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Zetrini AE, Abbasi AZ, He C, Lip H, Alradwan I, Rauth AM, Henderson JT, Wu XY. Targeting DNA damage repair mechanism by using RAD50-silencing siRNA nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in triple negative breast cancer. Mater Today Bio 2024; 28:101206. [PMID: 39221201 PMCID: PMC11364914 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one of major therapeutic modalities in combating breast cancer. In RT, ionizing radiation is employed to induce DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) as a primary mechanism that causes cancer cell death. However, the induced DNA damage can also trigger the activation of DNA repair mechanisms, reducing the efficacy of RT treatment. Given the pivotal role of RAD50 protein in the radiation-responsive DNA repair pathways involving DSBs, we developed a novel polymer-lipid based nanoparticle formulation containing RAD50-silencing RNA (RAD50-siRNA-NPs) and evaluated its effect on the RAD50 downregulation as well as cellular and tumoral responses to ionizing radiation using human triple-negative breast cancer as a model. The RAD50-siRNA-NPs successfully preserved the activity of the siRNA, facilitated its internalization by cancer cells via endocytosis, and enabled its lysosomal escape. The nanoparticles significantly reduced RAD50 expression, whereas RT alone strongly increased RAD50 levels at 24 h. Pretreatment with RAD50-siRNA-NPs sensitized the cancer cells to RT with ∼2-fold higher level of initial DNA DSBs as determined by a γH2AX biomarker and a 2.5-fold lower radiation dose to achieve 50 % colony reduction. Intratumoral administration of RAD50-siRNA-NPs led to a remarkable 53 % knockdown in RAD50. The pretreatment with RAD50-siRNA-NPs followed by RT resulted in approximately a 2-fold increase in DNA DSBs, a 4.5-fold increase in cancer cell apoptosis, and 2.5-fold increase in tumor growth inhibition compared to RT alone. The results of this work demonstrate that RAD50 silencing by RAD50-siRNA-NPs can disrupt RT-induced DNA damage repair mechanisms, thereby significantly enhancing the radiation sensitivity of TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in orthotopic tumors as measured by colony forming and tumor regrowth assays, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmottaleb E. Zetrini
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Azhar Z. Abbasi
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chunsheng He
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - HoYin Lip
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Alradwan
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Rauth
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T. Henderson
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiao Yu Wu
- Advanced Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, M5S 3M2, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Gharib E, Robichaud GA. From Crypts to Cancer: A Holistic Perspective on Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9463. [PMID: 39273409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Recent progress in research highlights the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of colon versus rectal cancers, underscoring tumor location's importance in treatment approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CRC epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, and management strategies. We also present the intricate cellular architecture of colonic crypts and their roles in intestinal homeostasis. Colorectal carcinogenesis multistep processes are also described, covering the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence, alternative serrated pathways, and the influential Vogelstein model, which proposes sequential APC, KRAS, and TP53 alterations as drivers. The consensus molecular CRC subtypes (CMS1-CMS4) are examined, shedding light on disease heterogeneity and personalized therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharib
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
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3
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Sotomayor CG, González C, Soto M, Moreno-Bertero N, Opazo C, Ramos B, Espinoza G, Sanhueza Á, Cárdenas G, Yévenes S, Díaz-Jara J, de Grazia J, Manterola M, Castro D, Gajardo AAIJ, Rodrigo R. Ionizing Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress in Computed Tomography-Effect of Vitamin C on Prevention of DNA Damage: PREVIR-C Randomized Controlled Trial Study Protocol. J Clin Med 2024; 13:3866. [PMID: 38999430 PMCID: PMC11242585 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13133866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) is inevitable in various X-ray imaging examinations, with computed tomography (CT) being a major contributor to increased human radiation exposure. Ionizing radiation may cause structural damage to macromolecules, particularly DNA, mostly through an indirect pathway in diagnostic imaging. The indirect pathway primarily involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to water radiolysis induced by IR, leading to DNA damage, including double-strand breaks (DSB), which are highly cytotoxic. Antioxidants, substances that prevent oxidative damage, are proposed as potential radioprotective agents. This Study Protocol article presents the rationale for selecting vitamin C as a preventive measure against CT-associated IR-induced DNA damage, to be investigated in a randomized placebo-controlled trial, with a full in vivo design, using an oral easy-to-use schedule administration in the outpatient setting, for the single CT examination with the highest total global IR dose burden (contrast-enhanced abdomen and pelvis CT). The study also aims to explore the mediating role of oxidative stress, and it has been written in adherence to the Standard Protocol Items recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo G Sotomayor
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Camila González
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Miki Soto
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | - Claudina Opazo
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Baltasar Ramos
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Espinoza
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Álvaro Sanhueza
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Cárdenas
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Sebastián Yévenes
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Jorge Díaz-Jara
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - José de Grazia
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Marcia Manterola
- Human Genetics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniel Castro
- Radiology Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
| | - Abraham A I J Gajardo
- Intensive Care Unit, Medicine Department, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, University of Chile, Santiago 8380420, Chile
- Program of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramón Rodrigo
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
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4
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Qu H, Shi X, Xu Y, Qin H, Li J, Cai S, Zhao J, Wan B, Yang Y, Li B. Mechanism of Musashi2 affecting radiosensitivity of lung cancer by modulating DNA damage repair. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e548. [PMID: 38645664 PMCID: PMC11032739 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying new targets for overcoming radioresistance is crucial for improving the efficacy of lung cancer radiotherapy, given that tumor cell resistance is a leading cause of treatment failure. Recent research has spotlighted the significance of Musashi2 (MSI2) in cancer biology. In this study, we first demonstrated that MSI2 plays a key function in regulating the radiosensitivity of lung cancer. The expression of MSI2 is negatively correlated with overall survival in cancer patients, and the knockdown of MSI2 inhibits tumorigenesis and increases radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells. Cellular radiosensitivity, which is closely linked to DNA damage, is influenced by MSI2 interaction with ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) post-irradiation; moreover, knockdown of MSI2 inhibits the ATR-mediated DNA damage response pathway. RNA-binding motif protein 17 (RBM17), which is implicated in DNA damage repair, exhibits increased interaction with MSI2 post-irradiation. We found that knockdown of RBM17 disrupted the interaction between MSI2 and ATR post-irradiation and increased the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, we revealed the potential mechanism of MSI2 recruitment into the nucleus with the assistance of RBM17 to activate ATR to promote radioresistance. This study provides novel insights into the potential application of MSI2 as a new target in lung cancer radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Qu
- Department of Radiation MedicineFaculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiong Shi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and RegenerationTongji Research Institute of StomatologyDepartment of Radiology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School, Tongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Radiation MedicineFaculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongran Qin
- Department of Nuclear RadiationShanghai Pulmonary HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Junshi Li
- Department of Radiation MedicineFaculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shanlin Cai
- Department of Radiation MedicineFaculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jianpeng Zhao
- Department of Radiation MedicineFaculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bingbing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education)Shanghai Center for Systems BiomedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation MedicineFaculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bailong Li
- Department of Radiation MedicineFaculty of Naval MedicineNaval Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
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5
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Hu S, Jiang C, Jin Q. Discovery of pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6(5H)-one derivatives as checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitors with potent antitumor efficacy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116351. [PMID: 38547734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) plays a crucial role in the DNA damage response pathway, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. Herein, we present the synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of selective CHK1 inhibitors with a pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6(5H)-one scaffold. Among them, compound 11 showed single-digit nanomolar potency against CHK1 (IC50: 0.55 nM) with good kinase selectivity. Notably, 11 showed anti-proliferative effect in MV-4-11 cells singly (IC50 = 202 nM) and a synergistic effect in combination with gemcitabine in HT-29 cells (IC50 = 63.53 nM). Furthermore, the combination of 11 and gemcitabine exhibited synergistic effect in the HT-29 xenograft mouse model. Overall, this work provides a strong foundation for the development of selective CHK1 inhibitors and the therapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihe Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; SkyRun Pharma Co., Ltd., No. 9 Weidi Road, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Cuihua Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaomei Jin
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China; Laboratories of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, China.
