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Tate HM, Barone V, Schrankel CS, Hamdoun A, Lyons DC. Localization and origins of juvenile skeletogenic cells in the sea urchin Lytechinuspictus. Dev Biol 2024; 514:12-27. [PMID: 38862087 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The development of the sea urchin larval body plan is well understood from extensive studies of embryonic patterning. However, fewer studies have investigated the late larval stages during which the unique pentaradial adult body plan develops. Previous work on late larval development highlights major tissue changes leading up to metamorphosis, but the location of specific cell types during juvenile development is less understood. Here, we improve on technical limitations by applying highly sensitive hybridization chain reaction fluorescent in situ hybridization (HCR-FISH) to the fast-developing and transparent sea urchin Lytechinus pictus, with a focus on skeletogenic cells. First, we show that HCR-FISH can be used in L. pictus to precisely localize skeletogenic cells in the rudiment. In doing so, we provide a detailed staging scheme for the appearance of skeletogenic cells around the rudiment prior to and during biomineralization and show that many skeletogenic cells unassociated with larval rods localize outside of the rudiment prior to localizing inside. Second, we show that downstream biomineralization genes have similar expression patterns during larval and juvenile skeletogenesis, suggesting some conservation of skeletogenic mechanisms during development between stages. Third, we find co-expression of blastocoelar and skeletogenic cell markers around juvenile skeleton located outside of the rudiment, which is consistent with data showing that cells from the non-skeletogenic mesoderm embryonic lineage contribute to the juvenile skeletogenic cell lineage. This work sets the foundation for subsequent studies of other cell types in the late larva of L. pictus to better understand juvenile body plan development, patterning, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Tate
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Barone
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Catherine S Schrankel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amro Hamdoun
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deirdre C Lyons
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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2
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Goloe D, Gildor T, Ben-Tabou de-Leon S. Expression and Transcriptional Targets of TGFβ-RII in Paracentrotus lividus Larval Skeletogenesis. Genesis 2024; 62:e23614. [PMID: 39139086 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Organisms from the five kingdoms of life use minerals to harden their tissues and make teeth, shells and skeletons, in the process of biomineralization. The sea urchin larval skeleton is an excellent system to study the biological regulation of biomineralization and its evolution. The gene regulatory network (GRN) that controls sea urchin skeletogenesis is known in great details and shows similarity to the GRN that controls vertebrates' vascularization while it is quite distinct from the GRN that drives vertebrates' bone formation. Yet, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling regulates both sea urchin and vertebrates' skeletogenesis. Here, we study the upstream regulation and identify transcriptional targets of TGF-β in the Mediterranean Sea urchin species, Paracentrotus lividus. TGF-βRII is transiently active in the skeletogenic cells downstream of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling, in P. lividus. Continuous perturbation of TGF-βRII activity significantly impairs skeletal elongation and the expression of key skeletogenic genes. Perturbation of TGF-βRII after skeletal initiation leads to a delay in skeletal elongation and minor changes in gene expression. TGF-β targets are distinct from its transcriptional targets during vertebrates' bone formation, suggesting that the role of TGF-β in biomineralization in these two phyla results from convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Goloe
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsvia Gildor
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Smadar Ben-Tabou de-Leon
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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3
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Raja Somu D, Cracchiolo T, Longo E, Greving I, Merk V. On stars and spikes: Resolving the skeletal morphology of planktonic Acantharia using synchrotron X-ray nanotomography and deep learning image segmentation. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:74-82. [PMID: 36706850 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acantharia (Acantharea) are wide-spread marine protozoa, presenting one of the rare examples of strontium sulfate mineralization in the biosphere. Their endoskeletons consist of 20 spicules arranged according to a unique geometric pattern named Müller's principle. Given the diverse mineral architecture of the Acantharia class, we set out to examine the complex three-dimensional skeletal morphology at the nanometer scale using synchrotron X-ray nanotomography, followed by image segmentation based on deep learning methods. The present study focuses on how the spicules emanate from the robust central junction in the orders Symphyacanthida and Arthracanthida, the geometry of lateral spicule wings as well as pockets of interspicular space, which may be involved in cell compartmentalization. Through these morphometric studies, we observed subtle deviations from the previously described spatial arrangement of the spicules. According to our data, spicule shapes are adjusted in opposite spicules as to accommodate the overall spicule arrangement. In all types examined, previously unknown interspicular interstices were found in areas where radial spicules meet, which could have implications for the crystal growth mechanism and overall endoskeletal integrity. A deeper understanding of the spiculogenesis in Acantharia can provide biomimetic routes towards complex inorganic shapes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Morphogenesis, the origin and control of shape, provides an avenue towards tailored inorganic materials. In this work, we explored the intricate skeletal organization of planktonic Acantharia, which are amongst the few strontium sulfate biomineralizing organisms in nature. By using nanoscale X-ray imaging and deep learning image segmentation, we found deviations from previously described geometric patterns and undiscovered skeletal features. The bio-inspired synthesis of inorganic materials with complex shape has important ramifications for solid-state chemistry and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Raja Somu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Timothy Cracchiolo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| | - Elena Longo
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany; Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Imke Greving
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Vivian Merk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States.
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4
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Rodríguez-Sastre N, Shapiro N, Hawkins DY, Lion AT, Peyreau M, Correa AE, Dionne K, Bradham CA. Ethanol exposure perturbs sea urchin development and disrupts developmental timing. Dev Biol 2023; 493:89-102. [PMID: 36368523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a known vertebrate teratogen that causes craniofacial defects as a component of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Our results show that sea urchin embryos treated with ethanol similarly show broad skeletal patterning defects, potentially analogous to the defects associated with FAS. The sea urchin larval skeleton is a simple patterning system that involves only two cell types: the primary mesenchymal cells (PMCs) that secrete the calcium carbonate skeleton and the ectodermal cells that provide migratory, positional, and differentiation cues for the PMCs. Perturbations in RA biosynthesis and Hh signaling pathways are thought to be causal for the FAS phenotype in vertebrates. Surprisingly, our results indicate that these pathways are not functionally relevant for the teratogenic effects of ethanol in developing sea urchins. We found that developmental morphology as well as the expression of some ectodermal and PMC genes was delayed by ethanol exposure. Temporal transcriptome analysis revealed significant impacts of ethanol on signaling and metabolic gene expression, and a disruption in the timing of GRN gene expression that includes both delayed and precocious gene expression throughout the specification network. We conclude that the skeletal patterning perturbations in ethanol-treated embryos likely arise from a loss of temporal synchrony within and between the instructive and responsive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandra T Lion
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; MCBB Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrea E Correa
- Universidad de Puerto Rico-Recinto Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Cynthia A Bradham
- Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; MCBB Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity promotes a carbon concentration mechanism in metazoan calcifying cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203904119. [PMID: 36161891 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203904119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many calcifying organisms utilize metabolic CO2 to generate CaCO3 minerals to harden their shells and skeletons. Carbonic anhydrases are evolutionary ancient enzymes that have been proposed to play a key role in the calcification process, with the underlying mechanisms being little understood. Here, we used the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of sea urchin larva to study the role of cytosolic (iCAs) and extracellular carbonic anhydrases (eCAs) in the cellular carbon concentration mechanism (CCM). Molecular analyses identified iCAs and eCAs in PMCs and highlight the prominent expression of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane-bound CA (Cara7). Intracellular pH recordings in combination with CO2 pulse experiments demonstrated iCA activity in PMCs. iCA activity measurements, together with pharmacological approaches, revealed an opposing contribution of iCAs and eCAs on the CCM. H+-selective electrodes were used to demonstrate eCA-catalyzed CO2 hydration rates at the cell surface. Knockdown of Cara7 reduced extracellular CO2 hydration rates accompanied by impaired formation of specific skeletal segments. Finally, reduced pHi regulatory capacities during inhibition and knockdown of Cara7 underscore a role of this eCA in cellular HCO3- uptake. This work reveals the function of CAs in the cellular CCM of a marine calcifying animal. Extracellular hydration of metabolic CO2 by Cara7 coupled to HCO3- uptake mechanisms mitigates the loss of carbon and reduces the cellular proton load during the mineralization process. The findings of this work provide insights into the cellular mechanisms of an ancient biological process that is capable of utilizing CO2 to generate a versatile construction material.
