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Zecca PA, Reguzzoni M, Borgese M, Protasoni M, Filibian M, Raspanti M. Investigating the interfaces of the epiphyseal plate: An integrated approach of histochemistry, microtomography and SEM. J Anat 2023; 243:870-877. [PMID: 37391907 PMCID: PMC10557393 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interfaces of the epiphyseal plate with over- and underlying bone segments using an integrated approach of histochemistry, microtomography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to overcome the inherent limitations of sections-based techniques. Microtomography was able to provide an unobstructed, frontal view of large expanses of the two bone surfaces facing the growth plate, while SEM observation after removal of the soft matrix granted an equally unhindered access with a higher resolution. The two interfaces appeared widely dissimilar. On the diaphyseal side the hypertrophic chondrocytes were arranged in tall columns packed in a sort of compact palisade; the interposed extracellular matrix was actively calcifying into a thick mineralized crust growing towards the epiphysis. Behind the mineralization front, histochemical data revealed a number of surviving cartilage islets which were being slowly remodelled into bone. In contrast, the epiphyseal side of the cartilage consisted of a relatively quiescent reserve zone whose mineralization was marginal in amount and discontinuous in extension; the epiphyseal bone consisted of a loose trabecular meshwork, with ample vascular spaces opening directly into the non-mineralized cartilage. On both sides the calcification process took place through the formation of spheroidal bodies 1-2 μm wide which gradually grew by apposition and coalesced into a solid mass, in a way distinctly different from that of bone and other calcified tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marina Borgese
- Department of Medicine & SurgeryInsubria UniversityVareseItaly
| | | | - Marta Filibian
- Centro Grandi StrumentiUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Pavia UnitPaviaItaly
| | - Mario Raspanti
- Department of Medicine & SurgeryInsubria UniversityVareseItaly
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Etschmaier V, Üçal M, Lohberger B, Absenger-Novak M, Kolb D, Weinberg A, Schäfer U. Disruption of Endochondral Ossification and Extracellular Matrix Maturation in an Ex Vivo Rat Femur Organotypic Slice Model Due to Growth Plate Injury. Cells 2023; 12:1687. [PMID: 37443722 PMCID: PMC10341345 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Postnatal bone fractures of the growth plate (GP) are often associated with regenerative complications such as growth impairment. In order to understand the underlying processes of trauma-associated growth impairment within postnatal bone, an ex vivo rat femur slice model was developed. To achieve this, a 2 mm horizontal cut was made through the GP of rat femur prior to the organotypic culture being cultivated for 15 days in vitro. Histological analysis showed disrupted endochondral ossification, including disordered architecture, increased chondrocyte metabolic activity, and a loss of hypertrophic zone throughout the distal femur. Furthermore, altered expression patterns of Col2α1, Acan, and ColX, and increased chondrocyte metabolic activity in the TZ and MZ at day 7 and day 15 postinjury were observed. STEM revealed the presence of stem cells, fibroblasts, and chondrocytes within the injury site at day 7. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that the ex vivo organotypic GP injury model could be a valuable tool for investigating the underlying mechanisms of GP regeneration post-trauma, as well as other tissue engineering and disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Etschmaier
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Muammer Üçal
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
- Bio-Tech-Med Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Markus Absenger-Novak
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Dagmar Kolb
- Center for Medical Research, Core Facility Ultrastructure Analysis, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Annelie Weinberg
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.L.); (A.W.)
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (V.E.); (M.Ü.)
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Vaca-González JJ, Culma JJS, Nova LMH, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Anatomy, molecular structures, and hyaluronic acid - Gelatin injectable hydrogels as a therapeutic alternative for hyaline cartilage recovery: A review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023. [PMID: 37178328 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage damage caused by trauma or osteoarthritis is a common joint disease that can increase the social and economic burden in society. Due to its avascular characteristics, the poor migration ability of chondrocytes, and a low number of progenitor cells, the self-healing ability of cartilage defects has been significantly limited. Hydrogels have been developed into one of the most suitable biomaterials for the regeneration of cartilage because of its characteristics such as high-water absorption, biodegradation, porosity, and biocompatibility similar to natural extracellular matrix. Therefore, the present review article presents a conceptual framework that summarizes the anatomical, molecular structure and biochemical properties of hyaline cartilage located in long bones: articular cartilage and growth plate. Moreover, the importance of preparation and application of hyaluronic acid - gelatin hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering are included. Hydrogels possess benefits of stimulating the production of Agc1, Col2α1-IIa, and SOX9, molecules important for the synthesis and composition of the extracellular matrix of cartilage. Accordingly, they are believed to be promising biomaterials of therapeutic alternatives to treat cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jairo Vaca-González
- Escuela de Pregrado, Dirección Académica, Vicerrectoría de Sede, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede de La Paz, Cesar, Colombia
- Biomimetics Laboratory, Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan José Saiz Culma
- Biomimetics Laboratory, Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Diego Alexander Garzón-Alvarado
- Biomimetics Laboratory, Biotechnology Institute, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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4
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Obuchowicz R, Nurzynska K, Pierzchala M, Piorkowski A, Strzelecki M. Texture Analysis for the Bone Age Assessment from MRI Images of Adolescent Wrists in Boys. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082762. [PMID: 37109098 PMCID: PMC10141677 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, bone age is assessed by X-rays. It enables the evaluation of the child's development and is an important diagnostic factor. However, it is not sufficient to diagnose a specific disease because the diagnoses and prognoses may arise depending on how much the given case differs from the norms of bone age. BACKGROUND The use of magnetic resonance images (MRI) to assess the age of the patient would extend diagnostic possibilities. The bone age test could then become a routine screening test. Changing the method of determining the bone age would also prevent the patient from taking a dose of ionizing radiation, making the test less invasive. METHODS The regions of interest containing the wrist area and the epiphyses of the radius are marked on the magnetic resonance imaging of the non-dominant hand of boys aged 9 to 17 years. Textural features are computed for these regions, as it is assumed that the texture of the wrist image contains information about bone age. RESULTS The regression analysis revealed that there is a high correlation between the bone age of a patient and the MRI-derived textural features derived from MRI. For DICOM T1-weighted data, the best scores reached 0.94 R2, 0.46 RMSE, 0.21 MSE, and 0.33 MAE. CONCLUSIONS The experiments performed have shown that using the MRI images gives reliable results in the assessment of bone age while not exposing the patient to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Obuchowicz
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Nurzynska
- Department of Algorithmics and Software, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Adam Piorkowski
- Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Strzelecki
- Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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Zhu J, Zhao X, Wang H, Xiao H, Chen L. The role of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast trans-differentiation in fetal bone dysplasia of mice caused by prenatal exposure to dexamethasone. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1120041. [PMID: 36937846 PMCID: PMC10017528 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1120041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal exposure to dexamethasone can cause developmental toxicity of long bones in offspring. However, the effect of dexamethasone on the trans-differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes into osteoblasts and its role in bone dysplasia of fetuses caused by prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) remains unclear. In this study, pregnant mice were treated with different doses, stages, and courses of dexamethasone according to clinical practice to reveal the phenomenon. Further, growth plate chondrocytes were treated with dexamethasone in vitro to clarify the phenomenon and mechanism. The results showed that PDE caused dysplasia of fetal long bones in female and male mice, accompanied by the delayed formation of the primary ossification center and the widening hypertrophic zone of growth plate cartilage. Meanwhile, PDE increased the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes at growth plate cartilage and decreased the number of osteoblasts at the primary ossification center. Moreover, PDE significantly decreased the expression of osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 but increased the expression of hypertrophic chondrocytes marker Col10. These above phenomena were more significant in the high dose, early stage, and double courses of dexamethasone exposure groups, and the male fetal mice showed more obvious than the female fetal mice. In vitro, dexamethasone significantly inhibited the trans-differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes into osteoblasts, accompanied by a decrease in Runx2 expression and an increase in Col10 expression. In conclusion, this study revealed the phenomenon and mechanism of fetal bone dysplasia caused by PDE from the new perspective of trans-differentiation disorder of growth plate chondrocytes to osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayong Zhu
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
- Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Liaobin Chen, ; Hao Xiao,
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Division of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
- Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Liaobin Chen, ; Hao Xiao,
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Tiffany AS, Harley BA. Growing Pains: The Need for Engineered Platforms to Study Growth Plate Biology. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200471. [PMID: 35905390 PMCID: PMC9547842 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Growth plates, or physis, are highly specialized cartilage tissues responsible for longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents. Chondrocytes that reside in growth plates are organized into three distinct zones essential for proper function. Modeling key features of growth plates may provide an avenue to develop advanced tissue engineering strategies and perspectives for cartilage and bone regenerative medicine applications and a platform to study processes linked to disease progression. In this review, a brief introduction of the growth plates and their role in skeletal development is first provided. Injuries and diseases of the growth plates as well as physiological and pathological mechanisms associated with remodeling and disease progression are discussed. Growth plate biology, namely, its architecture and extracellular matrix organization, resident cell types, and growth factor signaling are then focused. Next, opportunities and challenges for developing 3D biomaterial models to study aspects of growth plate biology and disease in vitro are discussed. Finally, opportunities for increasingly sophisticated in vitro biomaterial models of the growth plate to study spatiotemporal aspects of growth plate remodeling, to investigate multicellular signaling underlying growth plate biology, and to develop platforms that address key roadblocks to in vivo musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleczandria S. Tiffany
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Brendan A.C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Kulyar MFEA, Yao W, Mo Q, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Gao J, Li K, Pan H, Nawaz S, Shahzad M, Mehmood K, Iqbal M, Akhtar M, Bhutta ZA, Waqas M, Li J, Qi D. Regulatory Role of Apoptotic and Inflammasome Related Proteins and Their Possible Functional Aspect in Thiram Associated Tibial Dyschondroplasia of Poultry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162028. [PMID: 36009620 PMCID: PMC9404426 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia debilities apoptotic and inflammasomal conditions that can further destroy chondrocytes. Inflammasomes are specialized protein complexes that process pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Moreover, there is mounting evidence that many of the signaling molecules that govern programmed cell death also affect inflammasome activation in a cell-intrinsic way. During the last decade, apoptotic functions have been described for signaling molecules involving inflammatory responses and cell death pathways. Considering these exceptional developments in the knowledge of processes, this review gives a glimpse of the significance of these two pathways and their connected proteins in tibial dyschondroplasia. The current review deeply elaborates on the elevated level of signaling mediators of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and the inflammasome. Although investigating these pathways’ mechanisms has made significant progress, this review identifies areas where more study is especially required. It might lead to developing innovative therapeutics for tibial dyschondroplasia and other associated bone disorders, e.g., osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, where apoptosis and inflammasome are the significant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wangyuan Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Quan Mo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanmei Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jindong Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huachun Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shah Nawaz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akhtar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Bhutta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi 860000, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.Q.)
