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Hanioka N, Tanaka-Kagawa T, Mori Y, Ikushiro S, Jinno H, Ohkawara S, Isobe T. Regioselective Glucuronidation of Flavones at C5, C7, and C4′ Positions in Human Liver and Intestinal Microsomes: Comparison among Apigenin, Acacetin, and Genkwanin. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1116-1123. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoko Mori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University
| | | | | | - Susumu Ohkawara
- Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy
| | - Takashi Isobe
- Department of Health Pharmacy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy
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2
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Ondo K, Arakawa H, Nakano M, Fukami T, Nakajima M. SLC35B1 significantly contributes to the uptake of UDPGA into the endoplasmic reticulum for glucuronidation catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113916. [PMID: 32179043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The transport of UDP-glucuronic acid (UDPGA), a co-substrate of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), to the intraluminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an essential step in the glucuronidation of exogenous and endogenous compounds. According to a previous study, the expression of recombinant SLC35B1, SLC35B4, or SLC35D1, nucleotide sugar transporters, in V79 cells has the potential to transport UDPGA into the lumen of microsomes. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the transport of UDPGA by these transporters substantially affects UGT activity. Since the knockdown of UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase, a synthetase of UDPGA, in HEK293 cells stably expressing UGT1A1 (HEK/UGT1A1 cells) resulted in a significant decrease in 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) glucuronosyltransferase activity, supplementation of a sufficient amount of UDPGA is required for UGT activity. By performing qRT-PCR using cDNA samples from 21 human liver samples, we observed levels of the SLC35B1 and SLC35D1 mRNAs that were 15- and 14-fold higher, respectively, than the levels of the SLC35B4 mRNA, and SLC35B1 showed the largest (37-fold) interindividual variability. Interestingly, 4-MU glucuronosyltransferase activity was significantly decreased upon the knockdown of SLC35B1 in HEK/UGT1A1 cells, and this phenomenon was also observed in HepaRG cells. Using siRNAs targeting 23 different SLC35 subfamilies, the knockdown of SLC35B1 and SLC35E3 decreased 4-MU glucuronosyltransferase activity in HEK/UGT1A1 cells. However, the 4-MU glucuronosyltransferase activity was not altered by SLC35E3 knockdown in HepaRG cells, suggesting that SLC35B1 was the main transporter of UDPGA into the ER in the human liver. In conclusion, SLC35B1 is a key modulator of UGT activity by transporting UDPGA to the intraluminal side of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ondo
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Masataka Nakano
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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3
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Uno Y, Uehara S, Inoue T, Kawamura S, Murayama N, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro S, Sasaki E, Yamazaki H. Molecular characterization of functional UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A and 2B in common marmosets. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 172:113748. [PMID: 31830470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are essential drug-conjugation enzymes that metabolize a variety of endobiotic and xenobiotic substrates. The molecular characteristics of UGTs have been extensively investigated in humans, but remain to be investigated in common marmosets, a nonhuman primate species widely used in drug metabolism studies. In this study, 11 UGT cDNAs (UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A7, and 1A9; and UGT2B49, 2B50, 2B51, 2B52, and 2B53) were isolated and characterized in marmosets. Marmoset UGT1As had high sequence identities (89-93%) with human UGT1As, but the sequence identities of marmoset UGT2Bs were lower (82-86%). Marmoset UGTs were found to be phylogenetically close to human UGTs. Just as human UGT1As do, marmoset UGT1A genes shared exons 2-5 and contained a variable exon 1 unique to each gene; in contrast, marmoset UGT2B genes contained six unique exons. Moreover, marmoset and human UGT1A and UGT2B gene clusters were located in corresponding regions in their respective genomes. Among the five tissue types tested, marmoset UGT mRNAs were most abundantly expressed in liver, jejunum, and/or kidney, i.e., in tissues important for drug metabolism, just as human UGTs are. Among the 11 marmoset UGT mRNAs investigated, marmoset UGT1A9, 1A4, and 1A6 mRNAs were the most abundantly expressed in liver, small intestine, and kidney, respectively. Marmoset liver microsomes and recombinant UGT1A proteins catalyzed the glucuronidation of the same substrates that human UGT1As catalyze, including estradiol, trifluoperazine, 4-methylumbelliferone, serotonin, 4-nitrophenol, and propofol. Trifluoperazine was glucuronidated by marmoset liver microsomes, but not by any of the UGT1A isoforms examined under the present conditions. These results collectively suggest that functional marmoset UGTs have generally similar molecular characteristics to human UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd, Kainan, Wakayama 642 0017, Japan.