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Tarczewska A, Bielak K, Zoglowek A, Sołtys K, Dobryszycki P, Ożyhar A, Różycka M. The Role of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins in Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation during Calcium Carbonate Biomineralization. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091266. [PMID: 36139105 PMCID: PMC9496343 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some animal organs contain mineralized tissues. These so-called hard tissues are mostly deposits of calcium salts, usually in the form of calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. Examples of this include fish otoliths and mammalian otoconia, which are found in the inner ear, and they are an essential part of the sensory system that maintains body balance. The composition of ear stones is quite well known, but the role of individual components in the nucleation and growth of these biominerals is enigmatic. It is sure that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play an important role in this aspect. They have an impact on the shape and size of otoliths. It seems probable that IDPs, with their inherent ability to phase separate, also play a role in nucleation processes. This review discusses the major theories on the mechanisms of biomineral nucleation with a focus on the importance of protein-driven liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS). It also presents the current understanding of the role of IDPs in the formation of calcium carbonate biominerals and predicts their potential ability to drive LLPS.
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7
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Li J, Zhou Y, Qin Y, Wei J, Shigong P, Ma H, Li Y, Yuan X, Zhao L, Yan H, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Assessment of the juvenile vulnerability of symbiont-bearing giant clams to ocean acidification. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:152265. [PMID: 34902424 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ocean acidification (OA) severely affects marine bivalves, especially their calcification processes. However, very little is known about the fate of symbiont-bearing giant clams in the acidified oceans, which hinders our ability to develop strategies to protect this ecologically and economically important group in coral reef ecosystems. Here, we explored the integrated juvenile responses of fluted giant clam Tridacna squamosa (Lamarck, 1819) to acidified seawater at different levels of biological organization. Our results revealed that OA did not cause a significant reduction in survival and shell growth performance, indicating that T. squamosa juveniles are tolerated to moderate acidification. Yet, significantly reduced net calcification rate demonstrated the calcifying physiology sensitivity to OA, in line with significant declines in symbiont photosynthetic yield and zooxanthellae density which in turn lowered the amount of energy supply for energetically expensive calcification processes. Subsequent transcriptome sequencing and comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that the regulation of calcification processes, such as transport of calcification substrates, acid-base regulation, synthesis of organic matrix in the calcifying fluid, as well as metabolic depression were the major response to OA. Taken together, the integration of physiological and molecular responses can provide a comprehensive understanding of how the early life history stages of giant clams respond to OA and make an important leap forward in assessing their fate under future ocean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yinyin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yanpin Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Jinkuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Pengyang Shigong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Xiangcheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510301, China; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology, Hainan Sanya Marine Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Sanya Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572024, China.
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Gilbert PUPA, Bergmann KD, Boekelheide N, Tambutté S, Mass T, Marin F, Adkins JF, Erez J, Gilbert B, Knutson V, Cantine M, Hernández JO, Knoll AH. Biomineralization: Integrating mechanism and evolutionary history. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl9653. [PMID: 35263127 PMCID: PMC8906573 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl9653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) biomineralizing organisms have played major roles in the history of life and the global carbon cycle during the past 541 Ma. Both marine diversification and mass extinctions reflect physiological responses to environmental changes through time. An integrated understanding of carbonate biomineralization is necessary to illuminate this evolutionary record and to understand how modern organisms will respond to 21st century global change. Biomineralization evolved independently but convergently across phyla, suggesting a unity of mechanism that transcends biological differences. In this review, we combine CaCO3 skeleton formation mechanisms with constraints from evolutionary history, omics, and a meta-analysis of isotopic data to develop a plausible model for CaCO3 biomineralization applicable to all phyla. The model provides a framework for understanding the environmental sensitivity of marine calcifiers, past mass extinctions, and resilience in 21st century acidifying oceans. Thus, it frames questions about the past, present, and future of CaCO3 biomineralizing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pupa U. P. A. Gilbert
- Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Geoscience, and Materials Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.U.P.A.G.); (A.H.K.)
| | - Kristin D. Bergmann
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicholas Boekelheide
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sylvie Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Department of Marine Biology, 98000 Monaco, Principality of Monaco
| | - Tali Mass
- University of Haifa, Marine Biology Department, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | - Frédéric Marin
- Université de Bourgogne–Franche-Comté (UBFC), Laboratoire Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Bâtiment des Sciences Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jess F. Adkins
- Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, MS 100-23, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jonathan Erez
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Institute of Earth Sciences, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Benjamin Gilbert
- Energy Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vanessa Knutson
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Marjorie Cantine
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Javier Ortega Hernández
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew H. Knoll
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (P.U.P.A.G.); (A.H.K.)
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9
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Chang WL, Su YH. Zygotic hypoxia-inducible factor alpha regulates spicule elongation in the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol 2022; 484:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Conci N, Lehmann M, Vargas S, Wörheide G. Comparative Proteomics of Octocoral and Scleractinian Skeletomes and the Evolution of Coral Calcification. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:1623-1635. [PMID: 32761183 PMCID: PMC7533068 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals are the ecosystem engineers of coral reefs, one of the most biodiverse marine ecosystems. The ability of corals to form reefs depends on the precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) under biological control. However, several mechanisms underlying coral biomineralization remain elusive, for example, whether corals employ different molecular machineries to deposit different CaCO3 polymorphs (i.e., aragonite or calcite). Here, we used tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to compare the proteins occluded in the skeleton of three octocoral and one scleractinian species: Tubipora musica and Sinularia cf. cruciata (calcite sclerites), the blue coral Heliopora coerulea (aragonitic skeleton), and the scleractinian aragonitic Montipora digitata. Reciprocal Blast analysis revealed extremely low overlap between aragonitic and calcitic species, while a core set of proteins is shared between octocorals producing calcite sclerites. However, the carbonic anhydrase CruCA4 is present in the skeletons of both polymorphs. Phylogenetic analysis highlighted several possible instances of protein co-option in octocorals. These include acidic proteins and scleritin, which appear to have been secondarily recruited for calcification and likely derive from proteins playing different functions. Similarities between octocorals and scleractinians included presence of a galaxin-related protein, carbonic anhydrases, and one hephaestin-like protein. Although the first two appear to have been independently recruited, the third appear to share a common origin. This work represents the first attempt to identify and compare proteins associated with coral skeleton polymorph diversity, providing several new research targets and enabling both future functional and evolutionary studies aimed at elucidating the origin and evolution of coral biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Conci
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Department of Biology I-Botany, Biozentrum der LMU München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Paleontology & Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany.,GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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11
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Ulrich RN, Guillermic M, Campbell J, Hakim A, Han R, Singh S, Stewart JD, Román-Palacios C, Carroll HM, De Corte I, Gilmore RE, Doss W, Tripati A, Ries JB, Eagle RA. Patterns of Element Incorporation in Calcium Carbonate Biominerals Recapitulate Phylogeny for a Diverse Range of Marine Calcifiers. FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE 2021; 9:641760. [PMID: 36381649 PMCID: PMC9645792 DOI: 10.3389/feart.2021.641760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Elemental ratios in biogenic marine calcium carbonates are widely used in geobiology, environmental science, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. It is generally accepted that the elemental abundance of biogenic marine carbonates reflects a combination of the abundance of that ion in seawater, the physical properties of seawater, the mineralogy of the biomineral, and the pathways and mechanisms of biomineralization. Here we report measurements of a suite of nine elemental ratios (Li/Ca, B/Ca, Na/Ca, Mg/Ca, Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca, and U/Ca) in 18 species of benthic marine invertebrates spanning a range of biogenic carbonate polymorph mineralogies (low-Mg calcite, high-Mg calcite, aragonite, mixed mineralogy) and of phyla (including Mollusca, Echinodermata, Arthropoda, Annelida, Cnidaria, Chlorophyta, and Rhodophyta) cultured at a single temperature (25°C) and a range of pCO2 treatments (ca. 409, 606, 903, and 2856 ppm). This dataset was used to explore various controls over elemental partitioning in biogenic marine carbonates, including species-level and biomineralization-pathway-level controls, the influence of internal pH regulation compared to external pH changes, and biocalcification responses to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. The dataset also enables exploration of broad scale phylogenetic patterns of elemental partitioning across calcifying species, exhibiting high phylogenetic signals estimated from both uni- and multivariate analyses of the elemental ratio data (univariate: λ = 0-0.889; multivariate: λ = 0.895-0.99). Comparing partial R 2 values returned from non-phylogenetic and phylogenetic regression analyses echo the importance of and show that phylogeny explains the elemental ratio data 1.4-59 times better than mineralogy in five out of nine of the elements analyzed. Therefore, the strong associations between biomineral elemental chemistry and species relatedness suggests mechanistic controls over element incorporation rooted in the evolution of biomineralization mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Ulrich
