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Berman B, Cummings B, Guo H, Campuzano-Jost P, Jimenez J, Pagonis D, Day D, Finewax Z, Handschy A, Nault BA, DeCarlo P, Capps S, Waring M. Modeling Indoor Inorganic Aerosol Concentrations During the ATHLETIC Campaign with IMAGES. ACS ES&T AIR 2024; 1:1084-1095. [PMID: 39295741 PMCID: PMC11406535 DOI: 10.1021/acsestair.4c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
In 2018, the ATHLETIC campaign was conducted at the University of Colorado Dal Ward Athletic Center and characterized dynamic indoor air composition in a gym environment. Among other parameters, inorganic particle and gas-phase species were alternatingly measured in the gym's supply duct and weight room. The Indoor Model of Aerosols, Gases, Emissions, and Surfaces (IMAGES) uses the inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium model, ISORROPIA, to estimate the partitioning of inorganic aerosols and corresponding gases. In this study herein, measurements from the ATHLETIC campaign were used to evaluate IMAGES' performance. Ammonia emission rates, nitric acid deposition, and particle deposition velocities were related to observed occupancy, which informed these rates in IMAGES runs. Initially, modeled indoor inorganic aerosol concentrations were not in good agreement with measurements. A parametric investigation revealed that lowering the temperature or raising the relative humidity used in the ISORROPIA model drove the semivolatile species more toward the particle phase, substantially improving modeled-measured agreement. One speculated reason for these solutions is that aerosol water was enhanced by increasing the RH or decreasing the temperature. Another is that thermodynamic equilibrium was not established in this indoor setting or that the thermodynamic parametrizations in ISORROPIA are less accurate for typical indoor settings. This result suggests that applying ISORROPIA indoors requires further careful experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Berman
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bryan Cummings
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hongyu Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Demetrios Pagonis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah 84408, United States
| | - Douglas Day
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zachary Finewax
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Anne Handschy
- Department of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin A Nault
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Peter DeCarlo
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Shannon Capps
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Binabaji F, Dashtian K, Zare-Dorabei R, Naseri N, Noroozifar M, Kerman K. Innovative Wearable Sweat Sensor Array for Real-Time Volatile Organic Compound Detection in Noninvasive Diabetes Monitoring. Anal Chem 2024; 96:13522-13532. [PMID: 39110633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors are reshaping healthcare monitoring, providing real-time data on hydration and electrolyte levels with user-friendly, noninvasive devices. This paper introduces a highly portable two-channel microfluidic device for simultaneous sweat sampling and the real-time detection of volatile organic compound (VOC) biomarkers. This innovative wearable microfluidic system is tailored for monitoring diabetes through the continuous and noninvasive tracking of acetone and ammonia VOCs, and it seamlessly integrates with smartphones for easy data management. The core of this system lies in the utilization of carbon polymer dots (CPDs) and carbon dots (CDs) derived from monomers such as catechol, resorcinol, o-phenylenediamine, urea, and citric acid. These dots are seamlessly integrated into hydrogels made from gelatin and poly(vinyl alcohol), resulting in an advanced solid-state fluorometric sensor coating on a cellulose paper substrate. These sensors exhibit exceptional performance, offering linear detection ranges of 0.05-0.15 ppm for acetone and 0.25-0.37 ppm for ammonia, with notably low detection limits of 0.01 and 0.08 ppm, respectively. Rigorous optimization of operational parameters, encompassing the temperature, sample volume, and assay time, has been undertaken to maximize device performance. Furthermore, these sensors demonstrate impressive selectivity, effectively discerning between biologically similar substances and other potential compounds commonly present in sweat. As this field matures, the prospect of cost-effective, continuous, personalized health monitoring through wearable VOC sensors holds significant potential for overcoming barriers to comprehensive medical care in underserved regions. This highlights the transformative capacity of wearable VOC sweat sensing in ensuring equitable access to advanced healthcare diagnostics, particularly in remote or geographically isolated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Binabaji
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Kheibar Dashtian
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Rouholah Zare-Dorabei
- Research Laboratory of Spectrometry & Micro and Nano Extraction, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Neda Naseri
