1
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Cooper PO, Kleb SS, Noonepalle SK, Amuso VM, Varshney R, Rudolph MC, Dhaliwal TK, Nguyen DV, Mazumder MF, Babirye NS, Gupta R, Nguyen BN, Shook BA. G-protein-coupled receptor 84 regulates acute inflammation in normal and diabetic skin wounds. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114288. [PMID: 38814782 PMCID: PMC11247419 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipids have emerged as potent regulators of immune cell function. In the skin, adipocyte lipolysis increases the local pool of free fatty acids and is essential for coordinating early macrophage inflammation following injury. Here, we investigate G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84), a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor, for its potential to propagate pro-inflammatory signaling after skin injury. GPR84 signaling was identified as a key component of regulating myeloid cell numbers and subsequent tissue repair through in vivo administration of a pharmacological antagonist and the MCFA decanoic acid. We found that impaired injury-induced dermal adipocyte lipolysis is a hallmark of diabetes, and lipidomic analysis demonstrated that MCFAs are significantly reduced in diabetic murine wounds. Furthermore, local administration of decanoic acid rescued myeloid cell numbers and tissue repair during diabetic wound healing. Thus, GPR84 is a readily targetable lipid signaling pathway for manipulating injury-induced tissue inflammation with beneficial effects on acute diabetic healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula O Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sarah S Kleb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Satish K Noonepalle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Veronica M Amuso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Rohan Varshney
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Tanvir K Dhaliwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Darlene V Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Miguel F Mazumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Najuma S Babirye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Bao-Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Brett A Shook
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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2
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Aktar R, Rondinelli S, Peiris M. GPR84 in physiology-Many functions in many tissues. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1524-1535. [PMID: 37533166 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the GPCR superfamily have a wide variety of physiological roles and are therefore valuable targets for developing effective medicines. However, within this superfamily are receptors that are less well characterized and remain orphans, including GPR84. This receptor is stimulated by ligands derived from dietary nutrients, specifically medium chain fatty acids (C9-14), and novel synthetic agonists. There are data demonstrating the role of GPR84 in inflammatory pathways, in addition to emerging data suggesting a key role for GPR84 as a nutrient-sensing GPCR involved in metabolism by sensing energy load via nutrient exposure and subsequent signalling leading to modulation of food intake. Exploring GPR84 pharmacology, its localization and what drives its expression has revealed multiple roles for this receptor. Here, we will reflect on these various roles of GRP84 demonstrated thus far, primarily by exploring data from pre-clinical and clinical studies in various physiological systems, with a specific focus on the gastrointestinal tract. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue GPR84 Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Silvia Rondinelli
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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3
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Zhang Q, Chen LH, Yang H, Fang YC, Wang SW, Wang M, Yuan QT, Wu W, Zhang YM, Liu ZJ, Nan FJ, Xie X. GPR84 signaling promotes intestinal mucosal inflammation via enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2042-2054. [PMID: 34912006 PMCID: PMC9343429 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The putative medium-chain free fatty acid receptor GPR84 is a G protein-coupled receptor primarily expressed in myeloid cells that constitute the innate immune system, including neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages in the periphery and microglia in the brain. The fact that GPR84 expression in leukocytes is remarkably increased under acute inflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα suggests that it may play a role in the development of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. Here we demonstrate that GPR84 is highly upregulated in inflamed colon tissues of active ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Infiltrating GPR84+ macrophages are significantly increased in the colonic mucosa of both the UC patients and the mice with colitis. Consistently, GPR84-/- mice are resistant to the development of colitis induced by DSS. GPR84 activation imposes pro-inflammatory properties in colonic macrophages through enhancing NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while the loss of GPR84 prevents the M1 polarization and properties of proinflammatory macrophages. CLH536, a novel GPR84 antagonist discovered by us, suppresses colitis by reducing the polarization and function of pro-inflammatory macrophages. These results define a unique role of GPR84 in innate immune cells and intestinal inflammation, and suggest that GPR84 may serve as a potential drug target for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Lin-hai Chen
