1
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Su C, Kent CL, Pierpoint M, Floyd W, Luo L, Williams NT, Ma Y, Peng B, Lazarides AL, Subramanian A, Himes JE, Perez VM, Hernansaiz-Ballesteros RD, Roche KE, Modliszewski JL, Selitsky SR, Shinohara ML, Wisdom AJ, Moding EJ, Mowery YM, Kirsch DG. Enhancing radiotherapy response via intratumoral injection of a TLR9 agonist in autochthonous murine sarcomas. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178767. [PMID: 39133651 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used to treat cancers, including soft-tissue sarcomas. Prior studies established that the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG) enhances the response to RT in transplanted tumors, but the mechanisms of this enhancement remain unclear. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 and the chemical carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) to generate autochthonous soft-tissue sarcomas with high tumor mutation burden. Treatment with a single fraction of 20 Gy RT and 2 doses of CpG significantly enhanced tumor response, which was abrogated by genetic or immunodepletion of CD8+ T cells. To characterize the immune response to CpG+RT, we performed bulk RNA-Seq, single-cell RNA-Seq, and mass cytometry. Sarcomas treated with 20 Gy and CpG demonstrated increased CD8 T cells expressing markers associated with activation and proliferation, such as Granzyme B, Ki-67, and IFN-γ. CpG+RT also upregulated antigen presentation pathways on myeloid cells. Furthermore, in sarcomas treated with CpG+RT, TCR clonality analysis suggests an increase in clonal T cell dominance. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CpG+RT significantly delays tumor growth in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. These results provide a strong rationale for clinical trials evaluating CpG or other TLR9 agonists with RT in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Collin L Kent
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Pierpoint
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Warren Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nerissa T Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexander L Lazarides
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ajay Subramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathon E Himes
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Kimberly E Roche
- Tempus AI Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
- QuantBio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer L Modliszewski
- QuantBio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara R Selitsky
- Tempus AI Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
- QuantBio LLC, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mari L Shinohara
- Department of Integrative Immunology
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, and
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy J Wisdom
- Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Everett J Moding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Yvonne M Mowery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology and
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Halabi R, Dakroub F, Haider MZ, Patel S, Amhaz NA, Reslan MA, Eid AH, Mechref Y, Darwiche N, Kobeissy F, Omeis I, Shaito AA. Unveiling a Biomarker Signature of Meningioma: The Need for a Panel of Genomic, Epigenetic, Proteomic, and RNA Biomarkers to Advance Diagnosis and Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5339. [PMID: 38001599 PMCID: PMC10670806 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most prevalent primary intracranial tumors. The majority are benign but can undergo dedifferentiation into advanced grades classified by World Health Organization (WHO) into Grades 1 to 3. Meningiomas' tremendous variability in tumor behavior and slow growth rates complicate their diagnosis and treatment. A deeper comprehension of the molecular pathways and cellular microenvironment factors implicated in meningioma survival and pathology is needed. This review summarizes the known genetic and epigenetic aberrations involved in meningiomas, with a focus on neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) and non-NF2 mutations. Novel potential biomarkers for meningioma diagnosis and prognosis are also discussed, including epigenetic-, RNA-, metabolomics-, and protein-based markers. Finally, the landscape of available meningioma-specific animal models is overviewed. Use of these animal models can enable planning of adjuvant treatment, potentially assisting in pre-operative and post-operative decision making. Discovery of novel biomarkers will allow, in combination with WHO grading, more precise meningioma grading, including meningioma identification, subtype determination, and prediction of metastasis, recurrence, and response to therapy. Moreover, these biomarkers may be exploited in the development of personalized targeted therapies that can distinguish between the 15 diverse meningioma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Halabi
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut 1105, Lebanon;
| | - Fatima Dakroub
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon;
| | - Mohammad Z. Haider
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.Z.H.); (A.H.E.)
| | - Stuti Patel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA; (S.P.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Nayef A. Amhaz
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32601, USA; (S.P.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Mohammad A. Reslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (M.A.R.); (N.D.); (F.K.)