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maxence Guillermic
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Campbell
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Abbas Hakim
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Han
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shayleen Singh
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Justin D. Stewart
- Department of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cristian Román-Palacios
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Hannah M. Carroll
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ilian De Corte
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
| | - Rosaleen E. Gilmore
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Whitney Doss
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
| | - Aradhna Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
- American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Justin B. Ries
- Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert A. Eagle
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Plouzané, France
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12
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Peled-Zehavi H, Gal A. Exploring Intracellular Ion Pools in Coccolithophores Using Live-Cell Imaging. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000296. [PMID: 33852773 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Some microorganisms, such as coccolithophores, produce an intricate exoskeleton made of inorganic solids. Coccoliths, the calcium carbonate scales of coccolithophores, are examples of the precise bioproduction of such complex 3D structures. However, the understanding of the cellular mechanisms that control mineral formation inside the cell, specifically the ability of these microalgae to transport high fluxes of inorganic building blocks, is still limited. Recently, using cryo-electron and X-ray microscopy, several intracellular compartments are shown to store high concentrations of calcium and phosphorous and are suggested to have a dominant role in the intracellular mineralization pathway. Here, live-cell confocal microscopy and fluorescent markers are used to examine the dynamics of ion stores in coccolithophores. Using calcein and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) as fluorescent proxies for calcium and polyphosphates, the experiments reveal an unexpected plethora of organelles with distinct fluorescent signatures over a wide range of strains and conditions. Surprisingly, the fluorescent labeling does not show changes along the calcification process and is similar between calcifying and noncalcifying cells, suggesting that these ion pools may not be a dynamic avenue for calcium transport. In such a case, the enigma behind the ability of coccolithophores to sustain intracellular calcification still awaits comprehensive elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Peled-Zehavi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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13
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Carata E, Tenuzzo BA, Mariano S, Setini A, Fidaleo M, Dini L. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Genotoxicity and alteration of the Gene Regulatory Network expression during Paracentrotus lividus development in the presence of carbon nanoparticles. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:257. [PMID: 35415079 PMCID: PMC8960529 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-020-00081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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14
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Lu H, Huang YC, Hunger J, Gebauer D, Cölfen H, Bonn M. Role of Water in CaCO 3 Biomineralization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1758-1762. [PMID: 33471507 PMCID: PMC7877725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Biomineralization occurs in aqueous
environments. Despite the ubiquity
and relevance of CaCO3 biomineralization, the role of water
in the biomineralization process has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate
that water reorganization accompanies CaCO3 biomineralization
for sea urchin spine generation in a model system. Using surface-specific
vibrational spectroscopy, we probe the water at the interface of the
spine-associated protein during CaCO3 mineralization. Our
results show that, while the protein structure remains unchanged,
the structure of interfacial water is perturbed differently in the
presence of both Ca2+ and CO32– compared to the addition of only Ca2+. This difference
is attributed to the condensation of prenucleation mineral species.
Our findings are consistent with a nonclassical mineralization pathway
for sea urchin spine generation and highlight the importance of protein
hydration in biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yu-Chieh Huang
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Piovani L, Czarkwiani A, Ferrario C, Sugni M, Oliveri P. Ultrastructural and molecular analysis of the origin and differentiation of cells mediating brittle star skeletal regeneration. BMC Biol 2021; 19:9. [PMID: 33461552 PMCID: PMC7814545 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regeneration is the ability to re-grow body parts or tissues after trauma, and it is widespread across metazoans. Cells involved in regeneration can arise from a pool of undifferentiated proliferative cells or be recruited from pre-existing differentiated tissues. Both mechanisms have been described in different phyla; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms employed by different animals to restore lost tissues as well as the source of cells involved in regeneration remain largely unknown. Echinoderms are a clade of deuterostome invertebrates that show striking larval and adult regenerative abilities in all extant classes. Here, we use the brittle star Amphiura filiformis to investigate the origin and differentiation of cells involved in skeletal regeneration using a combination of microscopy techniques and molecular markers. RESULTS Our ultrastructural analyses at different regenerative stages identify a population of morphologically undifferentiated cells which appear in close contact with the proliferating epithelium of the regenerating aboral coelomic cavity. These cells express skeletogenic marker genes, such as the transcription factor alx1 and the differentiation genes c-lectin and msp130L, and display a gradient of morphological differentiation from the aboral coelomic cavity towards the epidermis. Cells closer to the epidermis, which are in contact with developing spicules, have the morphology of mature skeletal cells (sclerocytes), and express several skeletogenic transcription factors and differentiation genes. Moreover, as regeneration progresses, sclerocytes show a different combinatorial expression of genes in various skeletal elements. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that sclerocyte precursors originate from the epithelium of the proliferating aboral coelomic cavity. As these cells migrate towards the epidermis, they differentiate and start secreting spicules. Moreover, our study shows that molecular and cellular processes involved in skeletal regeneration resemble those used during skeletal development, hinting at a possible conservation of developmental programmes during adult regeneration. Finally, we highlight that many genes involved in echinoderm skeletogenesis also play a role in vertebrate skeleton formation, suggesting a possible common origin of the deuterostome endoskeleton pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piovani
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Center for Life Origins and Evolution, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Czarkwiani
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Present Address: DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies Technische Universität Dresden (CRTD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Cinzia Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Center for Complexity and Biosystems, Department of Physics, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- GAIA 2050 Center, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria, 2, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Oliveri
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, UK.
- Center for Life Origins and Evolution, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Nogueira LS, Domingos-Moreira FXV, Klein RD, Bianchini A, Wood CM. Influence of environmentally relevant concentrations of Zn, Cd and Ni and their binary mixtures on metal uptake, bioaccumulation and development in larvae of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105709. [PMID: 33296850 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal accumulation, disturbance of Ca2+ homeostasis, and occurrence of abnormalities are well-established consequences of single metal exposure during early development stages of sea urchins. However, the effects caused by low concentrations of metals and metal mixtures need to be better understood in marine invertebrates. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of Zn (9 μg/L), Cd (30 μg/L) and Ni (5 μg/L) in single and binary exposures (Zn + Cd, Cd + Ni and Ni + Zn) to the early life stages of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Endpoints checked in all treatments after 48-h exposure were unidirectional metal influx rates, bioaccumulation, and Ca2+ influx rates. Additionally, the presence of abnormal larvae and developmental delay was evaluated at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h of exposure. Unidirectional influx rates of all three metals were significantly higher than control background rates in all single exposures and binary mixtures, and were generally not different between them. Net accumulation (body burden) of both Zn and Cd increased significantly as a result of their respective single exposures, while Ni accumulation decreased considerably. When Zn or Cd were presented in binary exposures with other metals, the net accumulations of Zn or Cd were reduced relative to single exposures to these metals, whereas this did not occur for Ni accumulation. Thus, bioaccumulation proved to be a better metric than influx rate measurements to analyze metal competition at a whole organism level at these low metal concentrations. Short-term Ca2+ influx also did not appear to be a sensitive metric, as the measured rates did not vary among all single and binary exposures, with the exception of a lower rate in Ni + Zn binary exposure. A critical aspect observed was the relationship between bioaccumulation versus influx measurements, which proved positive for Cd, but negative for Zn and Ni, demonstrating possible capacities for both Zn and Ni regulation by sea urchin larvae. Increases in larval abnormalities relative to controls occurred only after binary mixtures, starting at 48 h exposure and maintained until 72 h. However, delay of the sea urchin development by the presence of gastrula stage at 72 h exposure occurred in Zn and Ni single exposures and all metal mixtures, with very high abnormal development when Ni was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia S Nogueira
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF 70040-020, Brazil.
