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Tan Y, Li M, Zhou Z, Tan P, Yu H, Fan G, Hong L. PETA: evaluating the impact of protein transfer learning with sub-word tokenization on downstream applications. J Cheminform 2024; 16:92. [PMID: 39095917 PMCID: PMC11297785 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-024-00884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein language models (PLMs) play a dominant role in protein representation learning. Most existing PLMs regard proteins as sequences of 20 natural amino acids. The problem with this representation method is that it simply divides the protein sequence into sequences of individual amino acids, ignoring the fact that certain residues often occur together. Therefore, it is inappropriate to view amino acids as isolated tokens. Instead, the PLMs should recognize the frequently occurring combinations of amino acids as a single token. In this study, we use the byte-pair-encoding algorithm and unigram to construct advanced residue vocabularies for protein sequence tokenization, and we have shown that PLMs pre-trained using these advanced vocabularies exhibit superior performance on downstream tasks when compared to those trained with simple vocabularies. Furthermore, we introduce PETA, a comprehensive benchmark for systematically evaluating PLMs. We find that vocabularies comprising 50 and 200 elements achieve optimal performance. Our code, model weights, and datasets are available at https://github.com/ginnm/ProteinPretraining . SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION: This study introduces advanced protein sequence tokenization analysis, leveraging the byte-pair-encoding algorithm and unigram. By recognizing frequently occurring combinations of amino acids as single tokens, our proposed method enhances the performance of PLMs on downstream tasks. Additionally, we present PETA, a new comprehensive benchmark for the systematic evaluation of PLMs, demonstrating that vocabularies of 50 and 200 elements offer optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai National Center for Applied Mathematics (SJTU Center), & Institute of Natural Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Chongqing Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chongqing, 200240, China
| | - Mingchen Li
- School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- Shanghai National Center for Applied Mathematics (SJTU Center), & Institute of Natural Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Chongqing Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chongqing, 200240, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Shanghai National Center for Applied Mathematics (SJTU Center), & Institute of Natural Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pan Tan
- Shanghai National Center for Applied Mathematics (SJTU Center), & Institute of Natural Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huiqun Yu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Guisheng Fan
- School of Information Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Liang Hong
- Shanghai National Center for Applied Mathematics (SJTU Center), & Institute of Natural Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Chongqing Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chongqing, 200240, China.
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2
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Ünlü S, Sánchez Navarro BG, Cakan E, Berchtold D, Meleka Hanna R, Vural S, Vural A, Meisel A, Fichtner ML. Exploring the depths of IgG4: insights into autoimmunity and novel treatments. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346671. [PMID: 38698867 PMCID: PMC11063302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
IgG4 subclass antibodies represent the rarest subclass of IgG antibodies, comprising only 3-5% of antibodies circulating in the bloodstream. These antibodies possess unique structural features, notably their ability to undergo a process known as fragment-antigen binding (Fab)-arm exchange, wherein they exchange half-molecules with other IgG4 antibodies. Functionally, IgG4 antibodies primarily block and exert immunomodulatory effects, particularly in the context of IgE isotype-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. In the context of disease, IgG4 antibodies are prominently observed in various autoimmune diseases combined under the term IgG4 autoimmune diseases (IgG4-AID). These diseases include myasthenia gravis (MG) with autoantibodies against muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), nodo-paranodopathies with autoantibodies against paranodal and nodal proteins, pemphigus vulgaris and foliaceus with antibodies against desmoglein and encephalitis with antibodies against LGI1/CASPR2. Additionally, IgG4 antibodies are a prominent feature in the rare entity of IgG4 related disease (IgG4-RD). Intriguingly, both IgG4-AID and IgG4-RD demonstrate a remarkable responsiveness to anti-CD20-mediated B cell depletion therapy (BCDT), suggesting shared underlying immunopathologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of B cells, antibody subclasses, and their general properties before examining the distinctive characteristics of IgG4 subclass antibodies in the context of health, IgG4-AID and IgG4-RD. Furthermore, we will examine potential therapeutic strategies for these conditions, with a special focus on leveraging insights gained from anti-CD20-mediated BCDT. Through this analysis, we aim to enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of IgG4-mediated diseases and identify promising possibilities for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Ünlü
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Blanca G. Sánchez Navarro
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elif Cakan
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel Berchtold
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Meleka Hanna
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Secil Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Atay Vural
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology, Koç University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Andreas Meisel
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam L. Fichtner
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Integrated Myasthenia Gravis Center, Neuroscience Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Perrone R, Ashok Kumaar PV, Haky L, Hahn C, Riley R, Balough J, Zaza G, Soygur B, Hung K, Prado L, Kasler HG, Tiwari R, Matsui H, Hormazabal GV, Heckenbach I, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Duncan FE, Verdin E. CD38 regulates ovarian function and fecundity via NAD + metabolism. iScience 2023; 26:107949. [PMID: 37822499 PMCID: PMC10562803 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian female reproductive lifespan is typically significantly shorter than life expectancy and is associated with a decrease in ovarian NAD+ levels. However, the mechanisms underlying this loss of ovarian NAD+ are unclear. Here, we show that CD38, an NAD+ consuming enzyme, is expressed in the ovarian extrafollicular space, primarily in immune cells, and its levels increase with reproductive age. Reproductively young mice lacking CD38 exhibit larger primordial follicle pools, elevated ovarian NAD+ levels, and increased fecundity relative to wild type controls. This larger ovarian reserve results from a prolonged window of follicle formation during early development. However, the beneficial effect of CD38 loss on reproductive function is not maintained at advanced age. Our results demonstrate a novel role of CD38 in regulating ovarian NAD+ metabolism and establishing the ovarian reserve, a critical process that dictates a female's reproductive lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauren Haky
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- The Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Cosmo Hahn
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Julia Balough
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Giuliana Zaza
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Bikem Soygur
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Hung
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Leandro Prado
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Ritesh Tiwari
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Indra Heckenbach
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Scheibye-Knudsen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Francesca E. Duncan
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
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Chemlal D, Varlet E, Machura A, Ovejero S, Requirand G, Robert N, Cartron G, Alaterre E, Bret C, Vincent L, Herbaux C, Cavalli G, Bruyer A, De Boussac H, Moreaux J. EZH2 targeting induces CD38 upregulation and response to anti-CD38 immunotherapies in multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2023; 37:1925-1928. [PMID: 37532787 PMCID: PMC10457196 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-01983-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Djamila Chemlal
- Diag2Tec, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Varlet
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sara Ovejero
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guilhem Requirand
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Robert
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Elina Alaterre
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Bret
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Vincent
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Herbaux
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France
| | - Giacomo Cavalli
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Jerome Moreaux
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR CNRS-UM, 9002, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- University of Montpellier, UFR Medicine, Montpellier, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France.
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5
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Hiemstra IH, Santegoets KCM, Janmaat ML, De Goeij BECG, Ten Hagen W, van Dooremalen S, Boross P, van den Brakel J, Bosgra S, Andringa G, van Kessel-Welmers B, Verzijl D, Hibbert RG, Frerichs KA, Mutis T, van de Donk NWCJ, Ahmadi T, Satijn D, Sasser AK, Breij ECW. Preclinical anti-tumour activity of HexaBody-CD38, a next-generation CD38 antibody with superior complement-dependent cytotoxic activity. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104663. [PMID: 37379657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HexaBody®-CD38 (GEN3014) is a hexamerization-enhanced human IgG1 that binds CD38 with high affinity. The E430G mutation in its Fc domain facilitates the natural process of antibody hexamer formation upon binding to the cell surface, resulting in increased binding of C1q and potentiated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). METHODS Co-crystallization studies were performed to identify the binding interface of HexaBody-CD38 and CD38. HexaBody-CD38-induced CDC, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), trogocytosis, and apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry assays using tumour cell lines, and MM patient samples (CDC). CD38 enzymatic activity was measured using fluorescence spectroscopy. Anti-tumour activity of HexaBody-CD38 was assessed in patient-derived xenograft mouse models in vivo. FINDINGS HexaBody-CD38 binds a unique epitope on CD38 and induced potent CDC in multiple myeloma (MM), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) cells. Anti-tumour activity was confirmed in patient-derived xenograft models in vivo. Sensitivity to HexaBody-CD38 correlated with CD38 expression level and was inversely correlated with expression of complement regulatory proteins. Compared to daratumumab, HexaBody-CD38 showed enhanced CDC in cell lines with lower levels of CD38 expression, without increasing lysis of healthy leukocytes. More effective CDC was also confirmed in primary MM cells. Furthermore, HexaBody-CD38 efficiently induced ADCC, ADCP, trogocytosis, and apoptosis after Fc-crosslinking. Moreover, HexaBody-CD38 strongly inhibited CD38 cyclase activity, which is hypothesized to relieve immune suppression in the tumour microenvironment. INTERPRETATION Based on these preclinical studies, a clinical trial was initiated to assess the clinical safety of HexaBody-CD38 in patients with MM. FUNDING Genmab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristine A Frerichs
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Mohammad A, Babiker F, Al-Bader M. Effects of Apocynin, a NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor, in the Protection of the Heart from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040492. [PMID: 37111249 PMCID: PMC10141704 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia and perfusion (I/R) induce inflammation and oxidative stress, which play a notable role in tissue damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin) in the protection of the heart from I/R injury. Hearts isolated from Wistar rats (n = 8 per group) were perfused with a modified Langendorff preparation. Left ventricular (LV) contractility and cardiovascular hemodynamics were evaluated by a data acquisition program, and infarct size was evaluated by 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Furthermore, the effect of apocynin on the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was evaluated using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hearts were subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia, produced by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, followed by 30 min of reperfusion. Hearts were infused with apocynin before ischemia, during ischemia or at reperfusion. To understand the potential pathways of apocynin protection of the heart, a nitric oxide donor (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, SNAP), nitric oxide blocker (N (gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-Name), nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) inhibiter (Ned-K), cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose (cADPR) agonist, or CD38 blocker (Thiazoloquin (az)olin (on)e compound, 78c) was infused with apocynin. Antioxidants were evaluated by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity. Apocynin infusion before ischemia or at reperfusion protected the heart by normalizing cardiac hemodynamics and decreasing the infarct size. Apocynin treatment resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant levels. Apocynin infusion protected the heart by improving LV hemodynamics and coronary vascular dynamics. This treatment decreased the infarct size and inflammatory cytokine levels and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine and antioxidant levels. This protection follows a pathway involving CD38, nitric oxide and acidic stores.