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6
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Hewala TIM, El-Benhawy SA, Elwany YN, Elmasry H, Elrhawy A. Effect of Radiotherapy on Activating the Pyroptotic Cell Death Pathway in Breast Cancer Patients: The Role of Serum GSDMD-CT, NLRP3 and IL-18. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024; 25:447-452. [PMID: 38415529 PMCID: PMC11077100 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.2.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common form of cancer among women and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Several malignancies can be successfully treated with radiation (RT), although radioresistance is still a major contributor to radiotherapy failure. Ionizing radiation (IR) induces pyroptosis in cancer cells. Pyroptosis is a designed method of death connected to routine immunity and directly related to the body ROS content. Objective for the study: The aim of this work was to investigate the role of serum GSDMD-CT, nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing family pyrin 3 (NLRP3) and IL-18 as predictors of pyroptotic cell death mechanism induced by radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The 70 female participants in this study were divided into two groups: Group (I): 40 breast cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Group (II): a control group of 30 healthy volunteers with similar ages and sex. Patients with breast cancer received radiation, with a dose of 44 Gray administered over the course of 16 days in five daily fractions of 2.75 Gray each. Two blood samples were taken from breast cancer patients: one before radiotherapy and the other after radiotherapy. While one blood sample was taken from healthy controls. The levels of the circulating pyroptosis biomarkers IL-18, NLRP3, and GSDMD-CT were measured using the ELISA method. RESULTS Our results showed that, there was a significant increase in serum pyroptosis markers GSDMD-CT, NLRP3 and IL-18 in BC Patients after RT when compared to before radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Radiotherapy induced pyroptosis in breast cancer patients as a new cell death mechanism. GSDMD-CT, NLRP3 and IL-18 are biomarkers of pyroptosis that significantly increased post irradiation highlighting enhanced ROS and pyroptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha I. Mahmoud Hewala
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Sanaa A. El-Benhawy
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Yasmine Nagy Elwany
- Cancer Management and Research Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hossam Elmasry
- Medical Laboratory Specialist, Baheya Foundationfor Earlydetection& Treatment of Breast Cancer, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Ayman Elrhawy
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Misr University for Science and technology, Giza, Egypt.
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7
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Koike M, Yamashita H, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Molecular cloning, subcellular localization, and rapid recruitment to DNA damage sites of chicken Ku70. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1188. [PMID: 38216643 PMCID: PMC10786929 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ku70 is a multifunctional protein with pivotal roles in DNA repair via non-homologous end-joining, V(D)J recombination, telomere maintenance, and neuronal apoptosis control. Nonetheless, its regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Chicken Ku70 (GdKu70) cDNA has been previously cloned, and DT40 cells expressing it have significantly contributed to critical biological discoveries. GdKu70 features an additional 18 amino acids at its N-terminus compared to mammalian Ku70, the biological significance of which remains uncertain. Here, we show that the 5' flanking sequence of GdKu70 cDNA is not nearly encoded in the chicken genome. Notably, these 18 amino acids result from fusion events involving the NFE2L1 gene on chromosome 27 and the Ku70 gene on chromosome 1. Through experiments using newly cloned chicken Ku70 cDNA and specific antibodies, we demonstrated that Ku70 localizes within the cell nucleus as a heterodimer with Ku80 and promptly accumulates at DNA damage sites following injury. This suggests that the functions and spatiotemporal regulatory mechanisms of Ku70 in chickens closely resemble those in mammals. The insights and resources acquired will contribute to elucidate the various mechanisms by which Ku functions. Meanwhile, caution is advised when interpreting the previous numerous key studies that relied on GdKu70 cDNA and its expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
- Life Science Course, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
| | - Hideji Yamashita
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Tokai University, 9-1-1 Toroku, Higashi-ku, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yutoku
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Aki Koike
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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8
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Malatesta P, Kyriakidis K, Hada M, Ikeda H, Takahashi A, Saganti PB, Georgakilas AG, Michalopoulos I. Differential Gene Expression in Human Fibroblasts Simultaneously Exposed to Ionizing Radiation and Simulated Microgravity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:88. [PMID: 38254688 PMCID: PMC10812944 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During future space missions, astronauts will be exposed to cosmic radiation and microgravity (μG), which are known to be health risk factors. To examine the differentially expressed genes (DEG) and their prevalent biological processes and pathways as a response to these two risk factors simultaneously, 1BR-hTERT human fibroblast cells were cultured under 1 gravity (1G) or simulated μG for 48 h in total and collected at 0 (sham irradiated), 3 or 24 h after 1 Gy of X-ray or Carbon-ion (C-ion) irradiation. A three-dimensional clinostat was used for the simulation of μG and the simultaneous radiation exposure of the samples. The RNA-seq method was used to produce lists of differentially expressed genes between different environmental conditions. Over-representation analyses were performed and the enriched biological pathways and targeting transcription factors were identified. Comparing sham-irradiated cells under simulated μG and 1G conditions, terms related to response to oxygen levels and muscle contraction were identified. After irradiation with X-rays or C-ions under 1G, identified DEGs were found to be involved in DNA damage repair, signal transduction by p53 class mediator, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis pathways. The same enriched pathways emerged when cells were irradiated under simulated μG condition. Nevertheless, the combined effect attenuated the transcriptional response to irradiation which may pose a subtle risk in space flights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Malatesta
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.M.); (K.K.)
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kyriakidis
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.M.); (K.K.)
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Megumi Hada
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.H.); (P.B.S.)
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan;
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
| | - Premkumar B. Saganti
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA; (M.H.); (P.B.S.)
| | - Alexandros G. Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michalopoulos
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.M.); (K.K.)