| | - Fabíola Xochilt Valdez Domingos-Moreira
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia Aquática na Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Roberta Daniele Klein
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (ICB/FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (ICB/FURG), Av. Itália, km 8, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Chris M Wood
- Bamfield Marine Science Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada; University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; McMaster University, Dept. of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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17
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Kahil K, Varsano N, Sorrentino A, Pereiro E, Rez P, Weiner S, Addadi L. Cellular pathways of calcium transport and concentration toward mineral formation in sea urchin larvae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:30957-30965. [PMID: 33229583 PMCID: PMC7733801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918195117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules. The primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) are the cells that are responsible for spicule formation. PMCs endocytose sea water from the larval internal body cavity into a network of vacuoles and vesicles, where calcium ions are concentrated until they precipitate in the form of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). The mineral is subsequently transferred to the syncytium, where the spicule forms. Using cryo-soft X-ray microscopy we imaged intracellular calcium-containing particles in the PMCs and acquired Ca-L2,3 X-ray absorption near-edge spectra of these Ca-rich particles. Using the prepeak/main peak (L2'/ L2) intensity ratio, which reflects the atomic order in the first Ca coordination shell, we determined the state of the calcium ions in each particle. The concentration of Ca in each of the particles was also determined by the integrated area in the main Ca absorption peak. We observed about 700 Ca-rich particles with order parameters, L2'/ L2, ranging from solution to hydrated and anhydrous ACC, and with concentrations ranging between 1 and 15 M. We conclude that in each cell the calcium ions exist in a continuum of states. This implies that most, but not all, water is expelled from the particles. This cellular process of calcium concentration may represent a widespread pathway in mineralizing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Kahil
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Varsano
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pereiro
- MISTRAL Beamline-Experiments Division, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Rez
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel;
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18
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Khor JM, Ettensohn CA. Transcription Factors of the Alx Family: Evolutionarily Conserved Regulators of Deuterostome Skeletogenesis. Front Genet 2020; 11:569314. [PMID: 33329706 PMCID: PMC7719703 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.569314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the alx gene family encode transcription factors that contain a highly conserved Paired-class, DNA-binding homeodomain, and a C-terminal OAR/Aristaless domain. Phylogenetic and comparative genomic studies have revealed complex patterns of alx gene duplications during deuterostome evolution. Remarkably, alx genes have been implicated in skeletogenesis in both echinoderms and vertebrates. In this review, we provide an overview of current knowledge concerning alx genes in deuterostomes. We highlight their evolutionarily conserved role in skeletogenesis and draw parallels and distinctions between the skeletogenic gene regulatory circuitries of diverse groups within the superphylum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ming Khor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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19
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Hu MY, Petersen I, Chang WW, Blurton C, Stumpp M. Cellular bicarbonate accumulation and vesicular proton transport promote calcification in the sea urchin larva. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201506. [PMID: 32900308 PMCID: PMC7542784 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea urchin embryo develops a calcitic endoskeleton through intracellular formation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). Intracellular precipitation of ACC, requires [Formula: see text] concentrating as well as proton export mechanisms to promote calcification. These processes are of fundamental importance in biological mineralization, but remain largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) use Na+/H+-exchange (NHE) mechanisms to control cellular pH homeostasis during maintenance of the skeleton. During skeleton re-calcification, pHi of PMCs is increased accompanied by substantial elevation in intracellular [Formula: see text] mediated by the [Formula: see text] cotransporter Sp_Slc4a10. However, PMCs lower their pHi regulatory capacities associated with a reduction in NHE activity. Live-cell imaging using green fluorescent protein reporter constructs in combination with intravesicular pH measurements demonstrated alkaline and acidic populations of vesicles in PMCs and extensive trafficking of large V-type H+-ATPase (VHA)-rich acidic vesicles in blastocoelar filopodial cells. Pharmacological and gene expression analyses underline a central role of the VHA isoforms Sp_ATP6V0a1, Sp_ATP6V01_1 and Sp_ATPa1-4 for the process of skeleton re-calcification. These results highlight novel pH regulatory strategies in calcifying cells of a marine species with important implications for our understanding of the mineralization process in times of rapid changes in oceanic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Y. Hu
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewaldstraße 5, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Inga Petersen
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewaldstraße 5, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - William Weijen Chang
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewaldstraße 5, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christine Blurton
- Institute of Immunobiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Stumpp
- Institute of Immunobiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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20
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Martino C, Chiarelli R, Roccheri MC, Matranga V, Byrne M. Effects of magnesium deprivation on development and biomineralization in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2019.1611670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martino
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiarelli
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Roccheri
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare “Alberto Monroy”, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Byrne
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, F13, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Rao A, Roncal-Herrero T, Schmid E, Drechsler M, Scheffner M, Gebauer D, Kröger R, Cölfen H. On Biomineralization: Enzymes Switch on Mesocrystal Assembly. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:357-364. [PMID: 30834324 PMCID: PMC6396387 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular machineries guide the bottom-up pathways toward crystal superstructures based on the transport of inorganic precursors and their precise integration with organic frameworks. The biosynthesis of mesocrystalline spines entails concerted interactions between biomolecules and inorganic precursors; however, the bioinorganic interactions and interfaces that regulate material form and growth as well as the selective emergence of structural complexity in the form of nanostructured crystals are not clear. By investigating mineral nucleation under the regulation of recombinant proteins, we show that SpSM50, a matrix protein of the sea urchin spine, stabilizes mineral precursors via vesicle-confinement, a function conferred by a low-complexity, disordered region. Site-specific proteolysis of this domain by a collagenase initiates phase transformation of the confined mineral phase. The residual C-type lectin domain molds the fluidic mineral precursor into hierarchical mesocrystals identical to structural crystal modules constituting the biogenic mineral. Thus, the regulatory functions of proteolytic enzymes can guide biomacromolecular domain constitutions and interfaces, in turn determining inorganic phase transformations toward hybrid materials as well as integrating organic and inorganic components across hierarchical length scales. Bearing striking resemblance to biogenic mineralization, these hybrid materials recruit bioinorganic interactions which elegantly intertwine nucleation and crystallization phenomena with biomolecular structural dynamics, hence elucidating a long-sought key of how nature can orchestrate complex biomineralization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashit Rao
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Physics of Complex Fluids, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The
Netherlands
| | - Teresa Roncal-Herrero
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Leeds, 211 Clarendon
Road, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Elina Schmid
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian
Polymer Institute, Keylab Electron and Optical Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Cellular
Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Denis Gebauer
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Roland Kröger
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University
of Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- E-mail:
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22
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Evans JS. Composite Materials Design: Biomineralization Proteins and the Guided Assembly and Organization of Biomineral Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E581. [PMID: 30781347 PMCID: PMC6416723 DOI: 10.3390/ma12040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There has been much discussion of the role of proteins in the calcium carbonate biomineralization process, particularly with regard to nucleation, amorphous stabilization/transformation, and polymorph selection. However, there has been little if any discussion of the potential role that proteins might play in another important process: the guided assembly and organization of mineral nanoparticles into higher-ordered structures such as mesocrystals. This review discusses particle attachment theory and recent evidence of mineral-associated proteins forming hydrogels that assemble and organize mineral clusters into crystalline phase. From this discussion we postulate a mechanism by which biomineralization protein hydrogel aggregation assists in mineral nanoparticle assembly and organization within calcium carbonate skeletal elements and discuss potentials ways for harnessing this process in materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Spencer Evans
- Laboratory for Chemical Physics, Center for Skeletal and Craniofacial Biology, New York University, 345 E. 24th Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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23
