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Semmate N, Bamouh Z, Elkarhat Z, Elmejdoub S, Saleh M, Fihri OF, Elharrak M. The Development and Evaluation of a New Inactivated Vaccine against Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1118. [PMID: 38930500 PMCID: PMC11206004 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) are pathogens that affect large and small ruminants. Indeed, Mcc affects both sheep and goats, causing contagious agalactia (CA). Mccp affects only goats, causing contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). CA and CCPP are mainly controlled using inactivated Mcc and Mccp vaccines. However, producing the vaccine with the Mccp strain is complex, fastidious, and costly due to the slow growth of the bacterium. In this study, we present new oil-adjuvanted and inactivated Mcc and Mccp vaccines for sheep and goats against CA and CCPP. The vaccines were evaluated for safety and efficacy using experimental infection. A serological response was observed one week after of the first vaccination of sheep and goats with Mcc and goats with Mccp. The vaccinated animals were subsequently challenged with the virulent Mcc MOR20 strain. The Mcc vaccine was demonstrated to provide robust protection when the animals were challenged with Mcc MOR20. Cross-protection against the Mcc MOR20 challenge was also obtained with the Mccp vaccine. This finding revealed, for the first time, the safety and efficacy of an inactivated Mcc vaccine against contagious agalactia and cross-protection between Mcc and Mccp strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Semmate
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Zahra Bamouh
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Zouhair Elkarhat
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
- Institute of Thematic Research Specialized in Medical, Food and Environmental Biotechnology of Benslimane, Hassan II University of Casablanca (UH2C), Casablanca 20670, Morocco
| | - Soufiane Elmejdoub
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
| | - Mazen Saleh
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada; and the Northern Ontario School of Medicine University, Sudbury, ON P3E 5Z6, Canada;
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat-Instituts, Rabat 10101, Morocco; (Z.B.); (O.F.F.)
| | - Mehdi Elharrak
- Department of Research and Development, Multi-Chemical Industry Santé Animale, P.O. Box 278, Mohammedia 28810, Morocco; (Z.E.); (S.E.); (M.E.)
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Toquet M, Bataller E, Toledo-Perona R, Gomis J, Contreras A, Sánchez A, Jiménez-Trigos E, Gómez-Martín Á. In Vitro Interaction between Mycoplasma agalactiae and Small Ruminants' Endogenous Bacterial Strains of Enterococcus spp. and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus. Microorganisms 2024; 12:406. [PMID: 38399811 PMCID: PMC10891560 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, an antimicrobial effect on Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma), the main etiological agent of contagious agalactia (CA), was reported in vitro with strains of Enterococcus spp. from ovine and caprine milk. The aim of this work was to evaluate the interaction of Ma with the same Enterococcus spp. isolated from other anatomical locations (vagina) and other bacterial populations present in milk, such as coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The vaginal Enterococcus strains and the raw milk CNS were isolated from sheep and goats. Experimental in vitro conditions were prepared to assess the growth of Ma with and without the presence of these strains. The selected vaginal strains were identified as Enterococcus (E.) hirae and E. mundtii, and the strains of CNS were identified as Staphylococcus petrasii. Different interactions of Ma with ovine and caprine wild vaginal strains of Enterococcus and dairy strains of CNS are described for the first time: Ma can grow exponentially during 15 h with the selected strains, although with certain strains, its optimal growth can be negatively affected (p < 0.05). The colonization and/or excretion of Ma could, therefore, be influenced by certain endogenous bacterial strains. Our results increase the knowledge about possible bacterial ecology dynamics surrounding CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Toquet
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Bataller
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Toledo-Perona
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Contreras
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Estrella Jiménez-Trigos
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated with Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Carrer Tirant lo Blanc, 7, 46115 Valencia, Spain
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Barbosa MS, Sampaio BA, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Marques LM, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Mycoplasma agalactiae Vaccines: Current Status, Hurdles, and Opportunities Due to Advances in Pathogenicity Studies. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:156. [PMID: 38400139 PMCID: PMC10892753 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a serious multietiological disease whose classic etiological agent is Mycoplasma agalactiae and which causes high morbidity and mortality rates in infected herds. CA is classified as a notifiable disease by the World Organization for Animal Health due to its significant worldwide economic impact on livestock, primarily involving goat and sheep farms. The emergence of atypical symptoms and strains of M. agalactiae in wildlife ungulates reestablishes its highly plastic genome and is also of great epidemiological significance. Antimicrobial therapy is the main form of control, although several factors, such as intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the selection of resistant strains, must be considered. Available vaccines are few and mostly inefficient. The virulence and pathogenicity mechanisms of M. agalactiae mainly rely on surface molecules that have direct contact with the host. Because of this, they are essential for the development of vaccines. This review highlights the currently available vaccines and their limitations and the development of new vaccine possibilities, especially considering the challenge of antigenic variation and dynamic genome in this microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Santos Barbosa
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
| | | | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Lucas Miranda Marques
- Department of Biointeraction, Multidisciplinary Institute of Health, Federal University of Bahia, Vitoria da Conquista 45029-094, Brazil; (M.S.B.)
- Department of Microbiology, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus 45662-900, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
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Toquet M, Bataller E, Gomis J, Sánchez A, Toledo-Perona R, De la Fe C, Corrales JC, Gómez-Martín Á. Antibacterial potential of commercial and wild lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from ovine and caprine raw milk against Mycoplasma agalactiae. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1197701. [PMID: 37426075 PMCID: PMC10324661 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1197701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The complexity of fighting contagious agalactia (CA) has raised the necessity of alternative antimicrobial therapies, such as probiotics. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are present in the mammary gland of small ruminants and their antimicrobial effect have been previously described against species like Mycoplasma bovis but never against Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma). This in vitro study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity against Ma of ovine and caprine LAB strains and a human commercial probiotic (L2) of Lactobacillus spp. Methods A total of 63 possible LAB strains were isolated from nine ovine and caprine farms in Spain, three isolates (33B, 248D, and 120B) from the 63 strains were selected, based on their capacity to grow in a specific medium in vitro, for an in vitro experiment to assess their antimicrobial activity against Ma in Ultra High Temperature (UHT) processed goat milk (GM). A women commercial vaginal probiotic was also included in the study. The inoculum of L2 was prepared at a concentration of 3.24 × 108 CFU/mL and the average concentration of the inoculum of the wild LAB varied from 7.9 × 107 to 8.4 × 108 CFU/mL. Results The commercial probiotic L2 significantly reduced the concentration of Ma to 0.000 log CFU/mL (p < 0.001), strain 33B reduced it from 7.185 to 1.279 log CFU/mL (p < 0.001), and 120B from 6.825 to 6.466 log CFU/mL (p < 0.05). Strain 248D presented a bacteriostatic effect in GM. Moreover, the three wild strains and the commercial probiotic produced a significative reduction of the pH (p < 0.001). Discussion This is the first in vivo report of the antimicrobial potential of LAB strains against Ma and its interaction. Our results support possible future alternative strategies to antibiotic therapy, previously not contemplated, to fight CA in small ruminants. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the action mechanisms through which these LAB are able to inhibit Ma and to assess the safety of using these strains in possible in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Toquet
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Esther Bataller
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Gomis
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Toledo-Perona
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian De la Fe
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Corrales
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Microbiological Agents Associated With Animal Reproduction (ProVaginBIO) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
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Akbarzadeh-Niaki M, Derakhshandeh A, Kazemipour N, Hemmatzadeh F. A novel fusion protein candidate for the serodiagnosis of Mycoplasma agalactiae infection. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:456. [PMID: 36581939 PMCID: PMC9798644 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03558-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of current study was to construct, express, purify and immunogenicity evaluate of a novel recombinant fusion protein including Pyruvate dehydrogenase beta subunit (PDHB) and high antigenic region of lipoprotein P80 of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Using bioinformatics tools, antigenicity and physiochemical properties of fused protein were assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS The recombinant fusion protein of GST-PDHB-P80 were expressed in pGEX4T-1 and purified then verified by Western blot assay. The purified protein was successfully used for immunization of mice. 30 female BALB/c mice were divided into three groups (10 mice per each group) injected with GST-PDHB-P80, inactivated bacteria vaccine and PBS as negative control, separately. RESULTS Western blot analysis confirmed the interaction between the immunized mice serum and the blotted recombinant protein GST-PDHB-P80, demonstrating the immunogenicity of this protein. Moreover, the sera of vaccinated mice with inactivated bacteria vaccine, containing whole cell proteins, detected the recombinant protein GST-PDHB-P80 confirming the antigenicity of PDHB-P80. Negative control displayed no reactivity with GST-PDHB-P80. CONCLUSION We proposed a novel designed chimeric protein of Mycoplasma agalactiae as a potential marker for serodiagnostic assays but still further field research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Akbarzadeh-Niaki
- Department of Pathobiology, Biotechnology Section, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdollah Derakhshandeh
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Kazemipour
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA Australia
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Galecio JS, Escudero E, Corrales JC, García-Romero E, de la Fe C, Hernandis V, Marin P. Susceptibility of caprine mastitis pathogens to tildipirosin, gamithromycin, oxytetracycline, and danofloxacin: effect of serum on the in vitro potency of current macrolides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:221. [PMID: 36097302 PMCID: PMC9468077 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is a significant disease in dairy ruminants, causing economic losses to the livestock industry and severe risks to public health. Antibiotic therapy is one of the most crucial practices to treat mastitis, although the susceptibility of caprine mastitis pathogens to current antibiotics has not been tested under standard or modified incubation conditions. This work evaluated the in vitro activity of tildipirosin, gamithromycin, oxytetracycline, and danofloxacin against caprine mastitis pathogens incubated following standard conditions of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and deviation method by 25% supplementation with goat serum. Mycoplasma agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS) were isolated from dairy goats with mastitis in Spain. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the broth microdilution technique. The lowest MIC90 under standard conditions was obtained with danofloxacin for mastitis-causing pathogens. An exception was M. agalactiae, where danofloxacin and oxytetracycline obtained low values. However, after adding serum, gamithromycin showed the lowest MIC50 for S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., and CNS. The lowest MIC50 was obtained with all the antibiotics tested (< 0.125 µg/ml) against M. agalactiae. Supplementing with serum resulted in a significant variation in tildipirosin and gamithromycin MIC values for CNS, S. aureus, M. agalagtiae, and E. coli. In brief, the MIC for antibiotics used against mastitis should be determined under conditions closely resembling intramammary infections to obtain representative susceptibility patterns against mastitis pathogens. Caprine mastitis pathogens were broadly susceptible to danofloxacin under standard conditions. The potency of macrolides against caprine mastitis pathogens increases when serum is present in culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastian Galecio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Colegio de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Campus Cumbayá, Quito, EC 170157, Ecuador.