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hui Yang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - You-chen Fang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Si-wei Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Min Wang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Qian-ting Yuan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Wei Wu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | | | - Zhan-ju Liu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Fa-jun Nan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000 China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Shen L, Zhou Y, Wu X, Sun Y, Xiao T, Gao Y, Wang J. TREM1 Blockade Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Intestinal Dysfunction through Inhibiting Intestinal Apoptosis and Inflammation Response. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6635452. [PMID: 33954188 PMCID: PMC8068534 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6635452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute intestinal dysfunction model has been widely applied in recent years. Here, our aim was to investigate the effect of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM1) inhibitor in LPS-induced acute intestinal dysfunction. METHODS Male rats were randomly assigned into normal (saline injection), model (LPS and saline injection), and LP17 (LPS and LP17 (a synthetic TREM1 inhibitor) injection) groups. The levels of intestinal TREM1 expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blot. Intestinal permeability and apoptosis were separately assessed by the lactulose/mannitol (L/M) ratio and TUNEL assay. The levels of soluble TREM1 (sTREM1), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were measured in the plasma and intestinal tissues by ELISA. The expression levels of NF-κB, high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) were measured with RT-qPCR and western blot. After transfection with si-TREM1 in LPS-induced intestinal epithelium-6 (IEC-6) cells, p-p65 and p-IκBα levels were detected by western blot. RESULTS LP17-mediated TREM1 inhibition alleviated the intestine tissue damage in rats with LPS-induced acute intestinal dysfunction. LP17 attenuated the LPS-induced increase in sTREM1, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in the plasma and intestinal tissues. Furthermore, intestine permeability and epithelial cell apoptosis were ameliorated by LP17. LP17 attenuated the LPS-induced increase in the expression of TREM1, HMGB1, TLR-4, and NF-κB in the intestine tissues. In vitro, TREM1 knockdown inactivated the NF-κB signaling in LPS-induced IEC-6 cells. CONCLUSION LP17 could ameliorate LPS-induced acute intestinal dysfunction, which was associated with inhibition of intestinal apoptosis and inflammation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shen
- Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Wuxi Hospital, Wuxi, 214071 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghua Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular Biology of Parasites, Jiangsu Provincial Key Subject on Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Xiping Wu
- Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Wuxi Hospital, Wuxi, 214071 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuewen Sun
- Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Wuxi Hospital, Wuxi, 214071 Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xiao
- Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Wuxi Hospital, Wuxi, 214071 Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Gao
- Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Wuxi Hospital, Wuxi, 214071 Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingui Wang
- Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Wuxi Hospital, Wuxi, 214071 Jiangsu, China
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5
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Chen LH, Zhang Q, Xie X, Nan FJ. Modulation of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 84 (GPR84) by Agonists and Antagonists. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15399-15409. [PMID: 33267584 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of medium-chain fatty acids as GPR84 ligands, significant advancements have been made in the development of GPR84 agonists and antagonists. Most agonists have lipid-like structures except for 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), which acts as an allosteric agonist. GPR84 activation in macrophages leads to increased cytokine secretion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis, revealing the proinflammatory role of GPR84 associated with various inflammatory responses. Three GPR84 antagonists (S)-2-((1,4-dioxan-2-yl)methoxy)-9-(cyclopropylethynyl)-6,7-dihydro-4H-pyrimido[6,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one (GLPG1205), sodium 2-(3-pentylphenyl)acetate (PBI-4050), and sodium 2-(3,5-dipentylphenyl)acetate (PBI-4547) have displayed therapeutic effects in animal models of several inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and are being evaluated in clinical studies. Although GLPG1205 has failed in a clinical trial for ulcerative colitis, it is undergoing another phase II clinical study for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Further studies are needed to resolve the GPR84 structure, identify more endogenous ligands, elucidate their physiological and pathological roles, and fulfill the therapeutic potential of GPR84 antagonists and agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong 264000, China
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6