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7
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Mills CM, Benton TZ, Piña I, Francis MJ, Reyes L, Dolloff NG, Peterson YK, Woster PM. Stimulation of natural killer cells with small molecule inhibitors of CD38 for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2168-2182. [PMID: 36845935 PMCID: PMC9945084 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05749b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk neuroblastoma (NB) accounts for 15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. Refractory disease for high-risk NB patients is attributed to chemotherapy resistance and immunotherapy failure. The poor prognosis for high-risk NB patients demonstrates an unmet medical need for the development of new, more efficacious therapeutics. CD38 is an immunomodulating protein that is expressed constitutively on natural killer (NK) cells and other immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, CD38 over expression is implicated in propagating an immunosuppressive milieu within the TME. Through virtual and physical screening, we have identified drug-like small molecule inhibitors of CD38 with low micromolar IC50 values. We have begun to explore structure activity relationships for CD38 inhibition through derivatization of our most effective hit molecule to develop a new compound with lead-like physicochemical properties and improved potency. We have demonstrated that our derivatized inhibitor, compound 2, elicits immunomodulatory effects in NK cells by increasing cell viability by 190 ± 36% in multiple donors and by significantly increasing interferon gamma. Additionally, we have illustrated that NK cells exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity toward NB cells (14% reduction of NB cells over 90 minutes) when given a combination treatment of our inhibitor and the immunocytokine ch14.18-IL2. Herein we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecule CD38 inhibitors and demonstrate their potential utility as a novel approach to NB immunotherapy. These compounds represent the first examples of small molecules that stimulate immune function for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Mills
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Thomas Z Benton
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Ivett Piña
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Megan J Francis
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Nathan G Dolloff
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
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8
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Gozzetti A, Ciofini S, Simoncelli M, Santoni A, Pacelli P, Raspadori D, Bocchia M. Anti CD38 monoclonal antibodies for multiple myeloma treatment. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2052658. [PMID: 35404740 PMCID: PMC9225612 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2052658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with ectoenzymatic activity and is highly and uniformly expressed on multiple myeloma (MM) cells. CD38 is expressed also at relatively low levels on normal lymphoid and myeloid cells, and in some tissues of non-hematopoietic origin. The specificity of this target has increased interest in new drugs and triggered the development of the CD38 monoclonal antibodies Daratumumab (fully human) and Isatuximab (chimeric). CD38 antibodies have pleiotropic mechanisms of action including Fc-dependent immune effector mechanisms, direct apoptotic activity, and immunomodulatory effects by the elimination of CD38+ immune-suppressor cells. Monoclonal antibody-based therapy has revolutionized MM therapy in the latest years increasing depth of response. This product review will focus on anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies Daratumumab and Isatuximab efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gozzetti
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Ciofini
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Simoncelli
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Adele Santoni
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Pacelli
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Donatella Raspadori
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Bocchia
- Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Neuroscience, Hematology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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9
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Molecular Determinants Underlying the Anti-Cancer Efficacy of CD38 Monoclonal Antibodies in Hematological Malignancies. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091261. [PMID: 36139103 PMCID: PMC9496523 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 was first discovered as a T-cell antigen and has since been found ubiquitously expressed in various hematopoietic cells, including plasma cells, NK cells, B cells, and granulocytes. More importantly, CD38 expression levels on malignant hematopoietic cells are significantly higher than counterpart healthy cells, thus presenting itself as a promising therapeutic target. In fact, for many aggressive hematological cancers, including CLL, DLBCL, T-ALL, and NKTL, CD38 expression is significantly associated with poorer prognosis and a hyperproliferative or metastatic phenotype. Studies have shown that, beyond being a biomarker, CD38 functionally mediates dysregulated survival, adhesion, and migration signaling pathways, as well as promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment conducive for tumors to thrive. Thus, targeting CD38 is a rational approach to overcoming these malignancies. However, clinical trials have surprisingly shown that daratumumab monotherapy has not been very effective in these other blood malignancies. Furthermore, extensive use of daratumumab in MM is giving rise to a subset of patients now refractory to daratumumab treatment. Thus, it is important to consider factors modulating the determinants of response to CD38 targeting across different blood malignancies, encompassing both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels so that we can diversify the strategy to enhance daratumumab therapeutic efficacy, which can ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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10
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Paracrine ADP Ribosyl Cyclase-Mediated Regulation of Biological Processes. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172637. [PMID: 36078044 PMCID: PMC9454491 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosyl cyclases (ADPRCs) catalyze the synthesis of the Ca2+-active second messengers Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and ADP-ribose (ADPR) from NAD+ as well as nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP+) from NADP+. The best characterized ADPRC in mammals is CD38, a single-pass transmembrane protein with two opposite membrane orientations. The first identified form, type II CD38, is a glycosylated ectoenzyme, while type III CD38 has its active site in the cytosol. The ectoenzymatic nature of type II CD38 raised long ago the question of a topological paradox concerning the access of the intracellular NAD+ substrate to the extracellular active site and of extracellular cADPR product to its intracellular receptors, ryanodine (RyR) channels. Two different transporters, equilibrative connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels for NAD+ and concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) for cADPR, proved to mediate cell-autonomous trafficking of both nucleotides. Here, we discussed how type II CD38, Cx43 and CNTs also play a role in mediating several paracrine processes where an ADPRC+ cell supplies a neighboring CNT-and RyR-expressing cell with cADPR. Recently, type II CD38 was shown to start an ectoenzymatic sequence of reactions from NAD+/ADPR to the strong immunosuppressant adenosine; this paracrine effect represents a major mechanism of acquired resistance of several tumors to immune checkpoint therapy.
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11
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Dima D, Jiang D, Singh DJ, Hasipek M, Shah HS, Ullah F, Khouri J, Maciejewski JP, Jha BK. Multiple Myeloma Therapy: Emerging Trends and Challenges. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174082. [PMID: 36077618 PMCID: PMC9454959 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a complex hematologic malignancy characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow that secrete large amounts of immunoglobulins and other non-functional proteins. Despite decades of progress and several landmark therapeutic advancements, MM remains incurable in most cases. Standard of care frontline therapies have limited durable efficacy, with the majority of patients eventually relapsing, either early or later. Induced drug resistance via up-modulations of signaling cascades that circumvent the effect of drugs and the emergence of genetically heterogeneous sub-clones are the major causes of the relapsed-refractory state of MM. Cytopenias from cumulative treatment toxicity and disease refractoriness limit therapeutic options, hence creating an urgent need for innovative approaches effective against highly heterogeneous myeloma cell populations. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the current and future treatment paradigm of MM, and highlight the gaps in therapeutic translations of recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of emerging preclinical research in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Dima
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Dongxu Jiang
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Divya Jyoti Singh
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Metis Hasipek
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Haikoo S. Shah
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Fauzia Ullah
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jack Khouri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jaroslaw P. Maciejewski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Babal K. Jha
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Center for Immunotherapy and Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Paulus A, Malavasi F, Chanan-Khan A. CD38 as a multifaceted immunotherapeutic target in CLL. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2265-2275. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Paulus
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Fabio Malavasi
- Dipartimento Scienze Mediche, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Fondazione Ricerca Molinette ONLUS, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Asher Chanan-Khan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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13
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Lagu B, Wu X, Kulkarni S, Paul R, Becherer JD, Olson L, Ravani S, Chatzianastasiou A, Papapetropoulos A, Andrzejewski S. Orally Bioavailable Enzymatic Inhibitor of CD38, MK-0159, Protects against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in the Murine Heart. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9418-9446. [PMID: 35762533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is one of the major nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)-consuming enzymes in mammals. NAD+, NADP+, and their reduced counterparts are essential coenzymes for numerous enzymatic reactions, including the maintenance of cellular and mitochondrial redox balance. CD38 expression is upregulated in age-associated inflammation as well as numerous metabolic diseases, resulting in cellular and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent literature studies demonstrate that CD38 is activated upon ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), leading to a depletion of NADP+, which results in endothelial damage and myocardial infarction in the heart. Despite increasing evidence of CD38 involvement in various disease states, relatively few CD38 enzymatic inhibitors have been reported to date. Herein, we describe a CD38 enzymatic inhibitor (MK-0159, IC50 = 3 nM against murine CD38) that inhibits CD38 in in vitro assay. Mice treated with MK-0159 show strong protection from myocardial damage upon cardiac I/R injury compared to those treated with NAD+ precursors (nicotinamide riboside) or the known CD38 inhibitor, 78c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Lagu
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Santosh Kulkarni
- Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Rakesh Paul
- Syngene International Limited, Bangalore, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - J David Becherer
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Lyndsay Olson
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Stella Ravani
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasia Chatzianastasiou
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Sylvia Andrzejewski
- Mitobridge (An Astellas Company), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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14
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Moore DC, Oxencis CJ, Shank BR. New and emerging pharmacotherapies for management of multiple myeloma. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2022; 79:1137-1145. [PMID: 35333922 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DISCLAIMER In an effort to expedite the publication of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, AJHP is posting these manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time. PURPOSE The pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and dosing/administration of new and emerging therapies for the treatment of multiple myeloma are summarized. SUMMARY There have been significant advancements in the treatment of multiple myeloma in recent years, with an expansion of available drug therapies. Newer therapies for multiple myeloma include the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies daratumumab and isatuximab, the exportin 1 inhibitor selinexor, the anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) antibody-drug conjugate belantamab mafodotin, and the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy idecabtagene vicleucel. These agents have unique toxicity profiles, specific monitoring parameters, and operational considerations that clinicians treating multiple myeloma should be aware of. There is likely to be continued rapid expansion of new agents for patients with multiple myeloma, as there are many novel investigational agents in the drug development pipeline, such as bispecific antibodies and additional CAR T-cell therapies. CONCLUSION Several therapeutic agents have been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of multiple myeloma. There are many novel agents in the pipeline, including bispecific antibodies and CAR T-cell therapies that have the potential to continue to change the treatment landscape of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Moore