| | - Elisa Escudero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Corrales
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Edgar García-Romero
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Ruminant Health Research Group, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Verónica Hernandis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Marin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Influence of natural and climatic conditions on the distribution and forms of contagious agalactia in sheep in Bessarabia, Ukraine. J Vet Res 2022; 66:345-351. [PMID: 36349124 PMCID: PMC9597942 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Contagious agalactia of ruminants is an endemic disease caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae in flicting significant losses on farms in deaths and forced slaughter of sick animals, abortions, births of sick young animals, and reduced milk and wool production. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of hydrometeorological conditions on the distribution and forms of contagious agalactia in sheep in Bessarabia, Ukraine.
Material and Methods
The epizootic situation regarding contagious agalactia was studied during 2011–2021 on sheep farms in the south of the Odesa region in Bessarabia. Over two million blood samples from sheep aged 1–6 years were serologically investigated and the prevalence of agalactia was correlated with Selyaninov’s hydrothermal coefficient for each sampling year.
Results
High rates of infection of sheep with contagious agalactia (from 13.1% to 14.4%) were registered in 2012, 2016 and 2021, years which according to the hydrothermal coefficient of 1.0 were sufficiently moist. The lowest incidence rates, from 6.5% to 7.4%, were registered in the very dry 2013, 2014 and 2019 with hydrothermal coefficients of 0.5‒0.6. In sufficiently moist years, contagious agalactia of sheep manifested itself in the mastitic form, while in the dry period the mastitic form was half as prevalent, and the mixed, articular and ocular forms of the disease proliferated.
Conclusion
The results indicate the circulation of Mycoplasma agalactiae among small ruminants in Bessarabia, and that the prevalence and the course of the associated disease depend on the humidity of the climate, i.e. the value of the hydrothermal coefficient.
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Lin H, Toung OP, Weng HX, Hsu P, Chang MH, Lai J. The prevalence and species of Mycoplasma identified from dairy goats in Taiwan. Res Vet Sci 2022; 151:184-188. [PMID: 36049268 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Except for Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, which only causes pneumonia, Mycoplasma species can cause otitis, arthritis, septicemia, mastitis, pneumonia and encephalitis in goats. After a mycoplasma outbreak was recorded in Taiwan in 2016, an increasing number of mycoplasma infection cases have been observed. It is important to understand how many Mycoplasma species are currently prevalent in Taiwan. In this study, 57-61 bulk milk samples were collected from dairy goats in Taiwan every year from 2017 to 2020 to identify the presence of mycoplasma DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mycoplasma species were identified based on colony characteristics, PCR, and DNA sequences. In total, 39 out of 236 samples (16.52%) tested mycoplasma positive. The annual mycoplasma prevalence rates from 2017 to 2020 were 24.59% (15/61), 8.20% (5/61), 17.54% (10/57) and 15.79% (9/57), respectively. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (n = 19), Mycoplasma putrefaciens (n = 10), Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (n = 5) and Mycoplasma bovis (n = 5) were present in Taiwan. No M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was detected. Except for the large drop in 2018, the prevalence of mycoplasma infection declined to a consistent level for the final two years of the study. However, the seasonal pattern is still worth investigating. This is the first survey of mycoplasma infection in goats, and we believe that a larger survey is still needed to understand the pathogenicity and diversity of these mycoplasma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengching Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 60004 Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Ooi Peck Toung
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hui-Xin Weng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 60004 Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Peichuan Hsu
- Department of Early Childhood Educare, Tainan University of Technology, Tainan City 710, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 60004 Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Jyhmirn Lai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, 60004 Chiayi City, Taiwan.
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Semmate N, Zouagui Z, Elkarhat Z, Bamouh Z, Fellahi S, Tligui N, Boumart Z, Fihri OF, El Harrak M. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricpolum from goats in Morocco. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) is an important etiological agent of contagious agalactia (CA). CA affects small ruminants and is characterized by inducing mastitis, arthritis, kerato-conjunctivitis and respiratory symptoms. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize Mcc from Moroccan goats with contagious agalactia. A total of 300 Alpine goats were monitored. Serology analysis, molecular identification, and isolation of Mcc were realized from suspected goats. An experimental study was conducted for isolated Mcc to determine their pathogenicity. Thus, clinical observation showed that respiratory symptoms were predominant in young animals, and other symptoms, such as mastitis, keratoconjunctivitis and lameness, were more frequently detected in adult goats. Of the 80 tested blood samples, 28 sera were seropositive for Mcc antibodies. Mcc was identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in milk, lung tissue and synovial liquid samples. The isolation of Mcc was successful through bacterial culture from lung tissue. LppA gene sequence of this strain revealed 98.1% similarity with the reference strain (ATCC 27343), with 11 missense variants. Experimental infection resulted in severe and generalized CA disease in sheep and goats, confirming the high pathogenicity of the Moroccan Mcc isolate.
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Sheep Infection Trials with 'Phase-Locked' Vpma Expression Variants of Mycoplasma agalactiae-Towards Elucidating the Role of a Multigene Family Encoding Variable Surface Lipoproteins in Infection and Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040815. [PMID: 35456865 PMCID: PMC9025108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The significance of large multigene families causing high-frequency surface variations in mycoplasmas is not well-understood. Previously, VpmaY and VpmaU clonal variants of the Vpma family of lipoproteins of M. agalactiae were compared via experimental sheep infections using the two corresponding ‘Phase-Locked Mutants’. However, nothing is known about the infectivity of the remaining four Vpma expression variants VpmaX, VpmaW, VpmaZ and VpmaV as they were never evaluated in vivo. Here, in vivo infection and disease progression of all six Vpma expressers constituting the Vpma family of type strain PG2 were compared using the corresponding xer1-disrupted PLMs expressing single well-characterized Vpmas. Each of the six PLMs were separately evaluated using the intramammary sheep infection model along with the control phase-variable wildtype strain PG2. Thorough bacteriological, pathological and clinical examinations were performed, including assessment of milk quality, quantity and somatic cell counts. Altogether, the results indicated that the inability to vary the Vpma expression phase does not hamper the initiation of infection leading to mastitis for all six PLMs, except for PLMU, which showed a defect in host colonization and multiplication for the first 24 h p.i. and pathological/bacteriological analysis indicated a higher potential for systemic spread for PLMV and PLMX. This is the first study in which all isogenic expression variants of a large mycoplasma multigene family are tested in the natural host.
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Comparison of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnosis of contagious agalactia caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae. J Vet Res 2022; 66:95-101. [PMID: 35582487 PMCID: PMC8959690 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Contagious agalactia (CA) is a disease affecting small ruminants with worldwide distribution and caused by several mycoplasmas, especially M. agalactiae. The main option for systematic diagnosis under monitoring control programmes is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Material and Methods This study was designed to appraise the performance of two commercial indirect ELISA tests using M. agalactiae p48 protein and one using total protein, for antibody detection in small ruminants after natural infection with different M. agalactiae strains. We carried out the test evaluation using sera of confirmed M. agalactiae-positive goats with clinical signs. In addition, test agreement was assessed by kappa between the three commercial ELISA tests. Results All three ELISA tests showed high validity scores (Youden’s J: 72.9–84%). The sensitivity values for the P48 protein-based tests were 76.9% and 84.6%, and was 79% for the total protein-based test. The specificity of all tests was 100%. In addition, between the total protein-based ELISA test and the other two ELISA tests based on the P48 protein, the agreement was substantial (kappa: 0.762–0.763) and the agreement between the latter two tests was almost perfect (kappa: 0.93). Conclusion The validity parameters for all tests allowed their application for diagnostic purposes in lactating goats excreting M. agalactiae in milk and presenting clinical signs. The agreements show that any of these ELISA tests could be equally well used for diagnosis in programmes against CA.