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Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F. Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone during Growth Hormone Treatment. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:725. [PMID: 35626902 PMCID: PMC9139724 DOI: 10.3390/children9050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. There is some controversy concerning a potential interaction between vitamin D and PTH and the GH/IGF-1 axis. The goal of this study is to assess vitamin D and PTH status in children with GH deficiency at diagnostic and during treatment with rhGH. Methods. Longitudinal and descriptive study in 110 patients, aged 3.3−9.1 years, with GH deficiency (GHD group) treated with rhGH. At diagnosis and after 12, 24, 36, and 48 months of treatment, a clinical (height, weight, and bone age) and laboratory (phosphorus, calcium, calcidiol, PTH, IGF-1) evaluation was performed. Concurrently, 377 healthy children, aged 3.8−9.7 years, were enrolled and constituted a control group. Vitamin D status was stated in accordance to the U.S. Endocrine Society criteria. Results. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among control (11.43%) and GHD (13.6%) groups at the moment of diagnosis, remaining without significant changes at 12 (12.9%), 24 (14.6%), 36 (13.1%), and 48 months (13.3%) of treatment. There were not any significant differences in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, and calcidiol, but a steady increase (p < 0.001) in PTH was detected. Conclusions. Prepubertal patients with GH deficient do not appear to have a higher risk of vitamin D deficiency than healthy subjects, and with treatment with rhGH, no changes in the organic content of vitamin D were observed although a significant increase in PTH levels was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Durá-Travé
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Avenue Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), Health Department, Government of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano
- Department of Pediatrics, Navarra Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- Navarrabiomed (Biomedical Research Center), Health Department, Government of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Zachurzok A, Mayr J, Rutz E, Tomaszewski R. Dimensions of the anterior cruciate ligament and thickness of the distal femoral growth plate in children: a MRI-based study. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 143:2363-2372. [PMID: 35438332 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-022-04441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When determining the dimensions of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft in children, bone age should be considered in addition to the patient's age, gender, and body height. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the relationship between age, gender, and ACL dimensions as well as thickness of growth plate cartilage of the distal femur during puberty. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed MRI scans of the knee in 131 children (82 girls, 49 boys) aged 6-18 years (mean age: 14.9 ± 2.6 years). ACL length and width as well as thickness of the growth plate cartilage at the distal femoral epiphysis were measured. RESULTS Mean ACL length increased linearly up to the age of 12 years in females and 14 years in males; thereafter, mean ACL length remained constant. Mean ACL length was largest at the age of 12 to < 13 years (38.18 mm) in females and at 15 to < 16 years (39.38 mm) in males. Mean ACL width increased up to the age of 12 years in girls and 13 years in boys. After the age of 12 years, both the ACL length and width were significantly larger in boys than girls (p = 0.002 and p = 0.045, respectively). Mean thickness of the growth plate cartilage of the distal femur remained stable up to the age of 12 years in girls and 14 years in boys. Thickness of the growth plate cartilage changed most markedly between the age intervals of 11 to < 12 years and 12 to < 13 years in girls and between the age intervals of 13 to < 14 years and 14 to < 15 years in boys. CONCLUSIONS ACL dimensions depended on both age and gender during the growth period. Measurement of cartilage thickness of the femoral distal growth plate proved to be an objective parameter to assess the maturation stage of local bone. This may be useful for the planning and timing of orthopedic ACL procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III-retrospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Zachurzok
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Johannes Mayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Rutz
- Paediatric Orthopaedic Department, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 2052, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, Bob Dickens Chair for Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Hugh Williamson Gait Analysis Laboratory, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia. .,Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ryszard Tomaszewski
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Pediatric Traumatology and Orthopedics, Upper Silesian Child Centre, Katowice, Poland
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Wang X, Lin J, Li Z, Ma Y, Zhang X, He Q, Wu Q, Yan Y, Wei W, Yao X, Li C, Li W, Xie S, Hu Y, Zhang S, Hong Y, Li X, Chen W, Duan W, Ouyang H. Identification of an Ultrathin Osteochondral Interface Tissue with Specific Nanostructure at the Human Knee Joint. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2309-2319. [PMID: 35238577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage adheres to subchondral bone via a specific osteochondral interface tissue where forces are transferred from soft cartilage to hard bone without conferring fatigue damage over a lifetime of load cycles. However, the fine structure and mechanical properties of the osteochondral interface tissue remain unclear. Here, we identified an ultrathin ∼20-30 μm graded calcified region with two-layered micronano structures of osteochondral interface tissue in the human knee joint, which exhibited characteristic biomolecular compositions and complex nanocrystals assembly. Results from finite element simulations revealed that within this region, an exponential increase of modulus (3 orders of magnitude) was conducive to force transmission. Nanoscale heterogeneity in the hydroxyapatite, coupled with enrichment of elastic-responsive protein-titin, which is usually present in muscle, endowed the osteochondral tissue with excellent mechanical properties. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the potential design for high-performance interface materials for osteochondral interface regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhao Wang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junxin Lin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zonghao Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanzhu Ma
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianzhu Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiulin He
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Wu
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
| | - Yiyang Yan
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaofang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yejun Hu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Hong
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xu Li
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Weiqiu Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wangping Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine & Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 314400, China
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou (CorMed), Hangzhou 310058, China
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11
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Fischenich KM, Schneider SE, Neu CP, Payne KA, Ferguson VL. Material properties and strain distribution patterns of bovine growth plate cartilage vary with anatomic location and depth. J Biomech 2022; 134:111013. [PMID: 35245713 PMCID: PMC9651143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the bulk material properties and depth-dependent strain distribution of bovine growth plate cartilage. We hypothesized that both moduli and strain distribution are highly depth-, orientation-, and location-dependent. Bovine proximal tibiae (1-month-old) were sliced along the sagittal and coronal planes to create ∼ 4 mm2 samples. Digital image correlation (DIC) was combined with stress relaxation tests for evaluation of bulk modulus (tangent and equilibrium) and depth-dependent strain distribution. A subset of samples was imaged after Col-F staining as well as histological staining (Safranin-O/Fast Green) to evaluate zonal organization and matrix composition. The mean tangent modulus was 4.25 ± 2.46 MPa while the equilibrium modulus was 0.86 ± 0.46 MPa. No significant differences in moduli were found with respect to orientation (sagittal vs coronal face), but sagittal location within the joint was a significant predictor for tangent modulus. Overall moduli values decreased from the periphery to the midline of the joint. Depth-dependent cellular organization, determined by cell density and shape, was highly variable. This heterogeneity may be a biological toughening mechanism. Peak normalized strains were observed most often in the hypertrophic zone. Modulus was significantly lower in the hypertrophic zone as compared to the resting and proliferative zones. This study is the first to evaluate moduli and strain distribution in intact growth plates as a function of depth, orientation, and anatomic location. Future work with growth plate tissue engineering should consider the location- and depth-dependent nature of the native tissue mechanical properties when designing mimetic constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M Fischenich
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Stephanie E Schneider
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Corey P Neu
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Karin A Payne
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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12
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Eckstein KN, Thomas SM, Scott AK, Neu CP, Payne KA, Ferguson VL. The heterogeneous mechanical properties of adolescent growth plate cartilage: A study in rabbit. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 128:105102. [PMID: 35203020 PMCID: PMC9047008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The growth plate is a cartilaginous tissue that functions to lengthen bones in children. When fractured, however, the growth plate can lose this critical function. Our understanding of growth plate fracture and mechanobiology is currently hindered by sparse information on the growth plate's microscale spatial gradients in mechanical properties. In this study, we performed microindentation across the proximal tibia growth plate of 9-week-old New Zealand White rabbits (n = 15) to characterize spatial variations in mechanical properties using linear elastic and nonlinear poroelastic material models. Mean indentation results for Hertz reduced modulus ranged from 380 to 690 kPa, with a peak in the upper hypertrophic zone and significant differences (p < 0.05) between neighboring zones. Using a subset of these animals (n = 7), we characterized zonal structure and extracellular matrix content of the growth plate through confocal fluorescent microscopy and Raman spectroscopy mapping. Comparison between mechanical properties and matrix content across the growth plate showed that proteoglycan content correlated with compressive modulus. This study is the first to measure poroelastic mechanical properties from microindentation across growth plate cartilage and to discern differing mechanical properties between the upper and lower hypertrophic zones. This latter finding may explain the location of typical growth plate fractures. The spatial variation in our reported mechanical properties emphasize the heterogeneous structure of the growth plate which is important to inform future regenerative implant design and mechanobiological models.