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran
| | - Meissam Noroozifar
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
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Yang S, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Zhang M, Merizak M, Nenes A, Williams J, Licina D. Physiology or Psychology: What Drives Human Emissions of Carbon Dioxide and Ammonia? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1986-1997. [PMID: 38237915 PMCID: PMC10832055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Humans are the primary sources of CO2 and NH3 indoors. Their emission rates may be influenced by human physiological and psychological status. This study investigated the impact of physiological and psychological engagements on the human emissions of CO2 and NH3. In a climate chamber, we measured CO2 and NH3 emissions from participants performing physical activities (walking and running at metabolic rates of 2.5 and 5 met, respectively) and psychological stimuli (meditation and cognitive tasks). Participants' physiological responses were recorded, including the skin temperature, electrodermal activity (EDA), and heart rate, and then analyzed for their relationship with CO2 and NH3 emissions. The results showed that physiological engagement considerably elevated per-person CO2 emission rates from 19.6 (seated) to 46.9 (2.5 met) and 115.4 L/h (5 met) and NH3 emission rates from 2.7 to 5.1 and 8.3 mg/h, respectively. CO2 emissions reduced when participants stopped running, whereas NH3 emissions continued to increase owing to their distinct emission mechanisms. Psychological engagement did not significantly alter participants' emissions of CO2 and NH3. Regression analysis revealed that CO2 emissions were predominantly correlated with heart rate, whereas NH3 emissions were mainly associated with skin temperature and EDA. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of human metabolic emissions of CO2 and NH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yang
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International
Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Environmental
and Resource Engineering, Technical University
of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meixia Zhang
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marouane Merizak
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Processes and Their Impacts, School of Architecture,
Civil & Environmental Engineering, École
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Energy,
Environment and Water Research Center, The
Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented
Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental
Engineering, École Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Banga I, Paul A, Dhamu VN, Ramasubramanya AH, Muthukumar S, Prasad S. Activated carbon derived from wood biochar for Amperometric sensing of Ammonia for early screening of chronic kidney disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126894. [PMID: 37709225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine has emerged as an increasingly efficient and effective approach to addressing disease diagnosis and intervention. Ammonia is a waste product produced by the body during the digestion of protein. The requirement to develop an electrochemical sensing platform for monitoring skin ammonia levels holds great potential as an essential solution to pre-screen chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this research, we have manufactured an innovative electrochemical sensor by employing activated carbon derived from wood biochar as the signal transducer. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the structural and morphological characteristics of the synthesized materials using various techniques. The hypothesized interaction was investigated using chronoamperometry as a transduction technique. To assess cross-reactivity, we conducted a study using common interferants or chemicals present in the environment. The data presented in this paper represents three replicates and is plotted with a 5 % error bar, demonstrating a 95 % confidence interval in the sensor response. In this study, we have elucidated the functionality and usefulness of a wearable microelectronic research prototype integrated with an HTC-activated carbon @RTIL-based electrochemical sensing platform for detecting ammonia levels released from the skin as a marker for chronic kidney disease screening. By enabling early detection and monitoring, these platforms can facilitate timely interventions, such as lifestyle modifications, medication adjustments, or referral to nephrology specialists. This proactive approach can potentially slow down disease progression, minimize the need for dialysis or transplantation, and ultimately improve the quality of life for CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivneet Banga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | - Anirban Paul
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
| | | | | | - Sriram Muthukumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; EnLiSense LLC, 1813 Audubon Pondway, Allen, TX 75013, USA.
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; EnLiSense LLC, 1813 Audubon Pondway, Allen, TX 75013, USA.
