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Inonu E, Hakki SS, Kayis SA, Nielsen FH. The Association Between Some Macro and Trace Elements in Saliva and Periodontal Status. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 197:35-42. [PMID: 31848920 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the macro and trace element composition of saliva might be indicative for pathological changes in periodontal tissues. However, there is a lack of evidence in the literature showing associations between mineral elements and periodontal status. The aim of this study was to determine whether such associations occur. Totally, 190 systemically healthy non-smoker participants (mean age 32.2 ± 6.02; 50 periodontally healthy, 50 gingivitis, 50 chronic periodontitis, and 40 aggressive periodontitis individuals) were included in this cross-sectional study. Salivary levels of some macro and trace elements were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Kruskal-Wallis's test was used for statistical analysis. Statistically significant differences were found in sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), vanadium (V), chromium Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), and selenium (Se) concentrations among the groups. Significant increases in the essential minerals Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, and Se occurred in both periodontitis groups when compared to the gingivitis and periodontally healthy groups. Lower Se, Sr, Fe, Mn, and V concentrations were found in the aggressive periodontitis group than in the chronic periodontitis group. The results of this study demonstrated that assessment of mineral element concentrations in saliva might be useful in assessing periodontal health and disease. However, further studies are required to determine whether the change in a specific mineral element is the result of periodontal disease or is involved in its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Inonu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Baskent University, 06490, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sema S Hakki
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Seyit Ali Kayis
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
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Bhansali RS, Yeltiwar RK, Bhat K. Evaluation of peripheral neutrophil functions in aggressive periodontitis patients and their family members in Indian population: An assessment of neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicidal activity. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 21:449-455. [PMID: 29551862 PMCID: PMC5846240 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_107_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Association of neutrophil function abnormalities with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) has been reported in Indian population. There are no published studies on the familial aggregation of aggressive periodontitis (AP) and neutrophil function abnormalities associated with it in Indian population. The present study aimed to assess neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and microbicidal activity in AP patients and their family members of Indian origin, who may or may not be suffering from AP. Materials and Methods Eighteen families with a total of 51 individuals (18 probands, 33 family members) were included. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated against an alkali-soluble casein solution using Wilkinson's method. Phagocytosis and microbicidal activity assay were performed using Candida albicans as an indicator organism. Statistical Analysis Used The magnitude of association between the presence of defective neutrophil function and LAP or GAP was calculated using odds ratio and relative risk. Total incidence of AP, and in particular, LAP in the families attributable to the presence of defective neutrophil function was calculated by attributable risk. Results The association between depressed neutrophil chemotaxis and presence of AP and LAP or GAP in all the family members (n = 51) was found to be significant (P < 0.05) while that for phagocytic and microbicidal activity were observed to be nonsignificant. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest high incidence of AP (LAP and GAP) within families was associated with depressed neutrophil chemotaxis. High prevalence of depressed neutrophil chemotaxis in the family members (61%) of LAP probands exhibiting depressed chemotaxis suggests that the observed abnormalities in neutrophil functions may also be inherited by the family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh Bhansali
- Department of Dentistry, Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Kishore Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Maratha Mandal's Dental College and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Bhansali RS, Yeltiwar RK, Bhat KG. Assessment of peripheral neutrophil functions in patients with localized aggressive periodontitis in the Indian population. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2014; 17:731-6. [PMID: 24554881 PMCID: PMC3917201 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.124485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) patients exhibit abnormal neutrophil functions to a variety of environmental and host stimuli. The aim of the present study was to evaluate neutrophils chemotaxis, phagocytosis, microbicidal activity and superoxide generation in LAP patients of Indian origin. Materials and Methods: Eleven LAP patients and nine healthy subjects were included in the study. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated against an alkali-soluble casein solution using Wilkinson's method. Phagocytosis and microbicidal activity assay were performed using Candida albicans as an indicator organism. Nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT) test was used to assess superoxide generation by neutrophils using E. coli endotoxin. Results: The chemotactic activity and phagocytic and microbicidal activity were observed to be significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in LAP neutrophils. On the contrary, superoxide generation was observed to be significantly increased (P < 0.01) in LAP neutrophils compared with healthy individuals. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that neutrophil functions, namely chemotaxis, phagocytosis and microbicidal activity, are deficient LAP patients. However, superoxide generation was significantly increased when stimulated by endotoxins, which may explain the tissue damage seen in LAP. These abnormal neutrophil functions may predispose to increased susceptibility for LAP. Further large-scale studies are required in the Indian population to ascertain the cause-and-effect relationship of defective host factors and aggressive periodontitis and to develop treatment strategies for more predictable periodontal treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Bhansali