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9
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González-Arzola K, Díaz-Quintana A. Mitochondrial Factors in the Cell Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13656. [PMID: 37686461 PMCID: PMC10563088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of eukaryotic organisms involved the integration of mitochondria into the ancestor cell, with a massive gene transfer from the original proteobacterium to the host nucleus. Thus, mitochondrial performance relies on a mosaic of nuclear gene products from a variety of genomes. The concerted regulation of their synthesis is necessary for metabolic housekeeping and stress response. This governance involves crosstalk between mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and nuclear factors. While anterograde and retrograde regulation preserve mitochondrial homeostasis, the mitochondria can modulate a wide set of nuclear genes in response to an extensive variety of conditions, whose response mechanisms often merge. In this review, we summarise how mitochondrial metabolites and proteins-encoded either in the nucleus or in the organelle-target the cell nucleus and exert different actions modulating gene expression and the chromatin state, or even causing DNA fragmentation in response to common stress conditions, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, unfolded protein stress, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González-Arzola
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa—CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Sevilla—Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas—cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla—C.S.I.C, 41092 Seville, Spain
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10
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Kang T, Moore EC, Kopania EEK, King CD, Schilling B, Campisi J, Good JM, Brem RB. A natural variation-based screen in mouse cells reveals USF2 as a regulator of the DNA damage response and cellular senescence. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkad091. [PMID: 37097016 PMCID: PMC10320765 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a program of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis resistance, and cytokine release induced by stress exposure in metazoan cells. Landmark studies in laboratory mice have characterized a number of master senescence regulators, including p16INK4a, p21, NF-κB, p53, and C/EBPβ. To discover other molecular players in senescence, we developed a screening approach to harness the evolutionary divergence between mouse species. We found that primary cells from the Mediterranean mouse Mus spretus, when treated with DNA damage to induce senescence, produced less cytokine and had less-active lysosomes than cells from laboratory Mus musculus. We used allele-specific expression profiling to catalog senescence-dependent cis-regulatory variation between the species at thousands of genes. We then tested for correlation between these expression changes and interspecies sequence variants in the binding sites of transcription factors. Among the emergent candidate senescence regulators, we chose a little-studied cell cycle factor, upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2), for molecular validation. In acute irradiation experiments, cells lacking USF2 had compromised DNA damage repair and response. Longer-term senescent cultures without USF2 mounted an exaggerated senescence regulatory program-shutting down cell cycle and DNA repair pathways, and turning up cytokine expression, more avidly than wild-type. We interpret these findings under a model of pro-repair, anti-senescence regulatory function by USF2. Our study affords new insights into the mechanisms by which cells commit to senescence, and serves as a validated proof of concept for natural variation-based regulator screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taekyu Kang
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Emily C Moore
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Emily E K Kopania
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | | | | | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Good
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Rachel B Brem
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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11
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Peng X, Pan W, Jiang F, Chen W, Qi Z, Peng W, Chen J. Selective PARP1 Inhibitors, PARP1-based Dual-Target Inhibitors, PROTAC PARP1 Degraders, and Prodrugs of PARP1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy. Pharmacol Res 2022; 186:106529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Patin EC, Dillon MT, Nenclares P, Grove L, Soliman H, Leslie I, Northcote D, Bozhanova G, Crespo-Rodriguez E, Baldock H, Whittock H, Baker G, Kyula J, Guevara J, Melcher AA, Harper J, Ghadially H, Smith S, Pedersen M, McLaughlin M, Harrington KJ. Harnessing radiotherapy-induced NK-cell activity by combining DNA damage-response inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004306. [PMID: 35314434 PMCID: PMC8938703 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-004306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite therapeutic gains from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in many tumor types, new strategies are needed to extend treatment benefits, especially in patients failing to mount effective antitumor T-cell responses. Radiation and drug therapies can profoundly affect the tumor immune microenvironment. Here, we aimed to identify immunotherapies to increase the antitumor response conferred by combined ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related kinase inhibition and radiotherapy. METHODS Using the human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative murine oral squamous cell carcinoma model, MOC2, we assessed the nature of the antitumor response following ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related inhibitor (ATRi)/radiotherapy (RT) by performing RNA sequencing and detailed flow cytometry analyses in tumors. The benefit of immunotherapies based on T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) and Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade following ATRi/RT treatment was assessed in the MOC2 model and confirmed in another HPV-negative murine oral squamous cell carcinoma model called SCC7. Finally, immune profiling was performed by flow cytometry on blood samples in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma enrolled in the PATRIOT clinical trial of combined ATRi/RT. RESULTS ATRi enhances radiotherapy-induced inflammation in the tumor microenvironment, with natural killer (NK) cells playing a central role in maximizing treatment efficacy. We demonstrated that antitumor activity of NK cells can be further boosted with ICI targeting TIGIT and PD-1. Analyses of clinical samples from patients receiving ATRi (ceralasertib) confirm the translational potential of our preclinical studies. CONCLUSION This work delineates a previously unrecognized role for NK cells in the antitumor immune response to radiotherapy that can be augmented by small-molecule DNA damage-response inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Magnus T Dillon
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Pablo Nenclares
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lorna Grove
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Heba Soliman
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Isla Leslie
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Davina Northcote
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Galabina Bozhanova
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Eva Crespo-Rodriguez
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Holly Baldock
- Biological Services Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Harriet Whittock
- Biological Services Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gabriella Baker
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Jeane Guevara
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Simon Smith
- Early Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Martin McLaughlin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
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13
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Recent advances in DDR (DNA damage response) inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Koike M, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Feline XRCC4 undergoes rapid Ku-dependent recruitment to DNA damage sites. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:798-810. [PMID: 35000298 PMCID: PMC8972062 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation and chemotherapy resistance remain some of the greatest challenges in human and veterinary cancer therapies. XRCC4, an essential molecule for nonhomologous end joining repair, is a promising target for radiosensitizers. Genetic variants and mutations of XRCC4 contribute to cancer susceptibility, and XRCC4 is also the causative gene of microcephalic primordial dwarfism (MPD) in humans. The development of clinically effective molecular‐targeted drugs requires accurate understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of XRCC4. In this study, we cloned and sequenced the cDNA of feline XRCC4. Comparative analysis indicated that sequences and post‐translational modification sites that are predicted to be involved in regulating the localization of human XRCC4, including the nuclear localization signal, are mostly conserved in feline XRCC4. All examined target amino acids responsible for human MPD are completely conserved in feline XRCC4. Furthermore, we found that the localization of feline XRCC4 dynamically changes during the cell cycle. Soon after irradiation, feline XRCC4 accumulated at laser‐induced DNA double‐strand break (DSB) sites in both the interphase and mitotic phase, and this accumulation was dependent on the presence of Ku. Additionally, XRCC4 superfamily proteins XLF and PAXX accumulated at the DSB sites. Collectively, these findings suggest that mechanisms regulating the spatiotemporal localization of XRCC4 are crucial for XRCC4 function in humans and cats. Our findings contribute to elucidating the functions of XRCC4 and the role of abnormal XRCC4 in diseases, including cancers and MPD, and may help in developing XRCC4‐targeted drugs, such as radiosensitizers, for humans and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.,Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, Saitama, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yutoku
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Aki Koike
- Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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15
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Aranza-Martínez A, Sánchez-Pérez J, Brito-Elias L, López-Camarillo C, Cantú de León D, Pérez-Plasencia C, López-Urrutia E. Non-Coding RNAs Associated With Radioresistance in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:752270. [PMID: 34804940 PMCID: PMC8599982 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.752270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance that Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, develops against radiotherapy is a complex phenomenon involving several regulators of cell metabolism and gene expression; understanding it is the only way to overcome it. We focused this review on the contribution of the two leading classes of regulatory non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), against ionizing radiation-based therapies. We found that these regulatory RNAs are mainly associated with DNA damage response, cell death, and cell cycle regulation, although they regulate other processes like cell signaling and metabolism. Several regulatory RNAs regulate multiple pathways simultaneously, such as miR-139-5p, the miR-15 family, and the lncRNA HOTAIR. On the other hand, proteins such as CHK1 and WEE1 are targeted by several regulatory RNAs simultaneously. Interestingly, the study of miRNA/lncRNA/mRNA regulation axes increases, opening new avenues for understanding radioresistance. Many of the miRNAs and lncRNAs that we reviewed here can be used as molecular markers or targeted by upcoming therapeutic options, undoubtedly contributing to a better prognosis for TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aranza-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Julio Sánchez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Luis Brito-Elias