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Luscombe VB, Lucy D, Bataille CJR, Russell AJ, Greaves DR. 20 Years an Orphan: Is GPR84 a Plausible Medium-Chain Fatty Acid-Sensing Receptor? DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:1926-1937. [PMID: 33001759 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR84 is an inflammation-induced receptor highly expressed on immune cells, yet its endogenous ligand is still unknown. This makes any interpretation of its physiological activity in vivo difficult. However, experiments with potent synthetic agonists have highlighted what the receptor can do, namely, enhance proinflammatory signaling and macrophage effector functions such as phagocytosis. Developing drugs to block these effects has attracted interest from the scientific community with the aim of decreasing disease activity in inflammatory disorders or enhancing inflammation resolution. In this review, we critically reassess the widely held belief that the major role of GPR84 is that of being a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) receptor. While MCFAs have been shown to activate GPR84, it remains to be demonstrated that they are present in relevant tissues at appropriate concentrations. In contrast to four other "full-time" free fatty acid receptor subtypes, GPR84 is not expressed by enteroendocrine cells and has limited expression in the gastrointestinal tract. Across multiple tissues and cell types, the highest expression levels of GPR84 are observed hours after exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. These factors obscure the relationship between ligand and receptor in the human body and do not support the exclusive physiological pairing of MCFAs with GPR84. To maximize the chances of developing efficacious drugs for inflammatory diseases, we must advance our understanding of GPR84 and what it does in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent B Luscombe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Lucy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Angela J Russell
- Department of Chemistry and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Labéguère F, Dupont S, Alvey L, Soulas F, Newsome G, Tirera A, Quenehen V, Mai TTT, Deprez P, Blanqué R, Oste L, Le Tallec S, De Vos S, Hagers A, Vandevelde A, Nelles L, Vandervoort N, Conrath K, Christophe T, van der Aar E, Wakselman E, Merciris D, Cottereaux C, da Costa C, Saniere L, Clement-Lacroix P, Jenkins L, Milligan G, Fletcher S, Brys R, Gosmini R. Discovery of 9-Cyclopropylethynyl-2-(( S)-1-[1,4]dioxan-2-ylmethoxy)-6,7-dihydropyrimido[6,1- a]isoquinolin-4-one (GLPG1205), a Unique GPR84 Negative Allosteric Modulator Undergoing Evaluation in a Phase II Clinical Trial. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13526-13545. [PMID: 32902984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GPR84 is a medium chain free fatty acid-binding G-protein-coupled receptor associated with inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. As the only reported antagonist of GPR84 (PBI-4050) that displays relatively low potency and selectivity, a clear need exists for an improved modulator. Structural optimization of GPR84 antagonist hit 1, identified through high-throughput screening, led to the identification of potent and selective GPR84 inhibitor GLPG1205 (36). Compared with the initial hit, 36 showed improved potency in a guanosine 5'-O-[γ-thio]triphosphate assay, exhibited metabolic stability, and lacked activity against phosphodiesterase-4. This novel pharmacological tool allowed investigation of the therapeutic potential of GPR84 inhibition. At once-daily doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg, GLPG1205 reduced disease activity index score and neutrophil infiltration in a mouse dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic inflammatory bowel disease model, with efficacy similar to positive-control compound sulfasalazine. The drug discovery steps leading to GLPG1205 identification, currently under phase II clinical investigation, are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Dupont
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Luke Alvey
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Florilène Soulas
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Gregory Newsome
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Amynata Tirera
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Vanessa Quenehen
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Thi Thu Trang Mai
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Pierre Deprez
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Roland Blanqué
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Line Oste
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Annick Hagers
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Ann Vandevelde
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Luc Nelles
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Nele Vandervoort
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Katja Conrath
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Didier Merciris
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Céline Cottereaux
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Cécile da Costa
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Laurent Saniere
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Fletcher
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Reginald Brys
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Romain Gosmini
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
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8
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Marsango S, Barki N, Jenkins L, Tobin AB, Milligan G. Therapeutic validation of an orphan G protein-coupled receptor: The case of GPR84. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 179:3529-3541. [PMID: 32869860 PMCID: PMC9361006 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of members of the GPCR superfamily as targets of a broad range of effective medicines many GPCRs remain poorly characterised. GPR84 is an example. Expression of GPR84 is strongly up regulated in immune cells in a range of pro-inflammatory settings and clinical trials to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are currently ongoing using ligands with differing levels of selectivity and affinity as GPR84 antagonists. Although blockade of GPR84 may potentially prove effective also in diseases associated with inflammation of the lower gut there is emerging interest in defining if agonists of GPR84 might find utility in conditions in which regulation of metabolism or energy sensing is compromised. Here, we consider the physiological and pathological expression profile of GPR84 and, in the absence of direct structural information, recent developments and use of GPR84 pharmacological tool compounds to study its broader role and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Marsango