- Department of Pharmacy, Levine Cancer Institute, Atrium Health, Concord, NC, USA
| | | | - Brandon R Shank
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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de Zélicourt A, Fayssoil A, Dakouane-Giudicelli M, De Jesus I, Karoui A, Zarrouki F, Lefebvre F, Mansart A, Launay JM, Piquereau J, Tarragó MG, Bonay M, Forand A, Moog S, Piétri-Rouxel F, Brisebard E, Chini CCS, Kashyap S, Fogarty MJ, Sieck GC, Mericskay M, Chini EN, Gomez AM, Cancela JM, de la Porte S. CD38-NADase is a new major contributor to Duchenne muscular dystrophic phenotype. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e12860. [PMID: 35298089 PMCID: PMC9081905 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration. Two important deleterious features are a Ca2+ dysregulation linked to Ca2+ influxes associated with ryanodine receptor hyperactivation, and a muscular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) deficit. Here, we identified that deletion in mdx mice of CD38, a NAD+ glycohydrolase‐producing modulators of Ca2+ signaling, led to a fully restored heart function and structure, with skeletal muscle performance improvements, associated with a reduction in inflammation and senescence markers. Muscle NAD+ levels were also fully restored, while the levels of the two main products of CD38, nicotinamide and ADP‐ribose, were reduced, in heart, diaphragm, and limb. In cardiomyocytes from mdx/CD38−/− mice, the pathological spontaneous Ca2+ activity was reduced, as well as in myotubes from DMD patients treated with isatuximab (SARCLISA®) a monoclonal anti‐CD38 antibody. Finally, treatment of mdx and utrophin–dystrophin‐deficient (mdx/utr−/−) mice with CD38 inhibitors resulted in improved skeletal muscle performances. Thus, we demonstrate that CD38 actively contributes to DMD physiopathology. We propose that a selective anti‐CD38 therapeutic intervention could be highly relevant to develop for DMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine de Zélicourt
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, Versailles, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | | | | | - Isley De Jesus
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, Versailles, France
| | - Ahmed Karoui
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM, UMR-S 1180 - Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Faouzi Zarrouki
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, Versailles, France
| | - Florence Lefebvre
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM, UMR-S 1180 - Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Arnaud Mansart
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, 2I, Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Service de Biochimie, INSERM UMR S942, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Jerome Piquereau
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM, UMR-S 1180 - Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mariana G Tarragó
- Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Aging Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Marcel Bonay
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, END-ICAP, Versailles, France
| | - Anne Forand
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Faculté de Médecine de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université-UMRS974-Inserm-Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Moog
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Faculté de Médecine de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université-UMRS974-Inserm-Institut de Myologie, Paris, France.,Inovarion, Paris, France
| | - France Piétri-Rouxel
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Faculté de Médecine de la Pitié Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université-UMRS974-Inserm-Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Claudia C S Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Aging Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sonu Kashyap
- Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Aging Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew J Fogarty
- Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Aging Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Aging Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mathias Mericskay
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM, UMR-S 1180 - Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Kogod Aging Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ana Maria Gomez
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM, UMR-S 1180 - Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - José-Manuel Cancela
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
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16
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Identification of Novel Molecular Targets of Four Microcystin Variants by High-Throughput Virtual Screening. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Highly toxic microcystins (MCs) perform complex interactions with many proteins that induce cellular dysregulation, leading to the development of several diseases including cancer. There is significant diversity and chemical complexity among MC congeners, which makes it difficult to identify structure-dependent toxicity outcomes and their long-term effects. The aim of this study was to exploratory identify likely molecular targets of the main MC variants (MC-LA, MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-LY) by conducting a computational binding affinity analysis using AutoDock Vina to evaluate the interaction of the toxins with 1000 proteins related to different biological functions. All four variants showed strong in silico interactions with proteins that regulate metabolism/immune system, CD38 (top scoring hit, −11.5 kcal/mol); inflammation, TLR4 (−11.4 kcal/mol) and TLR8 (−11.5 kcal/mol); neuronal conduction, BChE; renin–angiotensin signaling, (ACE); thyroid hormone homeostasis (TTR); and cancer-promoting processes, among other biochemical activities. The results show MCs have the potential to bind onto distinct molecular targets which could generate biochemical alterations through a number of signal transduction pathways. In short, this study broadens our knowledge about the mechanisms of action of different variants of microcystins and provides information for future direct experimentation.
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17
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Ugamraj HS, Dang K, Ouisse LH, Buelow B, Chini EN, Castello G, Allison J, Clarke SC, Davison LM, Buelow R, Deng R, Iyer S, Schellenberger U, Manika SN, Bijpuria S, Musnier A, Poupon A, Cuturi MC, van Schooten W, Dalvi P. TNB-738, a biparatopic antibody, boosts intracellular NAD+ by inhibiting CD38 ecto-enzyme activity. MAbs 2022; 14:2095949. [PMID: 35867844 PMCID: PMC9311320 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2095949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is an ecto-enzyme expressed primarily on immune cells that metabolize nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to adenosine diphosphate ribose or cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Other substrates of CD38 include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and nicotinamide mononucleotide, a critical NAD+ precursor in the salvage pathway. NAD+ is an important coenzyme involved in several metabolic pathways and is a required cofactor for the function of sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases. Declines in NAD+ levels are associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders. To inhibit CD38 enzyme activity and boost NAD+ levels, we developed TNB-738, an anti-CD38 biparatopic antibody that pairs two non-competing heavy chain-only antibodies in a bispecific format. By simultaneously binding two distinct epitopes on CD38, TNB-738 potently inhibited its enzymatic activity, which in turn boosted intracellular NAD+ levels and SIRT activities. Due to its silenced IgG4 Fc, TNB-738 did not deplete CD38-expressing cells, in contrast to the clinically available anti-CD38 antibodies, daratumumab, and isatuximab. TNB-738 offers numerous advantages compared to other NAD-boosting therapeutics, including small molecules, and supplements, due to its long half-life, specificity, safety profile, and activity. Overall, TNB-738 represents a novel treatment with broad therapeutic potential for metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with NAD+ deficiencies.Abbreviations: 7-AAD: 7-aminoactinomycin D; ADCC: antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; ADCP: antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis; ADPR: adenosine diphosphate ribose; APC: allophycocyanin; cADPR: cyclic ADP-ribose; cDNA: complementary DNA; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CD38: cluster of differentiation 38; CDC: complement dependent cytotoxicity; CFA: Freund's complete adjuvant; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; CCP4: collaborative computational project, number 4; COOT: crystallographic object-oriented toolkit; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DSC: differential scanning calorimetry; 3D: three dimensional; εNAD+: nicotinamide 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide; ECD: extracellular domain; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FACS: fluorescence activated cell sorting; FcγR: Fc gamma receptors; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; HEK: human embryonic kidney; HEPES: 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid; IgG: immunoglobulin; IFA: incomplete Freund's adjuvant; IFNγ: Interferon gamma; KB: kinetic buffer; kDa: kilodalton; KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; M: molar; mM: millimolar; MFI: mean fluorescent intensity; NA: nicotinic acid; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAM: nicotinamide; NGS: next-generation sequencing; NHS/EDC: N-Hydroxysuccinimide/ ethyl (dimethylamino propyl) carbodiimide; Ni-NTA: nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid; nL: nanoliter; NK: natural killer; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; OD: optical density; PARP: poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; PDB: protein data bank; PE: phycoerythrin; PISA: protein interfaces, surfaces, and assemblies: PK: pharmacokinetics; mol: picomolar; RNA: ribonucleic acid; RLU: relative luminescence units; rpm: rotations per minute; RU: resonance unit; SEC: size exclusion chromatography; SEM: standard error of the mean; SIRT: sirtuins; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; µg: microgram; µM: micromolar; µL: microliter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
| | | | - Eduardo N Chini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Kogod Center on Aging, Mitochondrial Care Center, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rong Deng
- R&D Q-Pharm consulting LLC, Pleasanton, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Cristina Cuturi
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, Université, Nantes, France
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18
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López-Cortés GI, Díaz-Alvarez L, Ortega E. Leukocyte Membrane Enzymes Play the Cell Adhesion Game. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742292. [PMID: 34887854 PMCID: PMC8650063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, proteins with enzymatic activity have not been usually considered to carry out other functions different from catalyzing chemical reactions within or outside the cell. Nevertheless, in the last few years several reports have uncovered the participation of numerous enzymes in other processes, placing them in the category of moonlighting proteins. Some moonlighting enzymes have been shown to participate in complex processes such as cell adhesion. Cell adhesion plays a physiological role in multiple processes: it enables cells to establish close contact with one another, allowing communication; it is a key step during cell migration; it is also involved in tightly binding neighboring cells in tissues, etc. Importantly, cell adhesion is also of great importance in pathophysiological scenarios like migration and metastasis establishment of cancer cells. Cell adhesion is strictly regulated through numerous switches: proteins, glycoproteins and other components of the cell membrane. Recently, several cell membrane enzymes have been reported to participate in distinct steps of the cell adhesion process. Here, we review a variety of examples of membrane bound enzymes participating in adhesion of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina I López-Cortés
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Díaz-Alvarez
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Ortega
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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19
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The calcium signaling enzyme CD38 - a paradigm for membrane topology defining distinct protein functions. Cell Calcium 2021; 101:102514. [PMID: 34896700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2021.102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
CD38 is a single-pass transmembrane enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of two nucleotide second messengers, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) from NAD and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) from NADP. The former mediates the mobilization of the endoplasmic Ca2+-stores in response to a wide range of stimuli, while NAADP targets the endo-lysosomal stores. CD38 not only possesses multiple enzymatic activities, it also exists in two opposite membrane orientations. Type III CD38 has the catalytic domain facing the cytosol and is responsible for producing cellular cADPR. The type II CD38 has an opposite orientation and is serving as a surface receptor mediating extracellular functions such as cell adhesion and lymphocyte activation. Its ecto-NADase activity also contributes to the recycling of external NAD released by apoptosis. Endocytosis can deliver surface type II CD38 to endo-lysosomes, which acidic environment favors the production of NAADP. This article reviews the rationale and evidence that have led to CD38 as a paradigm for membrane topology defining distinct functions of proteins. Also described is the recent discovery of a hitherto unknown cADPR-synthesizing enzyme, SARM1, ushering in a new frontier in cADPR-mediated Ca2+-signaling.