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13
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Atake OJ, Eames BF. Mineralized Cartilage and Bone-Like Tissues in Chondrichthyans Offer Potential Insights Into the Evolution and Development of Mineralized Tissues in the Vertebrate Endoskeleton. Front Genet 2022; 12:762042. [PMID: 35003210 PMCID: PMC8727550 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.762042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impregnation of biominerals into the extracellular matrix of living organisms, a process termed biomineralization, gives rise to diverse mineralized (or calcified) tissues in vertebrates. Preservation of mineralized tissues in the fossil record has provided insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrates and their skeletons. However, current understanding of the vertebrate skeleton and of the processes underlying its formation is biased towards biomedical models such as the tetrapods mouse and chick. Chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays, and chimaeras) and osteichthyans are the only vertebrate groups with extant (living) representatives that have a mineralized skeleton, but the basal phylogenetic position of chondrichthyans could potentially offer unique insights into skeletal evolution. For example, bone is a vertebrate novelty, but the internal supporting skeleton (endoskeleton) of extant chondrichthyans is commonly described as lacking bone. The molecular and developmental basis for this assertion is yet to be tested. Subperichondral tissues in the endoskeleton of some chondrichthyans display mineralization patterns and histological and molecular features of bone, thereby challenging the notion that extant chondrichthyans lack endoskeletal bone. Additionally, the chondrichthyan endoskeleton demonstrates some unique features and others that are potentially homologous with other vertebrates, including a polygonal mineralization pattern, a trabecular mineralization pattern, and an unconstricted perichordal sheath. Because of the basal phylogenetic position of chondrichthyans among all other extant vertebrates with a mineralized skeleton, developmental and molecular studies of chondrichthyans are critical to flesh out the evolution of vertebrate skeletal tissues, but only a handful of such studies have been carried out to date. This review discusses morphological and molecular features of chondrichthyan endoskeletal tissues and cell types, ultimately emphasizing how comparative embryology and transcriptomics can reveal homology of mineralized skeletal tissues (and their cell types) between chondrichthyans and other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oghenevwogaga J Atake
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B Frank Eames
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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14
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Kazemi M, Williams JL. Properties of Cartilage-Subchondral Bone Junctions: A Narrative Review with Specific Focus on the Growth Plate. Cartilage 2021; 13:16S-33S. [PMID: 32458695 PMCID: PMC8804776 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520924776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize what is currently known about the structural, chemical, and mechanical properties of cartilage-bone interfaces, which provide tissue integrity across a bimaterial interface of 2 very different structural materials. Maintaining these mechanical interfaces is a key factor for normal bone growth and articular cartilage function and maintenance. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed/Medline with a specific focus on the growth plate cartilage-subchondral bone interface. All original articles, reviews in journals, and book chapters were considered. Following a review of the overall structural and functional characteristics of the physis, the literature on histological studies of both articular and growth plate chondro-osseous junctions is briefly reviewed. Next the literature on biochemical properties of these interfaces is reviewed, specifically the literature on elemental analyses across the cartilage-subchondral bone junctions. The literature on biomechanical studies of these junctions at the articular and physeal interfaces is also reviewed and compared. RESULTS Unlike the interface between articular cartilage and bone, growth plate cartilage has 2 chondro-osseous junctions. The reserve zone of the mature growth plate is intimately connected to a plate of subchondral bone on the epiphyseal side. This interface resembles that between the subchondral bone and articular cartilage, although much less is known about its makeup and formation. CONCLUSION There is a notably paucity of information available on the structural and mechanical properties of reserve zone-subchondral epiphyseal bone interface. This review reveals that further studies are needed on the microstructural and mechanical properties of chondro-osseous junction with the reserve zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Kazemi
- Biomedical Engineering Department,
University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA,Masumeh Kazemi, Biomedical Engineering
Department, University of Memphis, 3796 Norriswood Avenue, Memphis, TN 38152,
USA.
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15
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Asmussen NC, Cohen DJ, Lin Z, McClure MJ, Boyan BD, Schwartz Z. Specific MicroRNAs Found in Extracellular Matrix Vesicles Regulate Proliferation and Differentiation in Growth Plate Chondrocytes. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:455-468. [PMID: 33950267 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00855-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Matrix vesicles (MVs) are extracellular organelles produced by growth plate cartilage cells in a zone-specific manner. MVs are similar in size to exosomes, but they are tethered to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via integrins. Originally associated with matrix calcification, studies now show that they contain matrix processing enzymes and microRNA that are specific to their zone of maturation. MVs produced by costochondral cartilage resting zone (RC) chondrocytes are enriched in microRNA 503 whereas those produced by growth zone (GC) chondrocytes are enriched in microRNA 122. MVs are packaged by chondrocytes under hormonal and factor regulation and release of their contents into the ECM is also under hormonal control, suggesting that their microRNA might have a regulatory role in growth plate proliferation and maturation. To test this, we selected a subset of these enriched microRNAs and transfected synthetic mimics back into RC and GC cells. Transfecting growth plate chondrocytes with select microRNA produced a broad range of phenotypic responses indicating that MV-based microRNAs are involved in the regulation of these cells. Specifically, microRNA 122 drives both RC and GC cells toward a proliferative phenotype, stabilizes the matrix and inhibits differentiation whereas microRNA 22 exerts control over regulatory factor production. This study demonstrates the strong regulatory capability possessed by unique MV enriched microRNAs on growth plate chondrocytes and their potential for use as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Asmussen
- School of Integrative Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - David J Cohen
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Zhao Lin
- School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Michael J McClure
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Barbara D Boyan
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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16
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Divya D, Bhattacharya TK. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their role in poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1959274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Divya
- Molecular Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - T. K. Bhattacharya
- Molecular Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad, India
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17
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Abstract
Physeal injuries are common in the developing small animal and can result in growth disturbances of the forelimb. Resulting deformities can include limb shortening, joint incongruity, angulation, and alterations in joint loading with subsequent osteoarthritis, remodeling, and debilitation. Because of the unique paired bone configuration, the antebrachium is the main source for malalignment resulting from physeal disturbance in the forelimb. Successful correction of deformities requires in-depth understanding of normal physeal activity; careful consideration of patient signalment; and the ability to quantify the location, magnitude, and plane of the deformity or deformities.
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18
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Wang B, Jiang B, Li Y, Dai Y, Li P, Li L, Xu J, Li L, Wu P. AKAP2 overexpression modulates growth plate chondrocyte functions through ERK1/2 signaling. Bone 2021; 146:115875. [PMID: 33571699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, the mutation c.2645A > C (p. E882A) was found in the A-Kinase Anchoring Protein 2 (AKAP2) gene, which plays an important role in regulating the development of the skeletal system; however, the specific effect of AKAP2 on chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and the potential mechanism are still not clear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of AKAP2 in vitro. We successfully isolated human growth plate chondrocytes (GPCs) from growth plate cartilage tissues and identified GPCs by aggrecan expression and flow cytometric analysis. AKAP2 overexpression significantly promoted GPC proliferation, enhanced GPC differentiation, and promoted extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, whereas AKAP2 silencing exerted the opposite effects on GPCs. AKAP2 overexpression increased, while AKAP2 silencing decreased, the protein levels of p-extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK)1/2. More importantly, the promotive effects of AKAP2 overexpression on GPC proliferation, differentiation, and ECM synthesis were significantly reversed by the ERK1/2 signaling antagonist U0126, suggesting that AKAP2 enhances GPC functions through ERK1/2 signaling. In conclusion, we demonstrate AKAP2 overexpression-induced enhancement of GPC functions through ERK1/2 signaling. Considering the critical role of GPC functions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) pathogenesis, the application of AKAP2 targeting in AIS treatment should be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yawei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China.
| | - Yuliang Dai
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Pengzhi Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Jietao Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, China
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19
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Zaydman AM, Strokova EL, Pahomova NY, Gusev AF, Mikhaylovskiy MV, Shevchenko AI, Zaidman MN, Shilo AR, Subbotin VM. Etiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Review of the literature and new epigenetic hypothesis on altered neural crest cells migration in early embryogenesis as the key event. Med Hypotheses 2021; 151:110585. [PMID: 33932710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects 2-3% of children. Numerous hypotheses on etiologic/causal factors of AIS were investigated, but all failed to identify therapeutic targets and hence failed to offer a cure. Therefore, currently there are only two options to minimize morbidity of the patients suffering AIS: bracing and spinal surgery. From the beginning of 1960th, spinal surgery, both fusion and rod placement, became the standard of management for progressive adolescent idiopathic spine deformity. However, spinal surgery is often associated with complications. These circumstances motivate AIS scientific community to continue the search for new etiologic and causal factors of AIS. While the role of the genetic factors in AIS pathogenesis was investigated intensively and universally recognized, these studies failed to nominate mutation of a particular gene or genes combination responsible for AIS development. More recently epigenetic factors were suggested to play causal role in AIS pathogenesis. Sharing this new approach, we investigated scoliotic vertebral growth plates removed during vertebral fusion (anterior surgery) for AIS correction. In recent publications we showed that cells from the convex side of human scoliotic deformities undergo normal chondrogenic/osteogenic differentiation, while cells from the concave side acquire a neuronal phenotype. Based on these facts we hypothesized that altered neural crest cell migration in early embryogenesis can be the etiological factor of AIS. In particular, we suggested that neural crest cells failed to migrate through the anterior half of somites and became deposited in sclerotome, which in turn produced chondrogenic/osteogenic-insufficient vertebral growth plates. To test this hypothesis we conducted experiments on chicken embryos with arrest neural crest cell migration by inhibiting expression of Paired-box 3 (Pax3) gene, a known enhancer and promoter of neural crest cells migration and differentiation. The results showed that chicken embryos treated with Pax3 siRNA (microinjection into the neural tube, 44 h post-fertilization) progressively developed scoliotic deformity during maturation. Therefore, this analysis suggests that although adolescent idiopathic scoliosis manifests in children around puberty, the real onset of the disease is of epigenetic nature and takes place in early embryogenesis and involves altered neural crest cells migration. If these results confirmed and further elaborated, the hypothesis may shed new light on the etiology and pathogenesis of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla M Zaydman
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena L Strokova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya Y Pahomova
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arkady F Gusev
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Mikhaylovskiy
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics named after Ya.L. Tsivyan, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander I Shevchenko
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Andrey R Shilo
- Novosibirsk Zoo named after R.A. Shilo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Subbotin
- Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals Inc., Madison WI, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA, USA; University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, USA.