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Predominant Single Stable VpmaV Expression in Strain GM139 and Major Differences with Mycoplasma agalactiae Type Strain PG2. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030265. [PMID: 35158589 PMCID: PMC8833448 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MALDI-ToF MS analysis demonstrates major differences between Mycoplasma agalactiae type strain PG2 and strain GM139. Evaluation of the Vpma (variable proteins of M. agalactiae) phenotypic profiles of these two strains reveals that unlike PG2, GM139 expresses a single Vpma, namely VpmaV, and without any visible phase variation. Although the presence of only one Vpma seems to be sufficient for the pathogenesis of the GM139 strain, the absence of phase variation can compromise immune system evasion and spread to other anatomical sites in the host. Abstract Although mycoplasmas have a reduced genome and no cell wall, they have important mechanisms for the antigenic variation in surface lipoproteins that modulate their interactions with the host. Mycoplasma agalactiae, the main etiological agent of contagious agalactia, has a multigene family involved in the high-frequency phase variation in surface lipoproteins called variable proteins of M. agalactiae (Vpmas). The Vpma lipoproteins are involved in the immune evasion, colonization, dissemination, and persistence of M. agalactiae in the host. In this paper, we evaluate the Vpma phenotypic profiles of two different strains of M. agalactiae, namely, GM139 and the type strain PG2, to assess possible correlations between Vpma phase variability and the geographic localization, animal origin, and pathogenicity of these two strains. Using monospecific Vpma antibodies against individual Vpmas in immunoblots, we demonstrate that, unlike PG2, which expresses six Vpma proteins with high-frequency phase variation, colonies of GM139 predominantly express VpmaV and do not exhibit any sectoring phenotype for any Vpma. Since VpmaV is one of the most important Vpmas for cell adhesion and invasion, its predominant sole expression in GM139 without high-frequency variation may be the basis of the differential pathogenicity of GM139 and PG2. Additionally, MALDI-ToF MS analysis also demonstrates significant differences between these two strains and their relatedness with other M. agalactiae strains.
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Galluzzo P, Migliore S, Puleio R, Galuppo L, La Russa F, Blanda V, Tumino S, Torina A, Ridley A, Loria GR. Detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae in Ticks ( Rhipicephalus bursa) Collected by Sheep and Goats in Sicily (South-Italy), Endemic Area for Contagious Agalactia. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112312. [PMID: 34835438 PMCID: PMC8625260 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the presence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) or other Contagious Agalactia (CA) causative organisms, in hard ticks infesting milking sheep and goats in endemic areas for CA in Sicily (South-Italy). Although there is accumulating evidence to support the role of ticks in the transmission of blood-borne haemoplasmas, information regarding their role in the transmission of CA, remains scarce. Ticks (n = 152) were collected from 25 lactating sheep and goats from three farms with previous outbreaks of CA. Microbiological and biomolecular, as well as serological analysis were performed on milk, tick, and serum samples, respectively. Rhipicephalus bursa species predominated, comprising 84.8% of the sampled ticks. Mycoplasma-like colonies were isolated from 5/56 (8.9%) tick pools and were identified as Ma by specific PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Unexpectedly, the organism was isolated from R. bursa ticks recovered only from animals whose milk tested negative for the pathogen. This preliminary demonstration suggests the potential role for ticks to act as a reservoir for the organisms, with potential involvement in the spread and maintenance of CA. Further work is required to determine the location of the organisms within the body of the ticks and to assess transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Galluzzo
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.P.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (G.R.L.)
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sergio Migliore
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.P.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (G.R.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0916565307
| | - Roberto Puleio
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.P.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (G.R.L.)
| | - Lucia Galuppo
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.P.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (G.R.L.)
| | - Francesco La Russa
- Entomology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.L.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Entomology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.L.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Serena Tumino
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.P.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (G.R.L.)
| | - Alessandra Torina
- Entomology Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (F.L.R.); (V.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Anne Ridley
- Department of Bacteriology, OIE Reference Centre for Contagious Agalactia, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone KT15 3NB, Surrey, UK;
| | - Guido R. Loria
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (P.G.); (R.P.); (L.G.); (S.T.); (G.R.L.)
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Migliore S, Puleio R, Nicholas RAJ, Loria GR. Mycoplasma agalactiae: The Sole Cause of Classical Contagious Agalactia? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061782. [PMID: 34203625 PMCID: PMC8232315 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For over thirty years, contagious agalactia has been recognized as a mycoplasma disease affecting small ruminants caused by four different pathogens: Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens which were previously thought to produce clinically similar diseases. Today, with major advances in diagnosis enabling the rapid identification by molecular methods of causative mycoplasmas from infected flocks, it is time to revisit this issue. In this paper, we discuss and argue the reasons to support Mycoplasma agalactiae infection as the sole cause of contagious agalactia. Abstract Contagious agalactia (CA) is suspected when small ruminants show all or several of the following clinical signs: mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis and occasionally abortion. It is confirmed following mycoplasma isolation or detection. The historical and major cause is Mycoplasma agalactiae which was first isolated from sheep in 1923. Over the last thirty years, three other mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and Mycoplasma putrefaciens) have been added to the etiology of CA because they can occasionally cause clinically similar outcomes though nearly always in goats. However, only M. agalactiae is subject to animal disease regulations nationally and internationally. Consequently, it makes little sense to list mycoplasmas other than M. agalactiae as causes of the OIE-listed CA when they are not officially reported by the veterinary authorities and unlikely to be so in the future. Indeed, encouraging countries just to report M. agalactiae may bring about a better understanding of the importance of CA. In conclusion, we recommend that CA should only be diagnosed and confirmed when M. agalactiae is detected either by isolation or molecular methods, and that the other three mycoplasmas be removed from the OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines in Terrestrial Animals and associated sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Migliore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Sicily, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.L.)
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Sicily, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Guido R. Loria
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Sicily, Italy; (S.M.); (G.R.L.)
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Babazadeh M, Pourbakhsh SA, Noormohammadi Z, Esmaelizad M, Goudarzi H. Molecular Identification of Mycoplasma agalactiae in Iran Based on P30 Gene. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:61-68. [PMID: 33818958 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2020.115005.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae (M. agalactiae) is known as the main etiological agent of contagious agalactia (CA). The CA is a disease affecting dairy sheep and goats, the main characteristics of which include keratoconjunctivitis, arthritis, and mastitis. This pathogen results in milk production reduction and suppression, thereby leading to serious economic loss. In the present study, 125 sheep and goat samples were collected from 15 provinces of Iran. Cultural and molecular methods were used for sample characterization. After extracting genomic DNAs using the phenol/chloroform method, the PCR technique was employed to detect Mycoplasma genus in 163bp fragment of 16S rRNA gene (M-PCR) and M. agalactiae in 800bp fragment of conserve and specific P30 lipoprotein gene (P30-PCR) in cultural and clinical samples. Finally, to validate the experimental approach, a 375 bp amplicon of P80 lipoprotein was amplified using the MA-PCR. Out of 125 samples under investigation, 43 cases were positive, and Mycoplasma colonies were observed in the pleuropneumonia-like organisms agar culture. Based on the results of the M-PCR method, 61 specimens (out of 125 samples) were scored positive for Mycoplasma presence. Furthermore, 20 samples were positive according to the P30-PCR data. It should be mentioned that the MA-PCR was performed based on the P80 gene on 125 total samples to furtherverify the results for M.agalactiae detection. Based on the obtained data, P30 and P80 genes were presented and amplified in all Iranian M. agalactiae isolates (n=20). Our results indicated that the P30 gene was conserved and specific to all Iranian M. agalactiae isolates and this new P30-PCR method (as an MA-PCR technique) might be useful in the detection of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Babazadeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - S A Pourbakhsh
- Mycoplasma Reference Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.,Mycoplasma Reference Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Z Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Esmaelizad
- Central Laboratory Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - H Goudarzi
- Mycoplasma Reference Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Age and Seasonal Pattern of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants in Ukraine. J Vet Res 2021; 65:67-72. [PMID: 33817397 PMCID: PMC8009590 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of the study was to determine how the spread of contagious agalactia in sheep and goats in the Odesa region depended on the age of the animals and the season. Material and Methods From January 2016 to December 2018, 1,964 ewes and 1,484 nanny goats of different age groups were studied by ELISA for antibodies to Mycoplasma agalactiae. Results The highest incidence of contagious agalactia was registered in one-year-old animals and was 59.7‒83.0%, two-year-old ruminants showed 17.0‒40.3% prevalence, in livestock at the age of 3–4 years no serological evidence of the disease was registered and in ewes and nanny goats older than 5–6 years 1.5–3.6% were infected. The most susceptible were young animals at the age of one-month (11.6‒14.5%). The first peak of the disease was recorded in March‒April (21.0‒26.1%), in the lambing period, which coincided with the beginning of lactation and the suckling period, and the second peak occurred in June–July (28.9‒34.2%), the period of maximum lactation and of manual milking of sheep and goats. Conclusion The results of serological investigations indicate the circulation of M. agalactiae in small ruminants in the south of Ukraine. To avoid greater dissemination of the pathogen, appropriate measures should be applied and strategies for its control need to be drawn up.