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (M.Z.H.); (A.H.E.)
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (M.A.R.); (N.D.); (F.K.)
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107, Lebanon; (M.A.R.); (N.D.); (F.K.)
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Ibrahim Omeis
- Hammoud Hospital University Medical Center, Saida 652, Lebanon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Penn Medicine, Lancaster General Health, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
| | - Abdullah A. Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, College of Medicine, and Department of Biomedical Sciences at College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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3
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Schmidt DR, Gramatikov IMT, Sheen A, Williams CL, Hurwitz M, Dodge LE, Holupka E, Kiger WS, Cornwall-Brady MR, Huang W, Mak HH, Cormier KS, Condon C, Dane Wittrup K, Yilmaz ÖH, Stevenson MA, Down JD, Floyd SR, Roper J, Vander Heiden MG. Ablative radiotherapy improves survival but does not cure autochthonous mouse models of prostate and colorectal cancer. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:108. [PMID: 37558833 PMCID: PMC10412558 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of cancer are powerful tools to study mechanisms of disease progression and therapy response, yet little is known about how these models respond to multimodality therapy used in patients. Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used to treat localized cancers with curative intent, delay progression of oligometastases, and palliate symptoms of metastatic disease. METHODS Here we report the development, testing, and validation of a platform to immobilize and target tumors in mice with stereotactic ablative RT (SART). Xenograft and autochthonous tumor models were treated with hypofractionated ablative doses of radiotherapy. RESULTS We demonstrate that hypofractionated regimens used in clinical practice can be effectively delivered in mouse models. SART alters tumor stroma and the immune environment, improves survival in GEMMs of primary prostate and colorectal cancer, and synergizes with androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. Complete pathologic responses were achieved in xenograft models, but not in GEMMs. CONCLUSIONS While SART is capable of fully ablating xenografts, it is unable to completely eradicate disease in GEMMs, arguing that resistance to potentially curative therapy can be modeled in GEMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Schmidt
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Iva Monique T Gramatikov
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Sheen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher L Williams
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martina Hurwitz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura E Dodge
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Holupka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W S Kiger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milton R Cornwall-Brady
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Howard H Mak
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen S Cormier
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charlene Condon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - K Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Mary Ann Stevenson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julian D Down
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Scott R Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Khan M, Hanna C, Findlay M, Lucke-Wold B, Karsy M, Jensen RL. Modeling Meningiomas: Optimizing Treatment Approach. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2023; 34:479-492. [PMID: 37210136 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical meningioma models offer a setting to test molecular mechanisms of tumor development and targeted treatment options but historically have been challenging to generate. Few spontaneous tumor models in rodents have been established, but cell culture and in vivo rodent models have emerged along with artificial intelligence, radiomics, and neural networks to differentiate the clinical heterogeneity of meningiomas. We reviewed 127 studies using PRISMA guideline methodology, including laboratory and animal studies, that addressed preclinical modeling. Our evaluation identified that meningioma preclinical models provide valuable molecular insight into disease progression and effective chemotherapeutic and radiation approaches for specific tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Khan
- Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Chadwin Hanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Findlay
- School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Michael Karsy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Randy L Jensen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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5
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Dreyfuss AD, Velalopoulou A, Avgousti H, Bell BI, Verginadis II. Preclinical models of radiation-induced cardiac toxicity: Potential mechanisms and biomarkers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:920867. [PMID: 36313656 PMCID: PMC9596809 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.920867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is an important modality in cancer treatment with >50% of cancer patients undergoing RT for curative or palliative intent. In patients with breast, lung, and esophageal cancer, as well as mediastinal malignancies, incidental RT dose to heart or vascular structures has been linked to the development of Radiation-Induced Heart Disease (RIHD) which manifests as ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, cardiac dysfunction, and heart failure. Despite the remarkable progress in the delivery of radiotherapy treatment, off-target cardiac toxicities are unavoidable. One of the best-studied pathological consequences of incidental exposure of the heart to RT is collagen deposition and fibrosis, leading to the development of radiation-induced myocardial fibrosis (RIMF). However, the pathogenesis of RIMF is still largely unknown. Moreover, there are no available clinical approaches to reverse RIMF once it occurs and it continues to impair the quality of life of long-term cancer survivors. Hence, there is an increasing need for more clinically relevant preclinical models to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the development of RIMF. This review offers an insight into the existing preclinical models to study RIHD and the suggested mechanisms of RIMF, as well as available multi-modality treatments and outcomes. Moreover, we summarize the valuable detection methods of RIHD/RIMF, and the clinical use of sensitive radiographic and circulating biomarkers.