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Dawson B, Drewer J, Roberts T, Levy P, Heal M, Cowan N. Measurements of methane and nitrous oxide in human breath and the development of UK scale emissions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295157. [PMID: 38091323 PMCID: PMC10718453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exhaled human breath can contain small, elevated concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which contribute to global warming. These emissions from humans are not well understood and are rarely quantified in global greenhouse gas inventories. This study investigated emissions of CH4 and N2O in human breath from 104 volunteers in the UK population, to better understand what drives these emissions and to quantify national-scale estimates. A total of 328 breath samples were collected, and age, sex, dietary preference, and smoking habits were recorded for every participant. The percentage of methane producers (MPs) identified in this study was 31%. The percentage of MPs was higher in older age groups with 25% of people under the age of 30 classified as MPs compared to 40% in the 30+ age group. Females (38%) were more likely to be MPs than males (25%), though overall concentrations emitted from both MP groups were similar. All participants were found to emit N2O in breath, though none of the factors investigated explained the differences in emissions. Dietary preference was not found to affect CH4 or N2O emissions from breath in this study. We estimate a total emission of 1.04 (0.86-1.40) Gg of CH4 and 0.069 (0.066-0.072) Gg of N2O in human breath annually in the UK, the equivalent of 53.9 (47.8-60.0) Gg of CO2. In terms of magnitude, these values are approximately 0.05% and 0.1% of the total emissions of CH4 and N2O reported in the UK national greenhouse gas inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dawson
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Drewer
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Roberts
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Levy
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Heal
- The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cowan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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6
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Fujii T, Matsuura N, Morita Y, Morimoto K. Volatile organic compounds from human skin as biomarkers of menstruation phase and severity of premenstrual syndrome: An exploratory pilot study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19627. [PMID: 37810044 PMCID: PMC10558888 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Numerous women of reproductive age experience physical or mental discomfort during their natural menstrual cycle due to paramenstrual symptoms, such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS). To date, there is no established biomarker for the diagnosis of PMS. This study investigated the relationship between skin gas composition and menstruation cycles, and evaluated the possibility of skin gas composition as a biomarker of paramenstrual symptoms. Methods We conducted an exploratory pilot study. Healthy Japanese women (aged 20-29 years) underwent blood and skin gas analyses on 1 day corresponding to menstruation, preovulatory, middle luteal, and late luteal phases. Skin gas was collected from the cubital fossa and armpit using a Passive Flux Sampler; samples were analyzed for 65 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed to identify VOCs related to the menstrual cycle, levels of female hormones, and severity of PMS. Results Fourteen women participated; of those, 12 completed the study. Regarding the relationship with the menstrual cycles, seven and four VOCs were significantly and marginally changed, respectively, at the cubital fossa during menstruation. Of those 11 compounds, 10 were also correlated with the levels of serum female hormones. At the armpit, five and three compounds were significantly and marginally changed, respectively, during menstruation. Of those eight compounds, five were also correlated with the levels of serum female hormones. In the study of PMS severity, analysis of the changes in VOCs suggested that ketones and fatty acids are increased during menstruation in the severe PMS group versus the mild PMS group. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that certain VOCs emitted in skin gas related to the menstrual cycle, levels of female hormones, and severity of PMS. These findings may advance the metabolic understanding and development of diagnostic biomarkers for menstruation-related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fujii
- Research Laboratories for Health and Science & Food Technologies Kirin co., Ltd., B24F Shonan Health Innovation Park 2-26-1 Muraoka higashi, 251-0012, Japan
- Kirin Central Research Institute., B24F Shonan Health Innovation Park 2-26-1 Muraoka higashi, 251-0012, Japan
| | - Nozomi Matsuura
- Research Laboratories for Health and Science & Food Technologies Kirin co., Ltd., B24F Shonan Health Innovation Park 2-26-1 Muraoka higashi, 251-0012, Japan
- Kirin Central Research Institute., B24F Shonan Health Innovation Park 2-26-1 Muraoka higashi, 251-0012, Japan
| | - Yuji Morita
- Research Laboratories for Health and Science & Food Technologies Kirin co., Ltd., B24F Shonan Health Innovation Park 2-26-1 Muraoka higashi, 251-0012, Japan
- Kirin Central Research Institute., B24F Shonan Health Innovation Park 2-26-1 Muraoka higashi, 251-0012, Japan
| | - Keiko Morimoto
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, 38 Kadono-cho, Nishikyogoku, Ukyo-ku, Kyoto, 615- 0882, Japan
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Katsuyama M, Narita T, Nakashima M, Kusaba K, Ochiai M, Kunizawa N, Kawaraya A, Kuwahara Y, Horiuchi M, Nakamoto K. How emotional changes affect skin odor and its impact on others. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270457. [PMID: 35771844 PMCID: PMC9246182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gas emanating from human skin is known to vary depending on one's physical condition and diet. Thus, skin gas has been gaining substantial scholarly attention as an effective noninvasive biomarker for understanding different physical conditions. This study focuses on the relationship between psychological stress and skin gas, which has remained unclear to date. It has been deduced that when participants were subjected to interviews confirmed as stressful by physiological indicators, their skin emitted an odor similar to stir-fried leeks containing allyl mercaptan and dimethyl trisulfide. This characteristic, recognizable odor appeared reproducibly during the stress-inducing situations. Furthermore, the study deduced that individuals who perceive this stress odor experience subjective tension, confusion, and fatigue (Profile of Mood States scale). Thus, the study findings indicate the possibility of human nonverbal communication through odor, which could enhance our understanding of human interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Katsuyama