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Urso M, Tumino S, Bruno E, Bordonaro S, Marletta D, Loria GR, Avni A, Shacham-Diamand Y, Priolo F, Mirabella S. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Impedance Detection of Mycoplasma agalactiae DNA by Low-Cost and Disposable Au-Decorated NiO Nanowall Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50143-50151. [PMID: 33078934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured electrodes detecting bacteria or viruses through DNA hybridization represent a promising method, which may be useful in on-field applications where PCR-based methods are very expensive, time-consuming, and require trained personnel. Indeed, electrochemical sensors combine disposability, fast response, high sensitivity, and portability. Here, a low-cost and high-surface-area electrode, based on Au-decorated NiO nanowalls, demonstrates a highly sensitive PCR-free detection of a real sample of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) DNA. NiO nanowalls, synthesized by aqueous methods, thermal annealing, and Au decoration, by electroless deposition, ensure a high-surface-area platform for successful immobilization of Ma thiolated probe DNA. The morphological, chemical, and electrochemical properties of the electrode were characterized, and a reproducible detection of synthetic Ma DNA was observed and investigated by impedance measurements. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) ascribed the origin of impedance signal to the Ma DNA hybridization with its probe immobilized onto the electrode. The electrode successfully discriminates between DNA extracted from healthy and infected sheep milk, showing the ability to detect Ma DNA in concentrations as low as 53 ± 2 copy number μL-1. The Au-decorated NiO nanowall electrode represents a promising route toward PCR-free, disposable, rapid, and molecular detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Urso
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università di Catania, and IMM-CNR, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Serena Tumino
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università di Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Bruno
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università di Catania, and IMM-CNR, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvo Bordonaro
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università di Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Donata Marletta
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, Università di Catania, via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Guido Ruggero Loria
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Contagious Agalactia-Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Adi Avni
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yosi Shacham-Diamand
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
- TAU/TiET Food Security Centre of Excellence (T2FSCOE), Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Francesco Priolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università di Catania, and IMM-CNR, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvo Mirabella
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia "Ettore Majorana", Università di Catania, and IMM-CNR, via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Valentine-King MA, Cisneros K, James MO, Huigens RW, Brown MB. Efficacy data of halogenated phenazine and quinoline agents and an NH125 analogue to veterinary mycoplasmas. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:107. [PMID: 32252763 PMCID: PMC7137434 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02324-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasmas primarily cause respiratory or urogenital tract infections impacting avian, bovine, canine, caprine, murine, and reptilian hosts. In animal husbandry, mycoplasmas cause reduced feed-conversion, decreased egg production, arthritis, hypogalactia or agalactia, increased condemnations, culling, and mortality in some cases. Antibiotics reduce transmission and mitigate clinical signs; however, concerning levels of antibiotic resistance in Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. capricolum isolates exist. To address these issues, we evaluated the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of halogenated phenazine and quinoline compounds, an N-arylated NH125 analogue, and triclosan against six representative veterinary mycoplasmas via microbroth or agar dilution methods. Thereafter, we evaluated the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of efficacious drugs. RESULTS We identified several compounds with MICs ≤25 μM against M. pulmonis (n = 5), M. capricolum (n = 4), M. gallisepticum (n = 3), M. alligatoris (n = 3), M. agassizii (n = 2), and M. canis (n = 1). An N-arylated NH125 analogue, compound 21, served as the most efficacious, having a MIC ≤25 μM against all mycoplasmas tested, followed by two quinolines, nitroxoline (compound 12) and compound 20, which were effective against four and three mycoplasma type strains, respectively. Nitroxoline exhibited bactericidal activity among all susceptible mycoplasmas, and compound 21 exhibited bactericidal activity when the MBC was able to be determined. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a number of promising agents from novel drug classes with potential applications to treat veterinary mycoplasma infections and present the opportunity to evaluate preliminary pharmacokinetic indices using M. pulmonis in rodents as an animal model of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Valentine-King
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Katherine Cisneros
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Margaret O James
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert W Huigens
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mary B Brown
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Jaÿ M, Tardy F. Contagious Agalactia In Sheep And Goats: Current Perspectives. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2019; 10:229-247. [PMID: 31921613 PMCID: PMC6938181 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s201847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia (CA) is a disease caused equally by four Mycoplasma species, in single or mixed infections. Clinical signs are multiple, including mastitis, arthritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, and septicemia, non-specific, and expressed differently depending whether sheep or goats are affected, on causative mycoplasmas as well as type of husbandry. CA has been reported worldwide and its geographic distribution maps to that of small ruminant breeding areas. However, as current diagnostic tests are expensive and difficult to implement, it is certainly underdiagnosed and prevalence data are only available for a few countries. CA control relies on vaccines, chemotherapy and good herd management practices. It requires long-term commitment but is often unsuccessful, with frequent clinical relapses. The persistence of the etiological agents, despite their overall susceptibility to antimicrobials, comes from their genetic plasticity and capacity to escape the host immune response. The existence of asymptomatic carriers and the numerous sources of infections contribute to rapid spread of the disease and complicate the control and prevention efforts. Here we review all these aspects in order to highlight recent progress made and identify gaps in knowledge or tools needed for better disease management. Discussion also underlines the detrimental effect of contagious agalactia on small ruminant welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryne Jaÿ
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- Université de Lyon, ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon69364, France
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Loi F, Laddomada A, Coccollone A, Marrocu E, Piseddu T, Masala G, Bandino E, Cappai S, Rolesu S. Socio-economic factors as indicators for various animal diseases in Sardinia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217367. [PMID: 31158242 PMCID: PMC6546212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to consider the role of social factors in the efficacy of farm management and, consequently, in the onset and persistence of diseases typical to animal farms is increasingly being realized increasingly worldwide. Many risk analysis studies have been conducted to assess the role of various factors in the development of animal diseases; however, very few have accounted for the role of social factors. The aim of this work was to bridge this gap, with the main hypothesis that different socio-economic factors could be valid indicators for the occurrence of different animal diseases. A socio-economic analysis was performed using demographic characteristics of the farmers and data from 44 social indicators released by the Italian Statistician National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) database. African swine fever (ASF) in wild boars (WB) and domestic pigs and other endemic animal diseases and zoonoses in Sardinia were considered, such as cistic echinococcosis (CE), contagious agalactia (CA), trichinellosis, West Nile disease (WND), and bluetongue (BT). Seven different negative binomial regression models were fitted using the number of cases between 2011-2017. Three indicators-cultural demand, employment rate, and legality-showed a statistically significant association with risk for all the diseases considered, but with varying effects. Some indicators, such as the age and sex of the farmer, material deprivation index, number of farms and animals, micro-criminality index, and rate of reported thefts were common to ASF, CA, trichinellosis, and CE cases. Others such as the forest surface and the energy produced from renewable sources were common to BT, WND, and ASF in WB. Tourism in seasons other than summer was a valid predictor of ASF and trichinellosis, while out-of-region hospital use had a statistically significant role in CE risk identification. These results may help understand the social context in which these diseases may occur and thus guide the design and implementation of additional risk management measures that go beyond well-known veterinary measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Loi
- OEVR—Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alberto Laddomada
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G. Pegreffi”, Sassari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Coccollone
- OEVR—Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Marrocu
- OEVR—Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Toni Piseddu
- CeNRE—Centro Nazionale di Referenza per l’Echinococcosi/Idatidosi, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- CeNRE—Centro Nazionale di Referenza per l’Echinococcosi/Idatidosi, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ennio Bandino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G. Pegreffi”, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Cappai
- OEVR—Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sandro Rolesu
- OEVR—Osservatorio Epidemiologico Veterinario Regionale della Sardegna, Cagliari, Italy
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21
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Abstract
Mycoplasmas are intrinsically resistant to antimicrobials targeting the cell wall (fosfomycin, glycopeptides, or β-lactam antibiotics) and to sulfonamides, first-generation quinolones, trimethoprim, polymixins, and rifampicin. The antibiotics most frequently used to control mycoplasmal infections in animals are macrolides and tetracyclines. Lincosamides, fluoroquinolones, pleuromutilins, phenicols, and aminoglycosides can also be active. Standardization of methods used for determination of susceptibility levels is difficult since no quality control strains are available and because of species-specific growth requirements. Reduced susceptibility levels or resistances to several families of antimicrobials have been reported in field isolates of pathogenic Mycoplasma species of major veterinary interest: M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae in poultry; M. hyopneumoniae, M. hyorhinis, and M. hyosynoviae in swine; M. bovis in cattle; and M. agalactiae in small ruminants. The highest resistances are observed for macrolides, followed by tetracyclines. Most strains remain susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Pleuromutilins are the most effective antibiotics in vitro. Resistance frequencies vary according to the Mycoplasma species but also according to the countries or groups of animals from which the samples were taken. Point mutations in the target genes of different antimicrobials have been identified in resistant field isolates, in vitro-selected mutants, or strains reisolated after an experimental infection followed by one or several treatments: DNA-gyrase and topoisomerase IV for fluoroquinolones; 23S rRNA for macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and amphenicols; 16S rRNAs for tetracyclines and aminoglycosides. Further work should be carried out to determine and harmonize specific breakpoints for animal mycoplasmas so that in vitro information can be used to provide advice on selection of in vivo treatments.