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20
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Hong JY, Lin H. Sirtuin Modulators in Cellular and Animal Models of Human Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:735044. [PMID: 34650436 PMCID: PMC8505532 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.735044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins use NAD+ to remove various acyl groups from protein lysine residues. Through working on different substrate proteins, they display many biological functions, including regulation of cell proliferation, genome stability, metabolism, and cell migration. There are seven sirtuins in humans, SIRT1-7, each with unique enzymatic activities, regulatory mechanisms, subcellular localizations, and substrate scopes. They have been indicated in many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, microbial infection, metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Consequently, interests in development of sirtuin modulators have increased in the past decade. In this brief review, we specifically summarize genetic and pharmacological modulations of sirtuins in cancer, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. We further anticipate this review will be helpful for scrutinizing the significance of sirtuins in the studied diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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21
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Benton TZ, Mills CM, Turner JM, Francis MJ, Solomon DJ, Burger PB, Peterson YK, Dolloff NG, Bachmann AS, Woster PM. Selective targeting of CD38 hydrolase and cyclase activity as an approach to immunostimulation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33260-33270. [PMID: 35497564 PMCID: PMC9042253 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectoenzyme CD38 is highly expressed on the surface of mature immune cells, where they are a marker for cell activation, and also on the surface of multiple tumor cells such as multiple myeloma (MM). CD38-targeted monoclonal antibodies (MABs) such as daratumumab and isatuximab bind to CD38 and promote cancer cell death by stimulating the antitumor immune response. Although MABs are achieving unprecedented success in a percentage of cases, high rates of resistance limit their efficacy. Formation of the immunosuppressive intermediate adenosine is a major route by which this resistance is mediated. Thus there is an urgent need for small molecule agents that boost the immune response in T-cells. Importantly, CD38 is a dual-function enzyme, serving as a hydrolase and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cyclase, and both of these activities promote immunosuppression. We have employed virtual and physical screening to identify novel compounds that are selective for either the hydrolase or the cyclase activity of CD38, and have demonstrated that these compounds activate T cells in vitro. We are currently optimizing these inhibitors for use in immunotherapy. These small molecule inhibitors of the CD38-hydrolase or cyclase activity can serve as chemical probes to determine the mechanism by which CD38 promotes resistance to MAB therapy, and could become novel and effective therapeutic agents that produce immunostimulatory effects. Our studies have identified the first small molecule inhibitors of CD38 specifically for use as immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Z Benton
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Catherine M Mills
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Jonathan M Turner
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Megan J Francis
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Dalan J Solomon
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Pieter B Burger
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Yuri K Peterson
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - Nathan G Dolloff
- Dept of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina 173 Ashley Ave. Charleston SC 29425 USA
| | - André S Bachmann
- Dept of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University 400 Monroe Ave. NW Grand Rapids MI 49503 USA
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Dept. of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina 70 President St Charleston SC 29425 USA
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22
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Panaampon J, Kariya R, Okada S. Efficacy and mechanism of the anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody Daratumumab against primary effusion lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:1017-1031. [PMID: 34545416 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare, aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the body cavities with malignant effusions. The prognosis is poor, and no optimal treatment has been established. CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein known to overexpress in multiple myeloma (MM). Daratumumab (DARA), a human CD38-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb), is approved for MM treatment. In this study, we found expression of CD38 on PEL cells and assessed the anti-PEL activity of DARA. We found that both KHYG-1 and N6 (CD16-transfected KHYG-1) NK cell lines showed direct killing activity against PEL cells with induction of CD107a, and NK-mediated cytotoxicity by N6NK (CD16+) cells increased with DARA treatment. We confirmed direct NK activity and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) by expanded NK cells, indicating that DARA has high ADCC activity. We elucidated the antibody-dependent cell phagocytosis (ADCP) by using human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and mouse peritoneal macrophages. DARA also showed potent complement-dependent cytolysis (CDC) toward PEL. DARA also induced PEL cell death in the presence of a cross-linking antibody. Moreover, treatment with DARA inhibited tumor growth in a PEL xenograft mouse model. These results provide preclinical evidence that Ab targeting of CD38 could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutatip Panaampon
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.
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23
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Swan D, Routledge D, Harrison S. The evolving status of immunotherapies in multiple myeloma: the future role of bispecific antibodies. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:488-506. [PMID: 34472091 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM) have improved dramatically over the past 10 years. However, patients with high-risk disease such as those with Stage III disease by the Revised International Staging System, the presence of adverse cytogenetics, or who are refractory to proteosome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs and monoclonal antibodies may have dismal outcomes. These patients represent an urgent ongoing need in MM. One of the hallmarks of MM is immune dysfunction and a tumour-permissive immune microenvironment. Ameliorating the immune-paresis could lead to improved outcomes. The role of immunotherapies has been growing at an exponential pace with numerous agents under development in clinical trials. In the present review, we provide an overview of immunotherapies in MM, focussing on bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). We review efficacy outcomes from the published clinical trials and consider the important safety aspects of these therapies, in particular the risk of cytokine-release syndrome and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, and how these compare with patients receiving chimeric antigen receptor T cells. We discuss the MM epitopes being targeted by BsAbs, either in clinical or preclinical stages, and we consider where these therapies might best fit within the future ever-changing paradigm of MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Swan
- Department of Haematology, St James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Routledge
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Harrison
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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24
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Audrito V, Messana VG, Brandimarte L, Deaglio S. The Extracellular NADome Modulates Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:704779. [PMID: 34421911 PMCID: PMC8371318 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.704779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The term NADome refers to the intricate network of intracellular and extracellular enzymes that regulate the synthesis or degradation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and to the receptors that engage it. Traditionally, NAD was linked to intracellular energy production through shuffling electrons between oxidized and reduced forms. However, recent data indicate that NAD, along with its biosynthetic and degrading enzymes, has a life outside of cells, possibly linked to immuno-modulating non-enzymatic activities. Extracellular NAD can engage puriginergic receptors triggering an inflammatory response, similar - to a certain extent - to what described for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Likewise, NAD biosynthetic and degrading enzymes have been amply reported in the extracellular space, where they possess both enzymatic and non-enzymatic functions. Modulation of these enzymes has been described in several acute and chronic conditions, including obesity, cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases and sepsis. In this review, the role of the extracellular NADome will be discussed, focusing on its proposed role in immunomodulation, together with the different strategies for its targeting and their potential therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Audrito
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Gianluca Messana
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Brandimarte
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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25
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Nabar NR, Heijjer CN, Shi CS, Hwang IY, Ganesan S, Karlsson MCI, Kehrl JH. LRRK2 is required for CD38-mediated NAADP-Ca 2+ signaling and the downstream activation of TFEB (transcription factor EB) in immune cells. Autophagy 2021; 18:204-222. [PMID: 34313548 PMCID: PMC8865229 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1954779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a cell surface receptor capable of generating calcium-mobilizing second messengers. It has been implicated in host defense and cancer biology, but signaling mechanisms downstream of CD38 remain unclear. Mutations in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson disease; it is also a risk factor for Crohn disease, leprosy, and certain types of cancers. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves inflammation and macroautophagy/autophagy, processes both CD38 and LRRK2 are implicated in. Here, we mechanistically and functionally link CD38 and LRRK2 as upstream activators of TFEB (transcription factor EB), a host defense transcription factor and the master transcriptional regulator of the autophagy/lysosome machinery. In B-lymphocytes and macrophages, we show that CD38 and LRRK2 exist in a complex on the plasma membrane. Ligation of CD38 with the monoclonal antibody clone 90 results in internalization of the CD38-LRRK2 complex and its targeting to the endolysosomal system. This generates an NAADP-dependent calcium signal, which requires LRRK2 kinase activity, and results in the downstream activation of TFEB. lrrk2 KO macrophages accordingly have TFEB activation defects following CD38 or LPS stimulation and fail to switch to glycolytic metabolism after LPS treatment. In overexpression models, the pathogenic LRRK2G2019S mutant promotes hyperactivation of TFEB even in the absence of CD38, both by stabilizing TFEB and promoting its nuclear translocation via aberrant calcium signaling. In sum, we have identified a physiological CD38-LRRK2-TFEB signaling axis in immune cells. The common pathogenic mutant, LRRK2G2019S, appears to hijack this pathway. Abbreviations:ADPR: ADP-ribose; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; cADPR: cyclic-ADP-ribose; COR: C-terminal of ROC; CTSD: cathepsin D; ECAR: extracellular acidification rate; EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GPN: Gly-Phe β-naphthylamide; GSK3B/GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; GTP: guanosine triphosphate; KD: knockdown; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LRR: leucine rich repeat; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MCOLN1: mucolipin 1; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; mRNA: messenger RNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAADP: nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; PD: Parkinson disease; PPP3CB: protein phosphatase 3, catalytic subunit, beta isoform; q-RT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; ROC: Ras of complex; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TPCN: two pore channel; TRPM2: transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2; ZKSCAN3: zinc finger with KRAB and SCAN domains 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel R Nabar
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher N Heijjer
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chong-Shan Shi
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John H Kehrl
- B Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Lu L, Wang J, Yang Q, Xie X, Huang Y. The role of CD38 in HIV infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33820568 PMCID: PMC8021004 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely-expressed molecule CD38 is a single-stranded type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is mainly involved in regulating the differentiation and activation state of the cell. CD38 has broad and complex functions, including enzymatic activity, intercellular signal transduction, cell activation, cytokine production, receptor function and adhesion activity, and it plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of many diseases. Many studies have shown that CD38 is related to the occurrence and development of HIV infection, and CD38 may regulate its progression through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of CD38 in HIV infection and the potential signaling pathways that are involved may provide a new perspective on potential treatments for HIV infection. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles CD38 plays in HIV infection are summarized. In addition, the specific role of CD38 in the process of HIV infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes is also discussed.