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomomi Narita
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakashima
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kusaba
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ochiai
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naomi Kunizawa
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Shiseido Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kawaraya
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukari Kuwahara
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Kroupina K, Bémeur C, Rose CF. Amino acids, ammonia, and hepatic encephalopathy. Anal Biochem 2022; 649:114696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Finnegan M, Duffy E, Morrin A. The determination of skin surface pH via the skin volatile emission using wearable colorimetric sensors. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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10
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Yu J, Wang D, Tipparaju VV, Jung W, Xian X. Detection of transdermal biomarkers using gradient-based colorimetric array sensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 195:113650. [PMID: 34560350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate assessment of dietary macronutrients intake is critical for the effective management of multiple diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, and cancer. Conventional self-reporting method is burdensome, inaccurate, and often biased. Though blood analysis and breath analysis can provide evidence-based information, they are either invasive or subject to human errors. Here we reported a wearable transdermal volatile biomarkers detection system based on novel colorimetric sensing technology for dietary macronutrients intake assessment. This technique quantifies the emission rates of transdermal volatile biomarkers via a gradient-based colorimetric array sensor (GCAS). The optical system of the GCAS device tracks the localized color development associated with the chemical reaction between the volatile biomarkers and the porous sensing probes, and determines the biomarkers emission rates through image processing algorithms. The localized chemical reaction and the image-based signal processing also make the GCAS capable for multiplexed detection of multiple analytes simultaneously. The GCAS sensor has been applied for transdermal acetone detection on 5 subjects in a keto diet intervention. The study indicates that the transdermal acetone increases after the subjects consuming keto diets and it decreases to basal level after intaking carb-rich diets. The transdermal acetone response from the GCAS sensor correlates well with breath acetone concentration in the range between 0 and 40 ppm and the correlation factor (R2) is as high as 0.8877. This method provides a noninvasive, low-cost, and wearable tool for assessing dietary macronutrients intake outside of lab or hospital settings. It could be widely applied in disease management, weight control, and nutrition management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, USA; Intelligent Perception Research Institute, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Vishal Varun Tipparaju
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Wonjong Jung
- Photonic Device Lab., Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung, Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaojun Xian
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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11
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Development of a wristband-type wearable device for the colorimetric detection of ammonia emanating from the human skin surface. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Abstract
Although previous research demonstrates that skin-associated archaea are rarely detected within human skin microbiome data, exist at relatively low abundance, and are primarily affiliated with the Methanobacteriota and Halobacteriota phyla, other studies suggest that archaea are consistently detected and relatively abundant on human skin, with skin “archaeomes” dominated by putative ammonia oxidizers of the Nitrososphaeria class (Thermoproteota phylum, formerly Thaumarchaeota). Here, we evaluated new and existing 16S rRNA gene sequence data sourced from mammalian skin and skin-associated surfaces and generated with two commonly used universal prokaryotic primer sets to assess archaeal prevalence, relative abundance, and taxonomic distribution. Archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences were detected in only 17.5% of 1,688 samples by high-throughput sequence data, with most of the archaeon-positive samples associated with nonhuman mammalian skin. Only 5.9% of human-associated skin sample data sets contained sequences affiliated with archaeal 16S rRNA genes. When detected, the relative abundance of sequences affiliated with archaeal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) was less than 1% for most mammalian skin samples and did not exceed 2% for any samples. Although several computer keyboard microbial profiles were dominated by Nitrososphaeria sequences, all other skin microbiome data sets tested were primarily composed of sequences affiliated with Methanobacteriota and Halobacteriota phyla. Our findings revise downward recent estimates of human skin archaeal distributions and relative abundances, especially those affiliated with the Nitrososphaeria, reflecting a limited and infrequent archaeal presence within the mammalian skin microbiome. IMPORTANCE The current state of research on mammalian skin-associated archaea is limited, with the few papers focusing on potential skin archaeal communities often in disagreement with each other. As such, there is no consensus on the prevalence or taxonomic composition of archaea on mammalian skin. Mammalian skin health is in part influenced by its complex microbiota and consortium of bacteria and potential archaea. Without a clear foundational analysis and characterization of the mammalian skin archaeome, it will be difficult for future research to explore the potential impact of skin-associated archaea on skin health and function. The current work provides a much-needed analysis of the mammalian skin archaeome and contributes to building a foundation from which further discussion and exploration of the skin archaeome might continue.