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Hegde S, Zimmermann M, Rosengarten R, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Novel role of Vpmas as major adhesins of Mycoplasma agalactiae mediating differential cell adhesion and invasion of Vpma expression variants. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:263-270. [PMID: 29229193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae exhibits antigenic variation by switching the expression of multiple surface lipoproteins called Vpmas. Although implicated to have a significant influence on the pathogenicity, their exact role in pathogen-host interactions has not been investigated so far. Initial attachment to host cells is regarded as one of the most important steps for colonization but this pathogen lacks the typical mycoplasma attachment organelle. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Vpmas in adhesion of M. agalactiae to host cells. 'Phase-Locked' Mutants (PLMs) steadily expressing single well-characterized Vpma lipoproteins served as ideal tools to evaluate the role of each of the six Vpmas in cytadhesion, which was otherwise not possible due to the high-frequency switching of Vpmas in the wildtype strain PG2. Using in vitro adhesion assays with HeLa and sheep mammary epithelial (MECs) and stromal (MSCs) cells, we could demonstrate differences in the adhesion capabilities of each of the six PLMs compared to the wildtype strain. The PLMV mutant expressing VpmaV exhibited the highest adhesion rate, whereas PLMU, which expresses VpmaU showed the lowest adhesion values explaining the reduced in vivo fitness of PLMU in sheep during experimental intramammary and conjunctival infections. Furthermore, adhesion inhibition assays using Vpma-specific polyclonal antisera were performed to confirm the role of Vpmas in M. agalactiae cytadhesion. This led to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the adhesion percentage of each PLM. Immunofluorescence staining of TX-114 phase proteins extracted from each PLM showed binding of the respective Vpma to HeLa cells and MECs proving the direct role of Vpmas in cytadhesion. Furthermore, as adhesion is a prerequisite for cell invasion, the ability of the six PLMs to invade HeLa cells was also evaluated using the gentamicin protection assay. The results showed a strong correlation between the adhesion rates and invasion frequencies of the individual PLMs. This is the first report that describes a novel function of Vpma proteins in cell adhesion and invasion. Besides the variability of these proteins causing surface antigenic variation, the newly identified phenotypes are likely to play critical roles in the pathogenicity potential of this ruminant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilakshmi Hegde
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Olaogun OM, Kanci A, Barber SR, Tivendale KA, Markham PF, Marenda MS, Browning GF. Survey of Victorian small ruminant herds for mycoplasmas associated with contagious agalactia and molecular characterisation of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri isolates from one herd. Aust Vet J 2017; 95:392-400. [PMID: 28948623 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regarded as one of the most expensive production diseases of dairy sheep and goats, contagious agalactia (CA) is caused by any of four agents: Mycoplasma agalactiae, M. mycoides subspecies capri (Mmc), M. capricolum subspecies capricolum (Mcc) and M. putrefaciens. Although CA is worldwide in distribution, it has not been reported in Australia, even though studies between the 1950s and 1980s isolated each agent from sheep or goats without any clinical signs associated with it. The aim of this study was to examine sheep and goats in Victoria, Australia, for the presence of CA-associated mycoplasmas and to investigate the evolutionary relationships of these isolates by comparing their genetic differences with their counterparts from other parts of the world. METHODS A 3-year epidemiological survey of small ruminant populations in Victoria, Australia, was conducted for the presence of CA-associated mycoplasmas and the isolates obtained were genotyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS Mmc was the only CA-associated agent isolated from the 1358 samples analysed in the study, but was not associated with CA on the property where it was found. MLST analyses of Mmc strains revealed a distinct clustering of Australian isolates into a novel clade, with the closest relatives being strains from Europe. The distinct clustering is consistent with the absence of clinical disease in Australia. CONCLUSION The isolation of Mmc indicates that this subspecies persists in Australian small ruminant populations. However, full genome sequencing and in vitro animal experimentation are needed to unequivocally demonstrate the avirulence of Australian strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Olaogun
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A Kanci
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S R Barber
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K A Tivendale
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - P F Markham
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M S Marenda
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - G F Browning
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Tatay-Dualde J, Prats-van der Ham M, de la Fe C, Paterna A, Sánchez A, Corrales JC, Contreras A, Tola S, Gómez-Martin Á. Antimicrobial susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174700. [PMID: 28346546 PMCID: PMC5367824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum is one of the causative agents of contagious agalactia (CA). Nevertheless, there is still a lack of information about its antimicrobial susceptibility and genetic characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the antimicrobial and genetic variability of different Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum field isolates. For this purpose, the growth inhibition effect of 18 antimicrobials and a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme based on five housekeeping genes (fusA, glpQ, gyrB, lepA and rpoB) were performed on 32 selected field isolates from Italy and Spain.The results showed a wide range of growth inhibitory effects for almost all the antimicrobials studied. Macrolides presented lower efficacy inhibiting Mcc growth than in previous works performed on other CA-causative mycoplasmas. Erythromycin was not able to inhibit the growth of any of the studied strains, contrary to doxycycline, which inhibited the growth of all of them from low concentrations. On the other hand, the study of the concatenated genes revealed a high genetic variability among the different Mcc isolates. Hence, these genetic variations were greater than the ones reported in prior works on other mycoplasma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Tatay-Dualde
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
| | - Miranda Prats-van der Ham
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Paterna
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Corrales
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Contreras
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
| | - Sebastiana Tola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna “G. Pegreffi”, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martin
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n., Murcia, Spain
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25
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Chopra-Dewasthaly R, Korb M, Brunthaler R, Ertl R. Comprehensive RNA-Seq Profiling to Evaluate the Sheep Mammary Gland Transcriptome in Response to Experimental Mycoplasma agalactiae Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170015. [PMID: 28081235 PMCID: PMC5231372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is a worldwide serious pathogen of small ruminants that usually spreads through the mammary route causing acute to subacute mastitis progressing to chronic persistent disease that is hard to eradicate. Knowledge of mechanisms of its pathogenesis and persistence in the mammary gland are still insufficient, especially the host-pathogen interplay that enables it to reside in a chronic subclinical state. This study reports transcriptome profiling of mammary tissue from udders of sheep experimentally infected with M. agalactiae type strain PG2 in comparison with uninfected control animals using Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in the infected udders and RT-qPCR analyses of selected DEGs showed their expression profiles to be in agreement with results from RNA-Seq. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed majority of the DEGs to be associated with mycoplasma defense responses that are directly or indirectly involved in host innate and adaptive immune responses. Similar RNA-Seq analyses were also performed with spleen cells of the same sheep to know the specific systemic transcriptome responses. Spleen cells exhibited a comparatively lower number of DEGs suggesting a less prominent host response in this organ. To our knowledge this is the first study that describes host transcriptomics of M. agalactiae infection and the related immune-inflammatory responses. The data provides useful information to further dissect the molecular genetic mechanisms underlying mycoplasma mastitis, which is a prerequisite for designing effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Korb
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
| | - René Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1,Vienna, Austria
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26
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Maksimović Z, De la Fe C, Amores J, Gómez-Martín Á, Rifatbegović M. Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic profiles among caprine and ovine Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae strains. Vet Rec 2016; 180:180. [PMID: 27895290 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (Movp) is considered to be one of the most important mycoplasmas causing respiratory disease in small ruminants. Most epidemiologic and characterisation studies have been conducted on strains collected from sheep. Information on the presence and characteristics of Movp in healthy and pneumonic goats is limited. Phenotypic or genotypic differences between sheep and goat isolates have never been studied. The objective of our study was to characterise and compare the similarities and differences between caprine and ovine Movp strains isolated from affected and asymptomatic animals in order to elucidate phenotypic and genotypic variability. Four different techniques were used on a set of 23 Movp isolates. These included SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, random amplified polymorphic DNA and the heat shock protein 70 gene sequence-based method. A high degree of phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity among Movp strains was demonstrated in this study. Our results demonstrated differences between goat and sheep strains, revealing not only a link between strains and host ruminant species, but by geographical origin as well. However, the finding of immunodominant antigens of molecular masses 36, 38, 40 and 70 kDa (±3 kDa) in Movp isolates from sheep and goats foretells their potential use in the development of serological diagnostic tests and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Maksimović
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - C De la Fe
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - J Amores
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Á Gómez-Martín
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - M Rifatbegović
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Veterinary Faculty Sarajevo, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 90, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Detecting asymptomatic rams infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae in ovine artificial insemination centers. Theriogenology 2016; 89:324-328.e1. [PMID: 27863702 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) is the main causative agent of ovine contagious agalactia, which is a serious disease of small ruminants. In endemic areas, its most common clinical situation consists of chronically infected herds, and asymptomatic infected individuals represent an epidemiological risk regarding the transmission of this disease. The aim of this work was to detect the presence of asymptomatic rams infected with Ma in different artificial insemination centers, and to determine the most effective way to identify these individuals so as to implement adequate surveillance protocols. For this purpose, 215 rams and 14 teaser sheep were sampled taking auricular, nasal, and vaginal swabs and serum samples. In addition, ejaculates from 147 rams were analyzed. These samples were subjected to specific culture and molecular techniques to isolate and identify mycoplasmas, and to a serological test to detect antibodies against Ma. Mycoplasma agalactiae was detected in 47 (4.4%) of the 1077 samples analyzed, and also one individual resulted seropositive. Thus, 37 (17.2%) of the 215 studied rams were infected with Ma. The specimens which proportionally yielded the greatest number of positive results for this pathogen were semen samples (13.6%), followed by nasal swabs (5.8%). In contrast, the sampling of the external auricular canal and the serological analyses resulted insufficient to effectively detect infected individuals. Asymptomatic rams infected with Ma were detected in all the analyzed artificial insemination centers, highlighting the need to implement adequate surveillance protocols to prevent the presence of these individuals in these centers, reducing the risk of transmitting contagious agalactia.