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Natasja Barki
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Köse M, Pillaiyar T, Namasivayam V, De Filippo E, Sylvester K, Ulven T, von Kügelgen I, Müller CE. An Agonist Radioligand for the Proinflammatory Lipid-Activated G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR84 Providing Structural Insights. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2391-2410. [PMID: 31721581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) GPR84 is expressed on immune cells mediating proinflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. In this study, we prepared the fully efficacious, nonbiased GPR84 agonist 6-hexylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (6) in tritium-labeled form ([3H]PSB-1584) by hydrogenation of a hexenyl-substituted precursor with tritium gas. The radioligand was characterized by kinetic, saturation, and competition assays using membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells recombinantly expressing the human GPR84. [3H]6 reversibly labeled the receptor with high affinity (KD 2.08 nM). Structurally diverse orthosteric and allosteric ligands, including newly designed and synthesized compounds, were studied in competition binding assays. A homology model of GPR84 was generated to perform docking studies rationalizing the experimental data. The radioligand was additionally used for labeling GPR84 in native cells and tissues. [3H]6 constitutes the first GPR84 agonist radioligand representing a powerful tool for this poorly investigated GPCR, which has potential as a future drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Elisabetta De Filippo
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharma Center Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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10
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Ulrich-Merzenich G, Welslau L, Aziz-Kalbhenn H, Kelber O, Shcherbakova A. Synergy quantifications to identify individual contributions of combination partners to the overall activity - The example of STW 5. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 60:153013. [PMID: 31326154 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rationale of combinations of plant extracts is often questioned. The common argument for combinations is a higher efficacy of the combination partners by multitargeting and the elimination of adverse events. AIM STW5, a well-known fixed herbal multicomponent preparation, is recommended in the German treatment guidelines for functional gastrointestinal diseases. The study assessed effects of STW5, its single plant components and combinations thereof on different targets to identify synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects of the combination partners. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS STW5, its nine components and triple combinations thereof were investigated in two in vitro models - human esophageal epithelial cells (Het1A) and intestinal smooth muscle cells (HISMC) - in comparison to Omeprazole (OM) for the release of interleukin 8 (IL-8) as surrogate for inflammation and of Ca2+ as surrogate for motion, under non-inflammatory and inflammatory (Capsaicin 80 µM (CAP)) conditions. The combination index (CI) of triple combinations was calculated to assess synergistic, antagonistic and additive effects. RESULTS In Het-1A cells, STW5 showed, under non-inflammatory as well as inflammatory conditions, releases of IL-8 (49.3 ± 4.2 pg/ml, 33.7 ± 2 pg/ml) comparable to the untreated control (46.3 ± 4.8 pg/ml). CAP increased IL-8 releases to 85.8 ± 14 pg/ml (p < 0.005). Among the single plant extracts the Iberis amara extract (IBE) induced high IL-8 releases under non-inflammatory (441 ± 177 pg/ml) and inflammatory (625± 121 pg/ml) conditions. The Silybum marianum (L.) extract (SM) reduced releases up to 20.1 ± 8 pg/ml (inflammation). The CI-values of triple combinations with IBE ranged from high synergy (CI<0.03) to antagonism (CI:480). Within the triple combinations SM was the most effective combination partner to reduce IL-8. The combination of Angelica archangelica (L.)/Carum carvi (L.) was also effective. In HISMCs, STW5 induced concentration dependent higher Ca2+-releases. Only Melissa officinalis (L.) (MO) induced high Ca2+- releases in HISMCs. CONCLUSION In Het-1A, STW5 inhibited Il-8 releases, although one of its components (IBE) stimulated IL-8 strongly. The combination partners in STW5 assured an overall marked anti-inflammatory action. In the triple combinations SM was identified as most important combination partner for the IL-8 reduction. CI-measurements can support the identification of active combination partners in a multicomponent preparation and can give directions towards the search for multitarget effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Ulrich-Merzenich
- Medical Clinic III, UKB, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 26, Laboratories UG 65/69, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lisa Welslau
- Medical Clinic III, UKB, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 26, Laboratories UG 65/69, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heba Aziz-Kalbhenn
- Research & Development, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Havelstr. 5, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olaf Kelber