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Albéric M, Stifler CA, Zou Z, Sun CY, Killian CE, Valencia S, Mawass MA, Bertinetti L, Gilbert PUPA, Politi Y. Growth and regrowth of adult sea urchin spines involve hydrated and anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate precursors. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY-X 2019; 1:100004. [PMID: 32647811 PMCID: PMC7337052 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjsbx.2019.100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In various mineralizing marine organisms, calcite or aragonite crystals form through the initial deposition of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) phases with different hydration levels. Using X-ray PhotoEmission Electron spectroMicroscopy (X-PEEM), ACCs with varied spectroscopic signatures were previously identified. In particular, ACC type I and II were recognized in embryonic sea urchin spicules. ACC type I was assigned to hydrated ACC based on spectral similarity with synthetic hydrated ACC. However, the identity of ACC type II has never been unequivocally determined experimentally. In the present study we show that synthetic anhydrous ACC and ACC type II identified here in sea urchin spines, have similar Ca L2,3-edge spectra. Moreover, using X-PEEM chemical mapping, we revealed the presence of ACC-H2O and anhydrous ACC in growing stereom and septa regions of sea urchin spines, supporting their role as precursor phases in both structures. However, the distribution and the abundance of the two ACC phases differ substantially between the two growing structures, suggesting a variation in the crystal growth mechanism; in particular, ACC dehydration, in the two-step reaction ACC-H2O → ACC → calcite, presents different kinetics, which are proposed to be controlled biologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Albéric
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cayla A Stifler
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhaoyong Zou
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Chang-Yu Sun
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher E Killian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sergio Valencia
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialen & Energie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Luca Bertinetti
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pupa U P A Gilbert
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Departments of Chemistry, Geoscience, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yael Politi
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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24
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Hu MY, Yan JJ, Petersen I, Himmerkus N, Bleich M, Stumpp M. A SLC4 family bicarbonate transporter is critical for intracellular pH regulation and biomineralization in sea urchin embryos. eLife 2018; 7:36600. [PMID: 29714685 PMCID: PMC5986267 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient pH regulation is a fundamental requisite of all calcifying systems in animals and plants but with the underlying pH regulatory mechanisms remaining largely unknown. Using the sea urchin larva, this work identified the SLC4 HCO3- transporter family member SpSlc4a10 to be critically involved in the formation of an elaborate calcitic endoskeleton. SpSlc4a10 is specifically expressed by calcifying primary mesenchyme cells with peak expression during de novo formation of the skeleton. Knock-down of SpSlc4a10 led to pH regulatory defects accompanied by decreased calcification rates and skeleton deformations. Reductions in seawater pH, resembling ocean acidification scenarios, led to an increase in SpSlc4a10 expression suggesting a compensatory mechanism in place to maintain calcification rates. We propose a first pH regulatory and HCO3- concentrating mechanism that is fundamentally linked to the biological precipitation of CaCO3. This knowledge will help understanding biomineralization strategies in animals and their interaction with a changing environment. Many marine organisms such as mussels, sea urchins or corals, have skeletons and shells, which – due to their beautiful colors and shapes – are often desirable collector pieces. These structures are made from calcium and carbonate ions that react to form calcium carbonate crystals in a process known as biomineralization. In sea urchin larvae, for example, the skeleton is built by so-called primary mesenchyme cells, which work similar to the bone forming cells in mammals. These mesenchyme cells use calcium from the sea water, which travels to the site where the shell starts to form. About half of the carbonate comes from carbon dioxide that the animals make as they breathe, but it is not known how the other half gets to the site of biomineralization. Producing a skeleton generates acid, and marine animals need to be able to regulate their pH levels, as too acidic environments can dissolve the calcium carbonate and threatening to destroy the developing shell. How cells accumulate enough carbonate to make their shells, and how they cope with acidity is still poorly understood. Here, Hu et al. address this problem by studying purple sea urchin larvae, revealing that they use ion transporters to gather bicarbonate from seawater. These structures are part of a group of bicarbonate transporters known as the ‘SLC4 transporter family’, which sit across the membrane of the mesenchyme cells and move the bicarbonate ions along. As the sea urchin larvae develop, the levels of the transporter protein start to rise in mesenchyme cells, peaking around the time they are producing the skeleton. Stopping the production of the transporter hindered the larvae from building normal skeletons and also made their cells more acidic. It turns out that bicarbonate is more than a skeleton ingredient – it also helps to buffer the acid made in the process. Bicarbonate ions can combine with acidic molecules to form water and carbon dioxide. Bicarbonate pumped in from the sea neutralises the acidic molecules made during calcium carbonate formation, which helps to stabilize pH levels. When the acidity of the water was experimentally increased, it prompted the sea urchins to produce more of the SLC4 transporters, revealing that they may have another role to play. Their acid-neutralizing capability helped the animals to cope with changes in their environment. Taking on more bicarbonate could therefore help to compensate for rising acidity, allowing skeleton production to carry on as normal. This last finding is important in the context of ocean acidification. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, more of the gas dissolves in the sea. The chemical reactions that follow make the water more acidic and decreases the pH levels of the sea. Understanding how animals make their skeletons and shells, and manage acid, could reveal how they will cope as the environment changes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Y Hu
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jia-Jiun Yan
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Inga Petersen
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Meike Stumpp
- Comparative Immunobiology, Institute of Zoology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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25
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Calcium transport into the cells of the sea urchin larva in relation to spicule formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12637-12642. [PMID: 27791140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612017113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the manner in which the sea urchin larva takes up calcium from its body cavity into the primary mesenchymal cells (PMCs) that are responsible for spicule formation. We used the membrane-impermeable fluorescent dye calcein and alexa-dextran, with or without a calcium channel inhibitor, and imaged the larvae in vivo with selective-plane illumination microscopy. Both fluorescent molecules are taken up from the body cavity into the PMCs and ectoderm cells, where the two labels are predominantly colocalized in particles, whereas the calcium-binding calcein label is mainly excluded from the endoderm and is concentrated in the spicules. The presence of vesicles and vacuoles inside the PMCs that have openings through the plasma membrane directly to the body cavity was documented using high-resolution cryo-focused ion beam-SEM serial imaging. Some of the vesicles and vacuoles are interconnected to form large networks. We suggest that these vacuolar networks are involved in direct sea water uptake. We conclude that the calcium pathway from the body cavity into cells involves nonspecific endocytosis of sea water with its calcium.
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26
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Karakostis K, Costa C, Zito F, Brümmer F, Matranga V. Characterization of an Alpha Type Carbonic Anhydrase from Paracentrotus lividus Sea Urchin Embryos. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 18:384-395. [PMID: 27230618 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-016-9701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CA) are zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. In the sea urchin, CA has a role in the formation of the calcitic skeleton during embryo development. Here, we report a newly identified mRNA sequence from embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, referred to as Pl-can. The complete coding sequence was identified with the aid of both EST databases and experimental procedures. Pl-CAN is a 447 aa-long protein, with an estimated molecular mass of 48.5 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.83. The in silico study of functional domains showed, in addition to the alpha type CA-specific domain, the presence of an unexpected glycine-rich region at the N-terminal of the molecule. This is not found in any other species described so far, but probably it is restricted to the sea urchins. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that Pl-CAN is evolutionarily closer to human among chordates than to other species. The putative role(s) of the identified domains is discussed. The Pl-can temporal and spatial expression profiles, analyzed throughout embryo development by comparative qPCR and whole-mount in situ hybridization (WMISH), showed that Pl-can mRNA is specifically expressed in the primary mesenchyme cells (PMC) of the embryo and levels increase along with the growth of the embryonic skeleton, reaching a peak at the pluteus stage. A recombinant fusion protein was produced in E. coli and used to raise specific antibodies in mice recognized the endogenous Pl-CAN by Western blot in embryo extracts from gastrula and pluteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karakostis
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy", National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146, Palermo, Italy
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- INSERM - UMR 1162, Institute de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital St. Louis, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Caterina Costa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy", National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Francesca Zito
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy", National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146, Palermo, Italy
| | - Franz Brümmer
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Valeria Matranga
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "A. Monroy", National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa, 153-90146, Palermo, Italy
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27
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Cryo-planing of frozen-hydrated samples using cryo triple ion gun milling (CryoTIGM™). J Struct Biol 2015; 192:569-579. [PMID: 26549007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cryo-SEM is a high throughput technique for imaging biological ultrastructure in its most pristine state, i.e. without chemical fixation, embedding, or drying. Freeze fracture is routinely used to prepare internal surfaces for cryo-SEM imaging. However, the propagation of the fracture plane is highly dependent on sample properties, and the resulting surface frequently shows substantial topography, which can complicate image analysis and interpretation. We have developed a broad ion beam milling technique, called cryogenic triple ion gun milling (CryoTIGM™ ['krī-ə-,tīm]), for cryo-planing frozen-hydrated biological specimens. Comparing sample preparation by CryoTIGM™ and freeze fracture in three model systems, Baker's yeast, mouse liver tissue, and whole sea urchin embryos, we find that CryoTIGM™ yields very large (∼700,000 μm(2)) and smooth sections that present ultrastructural details at similar or better quality than freeze-fractured samples. A particular strength of CryoTIGM™ is the ability to section samples with hard-soft contrast such as brittle calcite (CaCO3) spicules in the sea urchin embryo.