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kawasaki-ku, Japan
| | - Shu Kawamura
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Norie Murayama
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939 0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939 0398, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Applied Developmental Biology, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Kawasaki-ku, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Uno Y, Takahira R, Murayama N, Ishii Y, Ikenaka Y, Ishizuka M, Yamazaki H, Ikushiro S. Molecular and functional characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A in cynomolgus macaques. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:172-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Tatsumi N, Tokumitsu S, Nakano M, Fukami T, Nakajima M. miR-141-3p commonly regulates human UGT1A isoforms via different mechanisms. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 33:203-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Ikushiro S, Nishikawa M, Masuyama Y, Shouji T, Fujii M, Hamada M, Nakajima N, Finel M, Yasuda K, Kamakura M, Sakaki T. Biosynthesis of Drug Glucuronide Metabolites in the Budding Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:2274-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Imizu
Institute, TOPU BIO RESEARCH Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yuuka Masuyama
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Tadashi Shouji
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miharu Fujii
- Imizu
Institute, TOPU BIO RESEARCH Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hamada
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nakajima
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masaki Kamakura
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
- Imizu
Institute, TOPU BIO RESEARCH Co., Ltd, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
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7
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Oda S, Fukami T, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. A comprehensive review of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and esterases for drug development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 30:30-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Nakamura T, Murota K, Kumamoto S, Misumi K, Bando N, Ikushiro S, Takahashi N, Sekido K, Kato Y, Terao J. Plasma metabolites of dietary flavonoids after combination meal consumption with onion and tofu in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:310-7. [PMID: 24039174 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The effect of food combination on metabolic profile in postprandial plasma has hardly been reported. We investigated the absorption and metabolism of quercetin and soy isoflavones in humans after combination meal consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS Five healthy volunteers ingested sautéed onion and tofu, and the plasma metabolites of quercetin and isoflavones were analyzed. Quercetin and genistein were incubated with human intestinal Caco-2 cells and human hepatoma HepG2 cells to further analyze the influence of simultaneous supply to the small intestine and the liver. Glucuronosyl conjugates of quercetin and methylated quercetin were the major plasma metabolites in the case of onion intake. Plasma metabolites with the single serving of tofu were both glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of isoflavones. Interestingly, quercetin sulfate was only detected after the combined intake of sautéed onion and tofu, accompanied with a decrease in sulfated isoflavones. Besides, quercetin was shown as the preferential substance for phase II enzymes over genistein in both Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that, when flavonoids and isoflavonoids were ingested together, the metabolic conversions in the small intestine and/or the liver could be altered, resulting in the variation of the postprandial profiles of the plasma metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Food Science, Graduate School of Nutrition and Bioscience, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Uchihashi S, Nishikawa M, Sakaki T, Ikushiro SI. Comparison of serotonin glucuronidation activity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a6a (Ugt1a6a) and Ugt1a6b: evidence for the preferential expression of Ugt1a6a in the mouse brain. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 28:260-4. [PMID: 23089803 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-nt-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mouse UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugt) 1a6a and Ugt1a6b share 98% sequence homology, but there have been no reports to date that compare their expression levels or enzymatic activities in serotonin glucuronidation. Thus, we designed specific primers for Ugt1a6a and Ugt1a6b to compare their expression in mouse brain regions and livers. Ugt1a6a was dominantly expressed in mouse brains, especially the hippocampus, while both Ugt1a6a and Ugt1a6b were highly expressed in mouse livers, indicating that there are significant differences in the expression patterns of Ugt1a6a and Ugt1a6b among mouse tissues. Glucuronidation of endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin was catalyzed by Ugt1a6b with k(cat)/K(m) (4.5 M(-1)·s(-1)) slightly higher than that of Ugt1a6a (2.4 M(-1)·s(-1)). However, the difference in expression levels between Ugt1a6a and Ugt1a6b in the hippocampus led us to speculate that Ugt1a6a is likely the predominant catalyst of serotonin glucuronidation in the mouse brain. In conclusion, we successfully elucidated the differences between Ugt1a6a and Ugt1a6b expression in the mouse brain. Our new findings indicate that Ugt1a6a and Ugt1a6b play different roles in mice, driven by differences in expression and kinetic properties for serotonin glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Uchihashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