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13
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External ears for non-invasive and stable monitoring of volatile organic compounds in human blood. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10415. [PMID: 34112816 PMCID: PMC8192764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released through skin (transcutaneous gas) has been increasing in importance for the continuous and real-time assessment of diseases or metabolisms. For stable monitoring of transcutaneous gas, finding a body part with little interference on the measurement is essential. In this study, we have investigated the possibility of external ears for stable and real-time measurement of ethanol vapour by developing a monitoring system that consisted with an over-ear gas collection cell and a biochemical gas sensor (bio-sniffer). The high sensitivity with the broad dynamic range (26 ppb–554 ppm), the high selectivity to ethanol, and the capability of the continuous measurement of the monitoring system uncovered three important characteristics of external ear-derived ethanol with alcohol intake for the first time: there is little interference from sweat glands to a sensor signal at the external ear; similar temporal change in ethanol concentration to that of breath with delayed peak time (avg. 13 min); relatively high concentration of ethanol relative to other parts of a body (external ear-derived ethanol:breath ethanol = 1:590). These features indicated the suitability of external ears for non-invasive monitoring of blood VOCs.
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The (in)dependency of blood and sweat sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and glucose concentrations during submaximal exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:803-816. [PMID: 33355715 PMCID: PMC7892530 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04562-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To reduce the need for invasive and expensive measures of human biomarkers, sweat is becoming increasingly popular in use as an alternative to blood. Therefore, the (in)dependency of blood and sweat composition has to be explored. Methods In an environmental chamber (33 °C, 65% relative humidity; RH), 12 participants completed three subsequent 20-min cycling stages to elicit three different local sweat rates (LSR) while aiming to limit changes in blood composition: at 60% of their maximum heart rate (HRmax), 70% HRmax and 80% HRmax, with 5 min of seated-rest in between. Sweat was collected from the arm and back during each stage and post-exercise. Blood was drawn from a superficial antecubital vein in the middle of each stage. Concentrations of sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and glucose were determined in blood plasma and sweat. Results With increasing exercise intensity, LSR, sweat sodium, chloride and glucose concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.026), while simultaneously limited changes in blood composition were elicited for these components (P ≥ 0.093). Sweat potassium, lactate and ammonia concentrations decreased (P ≤ 0.006), while blood potassium decreased (P = 0.003), and blood ammonia and lactate concentrations increased with higher exercise intensities (P = 0.005; P = 0.007, respectively). The vast majority of correlations between blood and sweat parameters were non-significant (P > 0.05), with few exceptions. Conclusion The data suggest that sweat composition is at least partly independent of blood composition. This has important consequences when targeting sweat as non-invasive alternative for blood measurements. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-020-04562-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Li M, Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Wargocki P, Lucic G, Williams J. Human Ammonia Emission Rates under Various Indoor Environmental Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5419-5428. [PMID: 32233434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is typically present at higher concentrations in indoor air (∼10-70 ppb) than in outdoor air (∼50 ppt to 5 ppb). It is the dominant neutralizer of acidic species in indoor environments, strongly influencing the partitioning of gaseous acidic and basic species to aerosols, surface films, and bulk water. We have measured NH3 emissions from humans in an environmentally controlled chamber. A series of experiments, each with four volunteers, quantified NH3 emissions as a function of temperature (25.1-32.6 °C), clothing (long-sleeved shirts/pants or T-shirts/shorts), age (teenagers, adults, and seniors), relative humidity (low or high), and ozone (<2 ppb or ∼35 ppb). Higher temperature and more skin exposure (T-shirts/shorts) significantly increased emission rates. For adults and seniors (long clothing), NH3 emissions are estimated to be 0.4 mg h-1 person-1 at 25 °C, 0.8 mg h-1 person-1 at 27 °C, and 1.4 mg h-1 person-1 at 29 °C, based on the temperature relationship observed in this study. Human NH3 emissions are sufficient to neutralize the acidifying impacts of human CO2 emissions. Results from this study can be used to more accurately model indoor and inner-city outdoor NH3 concentrations and associated chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengze Li
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Pawel Wargocki
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Gregor Lucic