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Cantú de León
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Pérez-Plasencia
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo López-Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Mexico
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16
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Sonis ST. A hypothesis for the pathogenesis of radiation-induced oral mucositis: when biological challenges exceed physiologic protective mechanisms. Implications for pharmacological prevention and treatment. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:4939-4947. [PMID: 33712912 PMCID: PMC8295245 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06108-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucositis (OM) remains a significant unmet need for patients being treated with standard concomitant chemoradiation (CRT) regimens for head and neck cancers (HNC). OM's pathogenesis is complex and includes both direct and indirect damage pathways. In this paper, the field is reviewed with emphasis on the initiating and sustaining role of oxidative stress on OM's pathobiology. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that based on OM's clinical and biological trajectory, mucosal damage is largely the consequence of cumulative CRT-induced biological changes overwhelming physiologic self-protective mechanisms. Furthermore, an individual's ability to mount and maintain a protective response is dependent on interacting pathways which are primarily determined by a multiplex consisting of genomics, epigenomics, and microbiomics. Effective biologic or pharmacologic OM interventions are likely to supplement or stimulate existing physiologic damage-control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Sonis
- Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Biomodels, LLC, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Oral Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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17
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Port M, Hérodin F, Drouet M, Valente M, Majewski M, Ostheim P, Lamkowski A, Schüle S, Forcheron F, Tichy A, Sirak I, Malkova A, Becker BV, Veit DA, Waldeck S, Badie C, O'Brien G, Christiansen H, Wichmann J, Beutel G, Davidkova M, Doucha-Senf S, Abend M. Gene Expression Changes in Irradiated Baboons: A Summary and Interpretation of a Decade of Findings. Radiat Res 2021; 195:501-521. [PMID: 33788952 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00217.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich Germany
| | - F Hérodin
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - M Drouet
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - M Valente
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - M Majewski
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich Germany
| | - P Ostheim
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich Germany
| | - A Lamkowski
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich Germany
| | - S Schüle
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich Germany
| | - F Forcheron
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - A Tichy
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - I Sirak
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital, Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - A Malkova
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - B V Becker
- Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - D A Veit
- Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - S Waldeck
- Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Koblenz, Germany
| | - C Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health of England, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - G O'Brien
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health of England, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - H Christiansen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Wichmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Beutel
- Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Davidkova
- Department of Radiation Dosimetry, Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - S Doucha-Senf
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich Germany
| | - M Abend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, Munich Germany
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18
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Macedo-Silva C, Benedetti R, Ciardiello F, Cappabianca S, Jerónimo C, Altucci L. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer radioresistance. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:125. [PMID: 34103085 PMCID: PMC8186094 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the mainstay treatments for prostate cancer (PCa), a highly prevalent neoplasm among males worldwide. About 30% of newly diagnosed PCa patients receive RT with a curative intent. However, biochemical relapse occurs in 20–40% of advanced PCa treated with RT either alone or in combination with adjuvant-hormonal therapy. Epigenetic alterations, frequently associated with molecular variations in PCa, contribute to the acquisition of a radioresistant phenotype. Increased DNA damage repair and cell cycle deregulation decreases radio-response in PCa patients. Moreover, the interplay between epigenome and cell growth pathways is extensively described in published literature. Importantly, as the clinical pattern of PCa ranges from an indolent tumor to an aggressive disease, discovering specific targetable epigenetic molecules able to overcome and predict PCa radioresistance is urgently needed. Currently, histone-deacetylase and DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors are the most studied classes of chromatin-modifying drugs (so-called ‘epidrugs’) within cancer radiosensitization context. Nonetheless, the lack of reliable validation trials is a foremost drawback. This review summarizes the major epigenetically induced changes in radioresistant-like PCa cells and describes recently reported targeted epigenetic therapies in pre-clinical and clinical settings. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Macedo-Silva
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy.,Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center at Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, F Bdg, 1st Floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosaria Benedetti
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cappabianca
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center at Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, F Bdg, 1st Floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology at School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy.
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19
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MRE11 as a molecular signature and therapeutic target for cancer treatment with radiotherapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 514:1-11. [PMID: 34022282 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MRE11, the core of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, is one of key DNA damage response proteins. Increasing evidence suggests that its expression in cancer cells is critical to developing radioresistance; as such, MRE11 is an emerging marker for targeted radiosensitization strategies. Elevated MRE11 in tumor tissues has been associated with poor survival in patients undergoing radiotherapy, although in some cancer types, the opposite has been noted. The recent discovery of ionizing radiation-induced truncation of MRE11, which decreases its efficacy, may explain some of these paradoxical findings. The progress of research on the biological modulation of MRE11 expression is also discussed, with the potential application of small molecule or large molecule inhibitors of MRE11 for enhancing radiosensitivity. Current research has further highlighted both nuclease and non-nuclease activities of MRE11 in cancer cells treated with ionizing radiation, and differentiation between these is essential to verify the targeting effects of radiosensitizing agents. These updates clarify our understanding of how MRE11 expression may be utilized in future stratification of cancer patients for radiotherapy, and how it may be leveraged in shaping novel radiosensitization strategies.
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20
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Koike M, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Inhibition of Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney cell proliferation by X-ray-induced senescence. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:798-804. [PMID: 33731502 PMCID: PMC8182323 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistance and radiotoxicity have been reported following cancer treatments in felines. Optimizing radiation doses to induce cytotoxic effects to only cancer cells and not normal cells is critical in achieving effective radiation therapy; however, the mechanisms of radiation resistance, radiotoxicity, and DNA damage response (DDR) in feline cells have not yet been elucidated. A DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most toxic type of DNA damage induced by X-rays and heavy ion beams used in treating cancers. Crandell-Rees Feline Kidney (CRFK) cells is one of the most widely used cat cells in life science research. Here, we report that DSB-triggered senescence induced by X-rays is important in inhibiting the proliferation of CRFK cells. We demonstrated through cell proliferation assay that X-rays at doses 2 Gy and 10 Gy are toxic to CRFK cells that irradiating CRFK cells inhibits their proliferation. In X-irradiated CRFK cells, a dose-dependent increase in DSB-triggered senescence was detected according to morphological changes and using senescence-associated β galactosidase staining assay. Moreover, our data indicated that in CRFK cells, the major DDR pathway, which involves the phosphorylation of H2AX at Ser139, was normally activated by ATM kinases. Our findings are useful in the understanding of X-rays-induced cellular senescence and in elucidating biological effects of radiation, e.g., toxicity, in feline cells. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the CRFK cell line is an excellent matrix for elucidating radioresistance and radiotoxicity in cat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.,Department of Regulatory Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yutoku
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Aki Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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21