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6
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Bouleftour W, Magne N. Aging preclinical models in oncology field: from cells to aging. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:751-755. [PMID: 34528213 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01981-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a universal complex and multifactorial physiological process that leads to the increasing incidence of various diseases including cancer. Indeed, 40% of individuals aged 65 years and over will have newly diagnosed cancers. Although most treated patients are elderly people, a low inclusion of the geriatric population is observed in most clinical trials. Furthermore, lethal side effects of antineoplastic therapy are markedly exacerbated with aging. Most cancer therapies were validated on young mice models, complicating results transposition to elderly patients. Thus, understanding the role of aging in tumor progression and response to cancer therapies with accurate preclinical models must be investigated. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the state of the literature about preclinical models used to investigate the impact of aging microenvironment on tumorigenic potential, and on antineoplastic therapy response. Despite the advances in technology, and the increasing incidence of cancer in the elderly population, this present review focuses on the few studies using preclinical tumor model of aging. Since the biology of aging is challenging, aging animal models are an inevitable prelude. New emerging tools such as human organoid offer a promising path in research dedicated to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Bouleftour
- Medical Oncology Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 108 bis avenue Albert Raimond, 42270, Saint Priest en Jarez, France.
| | - Nicolas Magne
- Radiotherapy Department, Lucien Neuwirth Cancer Institute, 42270, Saint Priest en Jarez, France
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7
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Deland K, Mercer JS, Crabtree DM, Garcia MEG, Reinsvold M, Da Silva Campos L, Williams NT, Luo L, Ma Y, Reitman ZJ, Becher OJ, Kirsch DG. Radiosensitizing the Vasculature of Primary Brainstem Gliomas Fails to Improve Tumor Response to Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 112:771-779. [PMID: 34619331 PMCID: PMC8898173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs) arise in the pons and are the leading cause of death from brain tumors in children. DIPGs are routinely treated with radiation therapy, which temporarily improves neurological symptoms but generally fails to achieve local control. Because numerous clinical trials have not improved survival from DIPG over standard radiation therapy alone, there is a pressing need to evaluate new therapeutic strategies for this devastating disease. Vascular damage caused by radiation therapy can increase the permeability of tumor blood vessels and promote tumor cell death. METHODS AND MATERIALS To investigate the impact of endothelial cell death on tumor response to radiation therapy in DIPG, we used dual recombinase (Cre + FlpO) technology to generate primary brainstem gliomas which lack ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Atm) in the vasculature. RESULTS Here, we show that Atm-deficient tumor endothelial cells are sensitized to radiation therapy. Furthermore, radiosensitization of the vasculature in primary gliomas triggered an increase in total tumor cell death. Despite the observed increase in cell killing, in mice with autochthonous DIPGs treated with radiation therapy, deletion of Atm specifically in tumor endothelial cells failed to improve survival. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that targeting the tumor cells, rather than endothelial cells, during radiation therapy will be necessary to improve survival among children with DIPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Deland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Joshua S. Mercer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Donna M. Crabtree
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | | | - Michael Reinsvold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | | | - Nerissa T. Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Zachary J. Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.,Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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8
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García MEG, Kirsch DG, Reitman ZJ. Targeting the ATM Kinase to Enhance the Efficacy of Radiotherapy and Outcomes for Cancer Patients. Semin Radiat Oncol 2022; 32:3-14. [PMID: 34861994 PMCID: PMC8647772 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the DNA damage response represents a promising approach to improve the efficacy of radiation therapy. One appealing target for this approach is the serine/threonine kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), which is activated by DNA double strand breaks to orchestrate the cellular response to ionizing radiation. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting ATM have entered clinical trials testing their safety in combination with radiation therapy or in combination with other DNA damaging agents. Here, we review biochemical, genetic, and cellular functional studies of ATM, phenotypes associated with germline and somatic cancer mutations in ATM in humans, and experiments in genetically engineered mouse models that support a rationale for investigating ATM inhibitors as radiosensitizers for cancer therapy. These data identify important synthetic lethal relationships, which suggest that ATM inhibitors may be particularly effective in tumors with defects in other nodes of the DNA damage response. The potential for ATM inhibition to improve immunotherapy responses in preclinical models represents another emerging area of research. We summarize ongoing clinical trials of ATM inhibitors with radiotherapy. We also discuss critical ongoing areas of investigation that include discovery of biomarkers that predict for radiosensitization by ATM inhibitors and identification of effective combinations of ATM inhibitors, radiation therapy, other DNA damage response-directed therapies, and/or immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC; Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham NC; The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC.