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Uchihashi S, Nishikawa M, Sakaki T, Ikushiro SI. The critical role of amino acid residue at position 117 of mouse UDP-glucuronosyltransfererase 1a6a and 1a6b in resveratrol glucuronidation. J Biochem 2012; 152:331-40. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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11
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Oda S, Nakajima M, Hatakeyama M, Fukami T, Yokoi T. Preparation of a Specific Monoclonal Antibody against Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 and Evaluation of UGT1A9 Protein Levels in Human Tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1620-7. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.045625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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12
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Nagaoka K, Hanioka N, Ikushiro S, Yamano S, Narimatsu S. The Effects of N-Glycosylation on the Glucuronidation of Zidovudine and Morphine by UGT2B7 Expressed in HEK293 Cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 27:388-97. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Effect of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 polymorphism on bisphenol A glucuronidation. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1373-81. [PMID: 21404072 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of a number of potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals, which are metabolized mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 (UGT2B15) in humans. Six UGT2B15 allelic variants (UGT2B15*2, UGT2B15*3, UGT2B15*4, UGT2B15*5, UGT2B15*6, and UGT2B15*7; wild-type, UGT2B15*1) with amino acid substitutions have been found in Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, and Oriental populations to date. In this study, the effects of amino acid substitutions in UGT2B15 on BPA glucuronidation were studied using recombinant UGT2B15 enzymes of wild-type (UGT2B15.1) and all identified variants (UGT2B15.2, UGT2B15.3, UGT2B15.4, UGT2B15.5, UGT2B15.6, and UGT2B15.7) expressed in insect (Sf9) cells. The K (m), V (max), and CL (int) values of UGT2B15.1 for BPA glucuronidation were 3.9 μM, 650 pmol/min/mg protein, and 170 μL/min/mg protein, respectively. Although there is no significant difference in the K (m) value between wild-type and any variant UGT2B15, the V (max) and CL (int) values of UGT2B15 variants having D85Y substitution were markedly reduced to 14 and 10% for UGT2B15.2, and 4.3 and 3.9% for UGT2B15.5 compared with those of UGT2B15.1, respectively. However, the K (m), V (max), and CL (int) values of UGT2B15.3, UGT2B15.4, UGT2B15.6, and UGT2B15.7 having L86S, T352I, and/or K523T substitution(s) for BPA glucuronidation were comparable to those of UGT2B15.1. These findings suggest that D85Y substitution in UGT2B15 decreases enzymatic function and that the polymorphic alleles of UGT2B15 are closely associated with variations in the metabolism and toxicity of BPA. The information gained in this study should help with in vivo extrapolation to assess the toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
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Uchihashi S, Fukumoto H, Onoda M, Hayakawa H, Ikushiro SI, Sakaki T. Metabolism of the c-Fos/Activator Protein-1 Inhibitor T-5224 by Multiple Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:803-13. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.037952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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15
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Abe Y, Fujiwara R, Oda S, Yokoi T, Nakajima M. Interpretation of the effects of protein kinase C inhibitors on human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) proteins in cellulo. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:256-65. [PMID: 21317540 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-10-rg-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the glucuronidation of a wide variety of xeno/endobiotics. Previous studies have reported that human UGT enzymes are phosphorylated and that treatment of cells with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors results in decreased UGT activities without affecting the UGT protein levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of PKC inhibitors on human UGT1A protein levels and activities in detail. When UGT1A-expressing HEK293 cells and LS180 cells were treated with curcumin or calphostin C, the exogenous and endogenous UGT1A protein levels in homogenates prepared with Tris-buffered saline were significantly decreased. Enzyme activity levels mirrored the changes in UGT protein levels. When the curcumin- or calphostin C-treated cells were lysed with buffer containing a detergent, the UGT protein levels did not decrease. We found that curcumin or calphostin C treatment facilitated the degradation of UGT protein after the cells were collected in the absence of a detergent. Finally, by in cellulo evaluation, we found that curcumin decreased UGT activity by the direct inhibitory effect, but calphostin C did not affect UGT activity. Thus, this study suggests that we should evaluate the data carefully when interpreting the effects of PKC inhibitors on UGT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Abe
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Kanazawa University, Japan
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16