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Ramkumar K, Stewart CA, Cargill KR, Corte CMD, Wang Q, Shen L, Diao L, Cardnell RJ, Peng DH, Rodriguez BL, Fan YH, Heymach JV, Wang J, Gay CM, Gibbons DL, Byers LA. AXL Inhibition Induces DNA Damage and Replication Stress in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells and Promotes Sensitivity to ATR Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:485-497. [PMID: 33172976 PMCID: PMC7925356 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AXL, a TAM (TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK) family receptor tyrosine kinase, is increasingly being recognized as a key determinant of resistance to targeted therapies, as well as chemotherapy and radiation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and other cancers. We further show here that high levels of AXL and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition were frequently expressed in subsets of both treatment-naïve and treatment-relapsed NSCLC. Previously, we and others have demonstrated a role for AXL in mediating DNA damage response (DDR), as well as resistance to inhibition of WEE1, a replication stress response kinase. Here, we show that BGB324 (bemcentinib), a selective small-molecule AXL inhibitor, caused DNA damage and induced replication stress, indicated by ATR/CHK1 phosphorylation, more significantly in TP53-deficient NSCLC cell lines. Similar effects were also observed in large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) cell lines. High AXL protein levels were also associated with resistance to ATR inhibition. Combined inhibition of AXL and ATR significantly decreased cell proliferation of NSCLC and LCNEC cell lines. Mechanistically, combined inhibition of AXL and ATR significantly increased RPA32 hyperphosphorylation and DNA double-strand breaks and induced markers of mitotic catastrophe. Notably, NSCLC cell lines with low levels of SLFN11, a known predictive biomarker for platinum and PARP inhibitor sensitivity, were more sensitive to AXL/ATR cotargeting. These findings demonstrate a novel and unexpected role for AXL in replication stress tolerance, with potential therapeutic implications. IMPLICATIONS: These findings demonstrate that the combination of AXL and ATR inhibitors could be a promising therapeutic combination for NSCLC, LCNEC, and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Ramkumar
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - C. Allison Stewart
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kasey R. Cargill
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carminia M. Della Corte
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Current affiliation: University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Qi Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lixia Diao
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert J. Cardnell
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David H. Peng
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Current affiliation: Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - B. Leticia Rodriguez
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - You-Hong Fan
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John V. Heymach
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Carl M. Gay
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Don L. Gibbons
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren A. Byers
- Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Corresponding author: Lauren A. Byers, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 432, Houston, Texas, 77030. Phone: (713) 745-2982; Fax: (713) 792-1220;
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Nickoloff JA, Taylor L, Sharma N, Kato TA. Exploiting DNA repair pathways for tumor sensitization, mitigation of resistance, and normal tissue protection in radiotherapy. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:244-263. [PMID: 34337349 PMCID: PMC8323830 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy, which kills tumor cells by directly and indirectly inducing DNA damage, including cytotoxic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Tumor cells respond to these threats by activating a complex signaling network termed the DNA damage response (DDR). The DDR arrests the cell cycle, upregulates DNA repair, and triggers apoptosis when damage is excessive. The DDR signaling and DNA repair pathways are fertile terrain for therapeutic intervention. This review highlights strategies to improve therapeutic gain by targeting DDR and DNA repair pathways to radiosensitize tumor cells, overcome intrinsic and acquired tumor radioresistance, and protect normal tissue. Many biological and environmental factors determine tumor and normal cell responses to ionizing radiation and genotoxic chemotherapeutics. These include cell type and cell cycle phase distribution; tissue/tumor microenvironment and oxygen levels; DNA damage load and quality; DNA repair capacity; and susceptibility to apoptosis or other active or passive cell death pathways. We provide an overview of radiobiological parameters associated with X-ray, proton, and carbon ion radiotherapy; DNA repair and DNA damage signaling pathways; and other factors that regulate tumor and normal cell responses to radiation. We then focus on recent studies exploiting DSB repair pathways to enhance radiotherapy therapeutic gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
- Correspondence Address: Dr. Jac A. Nickoloff, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus Delivery, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1681, USA. E-mail:
| | - Lynn Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Takamitsu A. Kato
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO 80523, USA
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23
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Feijtel D, Doeswijk GN, Verkaik NS, Haeck JC, Chicco D, Angotti C, Konijnenberg MW, de Jong M, Nonnekens J. Inter and intra-tumor somatostatin receptor 2 heterogeneity influences peptide receptor radionuclide therapy response. Theranostics 2021; 11:491-505. [PMID: 33391488 PMCID: PMC7738856 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) can be treated with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). Here, the somatostatin analogue octreotate radiolabeled with lutetium-177 is targeted to NET cells by binding to the somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SST2). During radioactive decay, DNA damage is induced, leading to NET cell death. Although the therapy proves to be effective, mortality rates remain high. To appropriately select more optimal treatment strategies, it is essential to first better understand the radiobiological responses of tumor cells to PRRT. Methods: We analyzed PRRT induced radiobiological responses in SST2 expressing cells and xenografted mice using SPECT/MRI scanning and histological and molecular analyses. We measured [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE uptake and performed analyses to visualize induction of DNA damage, cell death and other cellular characteristics. Results: The highest accumulation of radioactivity was measured in the tumor and kidneys. PRRT induced DNA damage signaling and repair in a time-dependent manner. We observed intra-tumor heterogeneity of DNA damage and apoptosis, which was not attributed to proliferation or bioavailability. We found a strong correlation between high DNA damage levels and high SST2 expression. PRRT elicited a different therapeutic response between models with different SST2 expression levels. Heterogeneous SST2 expression levels were also confirmed in patient NETs. Conclusion: Heterogeneous SST2 expression levels within NETs cause differentially induced DNA damage levels, influence recurrent tumor phenotypes and impact the therapeutic response in different models and potentially in patients. Our results contribute to a better understanding of PRRT effects, which might impact future therapeutic outcome of NET patients.
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Ebahimzadeh K, Shoorei H, Mousavinejad SA, Anamag FT, Dinger ME, Taheri M, Ghafouri-Fard S. Emerging role of non-coding RNAs in response of cancer cells to radiotherapy. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 218:153327. [PMID: 33422780 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an effective method for treatment of a large proportion of human cancers. Yet, the efficacy of this method is precluded by the induction of radioresistance in tumor cells and the radiation-associated injury of normal cells surrounding the field of radiation. These restrictions necessitate the introduction of modalities for either radiosensitization of cancer cells or protection of normal cells against adverse effects of radiation. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have essential roles in the determination of radiosensitivity. Moreover, ncRNAs can modulate radiation-induced side effects in normal cells. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-620, miR-21 and miR-96-5p confer radioresistance, while other miRNAs including miR-340/ 429 confer radiosensitivity. The expression levels of a number of miRNAs are associated with radiation-induced complications such as lung fibrosis or oral mucositis. The expression patterns of several long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) such as MALAT1, LINC00630, HOTAIR, UCA1 and TINCR are associated with response to radiotherapy. Taken together, lncRNAs and miRNAs contribute both in modulation of response of cancer cells to radiotherapy and in protection of normal cells from the associated side effects. The current review provides an overview of the roles of these transcripts in these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Ebahimzadeh
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shoorei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Seyed Ali Mousavinejad
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Marcel E Dinger
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Mithramycin A Radiosensitizes EWS:Fli1 + Ewing Sarcoma Cells by Inhibiting Double Strand Break Repair. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 109:1454-1471. [PMID: 33373655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The oncogenic EWS:Fli1 fusion protein is a key transcriptional mediator of Ewing sarcoma initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance. Mithramycin A (MithA) is a potent and specific inhibitor of transcription mediated by the EWS:Fli1. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment with MithA could selectively radiosensitize EWS:Fli1+ tumor cells by altering the transcriptional response to radiation injury. METHODS AND MATERIALS A panel of 4 EWS:Fli1+ and 3 EWS:Fli1- Ewing sarcoma cell lines and 1 nontumor cell line were subjected to MithA dose-response viability assays to determine the relative potency of MithA in cells possessing or lacking the EWS:Fli1 fusion. Radiosensitization by MithA was evaluated by clonogenic survival assays in vitro and in a murine xenograft model. DNA damage was evaluated by comet assay and γ-H2Ax flow cytometry. Immunoblotting, flow cytometry, and reverse-transcription, polymerase chain reaction were used to evaluate DNA damage-induced signaling and repair processes and apoptosis. RESULTS We found that MithA alone could potently and selectively inhibit the growth of EWS:Fli1+ tumor cells, but not cells lacking this fusion. Pretreatment with MithA for 24 hours before irradiation significantly reduced clonogenic survival in vitro and delayed tumor regrowth in vivo, prolonging survival of EWS:Fli1+ tumor-bearing mice. Although MithA did not increase the level of DNA double-strand breaks, mechanistic studies revealed that MithA pretreatment selectively inhibited DNA double-strand break repair through downregulation of EWS:Fli1-mediated transcription, leading to tumor cell death by apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that MithA is an effective radiosensitizer of EWS:Fli1+ tumors and may achieve better local control at lower doses of radiation.