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20
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De Moor L, Minne M, Tytgat L, Vercruysse C, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S, Declercq H. Tuning the Phenotype of Cartilage Tissue Mimics by Varying Spheroid Maturation and Methacrylamide-Modified Gelatin Hydrogel Characteristics. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000401. [PMID: 33729714 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In hybrid bioprinting of cartilage tissue constructs, spheroids are used as cellular building blocks and combined with biomaterials for dispensing. However, biomaterial intrinsic cues can deeply affect cell fate and to date, the influence of hydrogel encapsulation on spheroid viability and phenotype has received limited attention. This study assesses this need and unravels 1) how the phenotype of spheroid-laden constructs can be tuned through adjusting the hydrogel physico-chemical properties and 2) if the spheroid maturation stage prior to encapsulation is a determining factor for the construct phenotype. Articular chondrocyte spheroids with a cartilage specific extracellular matrix (ECM) are generated and different maturation stages, early-, mid-, and late-stage (3, 7, and 14 days, respectively), are harvested and encapsulated in 10, 15, or 20 w/v% methacrylamide-modified gelatin (gelMA) for 14 days. The encapsulation of immature spheroids do not lead to a cartilage-like ECM production but when more mature mid- or late-stage spheroids are combined with a certain concentration of gelMA, a fibrocartilage-like as well as a hyaline cartilage-like phenotype can be induced. As a proof of concept, late-stage spheroids are bioprinted using a 10 w/v% gelMA-Irgacure 2959 solution with the aim to test the processing potential of the spheroid-laden bioink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise De Moor
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Mendy Minne
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Tytgat
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Chris Vercruysse
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Heidi Declercq
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Kortrijk, 8500, Belgium
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Fernández-Iglesias Á, Fuente R, Gil-Peña H, Alonso-Durán L, Santos F, López JM. The Formation of the Epiphyseal Bone Plate Occurs via Combined Endochondral and Intramembranous-Like Ossification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020900. [PMID: 33477458 PMCID: PMC7830543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the epiphyseal bone plate, the flat bony structure that provides strength and firmness to the growth plate cartilage, was studied in the present study by using light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopy. Results obtained evidenced that this bone tissue is generated by the replacement of the lower portion of the epiphyseal cartilage. However, this process differs considerably from the usual bone tissue formation through endochondral ossification. Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on remnants of mineralized cartilage matrix that serve as a scaffold, but also on non-mineralized cartilage surfaces and as well as within the perivascular space. These processes occur simultaneously at sites located close to each other, so that, a core of the sheet of bone is established very quickly. Subsequently, thickening and reshaping occurs by appositional growth to generate a dense parallel-fibered bone structurally intermediate between woven and lamellar bone. All these processes occur in close relationship with a cartilage but most of the bone tissue is generated in a manner that may be considered as intramembranous-like. Overall, the findings here reported provide for the first time an accurate description of the tissues and events involved in the formation of the epiphyseal bone plate and gives insight into the complex cellular events underlying bone formation at different sites on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Fernández-Iglesias
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Á.F.-I.); (R.F.); (H.G.-P.); (L.A.-D.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rocío Fuente
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Á.F.-I.); (R.F.); (H.G.-P.); (L.A.-D.); (F.S.)
| | - Helena Gil-Peña
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Á.F.-I.); (R.F.); (H.G.-P.); (L.A.-D.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Laura Alonso-Durán
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Á.F.-I.); (R.F.); (H.G.-P.); (L.A.-D.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Á.F.-I.); (R.F.); (H.G.-P.); (L.A.-D.); (F.S.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias (HUCA), 33011 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - José Manuel López
- Division of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain; (Á.F.-I.); (R.F.); (H.G.-P.); (L.A.-D.); (F.S.)
- Department of Morphology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Correspondence:
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22
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Riggs CM, Thompson SL, So YM, Wong JKY, Wan TSM, Robinson P, Stewart BD, Ho ENM. Tiludronic acid can be detected in blood and urine samples from Thoroughbred racehorses over 3 years after last administration. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1287-1295. [PMID: 33247964 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of bisphosphonates, including tiludronic acid, to Thoroughbred racehorses below 3 and a half years of age is prohibited in most racing jurisdictions. OBJECTIVES To determine if evidence of administration of tiludronic acid could be obtained from analysis of blood and urine samples beyond 40 days after administration. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS Horses maintained in a highly controlled environment and treated with Tildren®a were selected from clinical records. Twenty-four horses were identified, 21 of which were still in race training. Blood and urine samples were collected and analysed for the presence of tiludronic acid using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Tiludronic acid was detected in samples from every horse, including two that had been given a therapeutic dose of the drug 3 years prior to sample collection. The estimated concentrations of tiludronic acid in the blood collected at least 2 years post-administration were consistently very low (less than 0.3 ng/mL). The estimated concentrations in urine were less consistent and were generally lower than those in blood, although higher levels were inconsistently detected in individual horses (up to about 16 ng/mL almost 1 year post-administration in 1 horse and about 3.7 ng/mL at almost 3 years post-administration in another). MAIN LIMITATIONS The study was performed in horses that are older than the primary target group. A single sample was obtained from most horses and so we cannot comment on elimination profiles. CONCLUSIONS Evidence that a therapeutic dose of tiludronic acid has been administered to a horse can be obtained from detection of the drug in blood and urine samples over 3 years after it was administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Riggs
- Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sarah L Thompson
- Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yat-Ming So
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jenny K Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Robinson
- Veterinary Clinical Services, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brian D Stewart
- Veterinary Regulation, Welfare and Biosecurity Policy, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Hong Kong SAR, China
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23
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Lee H, Hwangbo H, Ji SY, Kim MY, Kim SY, Kim DH, Hong SH, Lee SJ, Assefa F, Kim GY, Park EK, Park JH, Lee BJ, Jeon YJ, Choi YH. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid-Enriched Fermented Oyster ( Crassostrea gigas) Increases the Length of the Growth Plate on the Proximal Tibia Bone in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194375. [PMID: 32977643 PMCID: PMC7582314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone growth during childhood and puberty determines an adult’s final stature. Although several prior studies have reported that fermented oyster (FO) consisting of a high amount of gamma aminobutyric acid can be attributed to bone health, there is no research on the efficacy of FO on growth regulation and the proximal tibial growth plate. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effect of FO oral administration on hepatic and serum growth regulator levels and the development of the proximal tibial growth plate in young Sprague-Dawley rats. Both oral administration of FO (FO 100, 100 mg/kg FO and FO 200, 200 mg/kg FO) and subcutaneous injection of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH, 200 μg/kg of rhGH) for two weeks showed no toxicity. Circulating levels of growth hormone (GH) significantly increased in the FO 200 group. The expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) were enhanced by FO administration. FO administration promoted the expression of bone morphogenic proteins IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in the proximal tibial growth plate. This positive effect of FO resulted in incremental growth of the entire plate length by expanding the proliferating and hypertrophic zones in the proximal tibial growth plate. Collectively, our results suggested that oral administration of FO is beneficial for bone health, which may ultimately result in increased height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesook Lee
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Hyun Hwangbo
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seon Yeong Ji
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Min Yeong Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Smart Bio-Health, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
| | - Su Jeong Lee
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Freshet Assefa
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (G.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Eui Kyun Park
- Department of Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.J.L.); (F.A.); (E.K.P.)
| | - Joung-Hyun Park
- Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - Bae-Jin Lee
- Ocean Fisheries & Biology Center, Marine Bioprocess Co., Ltd., Busan 46048, Korea; (J.-H.P.); (B.-J.L.)
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea; (G.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.)
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dong-eui University, Busan 47340, Korea; (H.L.); (H.H.); (S.Y.J.); (M.Y.K.); (S.Y.K.); (D.H.K.); (S.H.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Dong-eui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-890-3319
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Growth Plate Pathology in the Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI Rat Model-An Experimental and Computational Approach. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10060360. [PMID: 32486376 PMCID: PMC7344727 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10060360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by impaired function or absence of lysosomal enzymes involved in degradation of glycosaminoglycans. Clinically, MPS are skeletal dysplasias, characterized by cartilage abnormalities and disturbances in the process of endochondral ossification. Histologic abnormalities of growth cartilage have been reported at advanced stages of the disease, but information regarding growth plate pathology progression either in humans or in animal models, as well as its pathophysiology, is limited. METHODS Histological analyses of distal femur growth plates of wild type (WT) and mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) rats at different stages of development were performed, including quantitative data. Experimental findings were then analyzed in a theoretical scenario. RESULTS Histological evaluation showed a progressive loss of histological architecture within the growth plate. Furthermore, in silico simulation suggest the abnormal cell distribution in the tissue may lead to alterations in biochemical gradients, which may be one of the factors contributing to the growth plate abnormalities observed, highlighting aspects that must be the focus of future experimental works. CONCLUSION The results presented shed some light on the progression of growth plate alterations observed in MPS VI and evidence the potentiality of combined theoretical and experimental approaches to better understand pathological scenarios, which is a necessary step to improve the search for novel therapeutic approaches.