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28
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Stepicheva NA, Song JL. microRNA-31 modulates skeletal patterning in the sea urchin embryo. Development 2015; 142:3769-80. [PMID: 26400092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.127969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that repress the translation and reduce the stability of target mRNAs in animal cells. microRNA-31 (miR-31) is known to play a role in cancer, bone formation and lymphatic development. However, studies to understand the function of miR-31 in embryogenesis have been limited. We examined the regulatory role of miR-31 in early development using the sea urchin as a model. miR-31 is expressed at all stages of development and its knockdown (KD) disrupts the patterning and function of primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), which form the embryonic skeleton spicules. We identified that miR-31 directly represses Pmar1, Alx1, Snail and VegfR7 within the PMC gene regulatory network using reporter constructs. Further, blocking the miR-31-mediated repression of Alx1 and/or VegfR7 in the developing embryo resulted in defects in PMC patterning and skeletogenesis. The majority of the mislocalized PMCs in miR-31 KD embryos did not express VegfR10, indicating that miR-31 regulates VegfR gene expression within PMCs. In addition, miR-31 indirectly suppresses Vegf3 expression in the ectoderm. These results indicate that miR-31 coordinately suppresses genes within the PMCs and in the ectoderm to impact PMC patterning and skeletogenesis. This study identifies the novel function and molecular mechanism of miR-31-mediated regulation in the developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezda A Stepicheva
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Jia L Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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29
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Evans TG, Padilla-Gamiño JL, Kelly MW, Pespeni MH, Chan F, Menge BA, Gaylord B, Hill TM, Russell AD, Palumbi SR, Sanford E, Hofmann GE. Ocean acidification research in the 'post-genomic' era: Roadmaps from the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 185:33-42. [PMID: 25773301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nucleic acid sequencing technology are removing obstacles that historically prevented use of genomics within ocean change biology. As one of the first marine calcifiers to have its genome sequenced, purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) have been the subject of early research exploring genomic responses to ocean acidification, work that points to future experiments and illustrates the value of expanding genomic resources to other marine organisms in this new 'post-genomic' era. This review presents case studies of S. purpuratus demonstrating the ability of genomic experiments to address major knowledge gaps within ocean acidification. Ocean acidification research has focused largely on species vulnerability, and studies exploring mechanistic bases of tolerance toward low pH seawater are comparatively few. Transcriptomic responses to high pCO₂ seawater in a population of urchins already encountering low pH conditions have cast light on traits required for success in future oceans. Secondly, there is relatively little information on whether marine organisms possess the capacity to adapt to oceans progressively decreasing in pH. Genomics offers powerful methods to investigate evolutionary responses to ocean acidification and recent work in S. purpuratus has identified genes under selection in acidified seawater. Finally, relatively few ocean acidification experiments investigate how shifts in seawater pH combine with other environmental factors to influence organism performance. In S. purpuratus, transcriptomics has provided insight into physiological responses of urchins exposed simultaneously to warmer and more acidic seawater. Collectively, these data support that similar breakthroughs will occur as genomic resources are developed for other marine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, CA 94542, USA.
| | | | - Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Melissa H Pespeni
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Francis Chan
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Bruce A Menge
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2914, USA
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Tessa M Hill
- Department of Geology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Ann D Russell
- Department of Geology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stephen R Palumbi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Department of Evolution and Ecology and Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California Davis, Bodega Bay, CA 94923, USA
| | - Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA
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30
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Echinoderms: Hierarchically Organized Light Weight Skeletons. BIOLOGICALLY-INSPIRED SYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9398-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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31
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Tellis MS, Lauer MM, Nadella S, Bianchini A, Wood CM. The effects of copper and nickel on the embryonic life stages of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:453-464. [PMID: 25103773 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to generate data on the mechanisms of toxicity of copper [Cu (4-12 µg/L)] and nickel [Ni (33-40 µg/L)] during continuous sublethal exposure in seawater (32 ppt, 15 °C) in a sensitive test organism (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) at its most sensitive life stage (developing embryo). Whole-body ions [calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg)], metal burdens, Ca uptake, and Ca ATPase activity were measured every 12 h during the first 72-84 h of development. Ionoregulatory disruption was clearly an important mechanism of toxicity for both metals and occurred with minimal metal bioaccumulation. Most noteworthy was a significant disruption of Ca homeostasis, which was evident from an inhibition of unidirectional Ca uptake rates, whole-body Ca accumulation, and Ca ATPase activity intermittently during 72-84 h of development. At various times, Cu- and Ni-exposed embryos also displayed lower levels of K and increased levels of Na suggesting inhibition of Na/K ATPase activity. Greater levels of Mg during initial stages of development in Cu-exposed embryos were also observed and were considered a possible compensatory mechanism for disruptions to Ca homeostasis because both of these ions are important constituents of the developing spicule. Notably, most of these effects occurred during the initial stages of development but were reversed by 72-84 h. We therefore propose that it is of value to study the toxic impacts of contaminants periodically during development before the traditional end point of 48-72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Tellis
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4K1, Canada,
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32
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Evans TG, Watson-Wynn P. Effects of seawater acidification on gene expression: resolving broader-scale trends in sea urchins. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:237-254. [PMID: 25070868 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n3p237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sea urchins are ecologically and economically important calcifying organisms threatened by acidification of the global ocean caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Propelled by the sequencing of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) genome, profiling changes in gene expression during exposure to high pCO2 seawater has emerged as a powerful and increasingly common method to infer the response of urchins to ocean change. However, analyses of gene expression are sensitive to experimental methodology, and comparisons between studies of genes regulated by ocean acidification are most often made in the context of major caveats. Here we perform meta-analyses as a means of minimizing experimental discrepancies and resolving broader-scale trends regarding the effects of ocean acidification on gene expression in urchins. Analyses across eight studies and four urchin species largely support prevailing hypotheses about the impact of ocean acidification on marine calcifiers. The predominant expression pattern involved the down-regulation of genes within energy-producing pathways, a clear indication of metabolic depression. Genes with functions in ion transport were significantly over-represented and are most plausibly contributing to intracellular pH regulation. Expression profiles provided extensive evidence for an impact on biomineralization, epitomized by the down-regulation of seven spicule matrix proteins. In contrast, expression profiles provided limited evidence for CO2-mediated developmental delay or induction of a cellular stress response. Congruence between studies of gene expression and the ocean acidification literature in general validates the accuracy of gene expression in predicting the consequences of ocean change and justifies its continued use in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542
| | - Priscilla Watson-Wynn
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542
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33
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Abstract
Primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) are skeletogenenic cells that produce a calcareous endoskeleton in developing sea urchin larvae. The PMCs fuse to form a cavity in which spicule matrix proteins and calcium are secreted forming the mineralized spicule. In this study, living sea urchin embryos were stained with fluorescently conjugated wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin that preferentially binds to PMCs, and the redistribution of this fluorescent tag was examined during sea urchin development. Initially, fluorescence was associated primarily with the surface of PMCs. Subsequently, the fluorescent label redistributed to intracellular vesicles in the PMCs. As the larval skeleton developed, intracellular granular staining diminished and fluorescence appeared in the spicules. Spicules that were cleaned to remove membranous material associated with the surface exhibited bright fluorescence, which indicated that fluorescently labelled lectin had been incorporated into the spicule matrix. The results provide evidence for a cellular pathway in which material is taken up at the cell surface, sequestered in intracellular vesicles and then incorporated into the developing spicule.