- Research & Development, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Havelstr. 5, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Shcherbakova
- Medical Clinic III, UKB, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Building 26, Laboratories UG 65/69, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Volga State University of Technology, Lenin sq. 3, 424020 Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
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11
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Allescher HD, Abdel-Aziz H. Mechanism of Action of STW 5 in Functional Dyspepsia and IBS: The Origin of Multi-Target. Dig Dis 2018; 35 Suppl 1:18-24. [PMID: 29421789 DOI: 10.1159/000485456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STW 5 is a complex herbal combination preparation composed of 9 different herbal extracts. As an herbal medicinal product, this preparation is indicated for treating functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Its efficacy and practical applicability was demonstrated in several clinical studies. SUMMARY Each herbal constituent of STW 5 has distinct effects on the gastrointestinal tract, and each shows activity through different mechanisms of action: among others, the single extracts have effects on nerves, smooth muscles, epithelial, and inflammatory cells. For example, they have relaxing or tonicizing effects on gastrointestinal muscles, and they counteract inflammation through different physiological systems, contributing to the clinical efficacy through modulation of multiple therapeutic targets. Key Messages: STW 5 is a role model for the concept of multi-targeting in therapy. Especially in complex syndromes such as FD and IBS, simultaneous multi-targeting of different functional causes seems to be a more promising approach than the classical paradigm of one disease - one receptor - one effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Dieter Allescher
- Center for Esophageal and Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders, Center for Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Metabolism, Klinikum Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Heba Abdel-Aziz
- Medical and Clinical Affairs Phytomedicines, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Masuda T, Yano F, Omura N, Tsuboi K, Hoshino M, Yamamoto SR, Akimoto S, Kashiwagi H, Yanaga K. Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on Chronic Acid Reflux Esophagitis in Rats. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:72-80. [PMID: 29143196 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical role of low-dose aspirin (LDA) in pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease is by far controversial. This can be attributed to the paucity of basic research detailing the mechanism of LDA-induced esophageal mucosal injury (EI) on underlying chronic acid reflux esophagitis (RE). AIM The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of LDA on chronic RE in rats. METHODS Esophagitis was induced in 8-week-old male Wistar rats by ligating the border between forestomach and glandular portion with a 2-0 silk tie and covering the duodenum with a small piece of 18-Fr Nélaton catheter. Seventy-eight chronic RE rat models were divided into five treatment groups, consisting of orally administered vehicle (controls), and aspirin doses of 2, 5, 50 or 100 mg/kg once daily for 28 days. EI was assessed by gross area of macroscopic mucosal injury, severity grade of esophagitis and microscopic depth of infiltration by inflammatory cells. RESULTS Area of esophagitis in animals with aspirin dose of 100 mg/kg/day showed a 36.5% increase compared with controls, although it failed to achieve statistical significance (p = 0.812). Additionally, the rate of severe EI was increased in animals with aspirin dose of 100 mg/kg/day as compared with controls (p < 0.05). The grade of severity correlated with the depth of inflammation (r s = 0.492, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Maximal dose aspirin (100 mg/kg/day) contributed in exacerbating preexisting EI. LDA (2 and 5 mg/kg/day), on the other hand, did not affect chronic RE in this model. LDA seems to be safe for use in patients with chronic RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Masuda
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Fumiaki Yano
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Nobuo Omura
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsuboi
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masato Hoshino
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Se Ryung Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Akimoto
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kashiwagi
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan
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13
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Mahmud ZA, Jenkins L, Ulven T, Labéguère F, Gosmini R, De Vos S, Hudson BD, Tikhonova IG, Milligan G. Three classes of ligands each bind to distinct sites on the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR84. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17953. [PMID: 29263400 PMCID: PMC5738391 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium chain fatty acids can activate the pro-inflammatory receptor GPR84 but so also can molecules related to 3,3′-diindolylmethane. 3,3′-Diindolylmethane and decanoic acid acted as strong positive allosteric modulators of the function of each other and analysis showed the affinity of 3,3′-diindolylmethane to be at least 100 fold higher. Methyl decanoate was not an agonist at GPR84. This implies a key role in binding for the carboxylic acid of the fatty acid. Via homology modelling we predicted and confirmed an integral role of arginine172, located in the 2nd extracellular loop, in the action of decanoic acid but not of 3,3′-diindolylmethane. Exemplars from a patented series of GPR84 antagonists were able to block agonist actions of both decanoic acid and 3,3′-diindolylmethane at GPR84. However, although a radiolabelled form of a related antagonist, [3H]G9543, was able to bind with high affinity to GPR84, this was not competed for by increasing concentrations of either decanoic acid or 3,3′-diindolylmethane and was not affected adversely by mutation of arginine172. These studies identify three separable ligand binding sites within GPR84 and suggest that if medium chain fatty acids are true endogenous regulators then co-binding with a positive allosteric modulator would greatly enhance their function in physiological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zobaer Al Mahmud