- Department of Dentistry, Dr. Ulhas Patil Medical College and Research Center, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India
| | - R K Yeltiwar
- Department of Periodontics, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - K G Bhat
- Department of Microbiology, Chief Research Officer, Maratha Mandal's Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Mizuno N, Niitani M, Shiba H, Iwata T, Hayashi I, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Proteome analysis of proteins related to aggressive periodontitis combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38:310-7. [PMID: 21226751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2010.01693.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM Some patients suffering from aggressive periodontitis (Ag-P) also display neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction. In this study, we attempted to identify the proteins involved in Ag-P associated with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction using proteome analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis system was used to detect differences in protein expression between neutrophils from four patients suffering from Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction and those from four controls. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the proteins identified by the above method were examined in neutrophils from four types of subjects using the real-time polymerase chain reaction: twenty patients suffering from Ag-P with or without the dysfunction, 15 patients with chronic periodontitis, and 15 controls. RESULTS Four proteins, lactoferrin, caldesmon, heat shock protein 70, and stac, displayed a higher protein expression level in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction than in those from the control group. The caldesmon mRNA levels in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from Ag-P combined with the neutrophil dysfunction were high compared with those in the neutrophils from the patients suffering from the other two types of periodontitis and those from the control group. CONCLUSION Caldesmon may be a marker of Ag-P combined with neutrophil chemotaxis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Mizuno
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Research Facility, Faculty of Dentistry, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Iwata T, Kantarci A, Yagi M, Jackson T, Hasturk H, Kurihara H, Van Dyke TE. Ceruloplasmin induces polymorphonuclear leukocyte priming in localized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2009; 80:1300-6. [PMID: 19656030 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.090092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) present multiple functional abnormalities associated with a phenotypically primed PMN phenotype. Local inflammation is characterized by hypoxia, which leads to increased production of superoxide (O(2)(-)) by PMNs. Ceruloplasmin (CP) is also induced by hypoxia and inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CP in O(2)(-) generation in PMNs from healthy subjects and patients with LAgP. METHODS PMNs were isolated from healthy subjects and those with LAgP (N = 36). Superoxide was measured by cytochrome-C reduction at 550 nm. Intracellular CP expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Serum levels of CP were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intracellular iron ion conversion was spectrophotometrically determined by measuring the absorbance of sigma-phenanthroline at 510 nm. RESULTS O(2)(-) generation was significantly higher in LAgP PMNs before and after stimulation with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (100 nM). CP expression in PMNs and CP levels in serum were significantly higher in subjects with LAgP compared to the PMNs and serum samples from matched healthy donors (P <0.05). LAgP PMNs also had significantly higher levels of Fe(3+) and lower levels of Fe(2+) compared to healthy PMNs (P <0.05), suggesting increased iron conversion. Exogenous CP treatment of healthy PMNs resulted in significant increases in O(2)(-) generation and iron ion conversion similar to LAgP PMNs. CONCLUSION LAgP PMNs are primed to express higher levels of CP, leading to hypoxia-mediated O(2)(-) generation in PMNs and increased oxidative stress and neutrophil-mediated tissue injury in LAgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Iwata
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Houri-Haddad Y, Wilensky A, Shapira L. T-cell phenotype as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007; 45:67-75. [PMID: 17850449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Houri-Haddad
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Hadassah and The Hebrew University Medical Centers, Jerusalem, Israel
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Shin CR, Moores J, Best AM, Tew JG, Schenkein HA, Barbour SE. Differential platelet-activating factor synthesis by monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:202-11. [PMID: 17451539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Platelet-activating factor is elevated in localized aggressive periodontitis. We previously demonstrated that the elevated level of platelet-activating factor in localized aggressive periodontitis is at least partially attributable to low levels of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase, the enzyme that catabolizes platelet-activating factor. The objective of this study was to determine if platelet-activating factor synthesis was also elevated in localized aggressive periodontitis. To test this, platelet-activating factor synthesis was quantified in the monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils of periodontally healthy patients and of subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cells were labeled with [(3)H]acetate and treated with vehicle or stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187. Platelet-activating factor was extracted and quantified by scintillation counting. RESULTS For both subject groups, resting monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils produced platelet-activating factor, and calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated platelet-activating factor production in both cell types. However, calcium ionophore A23187-activated monocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis produced less