1
|
Brickman S, Darby H, Ruhl L, Adair EC. Nitrous oxide emissions are driven by environmental conditions rather than nitrogen application methods in a perennial hayfield. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024; 53:133-146. [PMID: 38127325 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural best management practices (BMPs) intended to solve one environmental challenge may have unintended climate impacts. For example, manure injection is often promoted for its potential to reduce runoff and nitrogen (N) loss as NH3 , but the practice has been shown to increase N2 O, a powerful greenhouse gas, compared to surface application. Urease inhibitor application with N fertilizer is another BMP that can enhance N retention by reducing NH3 emissions, but its impact on N2 O emissions is mixed. Thus, we measured N2 O, CO2 , soil mineral N availability, soil moisture, soil temperature, and yield in a 2-year perennial hayfield trial with four fertilization treatments (manure injection, manure broadcast, synthetic urea, and control) applied with or without a urease inhibitor in Alburgh, VT. We used linear models to examine treatment effects on daily and cumulative N2 O emissions and a boosted regression tree (BRT) model to identify the most important drivers of daily N2 O fluxes in our trial. While fertilization type had a significant impact on N2 O fluxes (p < 0.05), our treatments explained an unexpectedly small amount of the variation in emissions (R2 = 0.042), and urease inhibitor had no effect. Instead, soil moisture was the most important predictor of daily N2 O fluxes (39.7% relative influence in BRT model), followed by CO2 fluxes, soil inorganic N, and soil temperature. Soil moisture and temperature interacted to produce the largest daily N2 O fluxes when both were relatively high, suggesting that injecting manure during dry periods or during wet but cool periods could reduce its climate impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Brickman
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Heather Darby
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Lindsey Ruhl
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - E Carol Adair
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Buchen-Tschiskale C, Well R, Flessa H. Tracing nitrogen transformations during spring development of winter wheat induced by 15N labeled cattle slurry applied with different techniques. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162061. [PMID: 36758686 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Slurry application is often associated with considerable nitrogen (N) losses: ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and a mostly unknown contribution of dinitrogen (N2) emission, as well as N leaching. Thus, an outdoor lysimeter experiment with growing winter wheat in undisturbed soil cores was set up to follow the transformation of cattle slurry 15NH4+ and soil 15NO3- using a double labeling approach. Slurry treatments included the following application techniques: a trailing hose with/without acidification, and open slot injection with/without nitrification inhibitor. The fertilizer application rate was 67 kg N ha-1. In addition to NH3 emissions, N2O and N2 emissions were measured, as well as N contents and 15N enrichment of soil N pools and plant compartments. The major gaseous loss pathway was NH3 with up to 8 kg N ha-1 following trailing hose application, while slot injection significantly reduced NH3-N losses. Regardless of the application technique, N2O emissions were low (up to 0.1 kg N2O-N ha-1), while N2 emissions reached up to 3 kg N ha-1. No effect on N leaching from topsoil was found. 15N plant uptake was greater in slot injection than trailing hose treatments. An effect of the nitrification inhibitor was visible in the nitrate contents, but not in gaseous N losses or N leaching from topsoil. Impacts of the application techniques on individual soil N pools were small. The 15N recovery offered a chance to map the short-term effects and was highest in the soil Nt pool (32 % to 48 % of 15N applied) with a greater contribution of microbial N than mineral N at beginning of stem elongation. Indications for high N immobilization was derived from the applied N balance approach. In the present case, slot injection scored as the best application technology based on the highest NH3 reduction, while N2 and N2O emissions were not enhanced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Buchen-Tschiskale
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Well
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heinz Flessa
- Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Bundesallee 65, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nag R, Monahan C, Whyte P, Markey BK, O'Flaherty V, Bolton D, Fenton O, Richards KG, Cummins E. Risk assessment of Escherichia coli in bioaerosols generated following land application of farmyard slurry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148189. [PMID: 34119787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transfer of Escherichia coli in bioaerosols to humans during and shortly after the land application of farmyard slurry may pose human health hazards, but it has not been extensively explored to date. The present study developed a quantitative risk assessment model for E. coli through the air exposure route. The probabilistic model assessed the predicted number of microorganisms in the air (PNair) to which humans may be exposed. A Gaussian air dispersion model was used to calculate the concentration of E. coli transmitted through aerosols. Human exposure (HE) to E. coli was estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. This research predicted the mean HE as 26 CFU day-1 (95th percentile 263 CFU day-1) and suggests the importance of keeping a distance of at least 100 m for the residential population from land spreading activities. However, the simulated mean daily or annual (once a year application) risk of 2.65 × 10-7 person-1 year-1 due to land application of slurry indicates very low occupational risk for farmworkers not equipped with the personal protective equipment (PPE), who are potentially exposed to E. coli indirectly. The model found that the decay constant of E. coli in air, duration of decay, and bio-aerosolisation efficiency factor (top three) could influence HE to airborne E. coli. Furthermore, this research recommends an average time lag of at least 2.5 h following the application of farmyard slurry to the field before humans access the field again without PPE, allowing the airborne pathogen to decay, thereby ensuring occupational safety. The model suggested that the bio-aerosolisation efficiency factor (E) for other pathogens requires further investigation. The information generated from this model can help to assess likely exposure from bioaerosols triggered by land application of farmyard slurry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Ciaran Monahan