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Hegde S, Zimmermann M, Flöck M, Brunthaler R, Spergser J, Rosengarten R, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Genetic loci of Mycoplasma agalactiae involved in systemic spreading during experimental intramammary infection of sheep. Vet Res 2016; 47:106. [PMID: 27765069 PMCID: PMC5073455 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are amongst the most successful pathogens of both humans and animals yet the molecular basis of mycoplasma pathogenesis is poorly understood. This is partly due to the lack of classical virulence factors and little similarity to common bacterial pathogenic determinants. Using Mycoplasma agalactiae as a model we initiated research in this direction by screening a transposon mutant library in the natural sheep host using a negative selection method. Having successfully identified putative factors involved in the colonization of local infection and lymphogenic sites, the current study assessed mutants unable to spread systemically in sheep after experimental intramammary infection. Analysis of distant body sites for complete absence of mutants via SSM PCR revealed that additional set of genes, such as pdhB, oppC, oppB, gtsB, MAG1890, MAG5520 and MAG3650 are required for systemic spreading apart from those that were necessary for initial colonization. Additional in vitro studies with the mutants absent at these systemic sites confirmed the potential role of some of the respective gene products concerning their interaction with host cells. Mutants of pdhB, oppC and MAG4460 exhibited significantly slower growth in the presence of HeLa cells in MEM medium. This first attempt to identify genes exclusively required for systemic spreading provides a basis for further in-depth research to understand the exact mechanism of chronicity and persistence of M. agalactiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand Hegde
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Martina Zimmermann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Flöck
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Brunthaler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Spergser
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Hegde S, Hegde SM, Rosengarten R, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Mycoplasma agalactiae Induces Cytopathic Effects in Infected Cells Cultured In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163603. [PMID: 27662492 PMCID: PMC5035028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is the etiological agent of the contagious agalactia syndrome in sheep and goats and causes significant economic losses worldwide. Yet the mechanism of pathogenesis is largely unknown. Even whole-genome sequence analysis of its pathogenic type strain did not lead to any conclusions regarding its virulence or pathogenicity factors. Although inflammation and tissue destruction at the local site of M. agalactiae infection are largely considered as effects of the host immune response, the direct effect of the agent on host cells is not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of M. agalactiae infection on the quality and viability of host cells in vitro. Changes in cell morphology including cell elongation, cytoplasm shrinkage and membrane blebbing were observed in infected HeLa cells. Chromatin condensation and increased caspase-3 cleavage in infected HeLa cells 48 h after infection suggests an apoptosis-like phenomenon in M. agalactiae-infected cells. In compliance with these results, decreased viability and cell lysis of M. agalactiae-infected HeLa cells was also observed. Measurement of the amount of LDH released after M. agalactiae infection revealed a time- and dose-dependent increase in HeLa cell lysis. A significant decrease in LDH released after gentamicin treatment of infected cells confirmed the major role of cytadherent M. agalactiae in inducing host cell lysis. This is the first study illustrating M. agalactiae's induction of cytopathic effects in infected HeLa cells. Further detailed investigation of infected host tissue for apoptotic markers might demonstrate the association between M. agalactiae-induced host cell lysis and the tissue destruction observed during M. agalactiae natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilakshmi Hegde
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shivanand Manjunath Hegde
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Rosengarten
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Division of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Biology, Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Cheema PS, Singh S, Kathiresan S, Kumar R, Bhanot V, Singh VP. Synthesis of Recombinant P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae by Site Directed Mutagenesis and its Immunological Characterization. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 28:11-17. [PMID: 27385225 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1189926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae is an economically important disease of sheep and goats and has been prevalent worldwide including India. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the membrane protein P48 of M. agalactiae for specific diagnosis of disease. For this, p48 gene of the organism was amplified by PCR and subjected to site directed mutagenesis to convert three TGA codons to TGG's and, subsequently, cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pPRO EX HTb. Purified recombinant P48 protein reacted to anti-P48 serum in western blotting, which confirmed its immunogenic nature. Furthermore, the immune-blotting of the cell lysates from various Indian isolates of M. agalactiae against anti-P48 serum resulted in a single band at ∼ 48 kDa among all isolates, indicating the conserved nature of P48 antigen in M. agalactiae. Also, the cross reactivity of P48 antigen among various Mycoplasma spp. was checked by western blotting which revealed reactivity only with M. agalactiae and M. bovis. Hence, this antigen could be exploited to differentiate M. agalactiae from other pathogenic Mycoplasma species except M. bovis. However, the inability of P48 to distinguish M. agalactiae from M. bovis does not downgrade the significance of P48 as the two species are usually host specific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramesh Kumar
- a Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
| | - Vandna Bhanot
- a Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar , India
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31
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Cacciotto C, Cubeddu T, Addis MF, Anfossi AG, Tedde V, Tore G, Carta T, Rocca S, Chessa B, Pittau M, Alberti A. Mycoplasma lipoproteins are major determinants of neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1751-1762. [PMID: 27166588 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes are paramount to innate responses as major effectors of acute inflammation. Among the various strategies enacted by neutrophils to eliminate microbes NETosis is a novel distinct antimicrobial activity in which an interlacement of chromatin fibres rich in granule-derived antimicrobial peptides and enzymes is extruded (NETs, neutrophils extracellular traps ). NETs contribute to the pathogenesis of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. The interactions of mycoplasmas and innate immune cells, in particular neutrophil granulocytes, are poorly defined. Here, we describe NET formation in vivo in the mammary gland and milk of sheep naturally infected by Mycoplasma agalactiae. Also, we assess the contribution of liposoluble proteins, the most abundant component of the Mycoplasma membrane, in inducing NETosis. We demonstrate that Mycoplasma liposoluble proteins induce NET release at levels comparable to what observed with other stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharides and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Stimulation of neutrophils with synthetic diacylated lipopeptides based on the M. agalactiae P48, P80, and MAG_1000 proteins, combined in a mix or used individually, suggests that NETosis might not be dependent on a specific lipopeptide sequence. Also, NETosis is partially abolished when TLR2 is blocked with specific antibodies. The results presented in this work provide evidences for the mechanisms underlying NET activation in mycoplasma infections, and on their contribution to pathogenesis of mycoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cacciotto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | | | - Antonio G Anfossi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | | | - Gessica Tore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Tania Carta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Bernardo Chessa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Marco Pittau
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
| | - Alberto Alberti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, SS, Italy
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32
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Nucleotide composition bias and codon usage trends of gene populations in Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. Agalactiae. J Genet 2016; 94:251-60. [PMID: 26174672 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-015-0512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Because of the low GC content of the gene population, amino acids of the two mycoplasmas tend to be encoded by synonymous codons with an A or T end. Compared with the codon usage of ovine, Mycoplasma capricolum and M. agalactiae tend to select optimal codons, which are rare codons in ovine. Due to codon usage pattern caused by genes with key biological functions, the overall codon usage trends represent a certain evolutionary direction in the life cycle of the two mycoplasmas. The overall codon usage trends of a gene population of M. capricolum subsp. capricolum can be obviously separated from other mycoplasmas, and the overall codon usage trends of M. agalactiae are highly similar to those of M. bovis. These results partly indicate the independent evolution of the two mycoplasmas without the limits of the host cell's environment. The GC and AT skews estimate nucleotide composition bias at different positions of nucleotide triplets and the protein consideration caused by the nucleotide composition bias at codon positions 1 and 2 largely take part in synonymous codon usage patterns of the two mycoplasmas. The correlation between the codon adaptation index and codon usage variation indicates that the effect of codon usage on gene expression in M. capricolum subsp. capricolum is opposite to that of M. agalactiae, further suggesting independence of the evolutionary process influencing the overall codon usage trends of gene populations of mycoplasmas.
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33
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Prats-van der Ham M, Tatay-Dualde J, de la Fe C, Paterna A, Sánchez A, Corrales JC, Contreras A, Gómez-Martín Á. Presence of Mycoplasma agalactiae in semen of naturally infected asymptomatic rams. Theriogenology 2016; 86:791-4. [PMID: 27045625 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to assess the presence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma), the main causative agent of ovine contagious agalactia (CA), in semen of naturally infected rams. Therefore, semen samples from 167 rams residing in three different artificial insemination (AI) centers of a CA-endemic area were studied by microbiological and molecular techniques. In addition, serial ejaculates from the same rams were evaluated to determine the excretion dynamics of Ma. Of the 384 samples studied, Ma was detected in 56 (14.58%) which belonged to 44 different rams (26.35%). These findings confirm the ability of Ma to be excreted in semen of asymptomatic rams. Furthermore, these results also evidence the presence of these asymptomatic carriers of Ma in ovine AI centers, representing a serious health risk regarding the spread and maintenance of CA, especially in endemic areas. Moreover, the excretion of Ma in semen also points to the risk of venereal transmission of this disease. The current results highlight the need to implement control measures to prevent the admission of infected rams in AI centers and the necessity to continuously monitor semen samples to effectively detect infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Prats-van der Ham
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Juan Tatay-Dualde
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Christian de la Fe
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España.