platelet-activating factor than did activated periodontally healthy monocytes (p < 0.0001), suggesting an aberrant calcium ionophore A23187 response in monocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis. Indeed, when the data were expressed as fold induction of platelet-activating factor synthesis in response to calcium ionophore A23187, monocytes from subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis exhibited only a fourfold increase in platelet-activating factor synthesis, whereas calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated monocytes from periodontally healthy, chronic periodontitis and generalized aggressive periodontitis subjects produced approximately 12 times more platelet-activating factor than did resting monocytes. In contrast, both resting and activated localized aggressive periodontitis polymorphonuclear neutrophils synthesized more platelet-activating factor than did periodontally healthy polymorphonuclear neutrophils. CONCLUSION These data suggest that high levels of platelet-activating factor in subjects with localized aggressive periodontitis result from both increased synthesis and reduced catabolism. While localized aggressive periodontitis polymorphonuclear neutrophils contribute to increased platelet-activating factor mass through synthesis, the contribution of monocytes is probably the result of reduced catabolism by platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0614, USA
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Revankar CM, Advani SH, Naik NR. Altered Ca2+ homeostasis in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from chronic myeloid leukaemia patients. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:65. [PMID: 17129370 PMCID: PMC1687200 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), mobilization of calcium ions is one of the early events triggered by binding of chemoattractant to its receptors. Besides chemotaxis, a variety of other functional responses are dependent on calcium ion mobilization. PMNL from chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients that were morphologically indistinguishable from normal PMNL were found to be defective in various functions stimulated by a chemoattractant – fMLP. To study the mechanism underlying defective functions in CML PMNL, we studied calcium mobilization in CML PMNL in response to two different classical chemoattractants, fMLP and C5a. Results Release of calcium estimated by flow cytometry and spectrofluorimetry using fluo-3 as an indicator showed that the [Ca2+]i levels were lower in CML PMNL as compared to those in normal PMNL. But, both normal and CML PMNL showed maximum [Ca2+]i in response to fMLP and C5a at 10 sec and 30 sec, respectively. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of the total calcium release in chemoattractant treated PMNL indicated more and faster efflux of [Ca2+]i in CML PMNL as compared to normal PMNL. Conclusion Fine-tuning of Ca2+ homeostasis was altered in CML PMNL. The altered Ca2+ homeostasis may contribute to the defective functions of CML PMNL.
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MESH Headings
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemotactic Factors/pharmacology
- Complement C5a/pharmacology
- Flow Cytometry
- Homeostasis/drug effects
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/blood
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Models, Biological
- N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine/pharmacology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetana M Revankar
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, ACTREC, TMC, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
- Dept of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, W412 Research Building, 3970 Reservior Road NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Suresh H Advani
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Memorial Centre, Parel, Mumbai 400 012, India
- Director, Medical Oncology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, 15, Dr. G. Deshmukh Marg, Peddar Road, Mumbai 400 026, India
| | - Nishigandha R Naik
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, ACTREC, TMC, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
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10
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Fujita T, Kantarci A, Warbington ML, Zawawi KH, Hasturk H, Kurihara H, Van Dyke TE. CD38 expression in neutrophils from patients with localized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2006; 76:1960-5. [PMID: 16274316 PMCID: PMC1351027 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.11.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) is associated with neutrophil dysfunction including decreased chemotaxis and reduced calcium entry. It has been suggested that CD38 is involved in chemotaxis. Little is known, however, about the relationship of CD38 and LAgP patients. In this study, we focused on the level of CD38 expression between LAgP and normal subjects and examined the involvement of CD38 in abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis of LAgP patients. METHODS Neutrophils from 12 normal subjects and 12 LAgP patients were isolated from peripheral venous blood. Membrane associated proteins were extracted from cells with or without N-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) stimulation. CD38 expression was measured using Western blotting. Band density was measured using an imaging densitometer. RESULTS There was no statistical difference between normal subjects and LAgP patients in resting CD38 expression (basal level). However, the fMLP-stimulated neutrophils exhibited a significant decrease of CD38 expression in LAgP subjects compared to normal subjects. The decrease of CD38 was positively correlated with the defect in chemotactic migration to fMLP. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the lower expression of CD38 in neutrophils may be related to altered neutrophil function in LAgP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Alpdogan Kantarci
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Martha L. Warbington
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Khalid H. Zawawi
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Hatice Hasturk
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Frontier Medical Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Thomas E. Van Dyke
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA
- Correspondence: Dr. Thomas Van Dyke, Goldman School of Graduate Dentistry, Boston University, 100 E. Newton St., G-217, Boston, MA 02118. Fax: 617/638-4799; e-mail:
