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Abstract
The different technology platforms used to make poultry vaccines are reviewed. Vaccines based on classical technologies are either live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. Genetic engineering is applied to design by deletion, mutation, insertion, or chimerization, genetically modified target microorganisms that are used either as live or inactivated vaccines. Other vaccine platforms are based on one or a few genes of the target pathogen agent coding for proteins that can induce a protective immune response ("protective genes"). These genes can be expressed in vitro to produce subunit vaccines. Alternatively, vectors carrying these genes in their genome or nucleic acid-based vaccines will induce protection by in vivo expression of these genes in the vaccinated host. Properties of these different types of vaccines, including advantages and limitations, are reviewed, focusing mainly on vaccines targeting viral diseases and on technologies that succeeded in market authorization.
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2
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Xu H, Zhu S, Govinden R, Chenia HY. Multiple Vaccines and Strategies for Pandemic Preparedness of Avian Influenza Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1694. [PMID: 37632036 PMCID: PMC10459121 DOI: 10.3390/v15081694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are a continuous cause of concern due to their pandemic potential and devasting effects on poultry, birds, and human health. The low pathogenic avian influenza virus has the potential to evolve into a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, resulting in its rapid spread and significant outbreaks in poultry. Over the years, a wide array of traditional and novel strategies has been implemented to prevent the transmission of AIV in poultry. Mass vaccination is still an economical and effective approach to establish immune protection against clinical virus infection. At present, some AIV vaccines have been licensed for large-scale production and use in the poultry industry; however, other new types of AIV vaccines are currently under research and development. In this review, we assess the recent progress surrounding the various types of AIV vaccines, which are based on the classical and next-generation platforms. Additionally, the delivery systems for nucleic acid vaccines are discussed, since these vaccines have attracted significant attention following their significant role in the fight against COVID-19. We also provide a general introduction to the dendritic targeting strategy, which can be used to enhance the immune efficiency of AIV vaccines. This review may be beneficial for the avian influenza research community, providing ideas for the design and development of new AIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China;
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Shanyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China;
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Hafizah Y. Chenia
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
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3
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Li G, Feng J, Quan K, Sun Z, Yin Y, Yin Y, Chen S, Qin T, Peng D, Liu X. Generation of an avian influenza DIVA vaccine with a H3-peptide replacement located at HA2 against both highly and low pathogenic H7N9 virus. Virulence 2022; 13:530-541. [PMID: 35286234 PMCID: PMC8928850 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) vaccine is an ideal strategy for viral eradication in poultry. Here, according to the emerging highly pathogenic H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV), a DIVA vaccine strain, named rGD4HALo-mH3-TX, was successfully developed, based on a substituted 12 peptide of H3 virus located at HA2. In order to meet with the safety requirement of vaccine production, the multi-basic amino acid located at the HA cleavage site was modified. Meanwhile, six inner viral genes from a H9N2 AIV TX strainwere introduced for increasing viral production. The rGD4HALo-mH3-TX strain displayed a similar reproductive ability with rGD4 and low pathogenicity in chickens, suggesting a good productivity and safety. In immuned chickens, rGD4HALo-mH3-TX induced a similar antibody level with rGD4 and provided 100% clinical protection and 90% shedding protection against highly pathogenic virus challenge. rGD4HALo-mH3-TX strain also produced a good cross-protection against low pathogenic AIV JD/17. Moreover, serological DIVA characteristics were evaluated by a successfully established competitive inhibition ELISA based on a 3G10 monoclonal antibody, and the result showed a strong reactivity with antisera of chickens vaccinated with H7 subtype strains but not rGD4HALo-mH3-TX. Collectedly, rGD4HALo-mH3-TX is a promising DIVA vaccine candidate against both high and low pathogenic H7N9 subtype AIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Juan Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Keji Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yinyan Yin
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China
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4
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H5 cleavage-site peptide vaccine protects chickens from lethal infection by highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses. Arch Virol 2021; 167:67-75. [PMID: 34693488 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5Nx avian influenza viruses constantly threaten the poultry industry and humans and have pandemic potential. These viruses continuously evolve, requiring a universal vaccine to protect chickens from members of diverse clades. The purpose of this study was to develop an H5 cleavage-site peptide vaccine containing polybasic amino acids (RRRK) to completely protect chickens from H5N6, H5N8, and H5N1 avian influenza viruses. Chickens were immunized with various doses of a keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-conjugated H5 cleavage-site peptide vaccine containing RRRK. The effect of RRRK was evaluated by comparing the survival rates of chickens immunized with vaccines either containing or lacking RRRK. The ability of the RRRK-containing vaccine to confer long-term protective immunity was also assessed. We found that protection was dependent on the number of antigens in the vaccine containing RRRK. Chickens immunized intramuscularly with two doses of 5 μg of the vaccine containing RRRK were completely protected, but those immunized with fewer than two doses of 3 or 1 μg were not protected. Chickens immunized with the vaccine lacking RRRK were not protected, suggesting the importance of the polybasic amino acids in conferring immunity. Our results suggest that conserved H5 cleavage-site peptides with polybasic amino acids may be a potential universal vaccine to protect chickens from various emerging clades of H5Nx avian influenza viruses.
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Tang H, Shen C, Zou L, Cai C, Wang Y, Robertson ID, Edwards J, Huang B, Bruce M. A mixed methods study of stakeholders' practices and attitudes on avian influenza H7N9 vaccination for the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi, China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e224-e235. [PMID: 34379893 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In response to a sudden increase in H7N9 human infections, China introduced an H5/H7 bivalent inactivated vaccine for poultry in Guangxi and Guangdong provinces in July 2017, which subsequently became integrated into the existing compulsory national H5N1 vaccination programme from September 2017. Although the vaccination programme effectively reduced H7N9 infections in humans and poultry, there are ongoing arguments against continuing this long-term vaccination. These discussions have drawn policymakers to think about the possibility of stopping routine vaccination for H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in China; however, they have not considered the poultry industry stakeholders' practices on and attitudes towards this vaccination. This study investigated H7N9 vaccination practices in the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi and stakeholders' attitudes on H7N9 vaccination, using a mixed methods design. The study found H7N9 vaccination was well adopted in the yellow broiler industry in Guangxi regardless of the source of the vaccines. Most stakeholders believed vaccination was the best measure to control H7N9 and H5N1 AIVs, and they showed a strong willingness to continue with vaccination even without government subsidies or freely provided vaccines. The motivations by stakeholders for using vaccines to control H7N9 and H5N1 were different due to the epidemiological differences between the two strains. Understanding poultry industry stakeholders' practices and attitudes on H7N9 vaccination has important practical implications in planning vaccination policies, particularly when considering the possibility of vaccination withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Chaojian Shen
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianbin Zou
- Guangxi Centre of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, China
| | - Chang Cai
- China Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youming Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Ian D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - John Edwards
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Baoxu Huang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Centre, Qingdao, China
| | - Mieghan Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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6
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Song W, Guo J, Ni X, Wu J, Xia W, He F, Wang X, Fan G, Zhou K, Wu Y, Chen S, Chen H. Changes of avian influenza virus subtypes before and after vaccination in live poultry in Nanchang, China from 2016 to 2019. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104848. [PMID: 34116164 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated fluctuations in the detection rates of avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5, H7, and H9 in live bird markets (LBMs) in Nanchang city, Chinese province Jiangxi, before and after the Chinese nationwide AIV vaccination campaign against highly pathogenic (HP) AIV subtype H5 and H7. Samples were tested for nucleic acid of type A avian influenza virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technology. The H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of influenza viruses were further classified for the positive results. Based on the analysis of 2,119 samples collected from February 2016 to December 2019, we found that AIV subtypes H5, H7, H9 showed a seasonal pattern, and the positive rate of avian influenza tended to reach its peak in the colder season. The detection rate of AIV subtypes H5, H7, H9 of chickens (39.26%) was significantly higher than that of ducks (5.78%) and pigeons (4.31%). After vaccination, the positive rates of the H5 subtype (0.27%) and the H7 subtype (0.00%) decreased significantly, while the positive rate of the H9 subtype (29.95%) increased significantly. The H9 subtype has become the dominant subtype detected in live poultry and occupies a dominant position in the live bird market. This study showed that the government of China should establish measures for the long-term control of avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Song
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Jin Guo
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xiansheng Ni
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Jingwen Wu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Wen Xia
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Fenglan He
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Xi Wang
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Guoyin Fan
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Kun Zhou
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China
| | - Yuhang Wu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shengen Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China.
| | - Haiying Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-origin and Vector-borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Nanchang 330038, PR China.