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9
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Boetto J, Peyre M, Kalamarides M. Mouse Models in Meningioma Research: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153712. [PMID: 34359639 PMCID: PMC8345085 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most frequent primitive central nervous system tumors found in adults. Mouse models of cancer have been instrumental in understanding disease mechanisms and establishing preclinical drug testing. Various mouse models of meningioma have been developed over time, evolving in light of new discoveries in our comprehension of meningioma biology and with improvements in genetic engineering techniques. We reviewed all mouse models of meningioma described in the literature, including xenograft models (orthotopic or heterotopic) with human cell lines or patient derived tumors, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Xenograft models provided useful tools for preclinical testing of a huge range of innovative drugs and therapeutic options, which are summarized in this review. GEMMs offer the possibility of mimicking human meningiomas at the histological, anatomical, and genetic level and have been invaluable in enabling tumorigenesis mechanisms, including initiation and progression, to be dissected. Currently, researchers have a range of different mouse models that can be used depending on the scientific question to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Boetto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier Universitary Hospital Center, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34090 Montpellier, France;
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, INSERM U1127 CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Matthieu Peyre
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, INSERM U1127 CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France;
- Department of Neurosurgery, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Michel Kalamarides
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, INSERM U1127 CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013 Paris, France;
- Department of Neurosurgery, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, F-75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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10
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Miura K, Ogura A, Kobatake K, Honda H, Kaminuma O. Progress of genome editing technology and developmental biology useful for radiation research. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2021; 62:i53-i63. [PMID: 33978171 PMCID: PMC8114227 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following the development of genome editing technology, it has become more feasible to create genetically modified animals such as knockout (KO), knock-in, and point-mutated animals. The genome-edited animals are useful to investigate the roles of various functional genes in many fields of biological science including radiation research. Nevertheless, some researchers may experience difficulty in generating genome-edited animals, probably due to the requirement for equipment and techniques for embryo manipulation and handling. Furthermore, after obtaining F0 generation, genome-edited animals generally need to be expanded and maintained for analyzing the target gene function. To investigate genes essential for normal birth and growth, the generation of conditional KO (cKO) animals in which a tissue- or stage-specific gene mutation can be introduced is often required. Here, we describe the basic principle and application of genome editing technology including zinc-finger nuclease, transcription-activator-like effector nuclease, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein (Cas) systems. Recently advanced developmental biology methods have enabled application of the technology, especially CRISPR/Cas, to zygotes, leading to the prompt production of genome-edited animals. For pre-implantation embryos, genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery has been developed as an embryo manipulation- or handling-free method. Examining the gene function at F0 generation is becoming possible by employing triple-target CRISPR technology. This technology, in combination with a blastocyst complementation method enables investigation of even birth- and growth-responsible genes without establishing cKO strains. We hope that this review is helpful for understanding and expanding genome editing-related technology and for progressing radiation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Miura
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Kohei Kobatake
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Honda