| | - Ana Paterna
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Antonio Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Juan C Corrales
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Antonio Contreras
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - Ángel Gómez-Martín
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
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Poumarat F, Gautier-Bouchardon AV, Bergonier D, Gay E, Tardy F. Diversity and variation in antimicrobial susceptibility patterns over time in Mycoplasma agalactiae isolates collected from sheep and goats in France. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1208-18. [PMID: 26835882 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mycoplasma agalactiae is responsible for Contagious Agalactia, a severe syndrome affecting small ruminants worldwide and resulting in significant economic losses in countries with an important dairy industry. The aim of this study was to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of M. agalactiae isolates in France, their evolution over the last 25 years and their relationships with the genetic diversity of isolates and their origin (geographical and animal host). METHODS AND RESULTS Susceptibility patterns were determined by measuring minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of several antimicrobials used against mycoplasmas. Caprine M. agalactiae strains showed increased MICs over time for most of the antimicrobials tested, except fluoroquinolones. This susceptibility loss was homogeneous despite the considerable genetic and geographical heterogeneity of the isolates. In contrast, all the ovine isolates originating from a single clone and the same region showed increased MICs only to some macrolides. CONCLUSIONS MICs have evolved differently depending on the origin of the isolates but the overall loss in susceptibility has remained far more moderate than that of Mycoplasma bovis, a cattle pathogen closely related to M. agalactiae. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Several hypotheses are proposed to explain the differences in susceptibility patterns, such as local, specific, nonmycoplasma-targeting antibiotic treatments and the genetic background of isolates in connection with their animal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Poumarat
- Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - A V Gautier-Bouchardon
- Anses, Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané, Unité Mycoplasmologie-Bactériologie, Ploufragan, France.,Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes, France
| | - D Bergonier
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France.,INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - E Gay
- Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie, Lyon, France
| | - F Tardy
- Anses, Laboratoire de Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy L'Etoile, France
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Heller M, Schwarz R, Noe G, Jores J, Fischer A, Schubert E, Sachse K. First human case of severe septicaemia associated with Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum infection. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Noe
- Evangelische Kliniken, Waldstrasse 73, 53177 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Jores
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Fischer
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evelyn Schubert
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Konrad Sachse
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Strasse 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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36
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Hegde S, Gabriel C, Kragl M, Chopra-Dewasthaly R. Sheep primary cells as in vitro models to investigate Mycoplasma agalactiae host cell interactions. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv048. [PMID: 26187893 PMCID: PMC4535462 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate infection models are imperative for the understanding of pathogens like mycoplasmas that are known for their strict host and tissue specificity, and lack of suitable cell and small animal models has hindered pathogenicity studies. This is particularly true for the economically important group of ruminant mycoplasmas whose virulence factors need to be elucidated for designing effective intervention strategies. Mycoplasma agalactiae serves as a useful role model especially because it is phylogenetically very close to M. bovis and causes similar symptoms by as yet unknown mechanisms. Here, we successfully prepared and characterized four different primary sheep cell lines, namely the epithelial and stromal cells from the mammary gland and uterus, respectively. Using immunohistochemistry, we identified vimentin and cytokeratin as specific markers to confirm the typical cell phenotypes of these primary cells. Furthermore, M. agalactiae’s consistent adhesion and invasion into these primary cells proves the reliability of these cell models. Mimicking natural infections, mammary epithelial and stromal cells showed higher invasion and adhesion rates compared to the uterine cells as also seen via double immunofluorescence staining. Altogether, we have generated promising in vitro cell models to study host–pathogen interactions of M. agalactiae and related ruminant pathogens in a more authentic manner. The study is an important step forward in developing in vitro models that will facilitate analyses of Mycoplasma agalactiae and related ruminant mycoplasmas' host–pathogen interactions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrilakshmi Hegde
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Cordula Gabriel
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kragl
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rohini Chopra-Dewasthaly
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Draft Genome Sequence of the First Human Isolate of the Ruminant Pathogen Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00583-15. [PMID: 26089408 PMCID: PMC4472885 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00583-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum is a well-known pathogen of small ruminants. A recent human case of septicemia involving this agent raised the question of its potential pathogenicity to humans. We present the first draft genome sequence of a human Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum isolate.
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38
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Antunes NT, Assunção P, Poveda JB, Tavío MM. Mechanisms involved in quinolone resistance in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. Vet J 2015; 204:327-32. [PMID: 25951987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri is a causative agent of contagious agalactia in goats. In this study, M. mycoides subsp. capri mutants were selected for resistance to fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) by serial passes in broth with increasing concentrations of antibiotic. Mutations conferring cross-resistance to the three fluoroquinolones were found in the quinolone resistance determining regions of the four genes encoding DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Different mutations in the DNA gyrase GyrA subunit suggest a different mechanism of inhibition between norfloxacin and the other tested fluoroquinolones. The presence of an adenosine triphosphate-dependent efflux system was suggested through the use of the inhibitor orthovanadate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno T Antunes
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain.
| | - Patrícia Assunção
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - José B Poveda
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - María M Tavío
- Unidad de Epidemiología y Medicina Preventiva, Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal (IUSA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Marinaro M, Greco G, Tarsitano E, Ventrella G, Camero M, Corrente M, Rezza G, Buonavoglia D. Changes in peripheral blood leucocytes of sheep experimentally infected with Mycoplasma agalactiae. Vet Microbiol 2014; 175:257-64. [PMID: 25542289 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Contagious agalactia is a serious disease of small ruminants affecting mainly mammary glands, joints and eyes. In sheep, the main aetiological agent is Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) whose abilities to persist in the target organs are known. Since there is no information on the effect of acute and chronic Ma infection on circulating leucocytes, the present study was designed to monitor granulocytes, monocytes, T and B lymphocytes, by flow cytometry, in female lactating sheep nasally infected with Ma. A profound depletion of leucocytes was observed from day 5 to day 34 post infection (p.i.). In particular, while the granulocytes returned to baseline levels by day 12 p.i., the monocytes remained significantly low until day 20 p.i. The infection caused a prolonged depletion of peripheral T lymphocytes (both CD4(+) and CD8(+)) while B lymphocytes remained unaltered throughout the study. Mycoplasma agalactiae was detected by real-time PCR in several anatomical sites (ear, nose and milk) from day 2-5 p.i. until the end of the study (i.e., day 50 p.i.) while a transient bacteraemia was observed from day 5 to day 12 p.i. The leucopenia observed following intranasal Ma infection is likely due to leucocyte infiltration within the target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Marinaro
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Grazia Greco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Elvira Tarsitano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rezza
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada P.le per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
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Gómez-Martín A, Uc N, Vieira LA, Gadea J, Cadenas J, Sánchez A, De la Fe C. Survival capacity of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri in the diluted semen of goat bucks and their effects on sperm quality. Theriogenology 2014; 83:911-9. [PMID: 25543157 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the viability of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp capri (Mmc) during 150 minutes of incubation at 37 °C in contaminated diluted semen (DS) doses. The effects of the presence of both microorganisms on sperm viability, motility, and morphology were also examined. In a second experiment, the viability of Ma and its effects on sperm viability were determined in ejaculate samples and skimmed milk semen extender samples. Ma and Mmc were able to survive in DS at concentrations considered infectious, and no significant differences in mean concentrations were detected (7.1 log colony-forming units [CFU]/mL). However, initial concentration of Ma declined (P < 0.05) from 7.5 to 6.9 log CFU/mL and Mmc declined (P < 0.05) from 7.7 to 7.1 log CFU/mL after incubation. Conversely, ejaculate concentrations of Ma increased significantly (from 7.1 to 7.4 log CFU/mL, P < 0.05). These observations suggest that the natural breeding medium is more suitable for Ma than the medium used for artificial insemination (AI). The presence of Mmc slightly reduced sperm viability in the DS (from 21.7% to 16.6%, P < 0.05). The absence of major effects on sperm quality could lead to the unnoticed use of semen contaminated with Ma and Mmc for AI. As both bacteria were able to survive the conditions of ejaculates and semen doses, these findings suggest a risk of venereal transmission of contagious agalactia and support the use of mycoplasma-free semen samples for (AI).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gómez-Martín
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - N Uc
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - L A Vieira
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - J Gadea
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - J Cadenas
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - A Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | - C De la Fe
- Grupo de Investigación Sanidad de Rumiantes, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional 'Campus Mare Nostrum', Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, España.
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Battini M, Vieira A, Barbieri S, Ajuda I, Stilwell G, Mattiello S. Invited review: Animal-based indicators for on-farm welfare assessment for dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:6625-48. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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In vitro and in vivo cell invasion and systemic spreading of Mycoplasma agalactiae in the sheep infection model. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:1024-31. [PMID: 25129554 PMCID: PMC4282308 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally regarded as extracellular pathogens, molecular mechanisms of mycoplasma persistence, chronicity and disease spread are largely unknown. Mycoplasma agalactiae, an economically important pathogen of small ruminants, causes chronic infections that are difficult to eradicate. Animals continue to shed the agent for several months and even years after the initial infection, in spite of long antibiotic treatment. However, little is known about the strategies that M. agalactiae employs to survive and spread within an immunocompetent host to cause chronic disease. Here, we demonstrate for the first time its ability to invade cultured human (HeLa) and ruminant (BEND and BLF) host cells. Presence of intracellular mycoplasmas is clearly substantiated using differential immunofluorescence technique and quantitative gentamicin invasion assays. Internalized M. agalactiae could survive and exit the cells in a viable state to repopulate the extracellular environment after complete removal of extracellular bacteria with gentamicin. Furthermore, an experimental sheep intramammary infection was carried out to evaluate its systemic spread to organs and host niches distant from the site of initial infection. Positive results obtained via PCR, culture and immunohistochemistry, especially the latter depicting the presence of M. agalactiae in the cytoplasm of mammary duct epithelium and macrophages, clearly provide the first formal proof of M. agalactiae's capability to translocate across the mammary epithelium and systemically disseminate to distant inner organs. Altogether, the findings of these in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that M. agalactiae is capable of entering host cells and this might be the strategy that it employs at a population level to ward off the host immune response and antibiotic action, and to disseminate to new and safer niches to later egress and once again proliferate upon the return of favorable conditions to cause persistent chronic infections.