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7
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Bertran K, Kassa A, Criado MF, Nuñez IA, Lee DH, Killmaster L, Sá E Silva M, Ross TM, Mebatsion T, Pritchard N, Swayne DE. Efficacy of recombinant Marek's disease virus vectored vaccines with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) hemagglutinin insert against genetically diverse H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Vaccine 2021; 39:1933-1942. [PMID: 33715903 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genetic and antigenic drift associated with the high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of Goose/Guangdong (Gs/GD) lineage and the emergence of vaccine-resistant field viruses underscores the need for a broadly protective H5 influenza A vaccine. Here, we tested experimental vector herpesvirus of turkey (vHVT)-H5 vaccines containing either wild-type clade 2.3.4.4A-derived H5 inserts or computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) inserts with challenge by homologous and genetically divergent H5 HPAI Gs/GD lineage viruses in chickens. Direct assessment of protection was confirmed for all the tested constructs, which provided clinical protection against the homologous and heterologous H5 HPAI Gs/GD challenge viruses and significantly decreased oropharyngeal shedding titers compared to the sham vaccine. The cross reactivity was assessed by hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and focus reduction assay against a panel of phylogenetically and antigenically diverse H5 strains. The COBRA-derived H5 inserts elicited antibody responses against antigenically diverse strains, while the wild-type-derived H5 vaccines elicited protection mostly against close antigenically related clades 2.3.4.4A and 2.3.4.4D viruses. In conclusion, the HVT vector, a widely used replicating vaccine platform in poultry, with H5 insert provides clinical protection and significant reduction of viral shedding against homologous and heterologous challenge. In addition, the COBRA-derived inserts have the potential to be used against antigenically distinct co-circulating viruses and future drift variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateri Bertran
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Aemro Kassa
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Miria F Criado
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Ivette A Nuñez
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Mariana Sá E Silva
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Teshome Mebatsion
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1730 Olympic Drive, Athens, GA 30601, USA.
| | - Nikki Pritchard
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc, 1112 Airport Parkway, Gainesville, GA 30503, USA.
| | - David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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8
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Swayne DE. Laboratory Methods for Assessing and Licensing Influenza Vaccines for Poultry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2123:211-225. [PMID: 32170691 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) vaccines for poultry are based on hemagglutinin (HA) proteins, and protection is specific to the subtype. An estimated 313 billion doses have been used between 2002 and 2018 for high pathogenicity AI control. No universal vaccines are currently available. The majority of AI vaccines are inactivated whole influenza viruses that are grown in embryonating chicken eggs, emulsified in oil adjuvant systems, and injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly. Live virus-vectored vaccines such as recombinant viruses of fowl pox, Newcastle disease, and herpesvirus of turkeys containing inserts of AI virus HA genes have been used on a more limited basis. Also, vaccines have been licensed or registered based on baculovirus and defective replicating alphavirus (RNA particles) expressing HA protein or DNA vaccine with HA gene insert. In studies to evaluate vaccine efficacy and potency, the protocol design and its implementation should address the biosafety level needed for the work, provide information required for approval by Institutional Biosafety and Animal Care Committees, contain information on seed strain selection, provide needed information on animal subjects and their relevant parameters, and address the selection and use of challenge viruses. Various metrics have been used to directly measure vaccine-induced protection, including prevention of death, clinical signs, and lesions; prevention of decreases in egg production and alterations in egg quality; quantification of the reduction in virus replication and shedding from the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts; and prevention of contact transmission in in vivo poultry experiments. In addition, indirect measures of vaccine potency and protection have been developed and validated against the direct measures and include serological assays in vaccinated poultry and the assessment of the content of HA antigen in the vaccine. These indirect assessments of protection are useful in determining if vaccine batches have a consistent ability to protect. For adequate potency, vaccines should contain 50 mean protective doses of antigen per dose, which corresponds to 0.3-7.8 μg of HA protein in inactivated vaccines, depending on immunogenicity and antigenic relatedness of individual seed strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
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9
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Tsunekuni R, Tanikawa T, Nakaya T, Saito T. Improvement of a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 vectored vaccine by the addition of untranslated regions. Vaccine 2019; 38:822-829. [PMID: 31718900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously developed a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 (rAAvV-10/HA) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) as an emergency vaccine for poultry. rAAvV-10/HA can overcome the activity of the anti-AAvV-1 (Newcastle disease virus) antibody acquired by commercial chickens upon routine vaccination. Most chickens do not have the anti-AAvV-10 antibody, which could interfere with the vaccine efficacy. However, the vaccine efficacy of rAAvV-10/HA is not satisfactory in chickens even though it affords protection against an HPAIV challenge. In the present study, we improved the rAAvV-10/HA vaccine by enhancing the expression of the exogenous HA protein. METHODS The 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of each AAvV-10 gene were flanked with the exogenous HA gene cassette to modify rAAvV-10/HA, yielding different rAAv10-UTRs. As a control, rAAv10-nonUTR that did not contain any UTRs was generated. The effects of UTRs on mRNA transcription, HA protein expression, and vaccine efficacy were then examined using embryonated chicken eggs and white leghorn chickens. RESULTS The proportion of the HA gene mRNA among the vector-derived mRNAs (1.55-1.84-fold increase vs. the control) and HA protein levels (148-1151-fold increase vs. the control) in cells infected with rAAv10-UTRs were higher than in those infected with rAAv10-nonUTR. In vivo, vaccination of chickens with rAAv10-UTRs resulted in 100% protection against an HPAIV challenge. No chickens vaccinated with rAAv10-NP-UTR, rAAv10-F-UTR, or rAAv10-HN-UTR shed the virus in the throat and cloaca swabs. By contrast, rAAv10-nonUTR vaccination offered 70% protection, with 50% of chickens shedding the virus in the cloaca or throat swabs after the challenge. We conclude that the AAvV-10 UTRs can enhance the expression of the exogenous HA gene, resulting in improved efficacy of the rAAvV-10/HA vector vaccine. This improvement aids in the protection of flocks worldwide from the highly pathogenic avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan.
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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10
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Kang HJ, Chu KB, Lee DH, Lee SH, Park BR, Kim MC, Kang SM, Quan FS. Influenza M2 virus-like particle vaccination enhances protection in combination with avian influenza HA VLPs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216871. [PMID: 31246961 PMCID: PMC6597044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability to induce a broad range of cross protection, M2e5x virus-like particles (VLPs) alone provide limited vaccine efficacy and confer low efficacy of protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection in chickens. Avian influenza hemagglutinin (HA) has been a major antigenic target that enhances humoral immunity, but the efficacy of avian HA-based vaccines against HPAIV needs to be further improved. In this study, we evaluated the vaccine efficacy induced by combination of conserved tandem repeat M2e5x VLPs and HA VLPs against an avian influenza virus. We found that combinatorial vaccine elicited higher levels of reassortant H5N1 (rgH5N1) virus-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgA antibody responses compared to M2e5x VLPs in sera and lungs of mice. Combinatorial VLPs vaccination induced higher levels of CD8+ T cell and germinal center B cell responses in lung and spleen compared to M2e5x VLPs. Combinatorial VLPs vaccination showed significantly reduced inflammatory responses and lung viral loads upon rgH5N1 virus challenge infection, resulting in less body weight loss compared to M2e5x VLPs alone. These results indicate that immune responses to both M2e and HA might provide a strategy of vaccination inducing enhanced protection against avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ji Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ryoung Park
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate school, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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11
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Innovation in Newcastle Disease Virus Vectored Avian Influenza Vaccines. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030300. [PMID: 30917500 PMCID: PMC6466292 DOI: 10.3390/v11030300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and Newcastle disease are economically important avian diseases worldwide. Effective vaccination is critical to control these diseases in poultry. Live attenuated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccines have been developed for bivalent vaccination against HPAI viruses and NDV. These vaccines have been generated by inserting the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of avian influenza virus into NDV genomes. In laboratory settings, several experimental NDV-vectored vaccines have protected specific pathogen-free chickens from mortality, clinical signs, and virus shedding against H5 and H7 HPAI viruses and NDV challenges. NDV-vectored H5 vaccines have been licensed for poultry vaccination in China and Mexico. Recently, an antigenically chimeric NDV vector has been generated to overcome pre-existing immunity to NDV in poultry and to provide early protection of poultry in the field. Prime immunization of one-day-old poults with a chimeric NDV vector followed by boosting with a conventional NDV vector has shown to protect broiler chickens against H5 HPAI viruses and a highly virulent NDV. This novel vaccination approach can provide efficient control of HPAI viruses in the field and facilitate poultry vaccination.