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34
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Juneja P, Rao A, Cölfen H, Diederichs K, Welte W. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the C-type lectin domain of the spicule matrix protein SM50 from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:260-2. [PMID: 24637770 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sea urchin spicules have a calcitic mesocrystalline architecture that is closely associated with a matrix of proteins and amorphous minerals. The mechanism underlying spicule formation involves complex processes encompassing spatio-temporally regulated organic-inorganic interactions. C-type lectin domains are present in several spicule matrix proteins in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, implying their role in spiculogenesis. In this study, the C-type lectin domain of SM50 was overexpressed, purified and crystallized using a vapour-diffusion method. The crystal diffracted to a resolution of 2.85 Å and belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 100.6, b = 115.4, c = 130.6 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. Assuming 50% solvent content, six chains are expected to be present in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Juneja
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ashit Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kay Diederichs
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wolfram Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Vidavsky N, Addadi S, Mahamid J, Shimoni E, Ben-Ezra D, Shpigel M, Weiner S, Addadi L. Initial stages of calcium uptake and mineral deposition in sea urchin embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:39-44. [PMID: 24344263 PMCID: PMC3890786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312833110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea urchin larvae have an endoskeleton consisting of two calcitic spicules. We reconstructed various stages of the formation pathway of calcium carbonate from calcium ions in sea water to mineral deposition and integration into the forming spicules. Monitoring calcium uptake with the fluorescent dye calcein shows that calcium ions first penetrate the embryo and later are deposited intracellularly. Surprisingly, calcium carbonate deposits are distributed widely all over the embryo, including in the primary mesenchyme cells and in the surface epithelial cells. Using cryo-SEM, we show that the intracellular calcium carbonate deposits are contained in vesicles of diameter 0.5-1.5 μm. Using the newly developed airSEM, which allows direct correlation between fluorescence and energy dispersive spectroscopy, we confirmed the presence of solid calcium carbonate in the vesicles. This mineral phase appears as aggregates of 20-30-nm nanospheres, consistent with amorphous calcium carbonate. The aggregates finally are introduced into the spicule compartment, where they integrate into the growing spicule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Vidavsky
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Julia Mahamid
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eyal Shimoni
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; and
| | - David Ben-Ezra
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 88112, Israel
| | - Muki Shpigel
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Center for Mariculture, Eilat 88112, Israel
| | - Steve Weiner
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Lia Addadi
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Tellis MS, Lauer MM, Nadella S, Bianchini A, Wood CM. Sublethal mechanisms of Pb and Zn toxicity to the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) during early development. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 146:220-229. [PMID: 24326189 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand sublethal mechanisms of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) toxicity, developing sea urchins were exposed continuously from 3h post-fertilization (eggs) to 96 h (pluteus larvae) to 55 (±2.4) μgPb/L or 117 (±11)μgZn/L, representing ~ 70% of the EC50 for normal 72 h development. Growth, unidirectional Ca uptake rates, whole body ion concentrations (Na, K, Ca, Mg), Ca(2+) ATPase activity, and metal bioaccumulation were monitored every 12h over this period. Pb exhibited marked bioaccumulation whereas Zn was well-regulated, and both metals had little effect on growth, measured as larval dry weight, or on Na, K, or Mg concentrations. Unidirectional Ca uptake rates (measured by (45)Ca incorporation) were severely inhibited by both metals, resulting in lower levels of whole body Ca accumulation. The greatest disruption occurred at gastrulation. Ca(2+) ATPase activity was also significantly inhibited by Zn but not by Pb. Interestingly, embryos exposed to Pb showed some capacity for recovery, as Ca(2+)ATPase activities increased, Ca uptake rates returned to normal intermittently, and whole body Ca levels were restored to control values by 72-96 h of development. This did not occur with Zn exposure. Both Pb and Zn rendered their toxic effects through disruption of Ca homeostasis, though likely through different proximate mechanisms. We recommend studying the toxicity of these contaminants periodically throughout development as an effective way to detect sublethal effects, which may not be displayed at the traditional toxicity test endpoint of 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Tellis
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada.
| | - Mariana M Lauer
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), 96203-900 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Sunita Nadella
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), 96203-900 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Chris M Wood
- McMaster University, Department of Biology, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia V0R 1B0, Canada
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Sciani JM, Antoniazzi MM, Neves ADC, Pimenta DC. Cathepsin B/X is secreted by Echinometra lucunter sea urchin spines, a structure rich in granular cells and toxins. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2013; 19:33. [PMID: 24341625 PMCID: PMC3880103 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-19-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinometra lucunter is a common American sea urchin responsible for the majority of the marine accidents in Brazil. Although not lethal, these accidents are reported to be extremely painful. Recently, our group described the presence of toxins in its spines that contribute to the pathological reactions. Additionally, we have observed that the E. lucunter spines can regenerate when broken. In the present work we evaluated the enzymatic activities of sea urchin spine extracts in order to identify an enzyme that could contribute not only to the toxicity, but also participate in the spine growth and regeneration. Results The spine aqueous extract was tested for peptidase activity, with synthetic substrates, in the presence and absence of inhibitors and activators. For proper enzyme classification, the FRET-substrate cleavage pattern, pH-dependency activity and Western-blot analyses were performed. The spine extract was able to cleave Z-R-MCA and Abz-GIVRAK(Dnp)-OH following pre-incubation with DTT, and was inhibited by E-64. Furthermore, the double-peaked pH curve (5 and 7) and the cleavage site proportion (4:6, R↓A:A↓K) indicate the presence of both mono and dicarboxypeptidase activities. Moreover, in Western-blot analysis, the spine extract was positive for anti-cathepsin B antibody. Conclusions E. lucunter spines extracts presented a cysteine peptidase activity that was identified as cathepsin B/X that would participate in the remodeling and growth processes of the spine, as well as in the inflammatory response to the accident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Carvalho Pimenta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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38
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Tellis MS, Lauer MM, Nadella S, Bianchini A, Wood CM. Ionic status, calcium uptake, and Ca2+-ATPase activity during early development in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 166:272-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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39
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Falini G, Fermani S. The strategic role of adsorption phenomena in biomineralization. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.201200711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; - Alma Mater Studiorum Università; di Bologna - Via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale per la Ricerca in Scienze Ambientali (C.I.R.S.A.); Università di Bologna, via S. Alberto 163; I-48100 Ravenna Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; - Alma Mater Studiorum Università; di Bologna - Via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
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Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions are driving unprecedented changes in seawater chemistry, resulting in reduced pH and carbonate ion concentrations in the Earth's oceans. This ocean acidification has negative but variable impacts on individual performance in many marine species. However, little is known about the adaptive capacity of species to respond to an acidified ocean, and, as a result, predictions regarding future ecosystem responses remain incomplete. Here we demonstrate that ocean acidification generates striking patterns of genome-wide selection in purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) cultured under different CO2 levels. We examined genetic change at 19,493 loci in larvae from seven adult populations cultured under realistic future CO2 levels. Although larval development and morphology showed little response to elevated CO2, we found substantial allelic change in 40 functional classes of proteins involving hundreds of loci. Pronounced genetic changes, including excess amino acid replacements, were detected in all populations and occurred in genes for biomineralization, lipid metabolism, and ion homeostasis--gene classes that build skeletons and interact in pH regulation. Such genetic change represents a neglected and important impact of ocean acidification that may influence populations that show few outward signs of response to acidification. Our results demonstrate the capacity for rapid evolution in the face of ocean acidification and show that standing genetic variation could be a reservoir of resilience to climate change in this coastal upwelling ecosystem. However, effective response to strong natural selection demands large population sizes and may be limited in species impacted by other environmental stressors.
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Evans TG, Chan F, Menge BA, Hofmann GE. Transcriptomic responses to ocean acidification in larval sea urchins from a naturally variable pH environment. Mol Ecol 2013; 22:1609-25. [PMID: 23317456 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Some marine ecosystems already experience natural declines in pH approximating those predicted with future anthropogenic ocean acidification (OA), the decline in seawater pH caused by the absorption of atmospheric CO2 . The molecular mechanisms that allow organisms to inhabit these low pH environments, particularly those building calcium carbonate skeletons, are unknown. Also uncertain is whether an enhanced capacity to cope with present day pH variation will confer resistance to future OA. To address these issues, we monitored natural pH dynamics within an intertidal habitat in the Northeast Pacific, demonstrating that upwelling exposes resident species to pH regimes not predicted to occur elsewhere until 2100. Next, we cultured the progeny of adult purple sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) collected from this region in CO2 -acidified seawater representing present day and near future ocean scenarios and monitored gene expression using transcriptomics. We hypothesized that persistent exposure to upwelling during evolutionary history will have selected for increased pH tolerance in this population and that their transcriptomic response to low pH seawater would provide insight into mechanisms underlying pH tolerance in a calcifying species. Resulting expression patterns revealed two important trends. Firstly, S. purpuratus larvae may alter the bioavailability of calcium and adjust skeletogenic pathways to sustain calcification in a low pH ocean. Secondly, larvae use different strategies for coping with different magnitudes of pH stress: initiating a robust transcriptional response to present day pH regimes but a muted response to near future conditions. Thus, an enhanced capacity to cope with present day pH variation may not translate into success in future oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Evans
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA.