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Trond Ulven
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Labéguère
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230, Romainville, France.,Evotec, 195 Route d'Espagne, 31100, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Gosmini
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230, Romainville, France
| | - Steve De Vos
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Brian D Hudson
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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14
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Abdel-Aziz H, Kelber O, Lorkowski G, Storr M. Evaluating the Multitarget Effects of Combinations through Multistep Clustering of Pharmacological Data: the Example of the Commercial Preparation Iberogast. PLANTA MEDICA 2017; 83:1130-1140. [PMID: 28859216 PMCID: PMC6193281 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-116852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbal combination preparations are widely used in traditional herbal medicine and are even established as modern evidence-based herbal medicinal products. The rationale behind such combinations is often questioned and assessing the contribution of each of the combination partners to overall activity is challenging. STW 5 (Iberogast) is such a combination with confirmed clinical efficacy in functional gastrointestinal disorders. It consists of nine plant extracts responsible for its multitarget function in these multifactorial diseases with their heterogeneous and overlapping pathomechanisms. This makes the combination an ideal candidate for the use of the newly described method of stepwise cluster analysis, a standardized procedure to transfer heterogeneous pharmacological data, from different models, into effect size categories. This allows for a stepwise cluster formation starting from the level of single tests up to the level of different pathomechanisms involved in the development of a certain disease, in this case functional dyspepsia subtypes and irritable bowel syndrome. In the current article, an overview on the pharmacological data on STW 5 and its single components is provided. The data are further analyzed using stepwise cluster formation, resulting in a summary of the different modes of action of STW 5 along with an evaluation of the contribution of the single constituents to the overall multitarget effects of the herbal combination preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abdel-Aziz
- Phytomedicines Supply and Development Center, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olaf Kelber
- Phytomedicines Supply and Development Center, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Martin Storr
- Center of Endoscopy, Starnberg and Medical Clinic II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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15
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Widmayer P, Kusumakshi S, Hägele FA, Boehm U, Breer H. Expression of the Fatty Acid Receptors GPR84 and GPR120 and Cytodifferentiation of Epithelial Cells in the Gastric Mucosa of Mouse Pups in the Course of Dietary Transition. Front Physiol 2017; 8:601. [PMID: 28871231 PMCID: PMC5566962 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During weaning, the ingested food of mouse pups changes from exclusively milk to solid food. In contrast to the protein- and carbohydrate-rich solid food, high fat milk is characterized primarily by fatty acids of medium chain length particularly important for the suckling pups. Therefore, it seems conceivable that the stomach mucosa may be specialized for detecting these important nutrients during the suckling phase. Here, we analyzed the expression of the G protein coupled receptors GPR84 and GPR120 (FFAR4), which are considered to be receptors for medium and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), respectively. We found that the mRNA levels for GPR84 and GPR120 were high during the suckling period and progressively decreased in the course of weaning. Visualization of the receptor-expressing cells in 2-week-old mice revealed a high number of labeled cells, which reside in the apical as well as in the basal region of the gastric glands. At the base of the gastric glands, all GPR84-immunoreactive cells and some of the GPR120-positive cells also expressed chromogranin A (CgA), suggesting that they are enteroendocrine cells. We demonstrate that the majority of the CgA/GPR84 cells are X/A-like ghrelin cells. The high degree of overlap between ghrelin and GPR84 decreased post-weaning, whereas the overlap between ghrelin and GPR120 increased. At the apical region of the glands the fatty acid receptors were mainly expressed in unique cell types. These contain lipid-filled vacuole- and vesicle-like structures and may have absorptive functions. We detected decreased immunoreactivity for GPR84 and no lipid droplets in surface cells post-weaning. In conclusion, expression of GPR84 in ghrelin cells as well as in surface cells suggests an important role of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) in the developing gastric mucosa of suckling mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Kusumakshi