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12
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Vaccination of poultry successfully eliminated human infection with H7N9 virus in China. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1465-1473. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Tsunekuni R, Hikono H, Tanikawa T, Kurata R, Nakaya T, Saito T. Recombinant Avian Paramyxovirus Serotypes 2, 6, and 10 as Vaccine Vectors for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Chickens with Antibodies Against Newcastle Disease Virus. Avian Dis 2018; 61:296-306. [PMID: 28957006 DOI: 10.1637/11512-100616-regr1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) expressing the hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV HA) induces protective immunity against HPAIV in chickens. However, the efficacy of rNDV vectors is hampered when chickens are pre-immune to NDV, and most commercial chickens are routinely vaccinated against NDV. We recently showed that avian paramyxovirus serotypes 2, 6, and 10 (APMV-2, APMV-6, and APMV-10), which belong to the same genus as NDV, have low cross-reactivity with anti-NDV antisera. Here, we used reverse genetics to generate recombinant APMV-2, APMV-6, and APMV-10 (rAPMV-2/HA, rAPMV-6/HA, and rAPMV-10/HA) that expressed an HA protein derived of subtype H5N1 HPAIV, A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004. Chickens pre-immunized against NDV (age, 7 wk) were vaccinated with rAPMV/HAs; 14 days after vaccination, chickens were challenged with a lethal dose of HPAIV. Immunization of chickens pre-immunized against NDV with rAPMV-2/HA, rAPMV-6/HA, or rAPMV-10/HA protected 50%, 50%, and 25%, respectively, in groups of chickens given an rAPMV/HA with 106 median embryo infectious dose (EID50) or 50%, 50%, and 90%, respectively, in those with 107 EID50; in contrast, rNDV/HA protected none of the chicken vaccinated with 106 EID50 and induced only partial protection even with 107 EID50. Therefore, the presence of anti-NDV antibodies did not hamper the efficacy of rAPMV-2/HA, rAPMV-6/HA, or rAPMV-10/HA. These results suggest that rAPMV-2, rAPMV-6, and rAPMV-10 are potential vaccine vectors, especially for commercial chickens, which are routinely vaccinated against NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- A Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hikono
- B National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- A Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Riho Kurata
- B National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- C Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takehiko Saito
- A Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan
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14
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Park SJ, Kim EH, Kwon HI, Song MS, Kim SM, Kim YI, Si YJ, Lee IW, Nguyen HD, Shin OS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Altered virulence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 reassortant viruses in mammalian models. Virulence 2018; 9:133-148. [PMID: 28873012 PMCID: PMC5955454 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1366408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently identified highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses (clade 2.3.4.4) are relatively low to moderately pathogenic in mammalian hosts compared with HPAI H5N1 viruses. In this study, we generated reassortant viruses comprised of A/MD/Korea/W452/2014(H5N8) with substitution of individual genes from A/EM/Korea/W149/2006(H5N1) to understand the contribution of each viral gene to virulence in mammals. Substituting the PB2 gene segment or the NA gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in significantly enhanced pathogenicity compared with the parental H5N8 virus in mice. Of note, substitution of the PB2 gene segment of the H5N8 virus by that from the H5N1 virus resulted in a 1000-fold increase in virulence for mice compared with the parental virus (MLD50 decreased from 105.8 to 102.5 EID50). Further, the W452W149PB2 virus also induced the highest virus titers in lungs at all time points and the highest levels of inflammatory cytokine responses among all viruses tested. This high virulence phenotype was also confirmed by high viral titers in the respiratory tracts of infected ferrets. Further, a mini-genome assay revealed that W452W149PB2 has significantly increased polymerase activity (p < 0.001). Taken together, our study demonstrates that a single gene substitution from other avian influenza viruses can alter the pathogenicity of recent H5N8 viruses, and therefore emphasizes the need for intensive monitoring of reassortment events among co-circulating avian and mammalian viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Se Mi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Brain Korea 21 Plus for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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15
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Nguyen LT, Nishi T, Shichinohe S, Chu DH, Hiono T, Matsuno K, Okamatsu M, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Selection of antigenic variants of an H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in vaccinated chickens. Virology 2017; 510:252-261. [PMID: 28756116 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination-primed immunity in poultry has been suggested for selection of antigenically drifted highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In this study, we performed two consecutive passage studies of an H5N1 HPAIV in vaccinated chickens, namely, study-I and study-II, to select antigenic variants under immune pressure from the vaccination. In study-I, nine consecutive passages of a wild-type H5N1 HPAIV were carried out in chickens vaccinated with the homologous challenge strain. Antigenically drifted variants with mutations at position 179 in the hemagglutinin (HA) were selected after three passages. Similarly, in study-II, a vaccination-mediated antigenic variant isolated in study-I was used as the vaccine and challenge strain to confirm further antigenic drift after updating the vaccine; after the third passage, additional antigenic variants with a mutation at position 256 in the HA were selected. Thus, our study demonstrated the contribution of vaccination in the selection of antigenic variants of H5 HPAIVs in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Applied Biology, Can Tho University, Campus II, 3/2 street, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shintaro Shichinohe
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 18, West 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, North 20, West 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
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16
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Kim HK, Jeong DG, Yoon SW. Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in South Korea. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2017; 6:95-103. [PMID: 28775973 PMCID: PMC5540969 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2017.6.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused economic loss for the poultry industry and posed a threat to public health. In South Korea, novel reassortants of HPAIVs such as H5N6 and H5N8 had been circulating in poultry. Here, we will discuss the identity of recent novel reassortants of Korean H5 HPAIVs and the recent advances in vaccine development, which will be useful for controlling HPAIV transmission in poultry and for effectively preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kwon Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Korea
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17
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Cui J, Qu N, Guo Y, Cao L, Wu S, Mei K, Sun H, Lu Y, Qin Z, Jiao P, Liao M. Phylogeny, Pathogenicity, and Transmission of H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:328. [PMID: 28770175 PMCID: PMC5515836 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed five H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) isolated from different birds in 2012 in China. Based on whole-genome sequences, we divided the viruses into four genotypes. The DKE26, GSE43, and DKE53 viruses belonged to Genotypes 1-3, respectively. The CKE93 and CKE96 viruses were classified into Genotype 4. Genotypes 1-3 correspond to the viruses containing the HA gene of clade 2.3.2, and Genotype 4 is the virus that bears the HA gene of clade 7.2. To better understand the pathogenicity and transmission of the viruses, we infected chickens with 103 EID50/0.1 ml GSE43 (clade 2.3.2) or CKE93 (clade 7.2) virus. Our results revealed that 6 of 7 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens inoculated with GSE43 virus were dead before 7-day post-infection, but all the SPF chickens inoculated with CKE93 virus survived the infection. Both the GSE43 and CKE93 viruses replicated systemically in chickens. The virus titers of GSE43 virus in tested organs were obviously higher than those of CKE93 virus. Our results revealed that the pathogenicity and replication of GSE43 in chickens was much higher than those of CKE93. The GSE43 virus could transmit between chickens, but the CKE93 could not transmit between chickens by naïve contact. Therefore, different clades of H5N1 AIVs possessed variable pathogenicities and transmission abilities among chickens. Our study contributes to knowledge of pathogenic variations of prevalent H5N1 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cui
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Nannan Qu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Lan Cao
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and PreventionGuangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Kun Mei
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Lu
- Animal & Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of ChinaShenzhen, China.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Zhifeng Qin
- Animal & Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau of ChinaShenzhen, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- Animal Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China.,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and ControlGuangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of AgricultureGuangzhou, China
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18
