from VA and ITSA had a low level of agreement (Kappa =.14, accounting for the agreement expected by chance). The results demonstrate that ITSA can be broadly implemented in applied behavior analysis research. These two methods should be viewed as complementary and used concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne F Velicer
- a University of Rhode Island Cancer Prevention Research Center
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Rivas KM, Piazza CC, Roane HS, Volkert VM, Stewart V, Kadey HJ, Groff RA. Analysis of self-feeding in children with feeding disorders. J Appl Behav Anal 2014; 47:710-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jaba.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi M. Rivas
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
| | | | - Henry S. Roane
- University of Nebraska Medical Center's Munroe-Meyer Institute
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