- Picarro Inc., 3105 Patrick Henry Drive, Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:719-752. [PMID: 32124007 PMCID: PMC7125257 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the physiological mechanisms determining eccrine sweat composition to assess the utility of sweat as a proxy for blood or as a potential biomarker of human health or nutritional/physiological status. Methods This narrative review includes the major sweat electrolytes (sodium, chloride, and potassium), other micronutrients (e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, vitamins), metabolites (e.g., glucose, lactate, ammonia, urea, bicarbonate, amino acids, ethanol), and other compounds (e.g., cytokines and cortisol). Results Ion membrane transport mechanisms for sodium and chloride are well established, but the mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption for most other sweat solutes are still equivocal. Correlations between sweat and blood have not been established for most constituents, with perhaps the exception of ethanol. With respect to sweat diagnostics, it is well accepted that elevated sweat sodium and chloride is a useful screening tool for cystic fibrosis. However, sweat electrolyte concentrations are not predictive of hydration status or sweating rate. Sweat metabolite concentrations are not a reliable biomarker for exercise intensity or other physiological stressors. To date, glucose, cytokine, and cortisol research is too limited to suggest that sweat is a useful surrogate for blood. Conclusion Final sweat composition is not only influenced by extracellular solute concentrations, but also mechanisms of secretion and/or reabsorption, sweat flow rate, byproducts of sweat gland metabolism, skin surface contamination, and sebum secretions, among other factors related to methodology. Future research that accounts for these confounding factors is needed to address the existing gaps in the literature. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-020-04323-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Prieto-Blanco M, Peñafiel Barba S, Moliner-Martínez Y, Campíns-Falcó P. Footprint of carbonyl compounds in hand scent by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to nano-liquid chromatography/diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1596:241-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Duffy E, Morrin A. Endogenous and microbial volatile organic compounds in cutaneous health and disease. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Maines E, Piccoli G, Pascarella A, Colucci F, Burlina AB. Inherited hyperammonemias: a Contemporary view on pathogenesis and diagnosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1409108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelina Maines
- Pediatric Unit, Provincial Centre for Rare Diseases, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari, Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- CIBIO - Centre for integrative biology, Università degli Studi di Trento, Italy & Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Trento, Italy
| | - Antonia Pascarella
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Reference Centre Expanded Newborn Screening, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Colucci
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Reference Centre Expanded Newborn Screening, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto B. Burlina
- Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Reference Centre Expanded Newborn Screening, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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20
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Duffy E, Jacobs MR, Kirby B, Morrin A. Probing skin physiology through the volatile footprint: Discriminating volatile emissions before and after acute barrier disruption. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:919-925. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emer Duffy
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Matthew R. Jacobs
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Brian Kirby
- Dermatology Research Group; St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin Ireland
| | - Aoife Morrin
- School of Chemical Sciences; National Centre for Sensor Research; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
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21
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Furukawa S, Sekine Y, Kimura K, Umezawa K, Asai S, Miyachi H. Simultaneous and multi-point measurement of ammonia emanating from human skin surface for the estimation of whole body dermal emission rate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1053:60-64. [PMID: 28411465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the members of odor gases and a possible source of odor in indoor environment. However, little has been known on the actual emission rate of ammonia from the human skin surface. Then, this study aimed to estimate the whole-body dermal emission rate of ammonia by simultaneous and multi-point measurement of emission fluxes of ammonia employing a passive flux sampler - ion chromatography system. Firstly, the emission fluxes of ammonia were non-invasively measured for ten volunteers at 13 sampling positions set in 13 anatomical regions classified by Kurazumi et al. The measured emission fluxes were then converted to partial emission rates using the surface body areas estimated by weights and heights of volunteers and partial rates of 13 body regions. Subsequent summation of the partial emission rates provided the whole body dermal emission rate of ammonia. The results ranged from 2.9 to 12mgh-1 with an average of 5.9±3.2mgh-1 per person for the ten healthy young volunteers. The values were much greater than those from human breath, and thus the dermal emission of ammonia was found more significant odor source than the breath exhalation in indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Furukawa
- Graduate School of Science, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yoshika Sekine
- Graduate School of Science, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan.