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Balakrishna J, Basumallik N, Matulonis R, Scott D, Salem D, Jasper G, Wiestner A, Stetler-Stevenson M, Marti G, Sun C, Yuan CM. Intensity of antigen expression reflects IGHV mutational status and Dohner-defined prognostic categories in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis, and small lymphocytic lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2021; 62:1828-1839. [PMID: 33734005 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2021.1894641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the prognostic utility of antigen quantitation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL). Median antibody-bound-per-cell (ABC) of CD20, CD22, CD25, CD19, and %CD38(+) was determined in CLL (185/208), SLL (8/208) and MBL (15/208) cases by flow cytometry, then compared to Dohner-classification, immunoglobulin status (mutated, IGHV-M; unmutated, IGHV-U), CLL-IPI risk and time to first treatment (TTFT). Trisomy 12 cases showed increased %CD38-expression (p = .0379). Higher %CD38 was observed in IGHV-U versus IGHV-M (p = .0003). CD20ABC was increased in IGHV-U versus IGHV-M (p = .006). Del13q cases demonstrated lower CD22ABC (p = .0198). Cases without cytogenetic abnormality exhibited higher CD19ABC (p = .0295) and CD22ABC (p = .0078). Del17p cases demonstrated lower CD25ABC (p = .0097). High and very-high CLL-IPI risk groups were associated with high CD38-expression (p = .02) and low CD25ABC (p = .0004). Shortened TTFT was associated with high CD38-expression (p < .0001). Interestingly, high CD25ABC trended toward shortened TTFT (p = .07). Quantitative antigen expression reflects CLL-IPI risk groups and Dohner-classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayalakshmi Balakrishna
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Flow Cytometry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Hematopathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Drake Scott
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Flow Cytometry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dalia Salem
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Flow Cytometry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gregory Jasper
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Flow Cytometry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Maryalice Stetler-Stevenson
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Flow Cytometry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gerald Marti
- Hematology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clare Sun
- Hematology Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constance M Yuan
- Laboratory of Pathology, Department of Flow Cytometry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Jones AD, Moayeri M, Nambiar A. Impact of new myeloma agents on the transfusion laboratory. Pathology 2021; 53:427-437. [PMID: 33707006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy targeting CD38 and CD47 antigens expressed on cancer cells has transformed therapy options for patients with multiple myeloma as well as other haematological and non-haematological malignancies. While the on target effects of these new drugs highlight the promise of precision cancer therapeutics, the unintended, off target binding of drugs to red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets has required transfusion service laboratories (TSL) and immunohaematology reference laboratories (IRL) to innovate and rapidly set up processes and testing protocols to overcome the significant interference in routine pre-transfusion tests caused by these agents. Binding of anti-CD38 and anti-CD47 drugs to reagent RBCs leads to false positive pan-agglutination during the antihuman globulin phase of testing, making it difficult to rule out underlying alloantibodies, and leading to delays in setting up compatible units for RBC transfusion. Anti-CD47 agents can also interfere with ABO/Rh typing studies. Several methods to successfully mitigate interference have been described, such as treatment of reagent RBCs with reducing agents or enzymes, allogeneic RBC adsorption studies and drug specific neutralisation assays; all methods have limitations. TSLs should select an approach that best fits their workflow and expertise and takes into consideration their level of access to specialised outside testing, local blood supplier capabilities, and the type of patient population served. For platelet refractory patients, samples should be tested by platelet antibody assays that are known to be unaffected by drug therapy. RBC transfusion support for multiple myeloma patients receiving anti-CD38 or anti-CD47 drugs can be optimised by establishing good communication between the clinical teams and TSLs, building electronic notification processes, and ensuring timely completion of baseline pre-transfusion testing and RBC phenotype/genotype prior to starting therapy. Staff education, standardisation of laboratory mitigation measures, and implementation of testing algorithms that consider mAb-induced interference when working up a pan-agglutinin help to significantly decrease delays that would otherwise result if standard methods were employed to complete antibody identification studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Jones
- UCSF Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Morvarid Moayeri
- UCSF Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashok Nambiar
- UCSF Medical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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CD38 and Regulation of the Immune Response Cells in Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:6630295. [PMID: 33727923 PMCID: PMC7936891 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6630295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Understanding the functional mechanisms associated with metabolic reprogramming, which is a typical feature of cancer cells, is key to effective therapy. CD38, primarily a NAD + glycohydrolase and ADPR cyclase, is a multifunctional transmembrane protein whose abnormal overexpression in a variety of tumor types is associated with cancer progression. It is linked to VEGFR2 mediated angiogenesis and immune suppression as it favors the recruitment of suppressive immune cells like Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, thus helping immune escape. CD38 is expressed in M1 macrophages and in neutrophil and T cell-mediated immune response and is associated with IFNγ-mediated suppressor activity of immune responses. Targeting CD38 with anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies in hematological malignancies has shown excellent results. Bearing that in mind, targeting CD38 in other nonhematological cancer types, especially carcinomas, which are of epithelial origin with specific anti-CD38 antibodies alone or in combination with immunomodulatory drugs, is an interesting option that deserves profound consideration.
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Baum N, Fliegert R, Bauche A, Hambach J, Menzel S, Haag F, Bannas P, Koch-Nolte F. Daratumumab and Nanobody-Based Heavy Chain Antibodies Inhibit the ADPR Cyclase but not the NAD + Hydrolase Activity of CD38-Expressing Multiple Myeloma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010076. [PMID: 33396591 PMCID: PMC7795599 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma is a hematological malignancy of antibody-producing plasma cells in the bone marrow. Nucleotides released from cells in the tumor microenvironment act as inflammatory danger signals. CD38 and other enzymes on the surface of cancer cells hydrolyze these nucleotides to immunosuppressive mediators, thereby hampering anti-tumor immune responses. Daratumumab and other CD38-specific antibodies mediate killing of tumor cells by natural killer cells, macrophages, and the complement system. Here, we investigated whether CD38-specific antibodies also inhibit the enzyme activity of CD38-expressing tumor cells, thereby providing a potential second mode of action. Our results showed that daratumumab and nanobody-based heavy chain antibodies inhibit the ADPR cyclase but not the NAD+ hydrolase activity of CD38. Thus, there remains a need for better CD38-inhibitory antibodies. Abstract The nucleotides ATP and NAD+ are released from stressed cells as endogenous danger signals. Ecto-enzymes in the tumor microenvironment hydrolyze these inflammatory nucleotides to immunosuppressive adenosine, thereby, hampering anti-tumor immune responses. The NAD+ hydrolase CD38 is expressed at high levels on the cell surface of multiple myeloma (MM) cells. Daratumumab, a CD38-specific monoclonal antibody promotes cytotoxicity against MM cells. With long CDR3 loops, nanobodies and nanobody-based heavy chain antibodies (hcAbs) might bind to cavities on CD38 and thereby inhibit its enzyme activity more potently than conventional antibodies. The goal of our study was to establish assays for monitoring the enzymatic activities of CD38 on the cell surface of tumor cells and to assess the effects of CD38-specific antibodies on these activities. We monitored the enzymatic activity of CD38-expressing MM and other tumor cell lines, using fluorometric and HPLC assays. Our results showed that daratumumab and hcAb MU1067 inhibit the ADPR cyclase but not the NAD+ hydrolase activity of CD38-expressing MM cells. We conclude that neither clinically approved daratumumab nor recently developed nanobody-derived hcAbs provide a second mode of action against MM cells. Thus, there remains a quest for “double action” CD38-inhibitory antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Baum
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Ralf Fliegert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Andreas Bauche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (R.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Julia Hambach
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Stephan Menzel
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
| | - Peter Bannas
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (N.B.); (J.H.); (S.M.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-407-4105-3612
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Lopatina OL, Komleva YK, Malinovskaya NA, Panina YA, Morgun AV, Salmina AB. CD157 and Brain Immune System in (Patho)physiological Conditions: Focus on Brain Plasticity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:585294. [PMID: 33304350 PMCID: PMC7693531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectoenzyme and receptor BST-1/CD157 has been considered as a key molecule involved in the regulation of functional activity of cells in various tissues and organs. It is commonly accepted that CD157 catalyzes NAD+ hydrolysis and acts as a component of integrin adhesion receptor complex. Such properties are important for the regulatory role of CD157 in neuronal and glial cells: in addition to recently discovered role in the regulation of emotions, motor functions, and social behavior, CD157 might serve as an important component of innate immune reactions in the central nervous system. Activation of innate immune system in the brain occurs in response to infectious agents as well as in brain injury and neurodegeneration. As an example, in microglial cells, association of CD157 with CD11b/CD18 complex drives reactive gliosis and neuroinflammation evident in brain ischemia, chronic neurodegeneration, and aging. There are various non-substrate ligands of CD157 belonging to the family of extracellular matrix proteins (fibronectin, collagen I, finbrinogen, and laminin) whose activity is required for controlling cell adhesion and migration. Therefore, CD157 could control structural and functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier and barriergenesis. On the other hand, contribution of CD157 to the regulation of brain development is rather possible since in the embryonic brain, CD157 expression is very high, whereas in the adult brain, CD157 is expressed on neural stem cells and, presumably, is involved in the neurogenesis. Besides, CD157 could mediate astrocytes' action on neural stem and progenitor cells within neurogenic niches. In this review we will summarize how CD157 may affect brain plasticity acting as a molecule at the crossroad of neurogenesis, cerebral angiogenesis, and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. Lopatina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Social Brain Studies, Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Department of Biophysics, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yulia K. Komleva
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A. Malinovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Yulia A. Panina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Morgun
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Alla B. Salmina
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Toxicological Chemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Prof. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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Godara A, Palladini G. Monoclonal Antibody Therapies in Systemic Light-Chain Amyloidosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2020; 34:1145-1159. [PMID: 33099430 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In systemic light-chain amyloidosis, monoclonal antibodies target antigens that are either membrane-bound or circulating or deposited in the organs. CD38 holds high promise as a target against clonal plasma cells. Multiple anti-CD38 antibodies are either approved for use or being investigated in clinical trials. Daratumumab has been investigated and has clinical efficacy in upfront or refractory settings. High rates of hematologic response are seen with daratumumab, which translates to high organ response rates. Rituximab is usually integrated into the treatment regimen for IgM amyloidosis. Anti-amyloid therapies have shown preclinical proof of principle, but lack confirmation of improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Godara
- Divsion of Hematology-Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Amyloidosis Research and Treatment Center Foundations, "Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo", University of Pavia, Viale Golgi, 19 IT, Pavia 27100, Italy.