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42
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Cartwright JHE, Checa AG, Gale JD, Gebauer D, Sainz-Díaz CI. Die Polyamorphie von Calciumcarbonat und ihre Bedeutung für die Biomineralisation: Wie viele amorphe Calciumcarbonat-Phasen gibt es? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Cartwright JHE, Checa AG, Gale JD, Gebauer D, Sainz-Díaz CI. Calcium Carbonate Polyamorphism and Its Role in Biomineralization: How Many Amorphous Calcium Carbonates Are There? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11960-70. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stumpp M, Hu MY, Melzner F, Gutowska MA, Dorey N, Himmerkus N, Holtmann WC, Dupont ST, Thorndyke MC, Bleich M. Acidified seawater impacts sea urchin larvae pH regulatory systems relevant for calcification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18192-7. [PMID: 23077257 PMCID: PMC3497771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1209174109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcifying echinoid larvae respond to changes in seawater carbonate chemistry with reduced growth and developmental delay. To date, no information exists on how ocean acidification acts on pH homeostasis in echinoderm larvae. Understanding acid-base regulatory capacities is important because intracellular formation and maintenance of the calcium carbonate skeleton is dependent on pH homeostasis. Using H(+)-selective microelectrodes and the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF, we conducted in vivo measurements of extracellular and intracellular pH (pH(e) and pH(i)) in echinoderm larvae. We exposed pluteus larvae to a range of seawater CO(2) conditions and demonstrated that the extracellular compartment surrounding the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) conforms to the surrounding seawater with respect to pH during exposure to elevated seawater pCO(2). Using FITC dextran conjugates, we demonstrate that sea urchin larvae have a leaky integument. PMCs and spicules are therefore directly exposed to strong changes in pH(e) whenever seawater pH changes. However, measurements of pH(i) demonstrated that PMCs are able to fully compensate an induced intracellular acidosis. This was highly dependent on Na(+) and HCO(3)(-), suggesting a bicarbonate buffer mechanism involving secondary active Na(+)-dependent membrane transport proteins. We suggest that, under ocean acidification, maintained pH(i) enables calcification to proceed despite decreased pH(e). However, this probably causes enhanced costs. Increased costs for calcification or cellular homeostasis can be one of the main factors leading to modifications in energy partitioning, which then impacts growth and, ultimately, results in increased mortality of echinoid larvae during the pelagic life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Stumpp
- Institute of Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany; and
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Marian Y. Hu
- Institute of Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany; and
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Frank Melzner
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Magdalena A. Gutowska
- Institute of Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), 24105 Kiel, Germany; and
| | - Narimane Dorey
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Nina Himmerkus
- Institute of Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wiebke C. Holtmann
- Institute of Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sam T. Dupont
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Michael C. Thorndyke
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Science, University of Gothenburg, Kristineberg, 45178 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Markus Bleich
- Institute of Physiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Addadi L, Vidavsky N, Weiner S. Transient precursor amorphous phases in biomineralization.In the footsteps of Heinz A. Lowenstam. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.2012.1524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Heinz A. Lowenstam’s discovery in 1967, together with Ken Towe that the magnetite mineral in mature chiton teeth forms from a disordered transient precursor phase, ferrihydrite, remained an isolated curiosity for 30 years. During the last 15 years, many more examples were found in both invertebrates and vertebrates, where the mature crystalline mineral phase is formed through a transient amorphous precursor phase. Here we review this widespread phenomenon, and also describe the details of the transformation process in the formation of the calcitic spicules of the sea urchin larva. We identify many open questions.
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46
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Yajima M, Wessel GM. Autonomy in specification of primordial germ cells and their passive translocation in the sea urchin. Development 2012; 139:3786-94. [PMID: 22991443 PMCID: PMC3445309 DOI: 10.1242/dev.082230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The process of germ line determination involves many conserved genes, yet is highly variable. Echinoderms are positioned at the base of Deuterostomia and are crucial to understanding these evolutionary transitions, yet the mechanism of germ line specification is not known in any member of the phyla. Here we demonstrate that small micromeres (SMics), which are formed at the fifth cell division of the sea urchin embryo, illustrate many typical features of primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. SMics autonomously express germ line genes in isolated culture, including selective Vasa protein accumulation and transcriptional activation of nanos; their descendants are passively displaced towards the animal pole by secondary mesenchyme cells and the elongating archenteron during gastrulation; Cadherin (G form) has an important role in their development and clustering phenotype; and a left/right integration into the future adult anlagen appears to be controlled by a late developmental mechanism. These results suggest that sea urchin SMics share many more characteristics typical of PGCs than previously thought, and imply a more widely conserved system of germ line development among metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Yajima
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL173, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Gary M. Wessel
- MCB Department, Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, BOX-GL173, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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47
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Abstract
Crystalline biominerals do not resemble faceted crystals. Current explanations for this property involve formation via amorphous phases. Using X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM), here we examine forming spicules in embryos of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchins, and observe a sequence of three mineral phases: hydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC · H(2)O) → dehydrated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) → calcite. Unexpectedly, we find ACC · H(2)O-rich nanoparticles that persist after the surrounding mineral has dehydrated and crystallized. Protein matrix components occluded within the mineral must inhibit ACC · H(2)O dehydration. We devised an in vitro, also using XANES-PEEM, assay to identify spicule proteins that may play a role in stabilizing various mineral phases, and found that the most abundant occluded matrix protein in the sea urchin spicules, SM50, stabilizes ACC · H(2)O in vitro.
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48
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Lyons DC, Kaltenbach SL, McClay DR. Morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos: linking cellular events to gene regulatory network states. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 1:231-52. [PMID: 23801438 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation in the sea urchin begins with ingression of the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) at the vegetal pole of the embryo. After entering the blastocoel the PMCs migrate, form a syncitium, and synthesize the skeleton of the embryo. Several hours after the PMCs ingress the vegetal plate buckles to initiate invagination of the archenteron. That morphogenetic process occurs in several steps. The nonskeletogenic cells produce the initial inbending of the vegetal plate. Endoderm cells then rearrange and extend the length of the gut across the blastocoel to a target near the animal pole. Finally, cells that will form part of the midgut and hindgut are added to complete gastrulation. Later, the stomodeum invaginates from the oral ectoderm and fuses with the foregut to complete the archenteron. In advance of, and during these morphogenetic events, an increasingly complex input of transcription factors controls the specification and the cell biological events that conduct the gastrulation movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre C Lyons
- Department of Biology, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Cavalieri V, Guarcello R, Spinelli G. Specific expression of a TRIM-containing factor in ectoderm cells affects the skeletal morphogenetic program of the sea urchin embryo. Development 2011; 138:4279-90. [PMID: 21896632 DOI: 10.1242/dev.066480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the indirect developing sea urchin embryo, the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) acquire most of the positional and temporal information from the overlying ectoderm for skeletal initiation and growth. In this study, we characterize the function of the novel gene strim1, which encodes a tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) protein, that adds to the list of genes constituting the epithelial-mesenchymal signaling network. We report that strim1 is expressed in ectoderm regions adjacent to the bilateral clusters of PMCs and that its misexpression leads to severe skeletal abnormalities. Reciprocally, knock down of strim1 function abrogates PMC positioning and blocks skeletogenesis. Blastomere transplantation experiments establish that the defects in PMC patterning, number and skeletal growth depend upon strim1 misexpression in ectoderm cells. Furthermore, clonal expression of strim1 into knocked down embryos locally restores skeletogenesis. We also provide evidence that the Otp and Pax2/5/8 regulators, as well as FGFA, but not VEGF, ligand act downstream to strim1 in ectoderm cells, and that strim1 triggers the expression of the PMC marker sm30, an ectoderm-signaling dependent gene. We conclude that the strim1 function elicits specific gene expression both in ectoderm cells and PMCs to guide the skeletal biomineralization during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Cavalieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari STEMBIO, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze Edificio 16, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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50
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Kipryushina YO, Odintsova NA. Effect of exogenous factors on the induction of spicule formation in sea urchin embryonic cell cultures. Russ J Dev Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360411050080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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