| | - Keita Kimura
- Graduate School of Science, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Satomi Asai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Hayato Miyachi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokai University, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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Martin HJ, Reynolds JC, Riazanskaia S, Thomas CLP. High throughput volatile fatty acid skin metabolite profiling by thermal desorption secondary electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:4279-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00134f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Global VOC skin metabolite profiling. Thermal desorption secondary electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry classifies skin odour phenotypes by targeted volatile fatty analysis. Examination of the mass spectra reveals the potential for global metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Martin
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
| | - James C. Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
| | | | - C. L. Paul Thomas
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Department of Chemistry
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough, UK
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23
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Flow-based ammonia gas analyzer with an open channel scrubber for indoor environments. Talanta 2013; 116:527-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The recent era of exploring the human microbiome has provided valuable information on microbial inhabitants, beneficials and pathogens. Screening efforts based on DNA sequencing identified thousands of bacterial lineages associated with human skin but provided only incomplete and crude information on Archaea. Here, we report for the first time the quantification and visualization of Archaea from human skin. Based on 16 S rRNA gene copies Archaea comprised up to 4.2% of the prokaryotic skin microbiome. Most of the gene signatures analyzed belonged to the Thaumarchaeota, a group of Archaea we also found in hospitals and clean room facilities. The metabolic potential for ammonia oxidation of the skin-associated Archaea was supported by the successful detection of thaumarchaeal amoA genes in human skin samples. However, the activity and possible interaction with human epithelial cells of these associated Archaea remains an open question. Nevertheless, in this study we provide evidence that Archaea are part of the human skin microbiome and discuss their potential for ammonia turnover on human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Probst
- Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna K. Auerbach
- Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Center, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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25
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Schmidt FM, Vaittinen O, Metsälä M, Lehto M, Forsblom C, Groop PH, Halonen L. Ammonia in breath and emitted from skin. J Breath Res 2013; 7:017109. [PMID: 23445955 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/1/017109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ammonia concentrations in exhaled breath (eNH3) and skin gas of 20 healthy subjects were measured on-line with a commercial cavity ring-down spectrometer and compared to saliva pH and plasma ammonium ion (NH(+)4), urea and creatinine concentrations. Special attention was given to mouth, nose and skin sampling procedures and the accurate quantification of ammonia in humid gas samples. The obtained median concentrations were 688 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for mouth-eNH3, 34 ppbv for nose-eNH3, and 21 ppbv for both mouth- and nose-eNH3 after an acidic mouth wash (MW). The median ammonia emission rate from the lower forearm was 0.3 ng cm(-2) min(-1). Statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlations between the breath, skin and plasma ammonia/ammonium concentrations were not found. However, mouth-eNH3 strongly (p < 0.001) correlated with saliva pH. This dependence was also observed in detailed measurements of the diurnal variation and the response of eNH3 to the acidic MW. It is concluded that eNH3 as such does not reflect plasma but saliva and airway mucus NH(+)4 concentrations and is affected by saliva and airway mucus pH. After normalization with saliva pH using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, mouth-eNH3 correlated with plasma NH(+)4, which points to saliva and plasma NH(+)4 being linked via hydrolysis of salivary urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Schmidt
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Adeva MM, Souto G, Blanco N, Donapetry C. Ammonium metabolism in humans. Metabolism 2012; 61:1495-511. [PMID: 22921946 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Free ammonium ions are produced and consumed during cell metabolism. Glutamine synthetase utilizes free ammonium ions to produce glutamine in the cytosol whereas glutaminase and glutamate dehydrogenase generate free ammonium ions in the mitochondria from glutamine and glutamate, respectively. Ammonia and bicarbonate are condensed in the liver mitochondria to yield carbamoylphosphate initiating the urea cycle, the major mechanism of ammonium removal in humans. Healthy kidney produces ammonium which may be released into the systemic circulation or excreted into the urine depending predominantly on acid-base status, so that metabolic acidosis increases urinary ammonium excretion while metabolic alkalosis induces the opposite effect. Brain and skeletal muscle neither remove nor produce ammonium in normal conditions, but they are able to seize ammonium during hyperammonemia, releasing glutamine. Ammonia in gas phase has been detected in exhaled breath and skin, denoting that these organs may participate in nitrogen elimination. Ammonium homeostasis is profoundly altered in liver failure resulting in hyperammonemia due to the deficient ammonium clearance by the diseased liver and to the development of portal collateral circulation that diverts portal blood with high ammonium content to the systemic blood stream. Although blood ammonium concentration is usually elevated in liver disease, a substantial role of ammonium causing hepatic encephalopathy has not been demonstrated in human clinical studies. Hyperammonemia is also produced in urea cycle disorders and other situations leading to either defective ammonium removal or overproduction of ammonium that overcomes liver clearance capacity. Most diseases resulting in hyperammonemia and cerebral edema are preceded by hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis of unclear origin that may be caused by the intracellular acidosis occurring in these conditions.