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25
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Boulahouache A, Cambon-Binder A, Chouiha M, Lardjane ML, Belkheyar Z. Chondrodesis of the wrist in children with severe paralytic hand deformities. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2020; 39:251-255. [PMID: 32244070 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We examined the anatomical and clinical results of a new wrist subphyseal arthrodesis method called chondrodesis, which relies on resorbable suture-bone fixation for children with severe paralytic hand deformities and does not require fixation devices or bone grafting. Four children's wrists underwent the procedure, resulting in three successful wrist bone fusions. The wrists were stabilized by joint fusion in 4-5 months in good positions, ranging from neutral to extension 15°, while still allowing the forearm to keep growing since the radial growth plate remained open as of the last follow-up. The procedure improved hand function (House score, Raimondi score) and appearance. It also increased control over gripping motions with the operated hand, and even restored key pinch ability in one of the patients. The youngest patient was not able to achieve bone fusion at the key sites and will need further corrective procedures at a later and more optimal age. This novel procedure is appealing because of its technical reproducibility, low cost, encouraging outcomes, ease of rehabilitation, and because it spares the physeal cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boulahouache
- Orthopedic clinic, hand surgery, Cité 280 Logts-Draa el bordjBt17, 10000 Bouira, Algeria.
| | - A Cambon-Binder
- Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique - SOS main, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184, rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012 Paris, France.
| | - M Chouiha
- Cité Hachi Abderrahmane 160/20, 17000 Djelfa, Algeria.
| | - M-L Lardjane
- 19, rue Berouaken, Boudouaou, 35000 Boumerdes, Algeria.
| | - Z Belkheyar
- 8-10, rue de la Folie-Regnault, 75011 Paris, France.
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26
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Güz BC, Molenaar R, de Jong IC, Kemp B, van Krimpen M, van den Brand H. Effects of eggshell temperature pattern during incubation on tibia characteristics of broiler chickens at slaughter age. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3020-3029. [PMID: 32475438 PMCID: PMC7597550 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to determine effects of eggshell temperature (EST) pattern in week 2 and week 3 of incubation on tibia development of broiler chickens at slaughter age. A total of 468 Ross 308 eggs were incubated at an EST of 37.8°C from incubation day (E) 0 to E7. Thereafter, a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 EST (37.8°C and 38.9°C) from E8 to E14 and 2 EST (36.7°C and 37.8°C) from E15 till hatch was applied. After hatching, chickens were reared until slaughter age with the 4 EST treatments and 8 replicates per treatment. At day 41 and 42, one male chicken per replicate per day was selected, and hock burn and food pad dermatitis were scored. Rotated tibia, tibia dyschondroplasia, epiphyseal plate abnormalities, bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis, and epiphysiolysis were assessed. Tibia weight, length, thickness, head thickness, and robusticity index were determined. X-ray analyses (osseous volume, pore volume, total volume, volume fraction, mineral content, and mineral density) and a 3-point bending test (ultimate strength, yield strength, stiffness, energy to fracture, and elastic modulus) were performed. A high EST (38.9°C) in week 2 of incubation, followed by a normal EST (37.8°C) in week 3 resulted in higher mineral content (P = 0.001), mineral density (P = 0.002), ultimate strength (P = 0.04), yield strength (P = 0.03), and stiffness (P = 0.05) compared with the other 3 EST groups (week 2 × week 3 interaction). A high EST (38.9°C) in week 2 of incubation, regardless of the EST in week 3, resulted in a higher tibia weight (P < 0.001), thickness (P = 0.05), osseous volume (P < 0.001), and total volume (P < 0.001) than a normal EST (37.8°C). It can be concluded that 1.1°C higher EST than normal in week 2 of incubation appears to stimulate tibia morphological, biophysical, and mechanical characteristics of broiler chickens at slaughter age. Additionally, a 1.1°C lower EST in week 3 of incubation appears to have negative effects on tibia characteristics, particularly in interaction with the EST in week 2 of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Güz
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - I C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, Gelderland 6708 WD, The Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - M van Krimpen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, Gelderland 6708 WD, The Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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27
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Iuchi T, Kusuhara H, Ueda Y, Morotomi T, Isogai N. Influence of Periosteum Location on the Bone and Cartilage in Tissue-Engineered Phalanx. J Hand Surg Am 2020; 45:62.e1-62.e10. [PMID: 30902355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the influence of periosteal tissue of different origins on the calcification at the diaphysis and chondrocyte maturation at the epiphysis in an engineered phalanx. We hypothesized that the periosteum from long bones would better provide donor cells for bone formation and signals for maturation of the joint cartilage. METHODS Periosteum was harvested from 4 locations (cranium, mandible, radius, and ilium) of calf bones. A human phalangeal bone-shaped, biodegradable, 3-dimensional scaffold hydroxyapatite-poly L-lactic-ɛ-caprolactone (HA-P[LA/CL]) was prepared using a human phalangeal bone-shaped template. A bioengineered human phalanx was fabricated by combining periosteal grafts with biodegradable copolymers. The joint cartilage region (chondrocyte/polyglycolic acid [PGA] composite) was subsequently sutured to the phalangeal bone region (periosteum/HA-P[LA/CL] composite) with absorbable sutures to make a human phalangeal bone model. These were then implanted in nude mice for maturation of the constructs. Macroscopic, radiographic, histological, and immune-histochemical evaluations were carried out to determine the relative influence of the periosteal graft source on bone and cartilage formation at 10 and 20 weeks after implantation. RESULTS Calcification localized under the periosteum was noted in the cranium, radius, and ilium groups after 10 weeks, which markedly expanded at the modelled diaphysis after 20 weeks. The width in the minor axis direction tended to increase with time after grafting in the cranium group, whereas the longitudinal length increased in the radius and ilium groups. The joint cartilage thickness changed with time depending on the type of periosteum, and periosteum collected from the radius and ilium was associated with the greatest cartilage thickness in the joint cartilage maturation process. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that periosteum collected from radius of calves demonstrated superior bone formation and chondrocyte maturation in the engineered phalanx compared with other sources of periosteum. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The osteogenic capacity depends on the periosteal source regardless of intramembranous or endochondral ossification. The appropriate periosteal choice is essential in the phalangeal bone and cartilage tissue engineering. The results are important for broadening tissue engineering possibilities for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Iuchi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan.
| | - Hirohisa Kusuhara
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ueda
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Morotomi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
| | - Noritaka Isogai
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-sayama, Japan
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28
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Wongdee K, Lertsuwan K, Thonapan N, Teerapornpuntakit J, Charoenphandhu N. Differential expression of Sox9 protein and proteoglycans in the epiphyseal cartilage of bromocriptine-treated pregnant and lactating rats. Anat Sci Int 2019; 95:277-285. [PMID: 31865549 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-019-00520-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations have shown that pregnancy and lactation are able to induce elongation of long bone by altering epiphyseal cartilage function in a prolactin-dependent manner. Since the transcription factor Sox9 is of utmost importance for chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and since bromocriptine, a dopaminergic D2 agonist widely used to suppress milk production, is known to disrupt the production and release of prolactin, we herein aimed to investigate whether pregnancy and lactation as well as bromocriptine could alter the expression of Sox9. Our immunohistochemical analysis showed that the Sox9 expression levels were markedly upregulated in the tibial proliferative zone of day 21 pregnant rats. In day 8 (early) and day 14 (mid) lactating rats, the Sox9 expression was enhanced only in the proliferative zone, but not in the resting and hypertrophic zones. There was no change in Sox9 expression in day 21 (late) lactating rats. Postweaning rats manifested a decreased Sox9 expression in the hypertrophic zone. Bromocriptine had no effect on Sox9 expression in the proliferative zone of day 21 pregnant rats; however, it completely prevented the Sox9 upregulation in those of early and mid-lactating rats. A differential response was observed in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of late lactating rats, in which bromocriptine enhanced Sox9 expression. Further investigation of cartilaginous matrix revealed no change in proteoglycans accumulation in lactating rats. In conclusion, the upregulated Sox9 expression predominantly occurred in the proliferative zone during late pregnancy and early and mid-lactation, while the bromocriptine effects depended on the periods and epiphyseal zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannikar Wongdee
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand.,Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natchayaporn Thonapan
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Jarinthorn Teerapornpuntakit
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Narattaphol Charoenphandhu
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. .,Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand. .,The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
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29
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Zappa F, Wilson C, Di Tullio G, Santoro M, Pucci P, Monti M, D'Amico D, Pisonero-Vaquero S, De Cegli R, Romano A, Saleem MA, Polishchuk E, Failli M, Giaquinto L, De Matteis MA. The TRAPP complex mediates secretion arrest induced by stress granule assembly. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101704. [PMID: 31429971 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TRAnsport Protein Particle (TRAPP) complex controls multiple membrane trafficking steps and is strategically positioned to mediate cell adaptation to diverse environmental conditions, including acute stress. We have identified the TRAPP complex as a component of a branch of the integrated stress response that impinges on the early secretory pathway. The TRAPP complex associates with and drives the recruitment of the COPII coat to stress granules (SGs) leading to vesiculation of the Golgi complex and arrest of ER export. The relocation of the TRAPP complex and COPII to SGs only occurs in cycling cells and is CDK1/2-dependent, being driven by the interaction of TRAPP with hnRNPK, a CDK substrate that associates with SGs when phosphorylated. In addition, CDK1/2 inhibition impairs TRAPP complex/COPII relocation to SGs while stabilizing them at ER exit sites. Importantly, the TRAPP complex controls the maturation of SGs. SGs that assemble in TRAPP-depleted cells are smaller and are no longer able to recruit RACK1 and Raptor, two TRAPP-interactive signaling proteins, sensitizing cells to stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zappa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Cathal Wilson
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | | | - Michele Santoro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | | | | | - Davide D'Amico
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | | | - Rossella De Cegli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Alessia Romano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Moin A Saleem
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elena Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Mario Failli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Laura Giaquinto
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Matteis
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), Italy.,Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Widmer S, Steiner RP, Morscher MA, Shasti M, Weiner DS, Adamczyk MJ, Childs RD, Landis WJ. An investigation to validate the equivalence of physes obtained from different anatomic regions in a single animal species: Implications for choosing experimental controls in clinical studies. Bone Rep 2019; 10:100209. [PMID: 31194098 PMCID: PMC6551382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Control tissue in studies of various orthopedic pathologies is difficult to obtain and presumably equivalent biopsies from other anatomic sites have been utilized in its place. However, for growth plates, different anatomic regions are subject to dissimilar mechanical forces and produce disproportionate longitudinal growth. The purpose of this study was to compare gene expression and structure in normal physes from different anatomic regions within a single animal species to determine whether such physes were equivalent. Thirteen female New Zealand white rabbits (five 15-week-old and eight 19-week-old animals) were euthanized and physes harvested from their proximal and distal femurs and proximal tibiae. Harvested physes were divided into groups for histological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. All physes analyzed demonstrated no apparent differences in morphology or proteoglycan staining intensity on histological examination or in type II collagen presence determined by IHC study. Histomorphometric measures of physeal height as well as gene expression of type II collagen and aggrecan were found to be statistically significantly equivalent (p < 0.05) among the three different bones from the total number of rabbits. Summary data suggest that the structural similarities and statistical equivalence determined among the various physes investigated in the rabbit validate these tissues in this species for use as surrogate controls by which physeal abnormalities may be compared and characterized in the absence of otherwise normal control tissues. Other species may exhibit the same similarities and equivalence among different physes so that such tissues may serve in like manner as controls for assessing a variety of orthopedic conditions, including those occurring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Widmer