- Field of Human Disease Models, Major in Advanced Life Sciences and Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animals, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Osamu Kaminuma
- Department of Disease Model, Research Institute of Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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11
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Radiosensitizing Pancreatic Cancer with PARP Inhibitor and Gemcitabine: An In Vivo and a Whole-Transcriptome Analysis after Proton or Photon Irradiation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030527. [PMID: 33573176 PMCID: PMC7866541 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating disease. Using modern technique of radiotherapy, such as proton therapy, may simultaneously enhance dose to the tumor and decrease dose to surrounding organ, thus limiting toxicity. Moreover, associating drugs to radiotherapy also increases its effectiveness on tumor. The aim of our study was to show the benefit of proton therapy compared to standard radiotherapy with photon, and the benefit of associating different drugs with those particles in vivo. Thus, our results displayed a higher effectiveness of associating proton therapy, gemcitabine and olaparib. Finally, we pointed out that treatment induced significant transcriptomic alterations. Abstract Over the past few years, studies have focused on the development of targeted radiosensitizers such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors. We performed an in vivo study and a whole-transcriptome analysis to determine whether PARP inhibition enhanced gemcitabine-based chemoradiosensitization of pancreatic cancer xenografts, combined with either proton or photon irradiation. NMRI mice bearing MIA PaCa-2 xenografts were treated with olaparib and/or gemcitabine and irradiated with 10 Gy photon or proton. First, a significant growth inhibition was obtained after 10 Gy proton irradiation compared to 10 Gy photon irradiation (p = 0.046). Moreover, the combination of olaparib, gemcitabine and proton therapy significantly sensitized tumor xenografts, compared to gemcitabine (p = 0.05), olaparib (p = 0.034) or proton therapy (p < 0.0001) alone or to the association of olaparib, gemcitabine and radiotherapy (p = 0.024). Simultaneously, whole RNA sequencing profiling showed differentially expressed genes implicated in categories such as DNA repair, type I interferon signaling and cell cycle. Moreover, a large amount of lncRNA was dysregulated after proton therapy, gemcitabine and olaparib. This is the first study showing that addition of olaparib to gemcitabine-based chemoradiotherapy improved significantly local control in vivo, especially after proton therapy. RNA sequencing profiling analysis presented dynamic alteration of transcriptome after chemoradiation and identified a classifier of gemcitabine response.
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12
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Deland K, Starr BF, Mercer JS, Byemerwa J, Crabtree DM, Williams NT, Luo L, Ma Y, Chen M, Becher OJ, Kirsch DG. Tumor genotype dictates radiosensitization after Atm deletion in primary brainstem glioma models. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142158. [PMID: 32990677 PMCID: PMC7773366 DOI: 10.1172/jci142158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) kills more children than any other type of brain tumor. Despite clinical trials testing many chemotherapeutic agents, palliative radiotherapy remains the standard treatment. Here, we utilized Cre/loxP technology to show that deleting Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Atm) in primary mouse models of DIPG can enhance tumor radiosensitivity. Genetic deletion of Atm improved survival of mice with p53-deficient but not p53 wild-type gliomas after radiotherapy. Similar to patients with DIPG, mice with p53 wild-type tumors had improved survival after radiotherapy independent of Atm deletion. Primary p53 wild-type tumor cell lines induced proapoptotic genes after radiation and repressed the NRF2 target, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (Nqo1). Tumors lacking p53 and Ink4a/Arf expressed the highest level of Nqo1 and were most resistant to radiation, but deletion of Atm enhanced the radiation response. These results suggest that tumor genotype may determine whether inhibition of ATM during radiotherapy will be an effective clinical approach to treat DIPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology
| | - Mark Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Department of Pediatrics and
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David G. Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology
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13
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Patel NH, Sohal SS, Manjili MH, Harrell JC, Gewirtz DA. The Roles of Autophagy and Senescence in the Tumor Cell Response to Radiation. Radiat Res 2020; 194:103-115. [PMID: 32845995 PMCID: PMC7482104 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Radiation is a critical pillar in cancer therapeutics, exerting its anti-tumor DNA-damaging effects through various direct and indirect mechanisms. Radiation has served as an effective mode of treatment for a number of cancer types, providing both curative and palliative treatment; however, resistance to therapy persists as a fundamental limitation. While cancer cell death is the ideal outcome of any anti-tumor treatment, radiation induces several responses, including apoptotic cell death, mitotic catastrophe, autophagy and senescence, where autophagy and senescence may promote cell survival. In most cases, autophagy, a conventionally cytoprotective mechanism, is a "first" responder to