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26
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Ristic-Fira AM, Keta OD, Petković VD, Cammarata FP, Petringa G, Cirrone PG, Cuttone G, Incerti S, Petrović IM. DNA damage assessment of human breast and lung carcinoma cells irradiated with protons and carbon ions. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16878507.2020.1825035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Otilija D. Keta
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladana D. Petković
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Francesco P. Cammarata
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali Del Sud, Catania, Italy
- CNR-IBFM, UOS, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Giada Petringa
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali Del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - Pablo G.A. Cirrone
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali Del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cuttone
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali Del Sud, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ivan M. Petrović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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Johari B, Rahmati M, Nasehi L, Mortazavi Y, Faghfoori MH, Rezaeejam H. Evaluation of STAT3 decoy oligodeoxynucleotides' synergistic effects on radiation and/or chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer cell line. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2499-2511. [PMID: 32841450 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy has been a major problem of conventional cancer therapies, which consequently leads to cancer relapse and cancer-related death. It is known that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in therapy resistance and CSC-based targeted therapies have been considered as a powerful tool for cancer treatment. In the current study, we investigated the synergistic effects of suppressing signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) function by decoy ODNs on X-irradiation (XI) and methotrexate (MTX) exposure as a combinational therapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells. Lipofectamine 2000® was used as a transfecting agent and the cells treated with Scramble ODNs (SCR) and decoy ODNs were subjected to irradiation with 2 Gy at single/fractionated (XI group) doses, different concentration of MTX group, and X-irradiation-methotrexate (XI/MTX group). Synergistic effects of STAT3 SCR and decoy ODNs on cells were investigated by cell viability (MTT), cell cycle profile, apoptosis rate, migration, and invasion assays. Statistical analysis of obtained data showed that STAT3 decoy ODNs significantly decreased the cell viability, arrested the growth at G0/G1 phase, increased apoptosis rate, and reduced migrated and invaded cells through transwell membrane, in XI, MTX, and XI/MTX exposed groups. Since STAT3 is a master transcription factor in breast cancer cells stemness, aggressiveness, TNBC's heterogeneity, and therapy resistance; therefore, inhibition of this transcription factor by decoy ODNs could increase antitumor efficiencies of XI and MTX exposure strategies. Accordingly, this method could have the potential to increase the efficiency of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Johari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Leila Nasehi
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Rezaeejam
- Student Research Committee, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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28
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Starcher CL, Pay SL, Singh N, Yeh IJ, Bhandare SB, Su X, Huang X, Bey EA, Motea EA, Boothman DA. Targeting Base Excision Repair in Cancer: NQO1-Bioactivatable Drugs Improve Tumor Selectivity and Reduce Treatment Toxicity Through Radiosensitization of Human Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1575. [PMID: 32974194 PMCID: PMC7468503 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) creates lethal DNA damage that can effectively kill tumor cells. However, the high dose required for a therapeutic outcome also damages healthy tissue. Thus, a therapeutic strategy with predictive biomarkers to enhance the beneficial effects of IR allowing a dose reduction without losing efficacy is highly desirable. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is overexpressed in the majority of recalcitrant solid tumors in comparison with normal tissue. Studies have shown that NQO1 can bioactivate certain quinone molecules (e.g., ortho-naphthoquinone and β-lapachone) to induce a futile redox cycle leading to the formation of oxidative DNA damage, hyperactivation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), and catastrophic depletion of NAD+ and ATP, which culminates in cellular lethality via NAD+-Keresis. However, NQO1-bioactivatable drugs induce methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia at high doses. To circumvent this, NQO1-bioactivatable agents have been shown to synergize with PARP1 inhibitors, pyrimidine radiosensitizers, and IR. This therapeutic strategy allows for a reduction in the dose of the combined agents to decrease unwanted side effects by increasing tumor selectivity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of radiosensitization between NQO1-bioactivatable drugs and IR with a focus on the involvement of base excision repair (BER). This combination therapeutic strategy presents a unique tumor-selective and minimally toxic approach for targeting solid tumors that overexpress NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton L Starcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - S Louise Pay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Naveen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - I-Ju Yeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Snehal B Bhandare
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiaolin Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiumei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Erik A Bey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Edward A Motea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - David A Boothman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Liu J, Bi K, Yang R, Li H, Nikitaki Z, Chang L. Role of DNA damage and repair in radiation cancer therapy: a current update and a look to the future. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1329-1338. [PMID: 32776818 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1807641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiation Therapy (RT), a widely used modality against cancer, depends its effectiveness on three pillars: tumor targeting precision, minimum dose determination and co-administrated agents. The underlying biological processes of the latter two pillars are DNA damage and repair. Hopefully, Radiation treatment has nowadays been improved a lot, in terms of tumor targeting precision as well as in minimization of side effects, by reducing normal tissue radiation exposure and therefore its occurred toxicity. Normal tissue toxicity is a major risk factor for induction of genomic instability which may lead to secondary cancer development, due to the radiation therapy itself. We discuss, in this review, the biological significance of IR-induced complex DNA damage, which is currently accepted as the definite regulator of biological response to radiation, as well as the regulator of the implications of this IR signature in radiation therapy. We unite accumulating evidence and knowledge over the last 20 years or so on the importance of radiation treatment of cancer. This radiation-based therapy comes unfortunately with a deficit and this is the radiation-induced genetic instability which can fuel radiation toxicity, even several years after the initial treatment on patients through the activation of DNA damage response (DDR) and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Liu
- Department of Community Medicine, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Kun Bi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangshan Workers' Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Run Yang
- Department of Preventive Healthcare, Qishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Li Chang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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30
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Skonieczna M, Adamiec M, Hudy D, Nieslon P, Fochtman D, Bil P. Live Impedance Measurements and Time-lapse Microscopy Observations of Cellular Adhesion, Proliferation and Migration after Ionizing Radiation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:642-652. [PMID: 31889493 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666191224121206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the cellular behavior depend on environmental and intracellular interactions. Cancer treatments force the changes, first on the molecular level, but the main visible changes are macroscopic. During radiotherapy, cancer cell's adhesion, proliferation and migration should be well monitored. In over 60% of diagnosed cancers cases, patients are given treatments with different protocols of radiotherapy, which result in possible metastasis and acute whole body response to toxic radiation. OBJECTIVE Effectiveness of the therapy used depends on the sensitivity/resistance of irradiated cancer cells. Cellular mechanisms of cancer protection, such as the activation of DNA damage and repair pathways, antioxidants production and oxidative stress suppression during treatments are not desirable. Cancer cells monitoring require the development of novel techniques, and the best techniques are non-invasive and long-term live observation methods, which are shown in this study. METHODS In cancers, invasive and metastatic phenotypes could be enhanced by stimulation of proliferation rate, decreased adhesion with simultaneous increase of motility and migration potential. For such reasons, the Ionizing Radiation (IR) stimulated proliferation; migration with lowered adhesiveness of cancer Me45 and normal fibroblasts NHDF were studied. Using impedance measurements technique for live cells, the adhesion of cells after IR exposition was assessed. Additionally proliferation and migration potential, based on standard Wound Healing assay were evaluated by timelapse microscopic observations. RESULTS We found simulative IR dose-ranges (0.2-2 Gy) for Me45 and NHDF cells, with higher proliferation and adhesion rates. On the other hand, lethal impact of IR (10-12 Gy) on both the cell lines was indicated. CONCLUSION Over-confluence cell populations, characterized with high crowd and contact inhibition could modulate invasiveness of individual cells, convert them to display migration phenotype and advance motility, especially after radiotherapy treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Skonieczna
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.,Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Adamiec
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.,Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Dorota Hudy
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.,Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Nieslon
- Student's Scientific Society of Biotechnology at the Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Daniel Fochtman
- Student's Scientific Society of Biotechnology at the Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Patryk Bil
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 16 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.,Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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31
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Skopelja-Gardner S, An J, Tai J, Tanaka L, Sun X, Hermanson P, Baum R, Kawasumi M, Green R, Gale M, Kalus A, Werth VP, Elkon KB. The early local and systemic Type I interferon responses to ultraviolet B light exposure are cGAS dependent. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7908. [PMID: 32404939 PMCID: PMC7220927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64865-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are photosensitive and ultraviolet B light (UVB) exposure worsens cutaneous disease and precipitates systemic flares of disease. The pathogenic link between skin disease and systemic exacerbations in SLE remains elusive. In an acute model of UVB-triggered inflammation, we observed that a single UV exposure triggered a striking IFN-I signature not only in the skin, but also in the blood and kidneys. The early IFN-I signature was significantly higher in female compared to male mice. The early IFN-I response in the skin was almost entirely, and in the blood partly, dependent on the presence of cGAS, as was skin inflammatory cell infiltration. Inhibition of cGAMP hydrolysis augmented the UVB-triggered IFN-I response. UVB skin exposure leads to cGAS-activation and both local and systemic IFN-I signature and could contribute to acute flares of disease in susceptible subjects such as patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie An
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joyce Tai
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lena Tanaka
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xizhang Sun
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Payton Hermanson
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca Baum
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Masaoki Kawasumi
- Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea Kalus
- Division of Dermatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Victoria P Werth
- Dermatology Section, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Keith B Elkon
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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32
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Ionizing Radiation and Complex DNA Damage: Quantifying the Radiobiological Damage Using Monte Carlo Simulations. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040799. [PMID: 32225023 PMCID: PMC7226293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a common tool in medical procedures. Monte Carlo (MC) techniques are widely used when dosimetry is the matter of investigation. The scientific community has invested, over the last 20 years, a lot of effort into improving the knowledge of radiation biology. The present article aims to summarize the understanding of the field of DNA damage response (DDR) to ionizing radiation by providing an overview on MC simulation studies that try to explain several aspects of radiation biology. The need for accurate techniques for the quantification of DNA damage is crucial, as it becomes a clinical need to evaluate the outcome of various applications including both low- and high-energy radiation medical procedures. Understanding DNA repair processes would improve radiation therapy procedures. Monte Carlo simulations are a promising tool in radiobiology studies, as there are clear prospects for more advanced tools that could be used in multidisciplinary studies, in the fields of physics, medicine, biology and chemistry. Still, lot of effort is needed to evolve MC simulation tools and apply them in multiscale studies starting from small DNA segments and reaching a population of cells.