- Wooster Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Shasti
- Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Robin DiFeo Childs
- The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
- Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, OH, USA
| | - William J. Landis
- The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, Health Sciences Building, West, Room 812, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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31
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The leg strength of two commercial strains of meat chicken subjected to different incubation profiles. Animal 2019; 13:1489-1497. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731118002999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Pazzaglia UE, Reguzzoni M, Casati L, Minini A, Salvi AG, Sibilia V. Long bone human anlage longitudinal and circumferential growth in the fetal period and comparison with the growth plate cartilage of the postnatal age. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 82:190-198. [PMID: 30582248 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of longitudinal and peripheral growth were analyzed in human autopod cartilage anlagen (fetal developmental stage 20th-22nd week) through morphometric assessment of chondrocyte parameter size, shape, alignment and orientation between peripheral and central sectors of the anlage transition zone defined by primary ossification center and the epiphyseal basis. The aim was to correlate the chondrocyte dynamics with the longitudinal and peripheral growth. A further comparison was carried out between the corresponding sectors of the postnatal (3-5 months old) growth plate cartilage documenting: (1) the different chondrocyte framework and the new peripheral mechanism; (2) the opposite direction of fetal periosteal ossification versus the Lacroix bone bark. Measurement of multiple parameters (% lac area, % total matrix area, total lac density and mean single lac area), which characterize the cartilage Anlage growth, suggested the following correlations with chondrocyte duplication rate: (a) slow duplication rate ≈ coupled, intralacunar chondrocytes (in central epiphysis); (b) repeated/frequent cell duplications ≈ clusters (in the basal epiphyseal layer); (c) clusters of chondrocytes before becoming hypertrophic were stacked up on the top of each other (both in the Anlage transition zone or in the columns of metaphyseal growth plate); (d) enhanced osteoclastic resorption of the Lacroix bone bark lower end, extended to the more external metaphyseal trabeculae counterbalancing the discrepancy between the epiphyseal and the diaphyseal circumferential growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo E Pazzaglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marcella Reguzzoni
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Lavinia Casati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Minini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea G Salvi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valeria Sibilia
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Vaca-González JJ, Escobar JF, Guevara JM, Hata YA, Gallego Ferrer G, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Capacitively coupled electrical stimulation of rat chondroepiphysis explants: A histomorphometric analysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 126:1-11. [PMID: 30471483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth plate is a cartilaginous layer present from the gestation period until the end of puberty where it ossifies joining diaphysis and epiphysis. During this period several endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine processes within the growth plate are carried out by chondrocytes; therefore, a disruption in cellular functions may lead to pathologies affecting bone development. It is known that electric fields impact the growth plate; however, parameters such as stimulation time and electric field intensity are not well documented. Accordingly, this study presents a histomorphometrical framework to assess the effect of electric fields on chondroepiphysis explants. Bones were stimulated with 3.5 and 7 mV/cm, and for each electric field two exposure times were tested for 30 days (30 min and 1 h). Results evidenced that electric fields increased the hypertrophic zones compared with controls. In addition, a stimulation of 3.5 mV/cm applied for 1 h preserved the columnar cell density and its orientation. Moreover, a pre-hypertrophy differentiation in the center of the chondroepiphysis was observed when explants were stimulated during 1 h with both electric fields. These findings allow the understanding of the effect of electrical stimulation over growth plate organization and how the stimulation modifies chondrocytes morphophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Vaca-González
- Biomimetics Laboratory, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - J F Escobar
- Biomimetics Laboratory, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - J M Guevara
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Y A Hata
- Biomimetics Laboratory, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - G Gallego Ferrer
- Centre for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
| | - D A Garzón-Alvarado
- Biomimetics Laboratory, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia; Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Yun HH, Kim HJ, Jeong MS, Choi YS, Seo JY. Changes of the growth plate in children: 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging analysis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 61:226-230. [PMID: 30032590 PMCID: PMC6106687 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2018.61.7.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This pilot study assessed changes in the growth plate and growth rates in children during a 6-month period. METHODS The study included 31 healthy children (17 boys, 14 girls) under evaluation for growth retardation. Height, weight, bone age, insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3) were measured at baseline and after 6 months. In addition, the diameter, thickness, and volume of the femoral and tibial growth plates were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The mean bone age in boys and girls was 11.7 and 10.7 years, respectively. In boys, height (z score) (-0.2 vs. 0.0), weight (z score) (0.8 vs. 1.1), body mass index (BMI) (z score) (1.27 vs. 1.5), IGF-1 (ng/mL) (343.6 vs. 501.8), and IGF-BP3 (ng/mL) (5,088.5 vs. 5,620.0) were significantly higher after 6 months. In girls, height (z score) (-1.0 vs. -0.7), weight (z score) (-0.5 vs. 0.1), BMI (z score) (-0.02 vs. 0.3), IGF-1 (ng/mL) (329.3 vs. 524.6), and IGF-BP3 (ng/mL) (4,644.4 vs. 5,593.6) were also significantly higher after 6 months. In both sexes, the mean diameter and volume of the femoral and tibial growth plates were significantly increased 6 months later. CONCLUSION No significant correlation was found between changes in the growth plate and clinical parameters in children with growth retardation in this study, other than correlations of change in femoral diameter with weight and BMI. A larger, long-term study is needed to precisely evaluate the correlation between change in the growth plate and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Ho Yun
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Jeong
- Department of Radiology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Sun Choi
- Department of Radiology, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Eulji General Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Javaheri B, Caetano-Silva SP, Kanakis I, Bou-Gharios G, Pitsillides AA. The Chondro-Osseous Continuum: Is It Possible to Unlock the Potential Assigned Within? Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:28. [PMID: 29619368 PMCID: PMC5871702 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endochondral ossification (EO), by which long bones of the axial skeleton form, is a tightly regulated process involving chondrocyte maturation with successive stages of proliferation, maturation, and hypertrophy, accompanied by cartilage matrix synthesis, calcification, and angiogenesis, followed by osteoblast-mediated ossification. This developmental sequence reappears during fracture repair and in osteoarthritic etiopathology. These similarities suggest that EO, and the cells involved, are of great clinical importance for bone regeneration as it could provide novel targeted approaches to increase specific signaling to promote fracture healing, and if regulated appropriately in the treatment of osteoarthritis. The long-held accepted dogma states that hypertrophic chondrocytes are terminally differentiated and will eventually undergo apoptosis. In this mini review, we will explore recent evidence from experiments that revisit the idea that hypertrophic chondrocytes have pluripotent capacity and may instead transdifferentiate into a specific sub-population of osteoblast cells. There are multiple lines of evidence, including our own, showing that local, selective alterations in cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling also indelibly alter bone quality. This would be consistent with the hypothesis that osteoblast behavior in long bones is regulated by a combination of their lineage origins and the epigenetic effects of chondrocyte-derived ECM which they encounter during their recruitment. Further exploration of these processes could help to unlock potential novel targets for bone repair and regeneration and in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Javaheri
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soraia P Caetano-Silva
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Kanakis
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Bosseler L, Bakker J, Duchateau L, Remarque E, Langermans JAM, Cornillie P, Chiers K. 25-OH-vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and calcium serum levels in captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): Reference values and effect of age, sex, season, and closure of long bone epiphyses. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:172-177. [PMID: 29446837 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, reference values for 25-OH-vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcium in serum of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) based on a large sample size are not available. METHODS Serum reference values for these parameters were determined and correlated with sex, age, season of sampling, and time of long bone epiphyseal closure in captive-housed marmosets. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The 90% reference range for serum 25-OH-vitamin D is 47.40-370.4 nmol/L, for PTH 2.10-30.51 pmol/L, and for calcium 2.08-2.63 mmol/L. Lower levels of vitamin D were measured in fall compared with the other seasons. Levels of PTH were higher in males than in females, and calcium levels were lower in younger animals compared with older marmosets. No other effects of age, sex, season, or timing of growth plate closure were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Bosseler
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Biometrics Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Ed Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Langermans
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Cornillie
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Vaca-González JJ, Moncayo-Donoso M, Guevara JM, Hata Y, Shefelbine SJ, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Mechanobiological modeling of endochondral ossification: an experimental and computational analysis. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2018; 17:853-875. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gouveia CHA, Miranda-Rodrigues M, Martins GM, Neofiti-Papi B. Thyroid Hormone and Skeletal Development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2018; 106:383-472. [PMID: 29407443 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for skeletal development from the late fetal life to the onset of puberty. During this large window of actions, TH has key roles in endochondral and intramembranous ossifications and in the longitudinal bone growth. There is evidence that TH acts directly in skeletal cells but also indirectly, specially via the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, to control the linear skeletal growth and maturation. The presence of receptors, plasma membrane transporters, and activating and inactivating enzymes of TH in skeletal cells suggests that direct actions of TH in these cells are crucial for skeletal development, which has been confirmed by several in vitro and in vivo studies, including mouse genetic studies, and clinical studies in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone due to dominant-negative mutations in TH receptors. This review examines progress made on understanding the mechanisms by which TH regulates the skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia H A Gouveia
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Gisele M Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Bianca Neofiti-Papi