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Nakajima M, Koga T, Sakai H, Yamanaka H, Fujiwara R, Yokoi T. N-Glycosylation plays a role in protein folding of human UGT1A9. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:1165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Fujiwara R, Nakajima M, Oda S, Yamanaka H, Ikushiro SI, Sakaki T, Yokoi T. Interactions between human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7 and UGT1A enzymes. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:442-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) comprise a large gene superfamily that can be classified, based on the degree of amino-acid similarity between isoforms, into several gene families. Among these gene families, the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase family 1 (UGT1) gene is a unique gene complex organized to generate enzymes that share a common carboxyl terminal portion and are unique in the variable amino terminal region. Each variable exon I is preceded by a regulatory 5'-region and, in response to a specific signal, transcription processing splices mRNA from each unique exon 1 to the four common exons ( 2, 3, 4, and 5) to provide a template for synthesis of the individual isoforms. A novel clue to elucidate the gene structure of mammalian UGT1 was cDNA cloning of rat UGT1A6 from the hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rat by Professor Takashi Iyanagi Ph.D. The elucidation of the structure of the rat UGT1 gene complex has led to a greater understanding of the genetic basis of Crigler-Najjar and Gilbert's syndromes. Now, examination of the UGT1 gene structure in hyperbilirubinemic patients has revealed more than 100 different genetic defects in Crigler-Najjar syndromes and one genetic alternation that accounts for the majority of Gilbert's syndrome cases. This review of a chapter in UGT history will focus on the extensive research of Iyanagi and coworkers with the rat UGT1 gene complex and advancing to the study of the human gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan.
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19
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Izukawa T, Nakajima M, Fujiwara R, Yamanaka H, Fukami T, Takamiya M, Aoki Y, Ikushiro SI, Sakaki T, Yokoi T. Quantitative analysis of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and UGT2B expression levels in human livers. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1759-68. [PMID: 19439486 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze glucuronidation of a variety of xenobiotics and endobiotics. UGTs are divided into two families, UGT1 and UGT2. The purpose of this study was to estimate the absolute expression levels of each UGT isoform in human liver and to evaluate the interindividual variability. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to determine the copy numbers of nine functional UGT1A isoforms and seven UGT2B isoforms. We noticed that not only primers but also templates as a standard for quantification should prudently be selected. Once we established appropriate conditions, the mRNA levels of each UGT isoform in 25 individual human livers were determined. UGT1A1 (0.9-138.5), UGT1A3 (0.1-66.6), UGT1A4 (0.1-143.3), UGT1A6 (1.0-70.4), UGT1A9 (0.3-132.4), UGT2B4 (0.3-615.0), UGT2B7 (0.2-97.4), UGT2B10 (0.7-253.2), UGT2B15 (0.3-107.8), and UGT2B17 (0.5-157.1) were substantially expressed (x10(4) copy/mug RNA) with large interindividual variability. Abundant isoforms were UGT2B4 and UGT2B10, followed by UGT1A1, UGT2B15, and UGT1A6. The sum of the UGT2B mRNA levels was higher than that of UGT1A mRNA levels. It is interesting to note that the mRNA levels normalized with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA for almost UGT isoforms that are substantially expressed in liver showed significant correlations to each other. Western blot analysis was performed using antibodies specific for UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, or UGT2B7. Correlation between the protein and mRNA levels was observed in only UGT1A1 (r = 0.488; p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study comprehensively determined the absolute values of mRNA expression of each UGT isoform in human livers and found considerable interindividual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Izukawa
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
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Lu Y, Zhu J, Chen X, Li N, Fu F, He J, Wang G, Zhang L, Zheng Y, Qiu Z, Yu X, Han D, Wu L. Identification of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Isoforms Responsible for the Glucuronidation of Glycyrrhetinic Acid. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:523-8. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ohno S, Nakajin S. Determination of mRNA Expression of Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases and Application for Localization in Various Human Tissues by Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction. Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:32-40. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.023598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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22
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Harper TW, Brassil PJ. Reaction phenotyping: current industry efforts to identify enzymes responsible for metabolizing drug candidates. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:200-7. [PMID: 18446520 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction phenotyping studies to identify specific enzymes involved in the metabolism of drug candidates are increasingly important in drug discovery efforts. Experimental approaches used for CYP reaction phenotyping include incubations with cDNA expressed CYP enzyme systems and incubations containing specific CYP enzyme inhibitors. Since both types of experiments present specific advantages as well as known drawbacks, these studies are generally viewed as complementary approaches. Although glucuronidation pathways are also known to present potential drug-drug interaction issues as well as challenges related to their polymorphic expression, reaction phenotyping approaches for glucuronidation are generally limited to cDNA expressed systems due to lack of availability of specific UGT inhibitors. This article presents a limited review of current approaches to reaction phenotyping studies used within the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy W Harper
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, PO Box 5400, Mail Stop 17-12, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, USA.