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Lardinois A, Vandersleyen O, Steensels M, Desloges N, Mast J, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Stronger Interference of Avian Influenza Virus-Specific Than Newcastle Disease Virus-Specific Maternally Derived Antibodies with a Recombinant NDV-H5 Vaccine. Avian Dis 2017; 60:191-201. [PMID: 27309055 DOI: 10.1637/11133-050815-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Maternally derived antibodies (MDA) are known to provide early protection from disease but also to interfere with vaccination efficacy of young chicks. This interference phenomenon is well described in the literature for viral diseases such as infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease (ND), and avian influenza (AI). The goal of this work was to investigate the impact of H5 MDA and/or ND virus (NDV) MDA on the vaccine efficacy of a recombinant NDV-H5-vectored vaccine (rNDV-H5) against two antigenically divergent highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 challenges. In chickens with both H5 and NDV MDA, a strong interference was observed with reduced clinical protection when compared to vaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. In contrast, in chickens from commercial suppliers with NDV MDA only, a beneficial impact on the vaccine efficacy was observed with full protection and reduced viral excretion in comparison with rNDV-H5-vaccinated SPF chickens. To distinguish between the respective effects of the H5 and NDV MDA, an SPF model where passive immunity had been artificially induced by inoculations of H5 and NDV hyperimmunized polysera, respectively, was used. In the presence of H5 artificial MDA, a strong interference reflected by a reduction in vaccine protection was demonstrated whereas no interference and even an enhancing protective effect was confirmed in presence of NDV MDA. The present work suggests that H5 and NDV MDA interact differently with the rNDV-H5 vaccine with different consequences on its efficacy, the mechanisms of which require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélyne Lardinois
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandersleyen
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mieke Steensels
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Desloges
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Thierry van den Berg
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Lambrecht
- A Avian Virology and Immunology Service, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180-Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Kostina LV, Zaberezhnyy AD, Grebennikova TV, Antipova NV, Aliper TI, Nepoklonov EA. Vaccines against avian influenza in poultry. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:53-60. [PMID: 36494928 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-2-53-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The review presents the latest data about the types of vaccines against avian influenza that are used in current medical practice or are under development. Inactivated whole virion vaccines, live vector vaccines, as well as experimental vaccines developed using genetic engineering techniques (e.g. subunit vaccines, VLP vaccines, DNA vaccines) were considered. The efficiency of influenza reverse genetic technology for the development of prototype vaccine strains was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Kostina
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A D Zaberezhnyy
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya.,Y.R. Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary
| | - T V Grebennikova
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | - T I Aliper
- Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya.,Y.R. Kovalenko All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary
| | - E A Nepoklonov
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor)
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20
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Assessment of China's H5N1 routine vaccination strategy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46441. [PMID: 28422175 PMCID: PMC5396072 DOI: 10.1038/srep46441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a simulation model was used to assess the epidemiological and economic impacts of the routine vaccination strategy for H5N1 in China at the national level. The results of the simulation show that a routine vaccination strategy at the national level could have a substantial impact on decreasing H5N1 outbreaks; it could therefore markedly reduce the severity and duration of an H5N1 epidemic at the national level in China. Under a routine vaccination programme, when a flock is infected, the number of depopulated birds could be reduced by approximately 91%, the outbreak duration could be reduced by one-fourth, and the probability of an H5N1 outbreak could be reduced to 51.5%. Although the use of vaccination has obvious benefits, if indirect costs were not considered, the mean direct cost of simulated disease control without vaccination was only 1.36% of the cost of the routine vaccination strategy, and this former approach would have saved 57 billion yuan for all poultry in China from 2004 to 2012. Traditional H5N1 control strategies with culling programmes at the national level represented a better choice for China.
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21
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Suarez DL, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Recombinant viral-vectored vaccines for the control of avian influenza in poultry. Vet Microbiol 2016; 206:144-151. [PMID: 27916319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is a commonly used tool for the control of both low pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza (AI) viruses. Traditionally, inactivated adjuvanted vaccines made from a low pathogenic field strain have been used for vaccination, but advances in molecular biology have allowed a number of different viral vectored vaccines, expressing the AI virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene, to be developed and licensed for use for control of AI. This review summarizes the licensed vector vaccines available for use in poultry. As a group, these vaccines can stimulate both a cellular and humoral immune response and, when antigenically well matched to the target AI strain, are effective at preventing clinical disease and reducing virus shedding if vaccinated birds do become infected. The vaccines can often be given to one-day old chicks in the hatchery, which can provide early protection and is a cost effective route of administration of the vaccine. All the licensed vectored vaccines, because they only express the HA gene, can potentially be used to differentiate vaccinated from vaccinated and infected birds, which is often referred to as a DIVA strategy. Although a potentially valuable tool for the surveillance of the virus in countries that vaccinate, the DIVA principle has currently not been applied. Concern remains that maternal antibody or pre-existing immunity to the vector or to the AI HA insert can suppress the immune response to the vaccine. The viral vectored vaccines appear to work well with a prime boost strategy where the vectored vaccine is given first and a different type of vaccine, often a killed adjuvanted vaccine is given two or three weeks later.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
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22
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Li M, Xie Z, Xie Z, Liu J, Xie L, Deng X, Luo S, Fan Q, Huang L, Huang J, Zhang Y, Zeng T, Feng J. Simultaneous detection of four different neuraminidase types of avian influenza A H5 viruses by multiplex reverse transcription PCR using a GeXP analyser. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:141-9. [PMID: 26677838 PMCID: PMC4746555 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives In order to develop a multiplex RT‐PCR assay using the GeXP analyser for the simultaneous detection of four different NA serotypes of H5‐subtype AIVs, effective to control and reduce H5 subtype of avian influenza outbreak. Design Six pairs of primers were designed using conserved and specific sequences of the AIV subtypes H5, N1, N2, N6 and N8 in GenBank. Each gene‐specific primer was fused at the 5′ end to a universal sequence to generate six pairs of chimeric primers, and one pair of universal primers was used for RT‐PCR, and PCR product separation and detection were performed by capillary electrophoresis using the GenomeLab GeXP genetic analysis system. Setting Single and mixed avian pathogen cDNA/DNA templates were employed to evaluate the specificity of a multiplex assay with a GeXP analyser. Corresponding specific DNA products were amplified for each gene, revealing amplification peaks for M, H5, N1, N2, N6 and N8 genes from four different NA subtypes of influenza A H5 virus. Sample A total of 180 cloacal swabs were collected from poultry at live bird markets. Main outcome measures The multiplex PCR assay demonstrated excellent specificity, with each pair of specific primers generating only products corresponding to the target genes and without cross‐amplification with other NA‐subtype influenza viruses or other avian pathogens. Using various premixed ssRNAs containing known AIV target genes, the detection limit for the multiplex assay was determined to be 102 copies/μl. The GeXP assay was further evaluated using 180 clinical specimens and compared with RRT‐PCR (real‐time reverse transcriptase PCR) and virus isolation. Conclusions This GeXP analyser‐based multiplex assay for four different NA subtypes of H5 HPAI viruses is both highly specific and sensitive and can be used as a rapid and direct diagnostic assay for testing clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhiqin Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiabo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Liji Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianwen Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sisi Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaoling Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiaxun Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Subtropical Bioresources Conservation and Utilization, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Kayali G, Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Kayed AS, Maatouq AM, Cai Z, McKenzie PP, Webby RJ, El Refaey S, Kandeel A, Ali MA. Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:379-88. [PMID: 26886164 PMCID: PMC4766899 DOI: 10.3201/eid2203.150593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In Egypt, avian influenza A subtype H5N1 and H9N2 viruses are enzootic in poultry. The control plan devised by veterinary authorities in Egypt to prevent infections in poultry focused mainly on vaccination and ultimately failed. Recently, widespread H5N1 infections in poultry and a substantial increase in the number of human cases of H5N1 infection were observed. We summarize surveillance data from 2009 through 2014 and show that avian influenza viruses are established in poultry in Egypt and are continuously evolving genetically and antigenically. We also discuss the epidemiology of human infection with avian influenza in Egypt and describe how the true burden of disease is underestimated. We discuss the failures of relying on vaccinating poultry as the sole intervention tool. We conclude by highlighting the key components that need to be included in a new strategy to control avian influenza infections in poultry and humans in Egypt.