damage incurred from chemotherapy and radiation treatment. The paradigm developed on the premise that autophagy is cytoprotective in nature has provided the rationale for current clinical trials designed with the goal of radiosensitizing cancer cells through the use of autophagy inhibitors; however, these have failed to produce consistent results. Delving further into pre-clinical studies, autophagy has actually been shown to take diverse, sometimes opposing, forms, such as acting in a cytotoxic or nonprotective fashion, which may be partially responsible for the inconsistency of clinical outcomes. Furthermore, autophagy can have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic effects, while also having an important immune modulatory function. Senescence often occurs in tandem with autophagy, which is also the case with radiation. Radiation-induced senescence is frequently followed by a phase of proliferative recovery in a subset of cells and has been proposed as a tumor dormancy model, which can contribute to resistance to therapy and possibly also disease recurrence. Senescence induction is often accompanied by a unique secretory phenotype that can either promote or suppress immune functions, depending on the expression profile of cytokines and chemokines. Novel therapeutics selectively cytotoxic to senescent cells (senolytics) may prove to prolong remission by delaying disease recurrence in patients. Accurate assessment of primary responses to radiation may provide potential targets that can be manipulated for therapeutic benefit to sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy, while sparing normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa H. Patel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sahib S. Sohal
- Departments of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - J. Chuck Harrell
- Departments of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - David A. Gewirtz
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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14
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Waissi W, Paix A, Nicol A, Noël G, Burckel H. Targeting DNA repair in combination with radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer: A systematic review of preclinical studies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 153:103060. [PMID: 32707435 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research that combines radiation with targeted therapy may dramatically improve prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We investigated preclinical outcomes of DNA repair inhibitor targeted therapy associated with radiotherapy. METHODS We searched Pubmed database to identify publications assessing DNA damage targeted therapies in preclinical models of PDACin vitro and in vivo. Standard enhancement ratio, median survival and growth delay were extracted. RESULTS We identified fourteen publications using DNA repair targeted therapies in preclinical models of PDAC. Ten publications comprising twenty-eight experiments evaluated radiosensitization with different DNA repair inhibitors in vitro and displayed cell killing by a factor of 1.35 ± 0.047. Moreover, 86 % (24/28) of in vitro experiments showed radiosensitization with DNA damage response inhibitor. However, only 60 % (9/15) of the in vivo experiments presented radiosensitization effects. CONCLUSION DNA repair targeted therapies use promising radiosensitizers for PDAC and could successfully be translated into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waisse Waissi
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Radiobiology Laboratory, Université de Strasbourg, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la porte de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Department de Radiation Oncology, 17 rue Albert Calmette, 67200, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien Paix
- Institut de Radiothérapie des Hautes Energies, rue Lautréamont, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Anaïs Nicol
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Radiobiology Laboratory, Université de Strasbourg, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la porte de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Noël
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Radiobiology Laboratory, Université de Strasbourg, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la porte de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Department de Radiation Oncology, 17 rue Albert Calmette, 67200, Strasbourg, France; Université de Strasbourg,CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 23 rue du Loess, 67200 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Burckel
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, Radiobiology Laboratory, Université de Strasbourg, Centre Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la porte de l'Hôpital, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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15