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Kato Y, Ikushiro SI, Emi Y, Tamaki S, Suzuki H, Sakaki T, Yamada S, Degawa M. Hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for glucuronidation of thyroxine in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 36:51-5. [PMID: 17908920 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.018184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoform(s) responsible for the glucuronidation of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T(4)) in the human liver, the T(4) glucuronidation activities of recombinant human UGT isoforms and microsomes from seven individual human livers were comparatively examined. Among the 12 recombinant human UGT1A and UGT2B subfamily enzymes examined, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10 showed definite activities for T(4) glucuronidation. These UGT1A enzymes, with the exception of UGT1A10, were detected in all of the human liver microsomes examined. Interindividual differences in T(4) glucuronidation activity were observed among the microsomes from the seven individual human livers, and the T(4) glucuronidation activity was closely correlated with beta-estradiol 3-glucuronidation activity. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis for a relationship between the T(4) glucuronidation activity and the level of UGT1A1, UGT1A3, and UGT1A9 in the microsomes revealed that levels of UGT1A1 and UGT1A3, but not that of UGT1A9, were closely correlated with T(4) glucuronidation activity. T(4) glucuronidation activity in human liver microsomes was strongly inhibited by 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1alpha,23(S),25-trihydroxyvitamin D(3) (an inhibitor of UGT1A3), moderately inhibited by either bilirubin (an inhibitor of UGT1A1) or beta-estradiol (an inhibitor of UGT1A1 and UGT1A9), but not inhibited by propofol (an inhibitor of UGT1A9). These findings indicated strongly that glucuronidation of T(4) in the human liver was mediated by UGT1A subfamily enzymes, especially UGT1Al and UGT1A3, and further suggested that the interindividual differences would come from differences in the expression levels of UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 in individual human livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Sanuki, Kagawa, Japan.
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Fujiwara R, Nakajima M, Yamanaka H, Nakamura A, Katoh M, Ikushiro SI, Sakaki T, Yokoi T. Effects of Coexpression of UGT1A9 on Enzymatic Activities of Human UGT1A Isoforms. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:747-57. [PMID: 17293379 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.014191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We established stable HEK293 cell lines expressing double isoforms, UGT1A1 and UGT1A9, UGT1A4 and UGT1A9, or UGT1A6 and UGT1A9, as well as stable cell lines expressing each single isoform. To analyze the protein-protein interaction between the UGT1As, we investigated the thermal stability and resistance to detergent. UGT1A9 uniquely demonstrated thermal stability, which was enhanced in the presence of UDP-glucuronic acid (>90% of control), and resistance to detergent. Interestingly, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT1A6 acquired thermal stability and resistance to detergent by the coexpression of UGT1A9. An immunoprecipitation assay revealed that UGT1A6 and UGT1A9 interact in the double expression system. Using the single expression systems, it was confirmed that estradiol 3-O-glucuronide, imipramine N-glucuronide, serotonin O-glucuronide, and propofol O-glucuronide formations are specific for UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, and UGT1A9, respectively. By kinetic analyses, we found that the coexpressed UGT1A9 significantly affected the kinetics of estradiol 3-O-glucuronide formation (decreased Vmax), imipramine N-glucuronide formation (increased Km and Vmax), and serotonin O-glucuronide formation (decreased Vmax) catalyzed by UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT1A6, respectively. On the other hand, the coexpressed UGT1A1 increased Km and decreased the Vmax of the propofol O-glucuronide formation catalyzed by UGT1A9. The coexpressed UGT1A4 and UGT1A6 also increased the Vmax of the propofol O-glucuronide formation by UGT1A9. This is the first study showing that human UGT1A isoforms interact with other isoforms to change the enzymatic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Fujiwara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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