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Artois J, Newman SH, Dhingra MS, Chaiban C, Linard C, Cattoli G, Monne I, Fusaro A, Xenarios I, Engler R, Liechti R, Kuznetsov D, Pham TL, Nguyen T, Pham VD, Castellan D, Von Dobschuetz S, Claes F, Dauphin G, Inui K, Gilbert M. Clade-level Spatial Modelling of HPAI H5N1 Dynamics in the Mekong Region Reveals New Patterns and Associations with Agro-Ecological Factors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30316. [PMID: 27453195 PMCID: PMC4958987 DOI: 10.1038/srep30316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been circulating in Asia since 2003 and diversified into several genetic lineages, or clades. Although the spatial distribution of its outbreaks was extensively studied, differences in clades were never previously taken into account. We developed models to quantify associations over time and space between different HPAI H5N1 viruses from clade 1, 2.3.4 and 2.3.2 and agro-ecological factors. We found that the distribution of clades in the Mekong region from 2004 to 2013 was strongly regionalised, defining specific epidemiological zones, or epizones. Clade 1 became entrenched in the Mekong Delta and was not supplanted by newer clades, in association with a relatively higher presence of domestic ducks. In contrast, two new clades were introduced (2.3.4 and 2.3.2) in northern Viet Nam and were associated with higher chicken density and more intensive chicken production systems. We suggest that differences in poultry production systems in these different epizones may explain these associations, along with differences in introduction pressure from neighbouring countries. The different distribution patterns found at the clade level would not be otherwise apparent through analysis treating all outbreaks equally, which requires improved linking of disease outbreak records and genetic sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Artois
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Scott H. Newman
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Madhur S. Dhingra
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Government of Haryana, India
| | - Celia Chaiban
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute (ELI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Catherine Linard
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Geography, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padua), Italy
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Genomics (CIG), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Engler
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robin Liechti
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dmitri Kuznetsov
- Swiss-Prot & Vital-IT group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thanh Long Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tung Nguyen
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van Dong Pham
- Department of Animal Health, Epidemiology Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - David Castellan
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (FAO-RAP), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sophie Von Dobschuetz
- Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Filip Claes
- Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Gwenaëlle Dauphin
- Animal Production and Health Division (AGAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
| | - Ken Inui
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Marius Gilbert
- Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Hasan NH, Ignjatovic J, Peaston A, Hemmatzadeh F. Avian Influenza Virus and DIVA Strategies. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:198-211. [PMID: 26900835 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is becoming a more acceptable option in the effort to eradicate avian influenza viruses (AIV) from commercial poultry, especially in countries where AIV is endemic. The main concern surrounding this option has been the inability of the conventional serological tests to differentiate antibodies produced due to vaccination from antibodies produced in response to virus infection. In attempts to address this issue, at least six strategies have been formulated, aiming to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), namely (i) sentinel birds, (ii) subunit vaccine, (iii) heterologous neuraminidase (NA), (iv) nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein, (v) matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein, and (vi) haemagglutinin subunit 2 (HA2) glycoprotein. This short review briefly discusses the strengths and limitations of these DIVA strategies, together with the feasibility and practicality of the options as a part of the surveillance program directed toward the eventual eradication of AIV from poultry in countries where highly pathogenic avian influenza is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Haliza Hasan
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia .,2 Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah , Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jagoda Ignjatovic
- 3 School of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Peaston
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- 1 School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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26
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Zhang J, Fan HY, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhang J, Huang JN, Ye Y, Liao M. Recombinant baculovirus vaccine containing multiple M2e and adjuvant LTB induces T cell dependent, cross-clade protection against H5N1 influenza virus in mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:622-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Song BM, Kang HM, Lee EK, Jung SC, Kim MC, Lee YN, Kang SM, Lee YJ. Supplemented vaccination with tandem repeat M2e virus-like particles enhances protection against homologous and heterologous HPAI H5 viruses in chickens. Vaccine 2015; 34:678-686. [PMID: 26691568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses derived from A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 have been continuously circulating globally, severely affecting the public health and poultry industries. The matrix 2 protein ectodomain (M2e) is considered a promising candidate for a universal cross-protective influenza vaccine that provides more effective control over HPAI H5 viruses harboring variant hemagglutinin (HA)-antigens. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of a tandem repeat construct of heterologous M2e presented on virus-like particles (M2e5x VLPs) either alone or as a supplement against HPAI H5 viruses in a chicken model. Chickens immunized with M2e5x VLPs alone induced M2e-specific antibodies but were not protected against HPAI H5. The homo- and cross-protective efficacy of M2e5x VLP-supplemented vaccination of chickens was also examined. Importantly, supplementation with M2e5x VLPs induced significantly higher levels of antibodies specific for M2e and different viruses as well as provided improved protection against homologous and heterologous HPAI H5 viruses. Considering the limited efficacy of inactivated vaccines, supplement vaccination with M2e5x VLPs may be an effective measure for preventing outbreaks of HPAI viruses that have the ability to constantly change their antigenic properties in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Min Song
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Chan Jung
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Na Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 175 Anyangro, Anyangsi 430-757, Gyeonggido, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Lee DH, Fusaro A, Song CS, Suarez DL, Swayne DE. Poultry vaccination directed evolution of H9N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in Korea. Virology 2015; 488:225-31. [PMID: 26655240 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Significant economic losses in the poultry industries have resulted from H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus infections across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia. The present study investigated the evolutionary dynamics of H9N2 viruses circulating in Korea from 1996 to 2012. Our analysis of viral population dynamics revealed an increase in genetic diversity between the years 2003 and 2007, corresponding to the spread and diversification of H9N2 viruses into multiple genetic groups (named A and B), followed by a sudden decrease in 2007, which was associated with implementation of vaccination using a Clade A virus. Implementation of the H9N2 vaccination program in Korea has dramatically reduced the diversity of H9N2 virus, and only one sub-lineage of clade B has survived, expanded, and currently circulates in Korea. In addition, the antigenic drift of this new genetic group away from the current vaccine strain suggests the need to update the vaccine seed strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States
| | - David E Swayne
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, United States.
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29
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Genetic and molecular characterization of H9N2 and H5 avian influenza viruses from live poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, eastern China. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17508. [PMID: 26627108 PMCID: PMC4667249 DOI: 10.1038/srep17508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are a key source of reassorted avian influenza viruses (AIVs) because of the density of terrestrial and aquatic poultry and the frequency of AIV infection. H9N2 viruses are prevalent in terrestrial poultry throughout Asia and have been isolated from poultry outbreaks worldwide. They infect both avian and mammalian species and may be significant donors of genetic material to emerging human pathogens. LPMs in Zhejiang Province were surveyed from 2013–2014 for AIVs. Three hundred seventy-four (374) AIV strains were isolated from 3,328 samples. Whole–genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. We identified a novel H9N2 virus genotype that had undergone reassortment with gene segments from Qa/HK/G1/97–like, Ck/BJ/1/94–like, and Dk/HK/Y439/97–like viruses. Phylogenetic analyses suggested the H9N2 viruses had undergone reassortments with other AIV subtypes. The results also suggested that two different clades (2.3.2 and 2.3.4.6) of H5 viruses were co–circulating in Zhejiang Province. Given that reassorted H5 AIVs were detected in geese and ducks, it is possible that apparently healthy birds contribute to emerging H5 AIVs. Continued surveillance is required in poultry in eastern China.