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Schlaak RA, SenthilKumar G, Boerma M, Bergom C. Advances in Preclinical Research Models of Radiation-Induced Cardiac Toxicity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E415. [PMID: 32053873 PMCID: PMC7072196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is an important component of cancer therapy, with >50% of cancer patients receiving RT. As the number of cancer survivors increases, the short- and long-term side effects of cancer therapy are of growing concern. Side effects of RT for thoracic tumors, notably cardiac and pulmonary toxicities, can cause morbidity and mortality in long-term cancer survivors. An understanding of the biological pathways and mechanisms involved in normal tissue toxicity from RT will improve future cancer treatments by reducing the risk of long-term side effects. Many of these mechanistic studies are performed in animal models of radiation exposure. In this area of research, the use of small animal image-guided RT with treatment planning systems that allow more accurate dose determination has the potential to revolutionize knowledge of clinically relevant tumor and normal tissue radiobiology. However, there are still a number of challenges to overcome to optimize such radiation delivery, including dose verification and calibration, determination of doses received by adjacent normal tissues that can affect outcomes, and motion management and identifying variation in doses due to animal heterogeneity. In addition, recent studies have begun to determine how animal strain and sex affect normal tissue radiation injuries. This review article discusses the known and potential benefits and caveats of newer technologies and methods used for small animal radiation delivery, as well as how the choice of animal models, including variables such as species, strain, and age, can alter the severity of cardiac radiation toxicities and impact their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Schlaak
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Gopika SenthilKumar
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin; Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Marjan Boerma
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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16
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Castle KD, Kirsch DG. Establishing the Impact of Vascular Damage on Tumor Response to High-Dose Radiation Therapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5685-5692. [PMID: 31427377 PMCID: PMC6948140 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Approximately half of all patients with cancer receive radiotherapy, which is conventionally delivered in relatively small doses (1.8-2 Gy) per daily fraction over one to two months. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), in which a high daily radiation dose is delivered in 1 to 5 fractions, has improved local control rates for several cancers. However, despite the widespread adoption of SBRT in the clinic, controversy surrounds the mechanism by which SBRT enhances local control. Some studies suggest that high doses of radiation (≥10 Gy) trigger tumor endothelial cell death, resulting in indirect killing of tumor cells through nutrient depletion. On the other hand, mathematical models predict that the high radiation dose per fraction used in SBRT increases direct tumor cell killing, suggesting that disruption of the tumor vasculature is not a critical mediator of tumor cure. Here, we review the application of genetically engineered mouse models to radiosensitize tumor cells or endothelial cells to dissect the role of these cellular targets in mediating the response of primary tumors to high-dose radiotherapy in vivo These studies demonstrate a role for endothelial cell death in mediating tumor growth delay, but not local control following SBRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine D Castle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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17
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Preclinical murine platform to evaluate therapeutic countermeasures against radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20672-20678. [PMID: 31551264 PMCID: PMC6789742 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906611116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are no therapies available to mitigate intestinal damage after radiation injury. Efforts to study and design new therapies are hampered by a lack of models that can be readily adopted to study therapeutic targets. Here we describe a preclinical platform to evaluate therapeutic countermeasures against intestinal radiation injury in vivo in a mouse model that permits inducible and reversible gene suppression following radiation exposure. We demonstrate that transient intestinal Apc suppression stimulates intestinal regeneration and mitigates lethality after radiation intestinal injury, thus validating pulsed Wnt pathway agonism as a therapeutic strategy. This platform can be readily adopted to study theoretically any gene of interest associated with the biology and treatment of intestinal radiation injury. Radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (RIGS) is a limiting factor for therapeutic abdominopelvic radiation and is predicted to be a major source of morbidity in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological terrorism. In this study, we developed an in vivo mouse-modeling platform that enables spatial and temporal manipulation of potential RIGS targets in mice following whole-abdomen irradiation without the confounding effects of concomitant hematopoietic syndrome that occur following whole-body irradiation. We then tested the utility of this platform to explore the effects of transient Wnt pathway activation on intestinal regeneration and animal recovery following induction of RIGS. Our results demonstrate that intestinal epithelial suppression of adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) mitigates RIGS lethality in vivo after lethal ionizing radiation injury-induced intestinal epithelial damage. These results highlight the potential of short-term Wnt agonism as a therapeutic target and establish a platform to evaluate other strategies to stimulate intestinal regeneration after ionizing radiation damage.