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Tharp WG, Yadav R, Irimia D, Upadhyaya A, Samadani A, Hurtado O, Liu SY, Munisamy S, Brainard DM, Mahon MJ, Nourshargh S, van Oudenaarden A, Toner MG, Poznansky MC. Neutrophil chemorepulsion in defined interleukin-8 gradients in vitro and in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 79:539-54. [PMID: 16365152 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0905516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report for the first time that primary human neutrophils can undergo persistent, directionally biased movement away from a chemokine in vitro and in vivo, termed chemorepulsion or fugetaxis. Robust neutrophil chemorepulsion in microfluidic gradients of interleukin-8 (IL-8; CXC chemokine ligand 8) was dependent on the absolute concentration of chemokine, CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2), and was associated with polarization of cytoskeletal elements and signaling molecules involved in chemotaxis and leading edge formation. Like chemoattraction, chemorepulsion was pertussis toxin-sensitive and dependent on phosphoinositide-3 kinase, RhoGTPases, and associated proteins. Perturbation of neutrophil intracytoplasmic cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentrations and the activity of protein kinase C isoforms modulated directional bias and persistence of motility and could convert a chemorepellent to a chemoattractant response. Neutrophil chemorepulsion to an IL-8 ortholog was also demonstrated and quantified in a rat model of inflammation. The finding that neutrophils undergo chemorepulsion in response to continuous chemokine gradients expands the paradigm by which neutrophil migration is understood and may reveal a novel approach to our understanding of the homeostatic regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Tharp
- Infectious Diseases Division and Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Herrmann JM, Kantarci A, Long H, Bernardo J, Hasturk H, Wray LV, Simons ER, Van Dyke TE. Simultaneous measurements of cytoplasmic Ca2+ responses and intracellular pH in neutrophils of localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) patients. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:612-9. [PMID: 15937144 PMCID: PMC1224730 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0105023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the reports that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) exhibit hyper-responsiveness to stimulation, it has been suggested that such abnormalities could lead to PMN-mediated tissue damage during inflammation. To determine whether these abnormalities include signal transduction, we compared cytoplasmic calcium concentration (Delta[Ca2+](i)) and cytoplasmic pH (DeltapH(i)) changes, early stimulus responses to chemotactic agents, of LAP versus control (C)-PMN and explored whether these could be modulated by sensitizing cytokines or calcium channel-blocking agents. PMN responses of LAP patients were compared with age- and gender-matched controls. Delta[Ca2+](i) and DeltapH(i) were measured fluorimetrically using 1H-indole-6-carboxylic acid, 2-[4-[bis[2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-3-[2-[2-[bis[2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-methylphenoxy]ethoxy]phenyl]-1 and 2',7'-bis-(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein as respective probes. Not only was the maximal calcium response to chemoattractants higher in LAP-PMN, but also their subsequent intracellular calcium redistribution was significantly slower. The slower calcium redistribution of LAP-PMN, but not their higher maximal calcium response, was successfully mimicked in C-PMN treated with Nifedipine or 1-[b-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl]-1H-imidazole-HCl, both known to be inhibitors of membrane-associated calcium influx, but this redistribution was not affected when inhibitors of other calcium influx mechanisms, Diltiazem or Verapamil, were used. Taken together, our findings indicate that certain early stimulus responses are aberrant in LAP-PMN, that internal redistribution of cytoplasmic-free calcium is compromised, and, additionally, that a membrane-associated Ca2+ transport defect may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Martin Herrmann
- Goldman School of Dental Medicine and
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | | | - Heidi Long
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | - John Bernardo
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | | | - Lewis V. Wray
- School of Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts
| | | | - Thomas E. Van Dyke
- Goldman School of Dental Medicine and
- Correspondence: Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University, Goldman School of Dental Medicine, 100 East Newton St., Boston, MA 02118. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem E Sahingur
- Department of Oral Biology, and Periodontics & Endodontics, Schoolof Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Henderson B, Nair SP, Ward JM, Wilson M. Molecular pathogenicity of the oral opportunistic pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Annu Rev Microbiol 2004; 57:29-55. [PMID: 14527274 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is mankind's most common chronic inflammatory disease. One severe form of periodontitis is localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP), a condition to which individuals of African origin demonstrate an increased susceptibility. The main causative organism of this disease is Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. A member of the Pasteurellaceae, A. actinomycetemcomitans produces a number of interesting putative virulence factors including (a) an RTX leukotoxin that targets only neutrophils and monocytes and whose action is influenced by a novel type IV secretion system involved in bacterial adhesion; (b) the newly discovered toxin, cytolethal distending toxin (CDT); and (c) a secreted chaperonin 60 with potent leukocyte-activating and bone resorbing activities. This organism also produces a plethora of proteins able to inhibit eukaryotic cell cycle progression and proteins and peptides that can induce distinct forms of proinflammatory cytokine networks. A range of other proteins interacting with the host is currently being uncovered. In addition to these secreted factors, A. actinomycetemcomitans is invasive with an unusual mechanism for entering, and traveling within, eukaryotic cells. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular pathogenicity of this fascinating oral bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Cellular Microbiology Research Group, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom.