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30
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Hervé PL, Lorin V, Jouvion G, Da Costa B, Escriou N. Addition of N-glycosylation sites on the globular head of the H5 hemagglutinin induces the escape of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses from vaccine-induced immunity. Virology 2015; 486:134-45. [PMID: 26433051 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses remain endemic in poultry in several countries and still constitute a pandemic threat. Since the early 20th century, we experienced four influenza A pandemics. H3N2 and H1N1pdm09 viruses that respectively emerged during 1968 and 2009 pandemics are still responsible for seasonal epidemics. These viruses evolve regularly by substitutions in antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin (HA), which prevent neutralization by antibodies directed against previous strains (antigenic drift). For seasonal H3N2 viruses, an addition of N-glycosylation sites (glycosites) on H3 contributed to this drift. Here, we questioned whether additional glycosites on H5 could induce an escape of H5N1 virus from neutralization, as it was observed for seasonal H3N2 viruses. Seven H5N1 mutants were produced by adding glycosites on H5. The most glycosylated virus escaped from neutralizing antibodies, in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, a single additional glycosite was responsible for this escape.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Louis Hervé
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, EA 302, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, EA 302, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'histopathologie Humaine et Modèles Animaux, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Da Costa
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Molecular Virology and Immunology unit (VIM), UR892, Domaine de Vilvert, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Escriou
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; CNRS UMR 3569, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, EA 302, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France.
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31
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Nguyen TH, Than VT, Thanh HD, Nguyen VQ, Nguyen KH, Nguyen DT, Park JH, Chung IS, Jeong DG, Chang KT, Oh TK, Kim W. The evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in south-central Vietnam reveals multiple clades evolving from Chinese and Cambodian viruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 42:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Fan X, Hu Y, Zhang G, Wang M. Veterinary influenza vaccines against avian influenza in China. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious viral illness that affects numerous species of birds, including chickens, ducks, turkeys and geese. Poultry vaccination plays an important role for control of the AI virus and effectively prevents the infection in domestic chickens. However, new, increasingly virulent strains are constantly emerging, for which no vaccines are available. Avian influenza is also responsible for sporadically infecting humans and causing a wide range of clinical outcomes. Here, we review the recent emergence of diverse strains of the AI virus and the use of veterinary vaccines for poultry in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology & Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology & Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology & Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology & Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction & Veterinary Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, No. 156 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100095, China
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CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Facilitate Delivery of Whole Inactivated H9N2 Influenza Virus via Transepithelial Dendrites of Dendritic Cells in Nasal Mucosa. J Virol 2015; 89:5904-18. [PMID: 25810544 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00296-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The spread of the low-pathogenicity avian H9N2 influenza virus has seriously increased the risk of a new influenza pandemic. Although whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccine via intranasal pathway is the effective method of blocking virus transmission, the mucosal barrier seems to be a major factor hampering its development. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, a known adjuvant, can target downstream dendritic cells (DCs) and effectively enhance the mucosal and systemic immune responses. However, the ability of CpGs to assist H9N2 WIV in transepithelial transport remains unknown. Here, in vitro and in vivo, we showed that CpGs provided assistance for H9N2 WIV in recruiting DCs to the nasal epithelial cells (ECs) and forming transepithelial dendrites (TEDs) to capture luminal viruses. CD103(+) DCs participated in this process. Chemokine CCL20 from nasal ECs played a key role in driving DC recruitment and TED formation. Virus-loaded DCs quickly migrated into the draining cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) for antigen presentation. In addition, the competence of CpGs was independent of direct epithelial transport via the transcellular or paracellular pathway. Taken together, our data demonstrated that CpGs enhanced the transport of H9N2 WIV via TEDs of nasal DCs, which might be a novel mechanism for optimal adaptive immune responses. IMPORTANCE This paper demonstrates by both an in vivo and an in vitro coculture model that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, known as an adjuvant generally targeting downstream immune responses, also are crucial for the transport of H9N2 WIV across nasal epithelial cells (ECs) via the uptake of transepithelial dendrites (TEDs). Our results prove for the first time to our knowledge that the immune-potentiating mechanism of CpGs is based on strengthening the transepithelial uptake of H9N2 WIV in nasal mucosa. These findings provide a fresh perspective for further improvement of intranasal influenza vaccines, which are urgently needed in the face of the potential threat of H9N2 influenza.
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Zhang X, Kong W, Wanda SY, Xin W, Alamuri P, Curtiss R. Generation of influenza virus from avian cells infected by Salmonella carrying the viral genome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119041. [PMID: 25742162 PMCID: PMC4351096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic poultry serve as intermediates for transmission of influenza A virus from the wild aquatic bird reservoir to humans, resulting in influenza outbreaks in poultry and potential epidemics/pandemics among human beings. To combat emerging avian influenza virus, an inexpensive, heat-stable, and orally administered influenza vaccine would be useful to vaccinate large commercial poultry flocks and even migratory birds. Our hypothesized vaccine is a recombinant attenuated bacterial strain able to mediate production of attenuated influenza virus in vivo to induce protective immunity against influenza. Here we report the feasibility and technical limitations toward such an ideal vaccine based on our exploratory study. Five 8-unit plasmids carrying a chloramphenicol resistance gene or free of an antibiotic resistance marker were constructed. Influenza virus was successfully generated in avian cells transfected by each of the plasmids. The Salmonella carrier was engineered to allow stable maintenance and conditional release of the 8-unit plasmid into the avian cells for recovery of influenza virus. Influenza A virus up to 10⁷ 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50)/ml were recovered from 11 out of 26 co-cultures of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells upon infection by the recombinant Salmonella carrying the 8-unit plasmid. Our data prove that a bacterial carrier can mediate generation of influenza virus by delivering its DNA cargoes into permissive host cells. Although we have made progress in developing this Salmonella influenza virus vaccine delivery system, further improvements are necessary to achieve efficient virus production, especially in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Zhang
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy/Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wei Kong
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Soo-Young Wanda
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Wei Xin
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Praveen Alamuri
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Roy Curtiss
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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Novel reassortant highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza viruses in poultry in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:64-7. [PMID: 25653129 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We characterized two novel highly pathogenic H5N6 influenza viruses isolated from Chinese poultry in 2013. Genomic analysis showed that both isolates were reassortants, and derived their genes from H5 and H6 subtype viruses found in poultry in China. The virulence of the two isolates was examined in chickens and mice, and both isolates were found to be highly pathogenic in chickens and only moderately virulent for mice. Our results show that continued circulation of these viruses could endanger both avian species and humans.