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Prediction of Poor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation in Patients With Rectal Cancer Using a DNA Repair Deregulation Score: Picking the Losers Instead of the Winners. Dis Colon Rectum 2020; 63:300-309. [PMID: 31842156 DOI: 10.1097/dcr.0000000000001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with rectal cancer may undergo neoadjuvant chemoradiation even in early stages in an attempt to achieve complete clinical response and undergo organ preservation. However, prediction of tumor response is unavailable. In this setting, accurate identification of poor responders could spare patients with early stage disease from potentially unnecessary chemoradiation. OBJECTIVE This study focused on development/test of a score based on DNA repair gene expression to predict response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with rectal cancer. DESIGN Pretreatment biopsy samples from patients with rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation were collected and underwent gene expression analysis using RNA-Seq (test cohort). A score was constructed using 8 differentially expressed DNA repair genes between good (complete clinical) and poor responders (incomplete clinical) to treatment. The score was validated in 2 independent cohorts of patients undergoing similar treatment strategies and using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and microarray gene expression data. SETTINGS This was a retrospective analysis of gene expression data from 3 independent institutions. PATIENTS Patients with rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation (50.4-54.0 Gy and 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy) were eligible. Patients with complete clinical response, complete pathological response, or ≤10% residual cancer cells were considered good responders. Patients with >10% residual cancer cells were considered poor responders. The test cohort included 25 patients (16 poor responders). Validation cohort 1 included 28 patients (18 poor responders), and validation cohort 2 included 46 patients (22 poor responders). MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Response was correlated with the DNA repair score calculated using the expression levels of 8 DNA repair genes. DNA repair score sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined in test and validation cohorts. RESULTS Poor responders had significantly lower DNA repair scores when compared with good responders across all 3 cohorts, regardless of the gene expression platform used. A low score correctly predicted poor response in 93%, 90%, and 71% in test, validation 1, and validation 2 cohorts. LIMITATIONS This study was limited by its small sample size, different gene expression platforms, and treatment regimens across different cohorts used. CONCLUSIONS A DNA repair gene score may predict patients likely to have poor response to chemoradiation. This score may be a relevant tool to be investigated in future studies focused on chemoradiation used in the context of organ preservation. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B104. PREDICCIÓN DE RESPUESTA DEFICIENTE A LA RADIO-QUIMIOTERAPIA NEOADYUVANTE EN PACIENTES CON CÁNCER RECTAL UTILIZANDO UNA PUNTUACIÓN DE DESREGULACIÓN DE REPARACIÓN DE ADN: ESCOGER LOS PERDEDORES EN LUGAR DE LOS GANADORES: Los pacientes con cáncer rectal pueden someterse a radio-quimioterapia neoadyuvante incluso en estadios tempranos en el intento por lograr una respuesta clínica completa y permitir una preservación de órgano. Sin embargo, aun no existen herramientas disponible para la prediccion de la respuesta tumoral al tratamiento. En este contexto, la identificación precisa de los tumores con mala respuesta al tratamiento podría evitar que los pacientes con enfermedad en estadio temprano sean sometidos a radio-quimioterapia potencialmente innecesaria.Desarrollo / testeo de una puntuación basada en la expresión genes reparadores del ADN para predecir la respuesta a la nCRT en pacientes con cáncer rectal.Se recogieron muestras de biopsia de pre-tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer rectal sometidos a radio-quimioterapia neoadyuvante y se les realizó un análisis de expresión génica utilizando RNAseq (cohorte de prueba). Se construyó una puntuación utilizando 8 genes de reparación de ADN expresados diferencialmente entre buenos (respuesta clinica completa) y pobres respondedores (respuesta clinica incompleta) al tratamiento. La puntuación se validó en 2 cohortes independientes de pacientes sometidos a estrategias de tratamiento similares y utilizando qPCR y datos de expresión de genes en chips ADN (biotecnología -microarrays).Análisis retrospectivo de los datos de expresión génica de 3 instituciones independientes.Fueron incluidos aquellos pacientes con cáncer rectal sometidos a radio-quimioterapia neoadyuvante (50,4-54 Gy y quimioterapia basada en 5FU). Los pacientes con respuesta clínica completa, respuesta patológica completa o ≤10% de células cancerosas residuales se consideraron buenos respondedores. Los pacientes con> 10% de células cancerosas residuales se consideraron de respuesta deficiente. La cohorte de prueba incluyó a 25 pacientes (16 respondedores pobres). La cohorte de validación n. ° 1 incluyó a 28 pacientes (18 respondedores pobres) y la cohorte de validación n. ° 2 incluyó a 46 pacientes (22 respondedores pobres).La respuesta se correlacionó con la puntuación de reparación de ADN calculada utilizando los niveles de expresión de 8 genes de reparación de ADN. La sensibilidad del puntaje de reparación del ADN, la especificidad, los valores predictivos positivos y negativos se determinaron en las cohortes de prueba y validación.Los malos respondedores tuvieron puntuaciones de reparación de ADN significativamente más bajas en comparación con los buenos respondedores en las 3 cohortes, independientemente de la plataforma de expresión génica utilizada. Una puntuación baja predijo correctamente una respuesta pobre en el 93%, 90% y 71% en las cohortes de prueba, validación n. ° 1 y validación n. ° 2, respectivamente.Pequeño tamaño de la muestra, diferentes plataformas de expresión génica y regímenes de tratamiento en diferentes cohortes utilizadas.La puntuacion basada en genes de reparación del ADN puede predecir los pacientes con respuesta pobre a la radio-quimioterapia. Esta puntuación puede ser una herramienta relevante para investigar en futuros estudios centrados en la radio-quimioterapia utilizada en el contexto de la preservación de órganos. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B104. (Traducción-Dr. Xavier Delgadillo and Dr. Laura Melina Fernandez).