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bryan K Markey
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Vincent O'Flaherty
- National University of Ireland Galway, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- TEAGASC, Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Owen Fenton
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland
| | - Karl G Richards
- TEAGASC, Environment Research Centre, Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, Ireland
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Beltran I, van der Weerden TJ, Alfaro MA, Amon B, de Klein CAM, Grace P, Hafner S, Hassouna M, Hutchings N, Krol DJ, Leytem AB, Noble A, Salazar F, Thorman RE, Velthof GL. DATAMAN: A global database of nitrous oxide and ammonia emission factors for excreta deposited by livestock and land-applied manure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:513-527. [PMID: 33331653 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2 O), ammonia (NH3 ), and methane (CH4 ) emissions from the manure management chain of livestock production systems are important contributors to greenhouse gases (GHGs) and NH3 emitted by human activities. Several studies have evaluated manure-related emissions and associated key variables at regional, national, or continental scales. However, there have been few studies focusing on the drivers of these emissions using a global dataset. An international project was created (DATAMAN) to develop a global database on GHG and NH3 emissions from the manure management chain (housing, storage, and field) to identify key variables influencing emissions and ultimately to refine emission factors (EFs) for future national GHG inventories and NH3 emission reporting. This paper describes the "field" database that focuses on N2 O and NH3 EFs from land-applied manure and excreta deposited by grazing livestock. We collated relevant information (EFs, manure characteristics, soil properties, and climatic conditions) from published peer-reviewed research, conference papers, and existing databases. The database, containing 5,632 observations compiled from 184 studies, was relatively evenly split between N2 O and NH3 (56 and 44% of the EF values, respectively). The N2 O data were derived from studies conducted in 21 countries on five continents, with New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Kenya, and Brazil representing 86% of the data. The NH3 data originated from studies conducted in 17 countries on four continents, with the United Kingdom, Denmark, Canada, and The Netherlands representing 79% of the data. Wet temperate climates represented 90% of the total database. The DATAMAN field database is available at http://www.dataman.co.nz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Beltran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), INIA Remehue, Carretera Panamericana Sur km. 8 Norte, Osorno, Chile
- AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, 9053, New Zealand
| | | | - Marta A Alfaro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), INIA Remehue, Carretera Panamericana Sur km. 8 Norte, Osorno, Chile
| | - Barbara Amon
- Leibniz-Institut für Agrartechnik und Bioökonomie (ATB), Max-Eyth-Allee 100, Potsdam, D-14469, Germany
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Zielona Gra, ul. Licealna 9, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | | | - Peter Grace
- Queensland Univ. of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Sasha Hafner
- Aarhus Univ., Finlandsgade 12, Aarhus, 8200, Denmark
| | | | | | - Dominika J Krol
- Teagasc, Environment, Soils and Land-Use Dep., Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Wexford, Y35 TC97, Ireland
| | - April B Leytem
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Northwest Irrigation & Soils Research Lab., Kimberly, ID, 83341, USA
| | - Alasdair Noble
- AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Francisco Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), INIA Remehue, Carretera Panamericana Sur km. 8 Norte, Osorno, Chile
| | - Rachel E Thorman
- ADAS, ADAS Boxworth, Battlegate Road, Boxworth, Cambridge, CB23 4NN, UK
| | - Gerard L Velthof
- Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen Univ. & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dittmer KM, Darby HM, Goeschel TR, Adair EC. Benefits and tradeoffs of reduced tillage and manure application methods in a Zea mays silage system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1236-1250. [PMID: 33016461 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A critical question is whether there are agricultural management practices that can attain the multiple management goals of increasing yields, preventing nutrient losses, and suppressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. No-till and manure application methods, such as manure injection, can enhance nutrient retention, but both may also enhance emissions of nitrous oxide (N2 O), a powerful GHG. We assessed differences in soil N2 O and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, nitrate and ammonium retention, and crop yield and protein content under combinations of vertical-till, no-till, manure injection, and manure broadcast without incorporation in a corn (Zea mays L.) silage system. During the growing seasons of 2015-2017, GHG emissions and soil mineral nitrogen (N) were measured every other week or more frequently after management events. Crop yield and protein content were measured annually at harvest. No-till reduced CO2 emissions but had no impact on N2 O emissions relative to vertical-till. Manure injection increased N2 O and CO2 emissions, with the magnitude of this effect being greatest for 1 mo post-application. Manure injection also increased soil ammonium and nitrate but did not increase yield or crop quality relative to broadcast application. Similarly, tillage did not affect crop yield or protein content. Despite the tradeoffs between mineral N retention and elevated GHG emissions, manure injection in no-till systems benefits farmers by reducing soil carbon losses as CO2 , retaining mineral N, and maintaining crop yields and quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Dittmer