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Zanwar S, Nandakumar B, Kumar S. Immune-based therapies in the management of multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:84. [PMID: 32829378 PMCID: PMC7443188 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-00350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy affecting a predominantly elderly population. The continued development of newer therapies with novel mechanisms of action has reshaped the treatment paradigm of this disorder in the last two decades, leading to a significantly improved prognosis. This has in turn resulted in an increasing number of patients in need of therapy for relapsed/refractory disease. Immune-based therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and most promisingly, adoptive cellular therapies represent important therapeutic strategies in these patients due to their non-cross resistant mechanisms of actions with the usual frontline therapies comprising of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and proteasome inhibitors (PIs). The anti-CD38 antibodies daratumumab and more recently isatuximab, with their excellent efficacy and safety profile along with its synergy in combination with IMiDs and PIs, are being increasingly incorporated in the frontline setting. Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CART) therapies and bi-specific T-cell engager (BiTE) represent exciting new options that have demonstrated efficacy in heavily pretreated and refractory MM. In this review, we discuss the rationale for use of immune-based therapies in MM and summarize the currently available literature for common antibodies and CAR-T therapies that are utilized in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Zanwar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Rivas-Yáñez E, Barrera-Avalos C, Parra-Tello B, Briceño P, Rosemblatt MV, Saavedra-Almarza J, Rosemblatt M, Acuña-Castillo C, Bono MR, Sauma D. P2X7 Receptor at the Crossroads of T Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4937. [PMID: 32668623 PMCID: PMC7404255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a ligand-gated, cation-selective channel whose main physiological ligand is ATP. P2X7 receptor activation may also be triggered by ARTC2.2-dependent ADP ribosylation in the presence of extracellular NAD. Upon activation, this receptor induces several responses, including the influx of calcium and sodium ions, phosphatidylserine externalization, the formation of a non-selective membrane pore, and ultimately cell death. P2X7 receptor activation depends on the availability of extracellular nucleotides, whose concentrations are regulated by the action of extracellular nucleotidases such as CD39 and CD38. The P2X7 receptor has been extensively studied in the context of the immune response, and it has been reported to be involved in inflammasome activation, cytokine production, and the migration of different innate immune cells in response to ATP. In adaptive immune responses, the P2X7 receptor has been linked to T cell activation, differentiation, and apoptosis induction. In this review, we will discuss the evidence of the role of the P2X7 receptor on T cell differentiation and in the control of T cell responses in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rivas-Yáñez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
| | - Carlos Barrera-Avalos
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile;
| | - Brian Parra-Tello
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
| | - Pedro Briceño
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
| | - Mariana V. Rosemblatt
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Juan Saavedra-Almarza
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
| | - Mario Rosemblatt
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile
| | - Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
| | - Daniela Sauma
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile; (E.R.-Y.); (B.P.-T.); (P.B.); (M.V.R.); (J.S.-A.); (M.R.)
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35
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Guo C, Webb SE, Chan CM, Miller AL. TPC2-mediated Ca 2+ signaling is required for axon extension in caudal primary motor neurons in zebrafish embryos. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs244780. [PMID: 32546534 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.244780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of two-pore channel type 2 (TPC2, encoded by tcpn2)-mediated Ca2+ release was recently characterized in zebrafish during establishment of the early spinal circuitry, one of the key events in the coordination of neuromuscular activity. Here, we extend our study to investigate the in vivo role of TPC2 in the regulation of caudal primary motor neuron (CaP) axon extension. We used a combination of TPC2 knockdown with a translation-blocking morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO), TPC2 knockout via the generation of a tpcn2dhkz1a mutant line of zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing and pharmacological inhibition of TPC2 via incubation with bafilomycin A1 (an H+-ATPase inhibitor) or trans-ned-19 (an NAADP receptor antagonist), and showed that these treatments attenuated CaP Ca2+ signaling and inhibited axon extension. We also characterized the expression of an arc1-like transcript in CaPs grown in primary culture. MO-mediated knockdown of ARC1-like in vivo led to attenuation of the Ca2+ transients in the CaP growth cones and an inhibition of axon extension. Together, our new data suggest a link between ARC1-like, TPC2 and Ca2+ signaling during axon extension in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Guo
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Man Chan
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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Bruins WSC, Zweegman S, Mutis T, van de Donk NWCJ. Targeted Therapy With Immunoconjugates for Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32636838 PMCID: PMC7316960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of proteasome inhibitors (PI) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD) has markedly increased the survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Also, the unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) daratumumab (anti-CD38) and elotuzumab (anti-SLAMF7) have revolutionized MM treatment given their clinical efficacy and safety, illustrating the potential of targeted immunotherapy as a powerful treatment strategy for MM. Nonetheless, most patients eventually develop PI-, IMiD-, and mAb-refractory disease because of the selection of resistant MM clones, which associates with a poor prognosis. Accordingly, these patients remain in urgent need of new therapies with novel mechanisms of action. In this respect, mAbs or mAb fragments can also be utilized as carriers of potent effector moieties to specifically target surface antigens on cells of interest. Such immunoconjugates have the potential to exert anti-MM activity in heavily pretreated patients due to their distinct and pleiotropic mechanisms of action. In addition, the fusion of highly cytotoxic compounds to mAbs decreases the off-target toxicity, thereby improving the therapeutic window. According to the effector moiety, immunoconjugates are classified into antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, immunocytokines, or radioimmunoconjugates. This review will focus on the mechanisms of action, safety and efficacy of several promising immunoconjugates that are under investigation in preclinical and/or clinical MM studies. We will also include a discussion on combination therapy with immunoconjugates, resistance mechanisms, and future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassilis S C Bruins
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sonja Zweegman
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tuna Mutis
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Niels W C J van de Donk
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Guedes AG, Dileepan M, Jude JA, Deshpande DA, Walseth TF, Kannan MS. Role of CD38/cADPR signaling in obstructive pulmonary diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 51:29-33. [PMID: 32480246 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide socioeconomical burden associated with chronic respiratory diseases is substantial. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are increasingly being implicated in chronic airway diseases. One such enzyme, CD38, utilizes NAD to produce several metabolites, including cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR), which is involved in calcium signaling in airway smooth muscle (ASM). Upregulation of CD38 in ASM caused by exposure to cytokines or allergens leads to enhanced calcium mobilization by agonists and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to contractile agonists. Glucocorticoids and microRNAs can suppress CD38 expression in ASM, whereas cADPR antagonists such as 8Br-cADPR can directly antagonize intracellular calcium mobilization. Bronchodilators act via CD38-independent mechanisms. CD38-dependent mechanisms could be developed for chronic airway diseases therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Gp Guedes
- Departments of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States.
| | - Mythili Dileepan
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Joseph A Jude
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Timothy F Walseth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mathur S Kannan
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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38
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Caraccio C, Krishna S, Phillips DJ, Schürch CM. Bispecific Antibodies for Multiple Myeloma: A Review of Targets, Drugs, Clinical Trials, and Future Directions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32391000 PMCID: PMC7193016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy and the second most common hematological neoplasm in adults, comprising 1.8% of all cancers. With an annual incidence of ~30,770 cases in the United States, MM has a high mortality rate, leading to 12,770 deaths per year. MM is a genetically complex, highly heterogeneous malignancy, with significant inter- and intra-patient clonal variability. Recent years have witnessed dramatic improvements in the diagnostics, classification, and treatment of MM. However, patients with high-risk disease have not yet benefited from therapeutic advances. High-risk patients are often primary refractory to treatment or relapse early, ultimately resulting in progression toward aggressive end-stage MM, with associated extramedullary disease or plasma cell leukemia. Therefore, novel treatment modalities are needed to improve the outcomes of these patients. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are immunotherapeutics that simultaneously target and thereby redirect effector immune cells to tumor cells. BsAbs have shown high efficacy in B cell malignancies, including refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Various BsAbs targeting MM-specific antigens such as B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), CD38, and CD138 are currently in pre-clinical and clinical development, with promising results. In this review, we outline these advances, focusing on BsAb drugs, their targets, and their potential to improve survival, especially for high-risk MM patients. In combination with current treatment strategies, BsAbs may pave the way toward a cure for MM.