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27
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Schmidt FM, Metsälä M, Vaittinen O, Halonen L. Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin. J Breath Res 2011; 5:046004. [PMID: 21808098 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/5/4/046004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration in exhaled human breath and skin gas samples collected with different sampling techniques was measured using near-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The median baseline HCN concentrations in samples provided by 19 healthy volunteers 2-4 h after the last meal depended on the employed sampling technique: 6.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in mixed (dead space and end-tidal) mouth-exhaled breath collected to a gas sampling bag, 3.9 ppbv in end-tidal mouth-exhaled breath, 1.3 ppbv in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath, 1.0 ppbv in unwashed skin and 0.6 ppbv in washed skin samples. Diurnal measurements showed that elevated HCN levels are to be expected in mouth-exhaled breath samples after food and drink intake, which suggests HCN generation in the oral cavity. The HCN concentrations in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath and skin gas samples were correlated, and it is concluded that these concentrations best reflect systemic HCN levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Schmidt
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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HISANAGA M, TSUDA T, OHKUWA T, ITO H. Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Skin Gas by GC/MS. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2011. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.61.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Danielyan L, Zellmer S, Sickinger S, Tolstonog GV, Salvetter J, Lourhmati A, Reissig DD, Gleiter CH, Gebhardt R, Buniatian GH. Keratinocytes as depository of ammonium-inducible glutamine synthetase: age- and anatomy-dependent distribution in human and rat skin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4416. [PMID: 19204801 PMCID: PMC2637544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In inner organs, glutamine contributes to proliferation, detoxification and establishment of a mechanical barrier, i.e., functions essential for skin, as well. However, the age-dependent and regional peculiarities of distribution of glutamine synthetase (GS), an enzyme responsible for generation of glutamine, and factors regulating its enzymatic activity in mammalian skin remain undisclosed. To explore this, GS localization was investigated using immunohistochemistry and double-labeling of young and adult human and rat skin sections as well as skin cells in culture. In human and rat skin GS was almost completely co-localized with astrocyte-specific proteins (e.g. GFAP). While GS staining was pronounced in all layers of the epidermis of young human skin, staining was reduced and more differentiated among different layers with age. In stratum basale and in stratum spinosum GS was co-localized with the adherens junction component beta-catenin. Inhibition of, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in cultured keratinocytes and HaCaT cells, however, did not support a direct role of beta-catenin in regulation of GS. Enzymatic and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction studies revealed an unusual mode of regulation of this enzyme in keratinocytes, i.e., GS activity, but not expression, was enhanced about 8-10 fold when the cells were exposed to ammonium ions. Prominent posttranscriptional up-regulation of GS activity in keratinocytes by ammonium ions in conjunction with widespread distribution of GS immunoreactivity throughout the epidermis allows considering the skin as a large reservoir of latent GS. Such a depository of glutamine-generating enzyme seems essential for continuous renewal of epidermal permeability barrier and during pathological processes accompanied by hyperammonemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Danielyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Genrich V. Tolstonog
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ali Lourhmati
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Cristoph H. Gleiter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Ohira SI, Toda K. Micro gas analyzers for environmental and medical applications. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 619:143-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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D'Amico A, Bono R, Pennazza G, Santonico M, Mantini G, Bernabei M, Zarlenga M, Roscioni C, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, Di Natale C. Identification of melanoma with a gas sensor array. Skin Res Technol 2008; 14:226-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0846.2007.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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