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18
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Evolution of the Supermodel: Progress in Modelling Radiotherapy Response in Mice. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2019; 31:272-282. [PMID: 30871751 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are essential tools in cancer research that have been used to understand the genetic basis of tumorigenesis, cancer progression and to test the efficacies of anticancer treatments including radiotherapy. They have played a critical role in our understanding of radiotherapy response in tumours and normal tissues and continue to evolve to better recapitulate the underlying biology of humans. In addition, recent developments in small animal irradiators have significantly improved in vivo irradiation techniques, allowing previously unimaginable experimental approaches to be explored in the laboratory. The combination of contemporary mouse models with small animal irradiators represents a major step forward for the radiobiology field in being able to much more accurately replicate clinical exposure scenarios. As radiobiology studies become ever more sophisticated in reflecting developments in the clinic, it is increasingly important to understand the basis and potential limitations of extrapolating data from mice to humans. This review provides an overview of mouse models and small animal radiotherapy platforms currently being used as advanced radiobiological research tools towards improving the translational power of preclinical studies.
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19
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Brownstein JM, Wisdom AJ, Castle KD, Mowery YM, Guida P, Lee CL, Tommasino F, Tessa CL, Scifoni E, Gao J, Luo L, Campos LDS, Ma Y, Williams N, Jung SH, Durante M, Kirsch DG. Characterizing the Potency and Impact of Carbon Ion Therapy in a Primary Mouse Model of Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:858-868. [PMID: 29437879 PMCID: PMC5912881 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon ion therapy (CIT) offers several potential advantages for treating cancers compared with X-ray and proton radiotherapy, including increased biological efficacy and more conformal dosimetry. However, CIT potency has not been characterized in primary tumor animal models. Here, we calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of carbon ions compared with X-rays in an autochthonous mouse model of soft tissue sarcoma. We used Cre/loxP technology to generate primary sarcomas in KrasLSL-G12D/+; p53fl/fl mice. Primary tumors were irradiated with a single fraction of carbon ions (10 Gy), X-rays (20 Gy, 25 Gy, or 30 Gy), or observed as controls. The RBE was calculated by determining the dose of X-rays that resulted in similar time to posttreatment tumor volume quintupling and exponential growth rate as 10 Gy carbon ions. The median tumor volume quintupling time and exponential growth rate of sarcomas treated with 10 Gy carbon ions and 30 Gy X-rays were similar: 27.3 and 28.1 days and 0.060 and 0.059 mm3/day, respectively. Tumors treated with lower doses of X-rays had faster regrowth. Thus, the RBE of carbon ions in this primary tumor model is 3. When isoeffective treatments of carbon ions and X-rays were compared, we observed significant differences in tumor growth kinetics, proliferative indices, and immune infiltrates. We found that carbon ions were three times as potent as X-rays in this aggressive tumor model and identified unanticipated differences in radiation response that may have clinical implications. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(4); 858-68. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Brownstein
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amy J Wisdom
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine D Castle
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yvonne M Mowery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Peter Guida
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
| | - Chang-Lung Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francesco Tommasino
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Trento, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Chiara La Tessa
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Trento, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuele Scifoni
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Trento, Italy
| | - Junheng Gao
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lixia Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Nerissa Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sin-Ho Jung
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Marco Durante
- Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Trento, Italy
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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