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of MedicineHomburg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Boehm
- Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Signaling (PZMS), Saarland University School of MedicineHomburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
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16
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Naik RD, Vaezi MF. Recent advances in diagnostic testing for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:531-537. [PMID: 28317452 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1309286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has a large economic burden with important complications that include esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, and adenocarcinoma. Despite endoscopy, validated patient questionnaires, and traditional ambulatory pH monitoring, the diagnosis of GERD continues to be challenging. Areas covered: This review will explore the difficulties in diagnosing GERD with a focus on new developments, ranging from basic fundamental changes (histology and immunohistochemistry) to direct patient care (narrow-band imaging, impedance, and response to anti-reflux surgery). We searched PubMed using the noted keywords. We included data from full-text articles published in English. Further relevant articles were identified from the reference lists of review articles. Expert commentary: Important advances in novel parameters in intraluminal impedance monitoring such as baseline impedance monitoring has created some insight into alternative diagnostic strategies in GERD. Recent advances in endoscopic assessment of esophageal epithelial integrity via mucosal impedance measurement is questioning the paradigm of prolonged ambulatory testing for GERD. The future of reflux diagnosis may very well be without the need for currently employed technologies and could be as simple as assessing changes in epithelia integrity as a surrogate marker for GERD. However, future studies must validate such an approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi D Naik
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Center for Swallowing and Esophageal Disorders , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Michael F Vaezi
- a Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Center for Swallowing and Esophageal Disorders , Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville , TN , USA
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17
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Pillaiyar T, Köse M, Sylvester K, Weighardt H, Thimm D, Borges G, Förster I, von Kügelgen I, Müller CE. Diindolylmethane Derivatives: Potent Agonists of the Immunostimulatory Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR84. J Med Chem 2017; 60:3636-3655. [PMID: 28406627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Gi protein-coupled receptor GPR84, which is activated by (hydroxy)fatty acids, is highly expressed on immune cells. Recently, 3,3'-diindolylmethane was identified as a heterocyclic, nonlipid-like GPR84 agonist. We synthesized a broad range of diindolylmethane derivatives by condensation of indoles with formaldehyde in water under microwave irradiation. The products were evaluated at the human GPR84 in cAMP and β-arrestin assays. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) were steep. 3,3'-Diindolylmethanes bearing small lipophilic residues at the 5- and/or 7-position of the indole rings displayed the highest activity in cAMP assays, the most potent agonists being di(5-fluoro-1H-indole-3-yl)methane (38, PSB-15160, EC50 80.0 nM) and di(5,7-difluoro-1H-indole-3-yl)methane (57, PSB-16671, EC50 41.3 nM). In β-arrestin assays, SARs were different, indicating biased agonism. The new compounds were selective versus related fatty acid receptors and the arylhydrocarbon receptor. Selected compounds were further investigated and found to display an ago-allosteric mechanism of action and increased stability in comparison to the lead structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Meryem Köse
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Sylvester
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Weighardt
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Immunology and Environment, University of Bonn , Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Thimm
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gleice Borges
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Irmgard Förster
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Immunology and Environment, University of Bonn , Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ivar von Kügelgen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn , 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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18
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Müller MM, Lehmann R, Klassert TE, Reifenstein S, Conrad T, Moore C, Kuhn A, Behnert A, Guthke R, Driesch D, Slevogt H. Global analysis of glycoproteins identifies markers of endotoxin tolerant monocytes and GPR84 as a modulator of TNFα expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:838. [PMID: 28404994 PMCID: PMC5429802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of human monocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces a temporary insensitivity to subsequent LPS challenges, a cellular state called endotoxin tolerance. In this study, we investigated the LPS-induced global glycoprotein expression changes of tolerant human monocytes and THP-1 cells to identify markers and glycoprotein targets capable to modulate the immunosuppressive state. Using hydrazide chemistry and LC-MS/MS analysis, we analyzed glycoprotein expression changes during a 48 h LPS time course. The cellular snapshots at different time points identified 1491 glycoproteins expressed by monocytes and THP-1 cells. Label-free quantitative analysis revealed transient or long-lasting LPS-induced expression changes of secreted or membrane-anchored glycoproteins derived from intracellular membrane coated organelles or from the plasma membrane. Monocytes and THP-1 cells demonstrated marked differences in glycoproteins differentially expressed in the tolerant state. Among the shared differentially expressed glycoproteins G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) was identified as being capable of modulating pro-inflammatory TNFα mRNA expression in the tolerant cell state when activated with its ligand Decanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario M Müller