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Kumar A, Rahal A, Chakraborty S, Verma AK, Dhama K. Mycoplasma agalactiae, an Etiological Agent of Contagious Agalactia in Small Ruminants: A Review. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:286752. [PMID: 25097796 PMCID: PMC4109668 DOI: 10.1155/2014/286752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma agalactiae is one of the causal agents of classical contagious agalactia (CA), a serious, economically important but neglected enzootic disease of small ruminants. It occurs in many parts of the world and most notably in the Mediterranean Basin. Following the infection common complications are septicaemia, mastitis, arthritis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and keratoconjunctivitis. Primary or tentative diagnosis of the organism is based upon clinical signs. Various serological tests, namely, growth precipitation, immunofluorescence, complement fixation test, haemagglutination inhibition, agglutination, immunodiffusion, enzyme immunoassays, immunoelectrophoresis, blotting techniques, and others, are available. Molecular tools seem to be much more sensitive, specific, and faster and help to differentiate various strains. The real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, quantitative PCR, PCR-RFLP, MLST, and gene probes, complementary to segments of chromosomal DNA or 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), have strengthened the diagnosis of M. agalactiae. Both live attenuated and adjuvant (alum precipitated or saponified) inactivated vaccines are available with greater use of inactivated ones due to lack of side effects. The present review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical signs of contagious agalactia in small ruminants along with trends and advances in its diagnosis, treatment, vaccination, prevention, and control strategies that will help in countering this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Anu Rahal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Animal Resources Development Department, Pt. Nehru Complex, Agartala 799006, India
| | - Amit Kumar Verma
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidhyalaya Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar 243122, India
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Experimental infections with Mycoplasma agalactiae identify key factors involved in host-colonization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93970. [PMID: 24699671 PMCID: PMC3974822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying pathogenic processes in mycoplasma infections are poorly understood, mainly because of limited sequence similarities with classical, bacterial virulence factors. Recently, large-scale transposon mutagenesis in the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma agalactiae identified the NIF locus, including nifS and nifU, as essential for mycoplasma growth in cell culture, while dispensable in axenic media. To evaluate the importance of this locus in vivo, the infectivity of two knock-out mutants was tested upon experimental infection in the natural host. In this model, the parental PG2 strain was able to establish a systemic infection in lactating ewes, colonizing various body sites such as lymph nodes and the mammary gland, even when inoculated at low doses. In these PG2-infected ewes, we observed over the course of infection (i) the development of a specific antibody response and (ii) dynamic changes in expression of M. agalactiae surface variable proteins (Vpma), with multiple Vpma profiles co-existing in the same animal. In contrast and despite a sensitive model, none of the knock-out mutants were able to survive and colonize the host. The extreme avirulent phenotype of the two mutants was further supported by the absence of an IgG response in inoculated animals. The exact role of the NIF locus remains to be elucidated but these data demonstrate that it plays a key role in the infectious process of M. agalactiae and most likely of other pathogenic mycoplasma species as many carry closely related homologs.
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Pérez M, Biescas E, Reina R, Glaria I, Marín B, Marquina A, Salazar E, Álvarez N, de Andrés D, Fantova E, Badiola JJ, Amorena B, Luján L. Small ruminant lentivirus-induced arthritis: clinicopathologic findings in sheep infected by a highly replicative SRLV B2 genotype. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:132-9. [PMID: 24476938 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813519654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe the clinicopathologic features of an arthritis outbreak in sheep induced by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV), linked to the presence of a new SRLV isolate phylogenetically assigned to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus-like subgroup B2. Thirteen SRLV seropositive Rasa Aragonesa adult ewes were selected from 5 SRLV highly infected flocks (mean seroprevalence, 90.7%) for presenting uni- or bilateral chronic arthritis in the carpal joint. A complete study was performed, including symptomatology, histopathology, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and microbiology. The carpus was the joint almost exclusively affected, with 10 sheep (76%) showing a moderate increase in carpal joint size (diameter range, 18-20 cm; normal range, 15-16 cm) without signs of locomotion problems and with 3 ewes (23%) showing severe inflammation with marked increase in diameter (21-24 cm), pain at palpation, and abnormal standing position. Grossly, chronic proliferative arthritis was observed in affected joints characterized by an increased thickness of the synovial capsule and synovial membrane proliferation. Microscopically, synovial membrane inflammation and proliferation and hyperplasia of synoviocytes were observed. More positive cases of SLRV infection were detected by immunocytochemistry of articular fluid than of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization also detected positive cells in the subsynovial connective tissue, lung, mediastinal lymph node, mammary gland, and mammary lymph node. All animals were negative for the presence of Mycoplasma or other bacteria in the articular space. The present outbreak likely represents an adaptation of a caprine virus to sheep. Our results underline the importance of the arthritis induced by SRLV in sheep, a clinical form that might be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Biescas
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - R Reina
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra-Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - I Glaria
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra-Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - B Marín
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain Carnes Oviaragón SCL, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - E Salazar
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - N Álvarez
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D de Andrés
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra-Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - E Fantova
- Carnes Oviaragón SCL, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J J Badiola
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B Amorena
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, CSIC-Public University of Navarra-Government of Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - L Luján
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Alves BH, Silva JG, Mota AR, Campos AC, Júnior JW, Santos SB, Mota RA. Mycoplasma agalactiae in semen and milk of goat from Pernambuco state, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013001100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In goat and sheep flocks, mycoplasmosis is a disease that may cause severe economical losses associated with polyarthritis, mastitis, agalactia, conjunctivitis, pneumonia and reproductive failure. The latter may involve repeat breeding, granular vulvovaginitis, infertility and abortions. The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of Mycoplasma agalactiae (Ma) in semen and milk samples from naturally infected goat in the semiarid region from Pernambuco State, Northeast from Brazil. Thirty-nine semen samples and 81 milk samples were submitted to DNA extraction using a commercially available kit and following the manufacturer's instructions. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was then performed in accordance with protocols described in the literature. The results of the present study revealed the presence of Ma in the DNA of 17.9% (7/39) of the semen samples and 3.7% (3/81) of the milk samples. The results obtained in the present study confirm the elimination of the DNA of Ma in the semen and milk samples. The presence of this agent in goat flocks is considered very risky in terms of reproductive disorders and contagious agalactia outbreaks in the Northeast region of Brazil.
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Paterna A, Sánchez A, Gómez-Martín A, Corrales J, De la Fe C, Contreras A, Amores J. Short communication: In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma agalactiae strains isolated from dairy goats. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:7073-7076. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Isolation and Characterization of Mycoplasma mycoides Subspecies capri from Milk of Natural Goat Mastitis Cases. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2013; 2013:593029. [PMID: 23762593 PMCID: PMC3673333 DOI: 10.1155/2013/593029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Association of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri (Mmc) with natural goat mastitis has been studied earlier largely by detecting the Mmc DNA using molecular methods. However, report on detection of cultivable Mmc isolates from natural goat-mastitis milk is still very rare. In this study, Mmc was isolated from milk samples (n = 171) of goats with or without clinical signs of mastitis. Mmc isolates were further characterized by biochemical and species-specific PCR methods. Intra species strain variation was also studied by 16S amplified rDNA restriction analysis (16S ARDRA). The study recovered a total of 6 Mmc isolates (3.5%). Three types of intraspecies variants among the recovered Mmc isolates were found by 16S ARDRA. The study concluded that Mmc may be an etiological agent of mycoplasmal mastitis in Indian goat herds.
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Alcântara MDB, Campos AC, Melo MA, Pereira Filho JM, Nascimento ER, Farias AA, Sousa DR, Azevedo EO. Resposta imunológica em caprinos vacinados contra agalaxia contagiosa. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de duas vacinas inativadas contra agalaxia contagiosa contendo adjuvante oleoso e aquoso. Para tanto, foram utilizados 73 caprinos, agrupados em dois experimentos. No experimento I, para avaliar a inocuidade das vacinas, foram utilizados 15 caprinos, subdivididos em três grupos de cinco animais cada, sendo que o grupo A1 foi imunizado com a vacina aquosa, o grupo B1 com a vacina oleosa e o grupo C não imunizado, foi o controle. No experimento II, para avaliar a resposta imune foram utilizados 58 caprinos, subdivididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo A2, com 28 animais imunizados com a vacina aquosa e o grupo B2, com 30 animais imunizados com a vacina oleosa. Os animais do experimento II receberam uma terceira dose, 180 dias após a segunda dose vacinal. Os níveis de anticorpos foram determinados por ELISA indireto, realizado no dia de cada vacinação e 30 dias após a segunda dose (experimento I) e 30 dias após a terceira dose vacinal (experimento II). Os animais do grupo B1 e B2 (vacina oleosa) apresentaram níveis de anticorpos estatisticamente superiores (P<0,05) quando comparados aos dos grupos A1 e A2 (vacina aquosa) nos dois experimentos.
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