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39
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Pardo PS, Boriek AM. SIRT1 Regulation in Ageing and Obesity. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 188:111249. [PMID: 32320732 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ageing and obesity have common hallmarks: altered glucose and lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress are some examples. The downstream effects of SIRT1 activity have been thoroughly explored, and their research is still in expanse. SIRT1 activation has been shown to regulate pathways with beneficiary effects on 1) ageing and obesity-associated metabolic disorders such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and type-II diabetes with, 2) chronic inflammatory processes such as arthritis, atherosclerosis and emphysema, 3) DNA damage and oxidative stress with impact on neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular health and some cancers. This knowledge intensified the interest in uncovering the mechanisms regulating the expression and activity of SIRT1. This review focuses on the upstream regulatory mechanisms controlling SIRT1, and how this knowledge could potentially contribute to the development of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S Pardo
- Pulmonary and Critical Care medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
| | - Aladin M Boriek
- Pulmonary and Critical Care medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
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40
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Raab MS, Engelhardt M, Blank A, Goldschmidt H, Agis H, Blau IW, Einsele H, Ferstl B, Schub N, Röllig C, Weisel K, Winderlich M, Griese J, Härtle S, Weirather J, Jarutat T, Peschel C, Chatterjee M. MOR202, a novel anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a first-in-human, multicentre, phase 1-2a trial. LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2020; 7:e381-e394. [PMID: 32171061 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(19)30249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of multiple myeloma is not curative, but targeting CD38 improves patient survival. To further explore this therapeutic approach, we investigated the safety and activity of MOR202, a novel monoclonal antibody targeting CD38, in patients with multiple myeloma. METHODS This is a multicentre, open-label, phase 1-2a trial done at ten hospitals in Germany and Austria. Enrolled patients were aged 18 years or older with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma and Karnofsky performance status of 60% or higher. Patients were assigned to the different treatment regimens with MOR202 ranging between 0·01 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg in a 3 + 3 design. Dose-escalation and expansion was done either with MOR202 intravenous infusions alone (MOR202 q2w [twice a week] and q1w [weekly] groups) or in combination with dexamethasone (MOR202 with dexamethasone group), with dexamethasone plus pomalidomide (MOR202 with dexamethasone plus pomalidomide group) or plus lenalidomide (MOR202 with dexamethasone plus lenalidomide group). Primary endpoints were safety, MOR202 maximum tolerated dose (or recommended dose) and regimen, and immunogenicity. The primary analysis was assessed in the safety population, which included patients who received at least one dose of any study drug. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01421186. FINDINGS Between Aug 24, 2011, and Aug 1, 2017, 91 patients were treated, 35 with MOR202 monotherapy, and 56 with MOR202 combination regimens (18 in the MOR202 with dexamethasone group, 21 in the MOR202 with dexamethasone plus pomalidomide group, and 17 in the MOR202 with dexamethasone plus lenalidomide group). MOR202 intravenous infusions were safely administered within 30 min. Infusion-related reactions occurred in 14 (40%) of 35 patients receiving MOR202 monotherapy without steroids, and in four (7%) of 56 patients receiving MOR202 combination treatment. MOR202 maximum tolerated dose was not reached and the recommended regimens were MOR202 administered as an intravenous infusion for 30 min at doses up to 16 mg/kg with dexamethasone (40 mg), or in combination with dexamethasone plus lenalidomide (25 mg) or pomalidomide (4 mg). 35 (38%) of 91 patients developed lymphopenia, 30 (33%) developed neutropenia, and 27 (30%) developed leukopenia; these were the most common grade 3 or higher treatment-emergent adverse events. Serious adverse events were reported in 51 (56%) of 91 patients. None of the deaths were associated with MOR202. One pomalidomide-associated death occurred in the MOR202 with dexamethasone plus pomalidomide group. No anti-MOR202 antibodies were detected in patients. INTERPRETATION MOR202 is safe and its clinical activity in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma is promising. Further clinical investigations of combinations with an immunomodulatory drug and dexamethasone are recommended. FUNDING MorphoSys AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S Raab
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Monika Engelhardt
- Hematology and Oncology Department, Medical University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antje Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermine Agis
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Internal Medicine -Allgemeines Krankenhaus Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Igor W Blau
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Ferstl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie Schub
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röllig
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Weisel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section of Pneumology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Peschel
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manik Chatterjee
- Translational Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
Antibody-secreting plasma cells are the central pillars of humoral immunity. They are generated in a fundamental cellular restructuring process from naive B cells upon contact with antigen. This outstanding process is guided and controlled by a complex transcriptional network accompanied by a fascinating morphological metamorphosis, governed by the combined action of Blimp-1, Xbp-1 and IRF-4. The survival of plasma cells requires the intimate interaction with a specific microenvironment, consisting of stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin. Cell-cell contacts, cytokines and availability of metabolites such as glucose and amino acids modulate the survival abilities of plasma cells in their niches. Moreover, plasma cells have been shown to regulate immune responses by releasing cytokines. Furthermore, plasma cells are central players in autoimmune diseases and malignant transformation of plasma cells can result in the generation of multiple myeloma. Hence, the development of sophisticated strategies to deplete autoreactive plasma cells and myeloma cells represents a challenge for current and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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42
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Li Y, Li B, Zhou E, Fu S, Wang Y, Wu L, Lei Y, Guo Z, Ye J. CD38 play roles in T cell-dependent response and B cell differentiation in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103515. [PMID: 31605715 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional cell surface molecule that plays a crucial role in B cell activation, differentiation, and maturation in mammals with an increased expression in B cell maturation. In this study, a CD38-like molecule (OnCD38) was cloned and identified from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), and its functional characterization was investigated. The open reading frame of OnCD38 is 828 bp of the nucleotide sequence, encoding a polypeptide of 275 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of OnCD38 is highly homologous to other teleost fish and similar to mammals, containing extracellular, intracellular and transmembrane regions. Subcellular localization studies revealed that OnCD38 molecules were presented on the surface of B cells. Three healthy tilapia were used in each experimental group and control group. Following keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) challenge in vivo, the mRNA expression of OnCD38 was significantly up-regulated in peripheral blood, spleen, and head kidney, with an earlier up-regulation in the second challenge than the first one. The up-regulation of OnCD38 expression was also detected in head kidney leukocytes after stimulation with LPS, recombinant HomoIL-10 ((r)HomoIL-10), (r)OnIL-10, and LPS plus (r)OnIL-10 in vitro. Furthermore, the OnCD38 expression increased with the differentiation of B cells, reaching a high level (10.1 fold higher than resting mature B cells) at the plasma-like B cells. Taken together, in this study, these results indicate that the OnCD38 is likely involved in the T cell-dependent response and plays roles in B cell differentiation in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Bingxi Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Enxu Zhou
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Yang Lei
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong, 510631, PR China.
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Lee HC, Zhao YJ. Resolving the topological enigma in Ca 2+ signaling by cyclic ADP-ribose and NAADP. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19831-19843. [PMID: 31672920 PMCID: PMC6937575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.009635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) are two structurally distinct messengers that mobilize the endoplasmic and endolysosomal Ca2+ stores, respectively. Both are synthesized by the CD38 molecule (CD38), which has long been thought to be a type II membrane protein whose catalytic domain, intriguingly, faces to the outside of the cell. Accordingly, for more than 20 years, it has remained unresolved how CD38 can use cytosolic substrates such as NAD and NADP to produce messengers that target intracellular Ca2+ stores. The discovery of type III CD38, whose catalytic domain faces the cytosol, has now begun to clarify this topological conundrum. This article reviews the ideas and clues leading to the discovery of the type III CD38; highlights an innovative approach for uncovering its natural existence; and discusses the regulators of its activity, folding, and degradation. We also review the compartmentalization of cADPR and NAADP biogenesis. We further discuss the possible mechanisms that promote type III CD38 expression and appraise a proposal of a Ca2+-signaling mechanism based on substrate limitation and product translocation. The surprising finding of another enzyme that produces cADPR and NAADP, sterile α and TIR motif-containing 1 (SARM1), is described. SARM1 regulates axonal degeneration and has no sequence similarity with CD38 but can catalyze the same set of multireactions and has the same cytosolic orientation as the type III CD38. The intriguing finding that SARM1 is activated by nicotinamide mononucleotide to produce cADPR and NAADP suggests that it may function as a regulated Ca2+-signaling enzyme like CD38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Cheung Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China, 518055
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China, 518055
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44
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The Good, the Bad and the Unknown of CD38 in the Metabolic Microenvironment and Immune Cell Functionality of Solid Tumors. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010052. [PMID: 31878283 PMCID: PMC7016859 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the immune microenvironment within solid tumors has received increasing attention with the development and clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade therapies, such as those that target the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. The metabolic microenvironment within solid tumors has proven to be an important regulator of both the natural suppression of immune cell functionality and the de novo or acquired resistance to immunotherapy. Enzymatic proteins that generate immunosuppressive metabolites like adenosine are thus attractive targets to couple with immunotherapies to improve clinical efficacy. CD38 is one such enzyme. While the role of CD38 in hematological malignancies has been extensively studied, the impact of CD38 expression within solid tumors is largely unknown, though most current data indicate an immunosuppressive role for CD38. However, CD38 is far from a simple enzyme, and there are several remaining questions that require further study. To effectively treat solid tumors, we must learn as much about this multifaceted protein as possible—i.e., which infiltrating immune cell types express CD38 for functional activities, the most effective CD38 inhibitor(s) to employ, and the influence of other similarly functioning enzymes that may also contribute towards an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Gathering knowledge such as this will allow for intelligent targeting of CD38, the reinvigoration of immune functionality and, ultimately, tumor elimination.