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Kefayat A, Ghahremani F, Safavi A, Hajiaghababa A, Moshtaghian J. C-phycocyanin: a natural product with radiosensitizing property for enhancement of colon cancer radiation therapy efficacy through inhibition of COX-2 expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19161. [PMID: 31844085 PMCID: PMC6915779 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different chemical and nanomaterial agents have been introduced for radiosensitizing purposes. However, many researchers believe these agents are far away from clinical application due to side effects and limited knowledge about their behavior in the human body. In this study, C-phycocyanin (C-PC) was used as a natural radiosensitizer for enhancement of radiation therapy (RT) efficacy. C-PC treatment's effect on the COX-2 expression of cancer cells was investigated by flow cytometry, western blot, qRT-PCR analyses in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the radiosensitizing effect of C-PC treatment was investigated by MTT and clonogenic cell survival assays for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29 colon cancer cell lines and the CRL-1831 as normal colonic cells. In addition, the C-PC treatment effect on the radiation therapy efficacy was evaluated according to CT-26 tumor's growth progression and immunohistochemistry analyses of Ki-67 labeling index. C-PC treatment (200 µg/mL) could significantly enhance the radiation therapy efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Synergistic interaction was detected at C-PC and radiation beams co-treatment based on Chou and Talalay formula (combination index <1), especially at 200 µg/mL C-PC and 6 Gy radiation dosages. The acquired DEF of C-PC treatment was 1.39, 1.4, 1.63, and 1.05 for CT-26, DLD-1, HT-29, and CRL-1831 cells, respectively. Also, C-PC + RT treated mice exhibited 35.2% lower mean tumors' volume and about 6 days more survival time in comparison with the RT group (P < 0.05). In addition, C-PC + RT group exhibited 54% lower Ki-67 index in comparison with the RT group. Therefore, C-PC can exhibit high radiosensitizing effects. However, the potential cardiovascular risks of C-PC as a COX-2 inhibitor should be evaluated with extensive preclinical testing before developing this agent for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Kefayat
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Prevention Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiotherapy, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, 38481-76941, Iran.
| | - Ashkan Safavi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jamal Moshtaghian
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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Karwowski BT. The Influence of (5' R)- and (5' S)-5',8-Cyclo-2'-Deoxyadenosine on UDG and hAPE1 Activity. Tandem Lesions are the Base Excision Repair System's Nightmare. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111303. [PMID: 31652769 PMCID: PMC6912673 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions are formed continuously in each living cell as a result of environmental factors, ionisation radiation, metabolic processes, etc. Most lesions are removed from the genome by the base excision repair system (BER). The activation of the BER protein cascade starts with DNA damage recognition by glycosylases. Uracil-DNA glycosylase (UDG) is one of the most evolutionary preserved glycosylases which remove the frequently occurring 2′-deoxyuridine from single (ss) and double-stranded (ds) oligonucleotides. Conversely, the unique tandem lesions (5′R)- and (5′S)-5′,8-cyclo-2′-deoxyadenosine (cdA) are not suitable substrates for BER machinery and are released from the genome by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system. However, the cyclopurines appearing in a clustered DNA damage structure can influence the BER process of other lesions like dU. In this article, UDG inhibition by 5′S- and 5′R-cdA is shown and discussed in an experimental and theoretical manner. This phenomenon was observed when a tandem lesion appears in single or double-stranded oligonucleotides next to dU, on its 3′-end side. The cdA shift to the 5′-end side of dU in ss-DNA stops this effect in both cdA diastereomers. Surprisingly, in the case of ds-DNA, 5′S-cdA completely blocks uracil excision by UDG. Conversely, 5′R-cdA allows glycosylase for uracil removal, but the subsequently formed apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site is not suitable for human AP-site endonuclease 1 (hAPE1) activity. In conclusion, the appearance of the discussed tandem lesion in the structure of single or double-stranded DNA can stop the entire base repair process at its beginning, which due to UDG and hAPE1 inhibition can lead to mutagenesis. On the other hand, the presented results can cast some light on the UDG or hAPE1 inhibitors being used as a potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolesław T Karwowski
- DNA Damage Laboratory of the Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland.
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Koike M, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Feline XLF accumulates at DNA damage sites in a Ku-dependent manner. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1052-1062. [PMID: 31115163 PMCID: PMC6551493 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy is a common problem in the treatment of cancer in humans and companion animals, including cats. There is thus an urgent need to develop new treatments. Molecularly targeted therapies hold the promise of high specificity and significant cancer‐killing effects. Accumulating evidence shows that DNA double‐strand break (DSB) repair proteins, which function in Ku‐dependent non‐homologous DNA‐end joining (NHEJ), are potential target molecules for next‐generation cancer therapies. Although cancer radioresistance in cats has been previously described, there are no reports on feline Ku‐dependent NHEJ. Here, we cloned and sequenced feline XLFcDNA and characterized X‐ray repair cross‐complementing protein 4‐like factor (XLF), which is one of the core NHEJ proteins. We demonstrated that feline XLF localizes to the nuclei of feline cells and that feline XLF immediately accumulates at laser‐induced DSB sites in a Ku‐dependent manner. Amino acid sequence alignment analysis showed that feline XLF has only 80.9% identity with human XLF protein, while the predicted nuclear localization signal and putative 14‐3‐3‐binding motif are perfectly conserved among human, cat, dog, chimpanzee, and mouse. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that regulation of subcellular localization is important for the function of XLF. Furthermore, these findings may be useful in clarifying the mechanisms underlying feline Ku‐dependent DSB repair and feline cell radioresistance, and possibly facilitate the development of new molecularly targeted therapies that target common proteins in human and feline cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yutoku
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Aki Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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Minten EV, Yu DS. DNA Repair: Translation to the Clinic. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:303-310. [PMID: 30876709 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been well established that an accumulation of mutations in DNA, whether caused by external sources (e.g. ultraviolet light, radioactivity) or internal sources (e.g. metabolic by-products, such as reactive oxygen species), has the potential to cause a cell to undergo carcinogenesis and increase the risk for the development of cancer. Therefore, it is critically important for a cell to have the capacity to properly respond to and repair DNA damage as it occurs. The DNA damage response (DDR) describes a collection of DNA repair pathways that aid in the protection of genomic integrity by detecting myriad types of DNA damage and initiating the correct DNA repair pathway. In many instances, a deficiency in the DDR, whether inherited or spontaneously assumed, can increase the risk of carcinogenesis and ultimately tumorigenesis through the accumulation of mutations that fail to be properly repaired. Interestingly, although disruption of the DDR can lead to the initial genomic instability that can ultimately cause carcinogenesis, the DDR has also proven to be an invaluable target for anticancer drugs and therapies. Making matters more complicated, the DDR is also involved in the resistance to first-line cancer therapy. In this review, we will consider therapies already in use in the clinic and ongoing research into other avenues of treatment that target DNA repair pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Minten
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Hellweg CE, Chishti AA, Diegeler S, Spitta LF, Henschenmacher B, Baumstark-Khan C. Molecular Signaling in Response to Charged Particle Exposures and its Importance in Particle Therapy. Int J Part Ther 2018; 5:60-73. [PMID: 31773020 PMCID: PMC6871585 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-18-00016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Energetic, charged particles elicit an orchestrated DNA damage response (DDR) during their traversal through healthy tissues and tumors. Complex DNA damage formation, after exposure to high linear energy transfer (LET) charged particles, results in DNA repair foci formation, which begins within seconds. More protein modifications occur after high-LET, compared with low-LET, irradiation. Charged-particle exposure activates several transcription factors that are cytoprotective or cytodestructive, or that upregulate cytokine and chemokine expression, and are involved in bystander signaling. Molecular signaling for a survival or death decision in different tumor types and healthy tissues should be studied as prerequisite for shaping sensitizing and protective strategies. Long-term signaling and gene expression changes were found in various tissues of animals exposed to charged particles, and elucidation of their role in chronic and late effects of charged-particle therapy will help to develop effective preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E. Hellweg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Arif Ali Chishti
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
- The Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sebastian Diegeler
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Luis F. Spitta
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Bernd Henschenmacher
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
| | - Christa Baumstark-Khan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology Department, Köln, Germany
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