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Antibody titer has positive predictive value for vaccine protection against challenge with natural antigenic-drift variants of H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from Indonesia. J Virol 2015; 89:3746-62. [PMID: 25609805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00025-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vaccines are used in integrated control strategies to protect poultry against H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI). H5N1 HPAI was first reported in Indonesia in 2003, and vaccination was initiated in 2004, but reports of vaccine failures began to emerge in mid-2005. This study investigated the role of Indonesian licensed vaccines, specific vaccine seed strains, and emerging variant field viruses as causes of vaccine failures. Eleven of 14 licensed vaccines contained the manufacturer's listed vaccine seed strains, but 3 vaccines contained a seed strain different from that listed on the label. Vaccines containing A/turkey/Wisconsin/1968 (WI/68), A/chicken/Mexico/28159-232/1994 (Mex/94), and A/turkey/England/N28/1973 seed strains had high serological potency in chickens (geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition [HI] titers, ≥ 1:169), but vaccines containing strain A/chicken/Guangdong/1/1996 generated by reverse genetics (rg; rgGD/96), A/chicken/Legok/2003 (Legok/03), A/chicken/Vietnam/C57/2004 generated by rg (rgVN/04), or A/chicken/Legok/2003 generated by rg (rgLegok/03) had lower serological potency (geometric mean HI titers, ≤ 1:95). In challenge studies, chickens immunized with any of the H5 avian influenza vaccines were protected against A/chicken/West Java/SMI-HAMD/2006 (SMI-HAMD/06) and were partially protected against A/chicken/Papua/TA5/2006 (Papua/06) but were not protected against A/chicken/West Java/PWT-WIJ/2006 (PWT/06). Experimental inactivated vaccines made with PWT/06 HPAI virus or rg-generated PWT/06 low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus seed strains protected chickens from lethal challenge, as did a combination of a commercially available live fowl poxvirus vaccine expressing the H5 influenza virus gene and inactivated Legok/03 vaccine. These studies indicate that antigenic variants did emerge in Indonesia following widespread H5 avian influenza vaccine usage, and efficacious inactivated vaccines can be developed using antigenic variant wild-type viruses or rg-generated LPAI virus seed strains containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of wild-type viruses. IMPORTANCE H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus has become endemic in Indonesian poultry, and such poultry are the source of virus for birds and mammals, including humans. Vaccination has become a part of the poultry control strategy, but vaccine failures have occurred in the field. This study identified possible causes of vaccine failure, which included the use of an unlicensed virus seed strain and induction of low levels of protective antibody because of an insufficient quantity of vaccine antigen. However, the most important cause of vaccine failure was the appearance of drift variant field viruses that partially or completely overcame commercial vaccine-induced immunity. Furthermore, experimental vaccines using inactivated wild-type virus or reverse genetics-generated vaccines containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of wild-type drift variant field viruses were protective. These studies indicate the need for surveillance to identify drift variant viruses in the field and update licensed vaccines when such variants appear.
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Whole inactivated avian Influenza H9N2 viruses induce nasal submucosal dendritic cells to sample luminal viruses via transepithelial dendrites and trigger subsequent DC maturation. Vaccine 2015; 33:1382-92. [PMID: 25613720 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nasal mucosal barrier is a key impediment for the absorption of influenza whole inactivated virus (WIV) intranasal vaccine. Yet it is still unclear how WIV cross the epithelial cells (ECs) in nasal cavity. Here, in vitro, a coculture system was well established, consisting of surrogate nasal ECs (Calu-3) and dendritic cells (DCs). After adding H9N2 WIV on the apical side of ECs, we found that submucosal DCs extended their transepithelial dendrites (TEDs) and sampled luminal viruses. However, ECs were not involved in the transepithelial transport of viruses. Subsequently, the phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs were also enhanced, whereas they were attenuated after blocking of TED formation by anti-JAM1 antibody. In vivo, we confirmed that H9N2 WIV were capable of inducing nasal submucosal DCs to sample luminal viruses via TEDs in the nasal passage but not nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). CD103(+) and CD103(-) DC subsets participated in this process. Of note, chemokine CCL20, released from the H9N2 WIV-induced ECs, played a vital role in DC recruitment and TED formation. Taken together, our findings indicated that TEDs played a critical role in facilitating viral transport across the epithelial barrier, which may guide the design of novel nasal mucosal vaccine strategies.
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Wu H, Lu R, Wu X, Peng X, Xu L, Cheng L, Lu X, Jin C, Xie T, Yao H, Wu N. Isolation and characterization of a novel H10N2 avian influenza virus from a domestic duck in Eastern China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 29:1-5. [PMID: 25445651 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During the surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live poultry markets (LPMs) in Eastern China, in 2013, an H10N2 AIV was isolated from a domestic duck. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this strain received its genes from H10, H1 and H7 AIVs of wild birds in China. The virulence of this strain was examined in chickens and mice, and was found to be low pathogenic in chickens but demonstrated moderate pathogenicity in mice. These results suggest that active surveillance of AIVs in LPMs should be used in an early warning system for avian influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Rufeng Lu
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tiansheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hangping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
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Spackman E, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Practical aspects of vaccination of poultry against avian influenza virus. Vet J 2014; 202:408-15. [PMID: 25296849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although little has changed in vaccine technology for avian influenza virus (AIV) in the past 20 years, the approach to vaccination of poultry (chickens, turkeys and ducks) for avian influenza has evolved as highly pathogenic AIV has become endemic in several regions of the world. Vaccination for low pathogenicity AIV is also becoming routine in regions where there is a high level of field challenge. In contrast, some countries will not use vaccination at all and some will only use it on an emergency basis during eradication efforts (i.e. stamping-out). There are pros and cons to each approach and, since every outbreak situation is different, no one method will work equally well in all situations. Numerous practical aspects must be considered when developing an AIV control program with vaccination as a component, such as: (1) the goals of vaccination must be defined; (2) the population to be vaccinated must be clearly identified; (3) there must be a plan to obtain and administer good quality vaccine in a timely manner and to achieve adequate coverage with the available resources; (4) risk factors for vaccine failure should be mitigated as much as possible; and, most importantly, (5) biosecurity must be maintained as much as possible, if not enhanced, during the vaccination period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA.
| | - Mary J Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
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Spackman E, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Wan XF, Torchetti MK, Hassan M, Suarez DL, Sá e Silva M. Variation in protection of four divergent avian influenza virus vaccine seed strains against eight clade 2.2.1 and 2.2.1.1. Egyptian H5N1 high pathogenicity variants in poultry. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:654-62. [PMID: 25277652 PMCID: PMC4262281 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) was introduced to Egyptian poultry in 2006 and has since become enzootic. Vaccination has been utilized as a control tool combined with other control methods, but for a variety of reasons, the disease has not been eradicated. In 2007, an antigenically divergent hemagglutinin subclade, 2.2.1.1, emerged from the original clade 2.2.1 viruses. OBJECTIVES The objective was to evaluate four diverse AIV isolates for use as vaccines in chickens, including two commercial vaccines and two additional contemporary isolates, against challenge with numerous clade 2.2.1 and clade 2.2.1.1 H5N1 HPAIV Egyptian isolates to assess the variation in protection among different vaccine and challenge virus combinations. METHODS Vaccination-challenge studies with four vaccines and up to eight challenge strains with each vaccine for a total of 25 vaccination-challenge groups were conducted with chickens. An additional eight groups served as sham-vaccinated controls. Mortality, mean death time, morbidity, virus, and pre-challenge antibodies were evaluated as metrics of protection. Hemagglutination inhibition data were used to visualize the antigenic relatedness of the isolates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Although all but one vaccine-challenge virus combination significantly reduced shed and mortality as compared to sham vaccinates, there were differences in protection among the vaccines relative to one another based on challenge virus. This emphasizes the difficulty in vaccinating against diverse, evolving virus populations, and the importance of selecting optimal vaccine seed strains for successful HPAIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, USA
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Castellan DM, Hinrichs J, Fusheng G, Sawitri E, Dung DH, Martin V, McGrane J, Bandyopadhayay S, Inui K, Yamage M, Ahmed GM, Macfarlane L, Williams T, Dissanayake R, Akram M, Kalpravidh W, Gopinath CY, Morzaria S. Development and Application of a Vaccination Planning Tool for Avian Influenza. Avian Dis 2014; 58:437-52. [DOI: 10.1637/10827-032414-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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42
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Gu M, Zhao G, Zhao K, Zhong L, Huang J, Wan H, Wang X, Liu W, Liu H, Peng D, Liu X. Novel variants of clade 2.3.4 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:2021-4. [PMID: 24274396 PMCID: PMC3840869 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized 7 highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from poultry in China during 2009–2012 and found that they belong to clade 2.3.4 but do not fit within the 3 defined subclades. Antigenic drift in subtype H5N1 variants may reduce the efficacy of vaccines designed to control these viruses in poultry.