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Gaspirc B, Masera A, Skaleric U. Immunolocalization of inducible nitric oxide synthase in localized juvenile periodontitis patients. Connect Tissue Res 2003; 43:413-8. [PMID: 12489192 DOI: 10.1080/03008200290000628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) is associated with a destruction of periodontal tissues and the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (AA). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from AA was found to induce a significant macrophage production of nitric oxide (NO). Increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity was found to be negatively correlated with the neutrophil chemotactic response. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and distribution of inducible NOS (iNOS) in human gingival tissue from LJP patients. The distribution of iNOS was assessed by monoclonal antibody against iNOS. Cellular markers (CD 3, CD 20, and CD 68) were used to determine the cellular origin of iNOS. The immunostaining revealed the appearance of iNOS in inflamed compared to noninflamed gingival tissues. Macrophages expressed high levels of iNOS that may cause some damage to the periodontal tissues. This study suggests that iNOS activity in macrophages may modify abnormalities of neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gaspirc
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kantarci A, Oyaizu K, Van Dyke TE. Neutrophil-mediated tissue injury in periodontal disease pathogenesis: findings from localized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2003; 74:66-75. [PMID: 12593599 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.1.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a major role in the host response against invading periodontopathogenic microorganisms. Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) is associated with various functional abnormalities of neutrophils. Based on the recent findings, LAgP neutrophils are not "hypofunctional" or "deficient." They are "hyperfunctional," and their amplified activity is responsible for the tissue destruction in periodontal disease. Several signal transduction abnormalities are associated with elevated neutrophil function in LAgP. There is a strong correlation between defective chemotaxis and decreased intracellular Ca2+ levels; total calcium-dependent protein Kinase C (PKC) activity of neutrophils is significantly lower than healthy subjects; and there is a marked increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) accompanied by a pronounced decrease in DAG kinase activity. In a separate set of experiments on the involvement of the inducible cyclooxygenase isoform (COX-2) and the role of novel lipid mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, crevicular fluid samples from LAgP patients were found to contain prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 5-LO-derived products, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and the biosynthesis interaction product, lipoxin LXA4. Neutrophils from peripheral blood of LAgP patients, but not from healthy volunteers, also generated LXA4, suggesting that this immunomodulatory molecule may have a role in periodontal disease. Lipoxin generation and its relationship to PGE2 and LTB4 can be visualized as an important marker for the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Thus, major advances in our understanding of the role of the neutrophil in host defense against periodontal organisms have been made through studies of LAgP. LAgP is used as an example of a severe periodontal disease that is related to abnormal neutrophil function. In this model, it appears that a hyperresponsiveness of the neutrophil, due to cell priming/predisposition, results in enhanced tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpdogan Kantarci
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Shibata K, Warbington ML, Gordon BJ, Kurihara H, Van Dyke TE. Nitric oxide synthase activity in neutrophils from patients with localized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2001; 72:1052-8. [PMID: 11525437 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2001.72.8.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) is associated with neutrophil dysfunction including defective chemotaxis and reduced calcium influx factor activity. Nitric oxide (NO) and its enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), have been suggested to be involved in chemotaxis. Some reports, however, were unable to detect either NO or NOS in human neutrophils. In this study, we focused on NOS activity in LAgP neutrophils and examined the involvement of NOS in chemotaxis of normal neutrophils and NOS activity in neutrophils from normal subjects and patients with LAgP. METHODS Neutrophils from 10 normal subjects and 10 LAgP patients were isolated from peripheral venous blood. Membrane associated-NOS (MA-NOS) and soluble NOS (S-NOS) were extracted from cells with or without FMLP stimulation. NOS activity was measured using the radiolabeled L-arginine to L-citrulline conversion assay. RESULTS N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NOS, significantly inhibited FMLP-induced chemotaxis (P<0.01) and dibutyryl cGMP, an activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinase, significantly attenuated the inhibition by L-NAME (P<0.01). Unstimulated and FMLP-stimulated MA-NOS activity in LAgP neutrophils was statistically significantly higher than that in normal neutrophils (P<0.05). S-NOS activity in LAgP neutrophils was higher than that in normal neutrophils. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that NOS is present in human neutrophils and may be involved in FMLP-induced chemotaxis in normal neutrophils. NOS activity is increased in LAgP and is negatively correlated to chemotaxis response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shibata
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, MA 02118, USA
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