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Experimental Pathophysiology Program, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Yayama T, Mori K, Okumura N, Nishizawa K, Kumagai K, Nakamura A, Imai S. Wnt signaling pathway correlates with ossification of the spinal ligament: A microRNA array and immunohistochemical study. J Orthop Sci 2018; 23:26-31. [PMID: 29102319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament or the ligamentum flavum parallels endochondral ossification. Cell differentiation at the ossification front is known to be important during this process, although the factors regulating its initiation and progression are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify factors important for the regulation of chondrocyte/osteoblast differentiation during spinal ossification. METHODS Ligamentum flavum tissue was isolated from 25 patients who underwent decompressive surgery for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. Tissue sections were used for in vitro culture to obtain primary cells through migration methods. To identify microRNAs associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, cultured cells were prepared from the ligamentous tissue (n = 4; continuous type) or from control ligamentous samples harvested from patients with cervical spondylosis without spinal ossification, and analyzed using a microRNA array. The ligamentous sections were also examined by immunohistochemistry for the expression of candidate microRNA target genes. RESULTS The microRNA array identified 177 factors; 12 of which were expressed at significantly different levels in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament compared to those in control patients. The hsa-miR-487b-3p was down-regulated in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, which met the false discovery rate of <0.05. This microRNA was predicted to regulate the expression of genes involved in Wnt signaling. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry of Wnt signaling proteins, including Wnt 3a, LRP5/6, and beta-catenin, revealed positive expression in mesenchymal cells and/or premature chondrocytes at the ossification front. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that down-regulation of miR-487b-3p plays an important role in the initiation of Wnt signaling during the ossification process. Wnt signaling may regulate both chondrocyte and osteoblast differentiation and the specification of endochondral ossification in the pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament or the ligamentum flavum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yayama
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Kanji Mori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Noriaki Okumura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nishizawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kumagai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Shinji Imai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Setatsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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Sears K, Maier JA, Sadier A, Sorensen D, Urban DJ. Timing the developmental origins of mammalian limb diversity. Genesis 2017; 56. [PMID: 29095555 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mammals have highly diverse limbs that have contributed to their occupation of almost every niche. Researchers have long been investigating the development of these diverse limbs, with the goals of identifying developmental processes and potential biases that shape mammalian limb diversity. To date, researchers have used techniques ranging from the genomic to the anatomic to investigate the developmental processes shaping the limb morphology of mammals from five orders (Marsupialia, Chiroptera, Rodentia, Cetartiodactyla, and Perissodactyla). Results of these studies suggest that the differential expression of genes controlling diverse cellular processes underlies mammalian limb diversity. Results also suggest that the earliest development of the limb tends to be conserved among mammalian species, while later limb development tends to be more variable. This research has established the mammalian limb as a model system for evolutionary developmental biology, and set the stage for more in-depth, cross-disciplinary research into the genetic controls, tissue-level cellular behaviors, and selective pressures that have driven the developmental evolution of mammalian limbs. Ideally, these studies will be performed in a diverse suite of mammalian species within a comparative, phylogenetic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Jennifer A Maier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Daniel Sorensen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Daniel J Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095.,Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801.,Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, 10024
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Kim MG, Oh JS, Kim HK, Leem KH. Effects of exogenous growth hormone administration on dexamethasone-induced growth impairment in adolescent male rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3455-3462. [PMID: 29042933 PMCID: PMC5639423 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth impairment (GI) is one of the adverse effects of dexamethasone (DXM), and growth hormone (GH) has been used clinically to improve GI. The present study aimed to evaluate the manner in which DXM disturbs the growth rate of longitudinal bones, and the recovery effects of GH on DXM-induced GI in the longitudinal bones of adolescent male rats. In the first experiment, DXM (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously to identify a potential dose-dependent activity and calculate the median effective dose (ED50) of DXM-induced GI. The ED50 was identified to be 1.15 mg/kg. In the second experiment, GH (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) with 1.15 mg/kg DXM was injected subcutaneously to assess the recovery effects of GH on DXM-induced GI. The growth rates of the longitudinal bones, total height of the growth plate, local mRNA expressions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), GH receptor (GHR) and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and local protein expression of IGF-1 were measured to evaluate the recovery effects of GH on DXM-induced GI. The local expressions of IGF-1, GHR and IGF-1R mRNA, and IGF-1 protein were measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction following laser microdissection and antigen-specific immunohistochemistry, respectively. GH administration partially recovered DXM-induced GI in the longitudinal bones and growth plate. GH significantly increased the levels of IGF-1, GHR and IGF-1R mRNA in the proliferative zone of the control group (P<0.05), whereas it failed to increase them in the proliferative zone of the DXM-treated group. Furthermore, GH increased the levels of IGF-1, GHR and IGF-1R mRNA in the hypertrophic zone of both the vehicle and DXM-treated groups (P<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis of IGF-1 protein expression revealed a similar pattern to that of IGF-1 mRNA. These results suggest that increased GH insensitivity in the proliferative zone of the growth plate, induced by DXM, leads to GI in longitudinal bones. Thus, combined administration of GH with GH insensitivity-alleviating medications may be more effective in the treatment of DXM-induced GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Gyou Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Oh
- College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 27136, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Hanseo University, Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do 31962, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Leem
- College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Chungcheongbuk-do 27136, Republic of Korea
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Shaw N, Erickson C, Bryant SJ, Ferguson VL, Krebs MD, Hadley-Miller N, Payne KA. Regenerative Medicine Approaches for the Treatment of Pediatric Physeal Injuries. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2017; 24:85-97. [PMID: 28830302 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2017.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The physis, or growth plate, is a cartilaginous region at the end of children's long bones that serves as the primary center for longitudinal growth and characterizes the immature skeleton. Musculoskeletal injury, including fracture, infection, malignancy, or iatrogenic damage, has risk of physeal damage. Physeal injuries account for 30% of pediatric fractures and may result in impaired bone growth. Once damaged, cartilage tissue within the physis is often replaced by unwanted bony tissue, forming a "bony bar" that can lead to complications such as complete growth arrest, angular or rotational deformities, and altered joint mechanics. Children with a bony bar occupying <50% of the physis usually undergo bony bar resection and insertion of an interpositional material, such as a fat graft, to prevent recurrence and allow the surrounding uninjured physeal tissue to restore longitudinal bone growth. Clinical success for this procedure is <35% and often the bony bar and associated growth impairments return. Children who are not candidates for bony bar resection due to a physeal bar occupying >50% of their physis undergo corrective osteotomy or bone lengthening procedures. These approaches are complex and have variable success rates. As such, there is a critical need for regenerative approaches to not only prevent initial bony bar formation but also regenerate healthy physeal cartilage following injury. This review describes physeal anatomy, mechanisms of physeal injury, and current treatment options with associated limitations. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the current research using cell-based therapies, growth factors, and biomaterials in the different animal models of injury along with strategic directions for modulating intrinsic injury pathways to inhibit bony bar formation and/or promote physeal tissue formation. Pediatric physeal injuries constitute a unique niche within regenerative medicine for which there is a critical need for research to decrease child morbidity related to this injurious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Shaw
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher Erickson
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- 3 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado.,4 BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado.,5 Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- 4 BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado.,5 Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado.,6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, Colorado
| | - Melissa D Krebs
- 7 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado.,8 Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nancy Hadley-Miller
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Karin A Payne
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,8 Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
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Da Costa MJ, Oviedo-Rondón EO, Wineland M, Jeffrey D. Pathogeny of Fatigued Walking Condition in Pekin Ducks. Avian Dis 2017; 60:731-738. [PMID: 27902895 DOI: 10.1637/11292-100315-regr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fatigued walking condition (FWC) in ducks is an important welfare and processing issue during the loading/unloading to the processing plant that can be related to heart and bone development. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of incubation conditions on duck embryo bone and heart development and their subsequent effects on ducks showing FWC at market age. Four groups of 2500 Pekin duck eggs were subjected to combinations of two incubation temperature profiles (elevated [E] and normal [N]) and two eggshell conductance profiles (G) (reduced [GR] and normal [GN]). At hatch 10 ducklings from each treatment combination were sampled for heart, liver, residual yolk, and total body weight as well as relative weights (organ percentage of whole body weight). Femur, tibia, and tarsus length and weight were also obtained, and relative asymmetry (RA) was calculated for each leg section. At 35 days of age during unloading of the truck at the slaughter plant, five hens and five drakes demonstrating normal walking and FWC were sampled. Body, heart, and ventricular weights were obtained along with femur, tibia and tarsus length, weight, and RA. Bone strength was evaluated using a three-point bending test, and tibia ash content was assessed. At hatch duckling bone characteristics and organ weights were found to be primarily affected by GR conditions, while heart development in older ducks was mainly impacted by E incubation temperatures. Tibia and relative weight at 35 days were also increased by GR and E. Fatigued ducks presented heavier tibias with more RA and cortical thickness but lower ash percentage. In conclusion, the changes in bone development during incubation and posthatch life were related to duck FWC presence during transportation to the processing plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Da Costa
- A Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - E O Oviedo-Rondón
- A Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - M Wineland
- A Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - D Jeffrey
- B Maple Leaf Farms, Milford, IN 46542
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Cellular scale model of growth plate: An in silico model of chondrocyte hypertrophy. J Theor Biol 2017; 428:87-97. [PMID: 28526527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The growth plate is the responsible for longitudinal bone growth. It is a cartilaginous structure formed by chondrocytes that are continuously undergoing a differentiation process that starts with a highly proliferative state, followed by cellular hypertrophy, and finally tissue ossification. Within the growth plate chondrocytes display a characteristic columnar organization that potentiates longitudinal growth. Both chondrocyte organization and hypertrophy are highly regulated processes influenced by biochemical and mechanical stimuli. These processes have been studied mainly using in vivo models, although there are few computational approaches focused on the rate of ossification rather than events at cellular level. Here, we developed a model of cellular behavior integrating biochemical and structural factors in a single column of cells in the growth plate. In our model proliferation and hypertrophy were controlled by biochemical regulatory loop formed between Ihh and PTHrP (modeled as a set of reaction-diffusion equations), while cell growth was controlled by mechanical loading. We also examined the effects of static loading. The model reproduced the proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes in organized columns. This model constitutes a first step towards the development of mechanobiological models that can be used to study biochemical interactions during endochondral ossification.