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45
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Wo YJ, Gan ASP, Lim X, Tay ISY, Lim S, Lim JCT, Yeong JPS. The Roles of CD38 and CD157 in the Solid Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010026. [PMID: 31861847 PMCID: PMC7017359 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of extracellular matrix proteins, immune cells, vascular cells, lymphatics and fibroblasts. Under normal physiological conditions, tissue homeostasis protects against tumor development. However, under pathological conditions, interplay between the tumor and its microenvironment can promote tumor initiation, growth and metastasis. Immune cells within the TME have an important role in the formation, growth and metastasis of tumors, and in the responsiveness of these tumors to immunotherapy. Recent breakthroughs in the field of cancer immunotherapy have further highlighted the potential of targeting TME elements, including these immune cells, to improve the efficacy of cancer prognostics and immunotherapy. CD38 and CD157 are glycoproteins that contribute to the tumorigenic properties of the TME. For example, in the hypoxic TME, the enzymatic functions of CD38 result in an immunosuppressive environment. This leads to increased immune resistance in tumor cells and allows faster growth and proliferation rates. CD157 may also aid the production of an immunosuppressive TME, and confers increased malignancy to tumor cells through the promotion of tumor invasion and metastasis. An improved understanding of CD38 and CD157 in the TME, and how these glycoproteins affect cancer progression, will be useful to develop both cancer prognosis and treatment methods. This review aims to discuss the roles of CD38 and CD157 in the TME and cancer immunotherapy of a range of solid tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jun Wo
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Adelia Shin Ping Gan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921, Singapore;
| | - Xinru Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (X.L.); (S.L.); (J.C.T.L.)
| | - Isabel Shu Ying Tay
- School of Applied Science, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529765, Singapore;
| | - Sherlly Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (X.L.); (S.L.); (J.C.T.L.)
| | - Jeffrey Chun Tatt Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (X.L.); (S.L.); (J.C.T.L.)
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138673, Singapore; (X.L.); (S.L.); (J.C.T.L.)
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6586-9527
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46
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Effective targeting of NAMPT in patient-derived xenograft models of high-risk pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 34:1524-1539. [PMID: 31848452 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis for children diagnosed with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remains suboptimal, and more potent and less toxic treatments are urgently needed. We investigated the efficacy of a novel nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor, OT-82, against a panel of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) established from high-risk and poor outcome pediatric ALL cases. OT-82 was well-tolerated and demonstrated impressive single agent in vivo efficacy, achieving significant leukemia growth delay in 95% (20/21) and disease regression in 86% (18/21) of PDXs. In addition, OT-82 enhanced the efficacy of the established drugs cytarabine and dasatinib and, as a single agent, showed similar efficacy as an induction-type regimen combining three drugs used to treat pediatric ALL. OT-82 exerted its antileukemic action by depleting NAD+ and ATP, inhibiting the NAD+-requiring DNA damage repair enzyme PARP-1, increasing mitochondrial ROS levels and inducing DNA damage, culminating in apoptosis induction. OT-82 sensitivity was associated with the occurrence of mutations in major DNA damage response genes, while OT-82 resistance was characterized by high expression levels of CD38. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that OT-82, as a single agent, and in combination with established drugs, is a promising new therapeutic strategy for a broad spectrum of high-risk pediatric ALL for which improved therapies are urgently needed.
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47
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Martin TG, Corzo K, Chiron M, van de Velde H, Abbadessa G, Campana F, Solanki M, Meng R, Lee H, Wiederschain D, Zhu C, Rak A, Anderson KC. Therapeutic Opportunities with Pharmacological Inhibition of CD38 with Isatuximab. Cells 2019; 8:E1522. [PMID: 31779273 PMCID: PMC6953105 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with ectoenzymatic activity involved in regulation of migration, signal transduction, and receptor-mediated adhesion. CD38 is highly expressed on various malignant cells, including multiple myeloma (MM), and at relatively low levels in other tissues, making it a suitable target for therapeutic antibodies. Several anti-CD38 therapies have been, or are being, developed for the treatment of MM, including daratumumab and isatuximab (SAR650984), respectively. Studies have shown that anti-CD38 therapies are effective in the treatment of relapsed/refractory MM and are well tolerated, with infusion reactions being the most common side effects. They can be used as monotherapy or in combination with immunomodulatory agents, such as pomalidomide, or proteasome inhibitors to potentiate their activity. Here we examine isatuximab and several anti-CD38 agents in development that were generated using new antibody engineering techniques and that may lead to more effective CD38 targeting. We also summarize trials assessing these antibodies in MM, other malignancies, and solid organ transplantation. Finally, we propose that further research on the mechanisms of resistance to anti-CD38 therapy and the development of biomarkers and new backbone regimens with CD38 antibodies will be important steps in building more personalized treatment for patients with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Martin
- Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0324, USA;
| | - Kathryn Corzo
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Marielle Chiron
- Translational and Experimental Medicine, Sanofi Research & Development, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France;
| | - Helgi van de Velde
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Giovanni Abbadessa
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Frank Campana
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Malini Solanki
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Robin Meng
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Helen Lee
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dmitri Wiederschain
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chen Zhu
- Sanofi Oncology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; (K.C.); (H.v.d.V.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (M.S.); (R.M.); (H.L.); (D.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Alexey Rak
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi Research & Development, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine, France;
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Le Gars M, Seiler C, Kay AW, Bayless NL, Starosvetsky E, Moore L, Shen-Orr SS, Aziz N, Khatri P, Dekker CL, Swan GE, Davis MM, Holmes S, Blish CA. Pregnancy-Induced Alterations in NK Cell Phenotype and Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2469. [PMID: 31708922 PMCID: PMC6820503 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to complications of influenza A virus infection, which may result from pregnancy-induced changes in the function of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells. To better understand NK cell function during pregnancy, we assessed the ability of the two main subsets of NK cells, CD56dim, and CD56bright NK cells, to respond to influenza-virus infected cells and tumor cells. During pregnancy, CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells displayed enhanced functional responses to both infected and tumor cells, with increased expression of degranulation markers and elevated frequency of NK cells producing IFN-γ. To better understand the mechanisms driving this enhanced function, we profiled CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells from pregnant and non-pregnant women using mass cytometry. NK cells from pregnant women displayed significantly increased expression of several functional and activation markers such as CD38 on both subsets and NKp46 on CD56dim NK cells. NK cells also displayed diminished expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 during pregnancy. Overall, these data demonstrate that functional and phenotypic shifts occur in NK cells during pregnancy that can influence the magnitude of the immune response to both infections and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Le Gars
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Christof Seiler
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Alexander W Kay
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas L Bayless
- Department of Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Elina Starosvetsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lindsay Moore
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shai S Shen-Orr
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Natali Aziz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Gary E Swan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Department of Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
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49
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Vaisitti T, Arruga F, Guerra G, Deaglio S. Ectonucleotidases in Blood Malignancies: A Tale of Surface Markers and Therapeutic Targets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2301. [PMID: 31636635 PMCID: PMC6788384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukemia develops as the result of intrinsic features of the transformed cell, such as gene mutations and derived oncogenic signaling, and extrinsic factors, such as a tumor-friendly, immunosuppressed microenvironment, predominantly in the lymph nodes and the bone marrow. There, high extracellular levels of nucleotides, mainly NAD+ and ATP, are catabolized by different ectonucleotidases, which can be divided in two families according to substrate specificity: on one side those that metabolize NAD+, including CD38, CD157, and CD203a; on the other, those that convert ATP, namely CD39 (and other ENTPDases) and CD73. They generate products that modulate intracellular calcium levels and that activate purinergic receptors. They can also converge on adenosine generation with profound effects, both on leukemic cells, enhancing chemoresistance and homing, and on non-malignant immune cells, polarizing them toward tolerance. This review will first provide an overview of ectonucleotidases expression within the immune system, in physiological and pathological conditions. We will then focus on different hematological malignancies, discussing their role as disease markers and possibly pathogenic agents. Lastly, we will describe current efforts aimed at therapeutic targeting of this family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vaisitti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Arruga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerra
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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50
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Horsefield S, Burdett H, Zhang X, Manik MK, Shi Y, Chen J, Qi T, Gilley J, Lai JS, Rank MX, Casey LW, Gu W, Ericsson DJ, Foley G, Hughes RO, Bosanac T, von Itzstein M, Rathjen JP, Nanson JD, Boden M, Dry IB, Williams SJ, Staskawicz BJ, Coleman MP, Ve T, Dodds PN, Kobe B. NAD + cleavage activity by animal and plant TIR domains in cell death pathways. Science 2019; 365:793-799. [PMID: 31439792 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is responsible for depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD+) during Wallerian degeneration associated with neuropathies. Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors recognize pathogen effector proteins and trigger localized cell death to restrict pathogen infection. Both processes depend on closely related Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains in these proteins, which, as we show, feature self-association-dependent NAD+ cleavage activity associated with cell death signaling. We further show that SARM1 SAM (sterile alpha motif) domains form an octamer essential for axon degeneration that contributes to TIR domain enzymatic activity. The crystal structures of ribose and NADP+ (the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) complexes of SARM1 and plant NLR RUN1 TIR domains, respectively, reveal a conserved substrate binding site. NAD+ cleavage by TIR domains is therefore a conserved feature of animal and plant cell death signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Horsefield
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Mohammad K Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Tiancong Qi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan Gilley
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK.,Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jhih-Siang Lai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maxwell X Rank
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lachlan W Casey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel J Ericsson
- Macromolecular Crystallography (MX) Beamlines, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Gabriel Foley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert O Hughes
- Disarm Therapeutics, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Todd Bosanac
- Disarm Therapeutics, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark von Itzstein
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - John P Rathjen
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mikael Boden
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian B Dry
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Brian J Staskawicz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael P Coleman
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK.,Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia. .,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Peter N Dodds
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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