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Wu H, Peng X, Xu L, Jin C, Cheng L, Lu X, Xie T, Yao H, Wu N. Characterization of a novel highly pathogenic H5N2 avian influenza virus isolated from a duck in eastern China. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3377-83. [PMID: 25091744 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in live-poultry markets (LPMs) in eastern China in 2013, one H5N2 AIV was isolated from a duck. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin of this strain belongs to clade 2.3.4 and received its genes from H5, H3 and H6 AIVs of poultry in China. The virulence of this strain was examined in chickens and mice, and it was found to be highly pathogenic in chickens but demonstrated moderate pathogenicity in mice. These results suggest that active surveillance of AIVs in LPMs should be used in an early warning system for avian influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China,
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Guionie O, Niqueux E, Amelot M, Bougeard S, Jestin V. H5-based DNA constructs derived from selected highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus induce high levels of humoral antibodies in Muscovy ducks against low pathogenic viruses. Virol J 2014; 11:74. [PMID: 24762011 PMCID: PMC4029828 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H5 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infection in domestic ducks is a major problem in duck producing countries. Their silent circulation is an ongoing source of potential highly pathogenic or zoonotic emerging strains. To prevent such events, vaccination of domestic ducks might be attempted but remains challenging. Currently licensed vector vaccines derived from H5N1 HPAIV possess clade 0, clade 2.2 or clade 2.3.4 HA sequences: selection of the best HA candidate inducing the largest cross protection is a key issue. For this purpose, DNA immunization of specific pathogen free Muscovy ducks was performed using different synthetic codon optimized (opt) or native HA genes from H5N2 LPAIV and several H5N1 HPAIV clade 2.1, 2.2.1 and 2.3.4. Humoral cross-immunity was assessed 3 weeks after boost by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) against three French H5 LPAIV antigens. FINDINGS Vaccination with LP H5N2 HA induced the highest VN antibody titre against the homologous antigen; however, the corresponding HI titre was lower and comparable to HI titres obtained after immunization with opt HA derived from clades 2.3.4 or 2.1. Compared to the other HPAIV-derived constructs, vaccination with clade 2.3.4 opt HA consistently induced the highest antibody titres in HI and VN, when tested against all three H5 LPAIV antigens and H5N2 LPAIV, respectively: differences in titres against this last strain were statistically significant. CONCLUSION The present study provides a standardized method to assess cross-immunity based on HA immunogenicity alone, and suggests that clade 2.3.4-derived recombinant vaccines might be the optimal candidates for further challenge testing to vaccinate domestic Muscovy ducks against H5 LPAIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Niqueux
- Anses (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Ploufragan/Plouzané laboratory, Avian and Rabbit Virology Immunology and Parasitology Unit, B,P, 53, Ploufragan 22440, France.
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Sims LD. Intervention strategies to reduce the risk of zoonotic infection with avian influenza viruses: scientific basis, challenges and knowledge gaps. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 7 Suppl 2:15-25. [PMID: 24034479 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of measures has been recommended and used for the control and prevention of avian influenza. These measures are based on the assessment of local epidemiological situations, field observations and other scientific information. Other non-technical factors are (or in some cases should be) taken into account when developing and recommending control measures. The precise effects under field conditions of most individual interventions applied to control and prevent avian influenza have not been established or subjected to critical review, often because a number of measures are applied simultaneously without controls. In most cases, the combination of measures used results in control or elimination of the virus although there are some countries where this has not been the case. In others, especially those with low poultry density, it is not clear whether the link between the adoption of a set of measures and the subsequent control of the disease is causative. This article discusses the various measures recommended, with particular emphasis on stamping out and vaccination, examines how these measures assist in preventing zoonotic infections with avian influenza viruses and explores gaps in knowledge regarding their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie D Sims
- Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services, Montmorency, Vic., Australia
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46
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Avian influenza vaccines against H5N1 'bird flu'. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:147-56. [PMID: 24491922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have spread widely to more than 60 countries spanning three continents. To control the disease, vaccination of poultry is implemented in many of the affected countries, especially in those where H5N1 viruses have become enzootic in poultry and wild birds. Recently, considerable progress has been made toward the development of novel avian influenza (AI) vaccines, especially recombinant virus vector vaccines and DNA vaccines. Here, we will discuss the recent advances in vaccine development and use against H5N1 AIV in poultry. Understanding the properties of the available, novel vaccines will allow for the establishment of rational vaccination protocols, which in turn will help the effective control and prevention of H5N1 AI.
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47
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Swayne DE. The role of vaccines and vaccination in high pathogenicity avian influenza control and eradication. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:877-80. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Avian influenza vaccines for poultry are based on hemagglutinin proteins, and protection is specific to the vaccine subtype. Over 113 billion doses have been used between 2002 and 2010 for high pathogenicity avian influenza control. No universal vaccines are currently available. The majority of avian influenza vaccines are inactivated whole influenza viruses that are grown in embryonating eggs, inactivated, emulsified in oil adjuvant systems, and injected into chickens. Live virus-vectored vaccines such as recombinant viruses of fowl pox, Newcastle disease, herpesvirus of turkeys and duck enteritis containing inserts of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin genes have been used on a more limited basis. In studies to evaluate vaccine efficacy and potency, the protocol design and its implementation should address the biosafety level needed for the work, provide information required for approval by Institutional Biosafety and Animal Care Committees, contain information on seed strain selection, provide needed information on animal subjects and their relevant parameters, and address the selection and use of challenge viruses. Various metrics have been used to directly measure vaccine induced protection. These include prevention of death, clinical signs, and lesions; prevention of decreases in egg production and alterations in egg quality; quantification of the reduction in virus replication and shedding from the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tracts; and prevention of contact transmission in in vivo poultry experiments. In addition, indirect measures of vaccine potency and protection can be developed and validated against the direct measures and include serological assays in vaccinated poultry and assessment of the content of hemagglutinin antigen in the vaccine. These indirect assessments of protection are useful in determining if vaccine batches have a consistent ability to protect. For adequate potency, vaccines should contain 50 mean protective doses of antigen, which corresponds to 0.3-7.8 μg of hemagglutinin protein, depending on immunogenicity of individual seed strains.
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Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Suarez DL. Vaccination of domestic ducks against H5N1 HPAI: A review. Virus Res 2013; 178:21-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Swayne DE, Spackman E, Pantin-Jackwood M. Success factors for avian influenza vaccine use in poultry and potential impact at the wild bird-agricultural interface. ECOHEALTH 2013; 11:94-108. [PMID: 24026475 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-two epizootics of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) have been reported in poultry and other birds since 1959. The ongoing H5N1 HPAI epizootic that began in 1996 has also spilled over to infect wild birds. Traditional stamping-out programs in poultry have resulted in eradication of most HPAI epizootics. However, vaccination of poultry was added as a control tool in 1995 and has been used during five epizootics. Over 113 billion doses of AI vaccine have been used in poultry from 2002 to 2010 as oil-emulsified, inactivated whole AIV vaccines (95.5%) and live vectored vaccines (4.5%). Over 99% of the vaccine has been used in the four H5N1 HPAI enzootic countries: China including Hong Kong (91%), Egypt (4.7%), Indonesia (2.3%), and Vietnam (1.4%) where vaccination programs have been nationwide and routine to all poultry. Ten other countries used vaccine in poultry in a focused, risk-based manner but this accounted for less than 1% of the vaccine used. Most vaccine "failures" have resulted from problems in the vaccination process; i.e., failure to adequately administer the vaccine to at-risk poultry resulting in lack of population immunity, while fewer failures have resulted from antigenic drift of field viruses away from the vaccine viruses. It is currently not feasible to vaccinate wild birds against H5N1 HPAI, but naturally occurring infections with H5 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses may generate cross-protective immunity against H5N1 HPAI. The most feasible method to prevent and control H5N1 HPAI in wild birds is through control of the disease in poultry with use of vaccine to reduce environmental burden of H5N1 HPAIV, and eventual eradication of the virus in domestic poultry, especially in domestic ducks which are raised in enzootic countries on range or in other outdoor systems having contact with wild aquatic and periurban terrestrial birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA,
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