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Jena University Hospital, Integrated Research and Treatment Center - Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Lehmann
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Theresia Conrad
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Leibnitz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Christoph Moore
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Kuhn
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Leibnitz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Behnert
- Jena University Hospital, Integrated Research and Treatment Center - Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Guthke
- Leibnitz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Hortense Slevogt
- Septomics Research Center, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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19
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Schneider M, Efferth T, Abdel-Aziz H. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Herbal Preparations STW5 and STW5-II in Cytokine-Challenged Normal Human Colon Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:393. [PMID: 27833553 PMCID: PMC5080345 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic relapsing intestinal disorders characterized by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by invasion of immune cells to the intestinal lamina propria. Standard therapies consist of anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs. Since clinical efficiency is not satisfactory and the established drugs have massive side effects, new strategies to treat IBD are required. Herein, we investigate the protective effect of the fixed combination herbal preparations STW5 and STW5-II and the contribution of the corresponding single components in an in vitro inflammation model. The normal human colon epithelial cell line, NCM460, was treated with STW5, STW5-II or their single components for 4 h followed by experimental conditions comparable to induction of colitis. A pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail consisting of TNF-α, IL-β, and IFN-γ was used to simulate inflammatory stimuli normally caused by immune cells. The effects on NCM460 cells were investigated by enzyme-linked immunoassay and Proteome Profiler®. Levels of IP-10, MCP-1, I-TAC, Groα, and IL-8 were elevated in chemokine-treated cells compared to untreated cells, but significantly reduced upon pretreatment with STW5 or STW5-II. However, the single compounds revealed only little effects on protein expression. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of both combination preparations on pro-inflammatory transcription factors of the STAT family using Western blot. In addition, we tested the effects on upstream MAPK p38. Both, STW5 and STW5-II did not show any effect on MAPK p38, but were effective in reducing phosphorylated levels of STAT1. In conclusion, both combination preparations act in an anti-inflammatory manner by influencing cytokine secretion via reduced activity of the JAK/STAT1 pathway. Relevant differences between STW5 and STW5-II were not found indicating similar efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Germany
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz Germany
| | - Heba Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, MainzGermany; Medical and Clinical Affairs Phytomedicines, Steigerwald Arzneimittelwerk GmbH, Bayer Consumer Health, DarmstadtGermany
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20
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Liu Y, Zhang Q, Chen LH, Yang H, Lu W, Xie X, Nan FJ. Design and Synthesis of 2-Alkylpyrimidine-4,6-diol and 6-Alkylpyridine-2,4-diol as Potent GPR84 Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:579-83. [PMID: 27326330 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of alkylpyrimidine-4,6-diol derivatives were designed and synthesized as novel GRP84 agonists based on a high-throughput screening (HTS) hit 1. 6-Nonylpyridine-2,4-diol was identified as the most potent agonist of GPR84 reported so far, with an EC50 of 0.189 nM. These novel GPR84 agonists will provide valuable tools for the study of the physiological functions of GPR84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong Shan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Laboratory
of Receptor-Based BioMedicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling
and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin-Hai Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Yang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug
Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhong Shan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Laboratory
of Receptor-Based BioMedicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling
and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, The National Center for Drug
Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, The National Center for Drug Screening,
Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guoshoujing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
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