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Maia MZ, Santos GK, Batista ACM, Reis AMS, Silva JF, Ribeiro LGR, Ocarino NDM, Serakides R. Effects of excess maternal thyroxin on the bones of rat offspring from birth to the post-weaning period. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2017; 60:130-7. [PMID: 27191047 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate, in rat offspring, bone changes induced by excess maternal thyroxin during pregnancy and lactation, and to assess the reversibility of these changes after weaning. Material and methods Twenty Wistar rats were distributed in two groups, hyperthyroid and control, that were treated daily with L-thyroxin (50 mcg/animal) and placebo, respectively. The treatment was initiated seven days before mating and continued throughout pregnancy and lactation. From every female of each of the two groups, two offspring were euthanized after birth, two at 21 days of age (weaning), and two at 42 days of age (21 days after weaning). In newborns, the length of pelvic and thoracic limbs were measured, and in the other animals, the length and width of the femur and humerus were measured. Bones were dissected, decalcified, embedded in paraffin, and analyzed histomorphometrically. Results Excess maternal thyroxin significantly reduced the length of the pelvic limb in neonates. In 21-day-old individuals, excess maternal thyroxine reduced the length and the width of the femur and the humerus. It also increased thickness of the epiphyseal plate and the percentage of trabecular bone tissue. In 42-day-old individuals, there were no significant differences between groups in relation to the parameters evaluated in the previous periods. Conclusion Excess maternal thyroxine reduced growth in suckling rats both at birth and at weaning, and it also increased the percentage of trabecular bone tissue in 21-day-old animals. These changes, however, were reversible at 42 days, i.e., 21 days after weaning. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60(2):130-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Zanini Maia
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gianne Karla Santos
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Ana Claudia Moura Batista
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Amanda Maria Sena Reis
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Juneo Freitas Silva
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Lorena Gabriela Rocha Ribeiro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Natália de Melo Ocarino
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Rogéria Serakides
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinárias, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Functional outcome after transphyseal anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in young patients with open growth plates. Knee 2016; 23:1121-1132. [PMID: 27717626 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluates sports ability, rotational laxity and potential growth changes in children after transphyseal ACL reconstruction with metaphyseal fixation technique, considering physis biology by placing drill holes vertically in the femoral anatomic origin in order to reduce volumetric injury to the physis. METHODS In this retrospective trial of 42 patients data were collected. Thirty-seven were reviewed measuring rotational laxity and anteroposterior tibial translation using the Laxitester (ORTEMA Sport Protection, Markgroeningen, Germany) and the KT1000. Clinical examination was evaluated with the IKDC 2000 knee examination form. Leg axis was determined with digital photography and leg length was assessed clinically. Sports ability was assessed with questionnaires including subjective IKDC, Tegner Activity Scale, Activity Rating Scale and a questionnaire on sports and level of sports. RESULTS Mean follow-up was 24.9months. Mean age at surgery was 13.2years in boys and 13.1years in girls. IKDC 2000 grading was A or B in 28 patients and C in nine patients. Significant increased anterior tibial translation was observed in neutral position and in external tibia rotation. No growth abnormalities were seen. Fifty-seven percent of the patients were able to participate in competitive sports at follow-up. CONCLUSION Transphyseal ACL reconstruction with metaphyseal fixation in children with open growth plates can be done with low risk of growth changes. Return to competitive sports is possible although low rotational laxity still exists. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
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Xia Y, Momot KI, Chen Z, Chen CT, Kahn D, Badar F. Introduction to Cartilage. BIOPHYSICS AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF CARTILAGE BY NMR AND MRI 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623663-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage is a supporting connective tissue that, together with the bone, forms the framework supporting the body as a whole. There are many distinct types of cartilage, which exhibit numerous similarities as well as differences. Among them, articular cartilage is the best known and the most studied type. Articular cartilage is the thin layer of connective tissue that covers the articulating ends of bones in synovial (diarthrodial) joints. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement and acts as a load-bearing medium that protects the bone and distributes stress. The intense interest in articular cartilage is motivated by the critical role its degradation plays in arthritis and related joint diseases, which are the number one cause of disability in humans. This chapter discusses the physical, chemical and cellular properties of cartilage that give the tissue its extraordinary load-bearing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xia
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Konstantin I. Momot
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Brisbane Qld 4001 Australia
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine Shanghai 200025 China
| | - Christopher T. Chen
- Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research / Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX 75390 USA
| | - David Kahn
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
| | - Farid Badar
- Department of Physics and Center for Biomedical Research, Oakland University Rochester MI 48309 USA
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GUEVARA JOHANAMARIA, GOMEZ MARIALUCIAGUTIERREZ, BARRERA LA LUISALEJANDRO, GARZÓN-ALVARADO DIEGOALEXANDER. DEVELOPMENTAL SCENARIOS OF THE EPIPHYSIS AND GROWTH PLATE UPON MECHANICAL LOADING: A COMPUTATIONAL MODEL. J MECH MED BIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519416500986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long bone growth relies on the continuous bone formation from cartilaginous tissue (endochondral ossification). This process starts in the central region (diaphysis) of the forming bone and short before birth, ossification starts in bone extremes (epiphysis). A cartilaginous region known as the growth plate is maintained until adolescence between epiphysis and diaphysis to further contribute to longitudinal growth. Even though there are several biochemical factors controlling this process, there is evidence revealing an important regulatory role of mechanical stimuli. Up to now approaches to understand mechanical effects on ossification have been limited to epiphysis. In this work, based on Carter's mathematical model for epiphyseal ossification, we explored human growth plate response to mechanical loads. We analyzed growth plate stress distribution using finite element method for a generic bone considering different stages of bone development in order to shed light on mechanical contribution to growth plate function. Results obtained revealed that mechanical environment within the growth plate change as epiphyseal ossification progresses. Furthermore, results were compared with physiological behavior, as reported in literature, to analyze the role of mechanical stimulus over development. Our results suggest that mechanical stimuli may play different regulation roles on growth plate behavior through normal long bone development. However, as this approach only took into account mechanical aspects, failed to accurately predict biological behavior in some stages. In order to derive biologically relevant information from computational models it is necessary to consider biological contribution and possible mechanical–biochemical interactions affecting human growth plate physiology. Along these lines, we propose the dilatatorial parameter k used by Carter et al. should assume different values corresponding to the developmental stage in question. Thus, reflecting biochemical contribution changes over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOHANA MARIA GUEVARA
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - LUIS ALEJANDRO BARRERA LA
- Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - DIEGO ALEXANDER GARZÓN-ALVARADO
- Numerical Methods and Modeling Research Group (GNUM), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Biomimetics Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Expression of BMP and Actin Membrane Bound Inhibitor Is Increased during Terminal Differentiation of MSCs. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2685147. [PMID: 27843458 PMCID: PMC5097819 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2685147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenic differentiating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are mimicking embryonal endochondral ossification and become hypertrophic. BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) and Activin Membrane Bound Inhibitor (BAMBI) is a pseudoreceptor that regulates the activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and BMP signalling during chondrogenesis. Both TGF-β and BMP signalling are regulators of chondrogenic cell differentiation. Human bone marrow derived MSCs were chondrogenically predifferentiated in aggregate culture for 14 days. Thereafter, one group was subjected to hypertrophy enhancing media conditions while controls were kept in chondrogenic medium until day 28. Histological evaluation, gene expression by PCR, and Western blot analysis were carried out at days 1, 3, 7, 14, 17, 21, and 28. A subset of cultures was treated with the BMP inhibitor Noggin to test for BMP dependent expression of BAMBI. Hypertrophic differentiated pellets showed larger cells with increased collagen 10 and alkaline phosphatase staining. There was significantly increased expression of BAMBI on gene expression and protein level in hypertrophic cultures compared to the chondrogenic control and increased BMP4 gene expression. Immunohistochemistry showed intense staining of BAMBI in hypertrophic cells. BAMBI expression was dose-dependently downregulated by Noggin. The pseudoreceptor BAMBI is upregulated upon enhancement of hypertrophy in MSC chondrogenic differentiation by a BMP dependent mechanism.
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50
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Castro-Abril HA, Gutiérrez ML, Garzón-Alvarado DA. Proximal femoral growth plate mechanical behavior: Comparison between different developmental stages. Comput Biol Med 2016; 76:192-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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