- Global Change Biogeochemistry Lab., Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | | | - Tyler R Goeschel
- Global Change Biogeochemistry Lab., Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Little Blue Natural Resources District, Davenport, NE, 68335, USA
| | - E Carol Adair
- Global Change Biogeochemistry Lab., Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aita C, Chantigny MH, Gonzatto R, Miola ECC, Rochette P, Pujol SB, Dos Santos DB, Giacomini DA, Giacomini SJ. Winter-Season Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions in Subtropical Climate: Impacts of Pig Slurry Injection and Nitrification Inhibitor. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:1414-1426. [PMID: 31589701 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlling nitrogen (N) losses from pig slurry (PS) is a challenge under no-till because amendments are left on the soil surface. We investigated the potential of shallow injection of PS, with and without addition of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), to abate gaseous ammonia (NH) and nitrous oxide (NO) emissions in winter crops in subtropical soils. Injection was compared with surface broadcasting of PS, with and without DCD. The significance of winter season on annual NO emissions was assessed. Injecting PS reduced NH volatilization compared with surface application. However, this reduction was partly offset because NO emissions increased by 77% (+1.53 kg NO-N ha) when PS was injected. Adding DCD to injected PS reduced NO emission below levels of surface-broadcast PS without the inhibitor, indicating that DCD may be a management option when injecting PS. Compared with a reference urea treatment, PS without DCD increased cumulative NO emissions 5.7-fold (from 613 to 3515 g NO-N ha) when injected, and 3.2-fold (from 613 to 1980 g NO-N ha) when surface applied. Adding DCD significantly reduced emissions with injected PS, whereas reduction was not always significant with surface-applied PS. Nitrous oxide emissions during the winter cropping season contributed 30 to 44% of annual emissions, indicating that controlling gaseous N losses in that season is required to reduce the environmental footprint of the whole cropping system. Overall, combining PS injection with DCD was an efficient practice for reducing winter-season gaseous N losses from no-till soils under subtropical climate.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nabel M, Schrey SD, Poorter H, Koller R, Nagel KA, Temperton VM, Dietrich CC, Briese C, Jablonowski ND. Coming Late for Dinner: Localized Digestate Depot Fertilization for Extensive Cultivation of Marginal Soil With Sida hermaphrodita. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1095. [PMID: 30131816 PMCID: PMC6090160 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Improving fertility of marginal soils for the sustainable production of biomass is a strategy for reducing land use conflicts between food and energy crops. Digestates can be used as fertilizer and for soil amelioration. In order to promote plant growth and reduce potential adverse effects on roots because of broadcast digestate fertilization, we propose to apply local digestate depots placed into the rhizosphere. We grew Sida hermaphrodita in large mesocosms outdoors for three growing seasons and in rhizotrons in the greenhouse for 3 months both filled with marginal substrate, including multiple sampling dates. We compared digestate broadcast application with digestate depot fertilization and a mineral fertilizer control. We show that depot fertilization promotes a deep reaching root system of S. hermaphrodita seedlings followed by the formation of a dense root cluster around the depot-fertilized zone, resulting in a fivefold increased biomass yield. Temporal adverse effects on root growth were linked to high initial concentrations of ammonium and nitrite in the rhizosphere in either fertilizer application, followed by a high biomass increase after its microbial conversion to nitrate. We conclude that digestate depot fertilization can contribute to an improved cultivation of perennial energy-crops on marginal soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Nabel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Silvia D. Schrey
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert Koller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte C. Dietrich
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Briese
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohankumar Sajeev EP, Winiwarter W, Amon B. Greenhouse Gas and Ammonia Emissions from Different Stages of Liquid Manure Management Chains: Abatement Options and Emission Interactions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:30-41. [PMID: 29415114 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.05.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Farm livestock manure is an important source of ammonia and greenhouse gases. Concerns over the environmental impact of emissions from manure management have resulted in research efforts focusing on emission abatement. However, questions regarding the successful abatement of manure-related emissions remain. This study uses a meta-analytical approach comprising 89 peer-reviewed studies to quantify emission reduction potentials of abatement options for liquid manure management chains from cattle and pigs. Analyses of emission reductions highlight the importance of accounting for interactions between emissions. Only three out of the eight abatement options considered (frequent removal of manure, anaerobic digesters, and manure acidification) reduced ammonia (3-60%), nitrous oxide (21-55%), and methane (29-74%) emissions simultaneously, whereas in all other cases, tradeoffs were identified. The results demonstrate that a shift from single-stage emission abatement options towards a whole-chain perspective is vital in reducing overall emissions along the manure management chain. The study also identifies some key elements like proper clustering, reporting of influencing factors, and explicitly describing assumptions associated with abatement options that can reduce variability in emission reduction estimates. Prioritization of abatement options according to their functioning can help to determine low-risk emission reduction options, specifically options that alter manure characteristics (e.g., reduced protein diets, anaerobic digestion, or slurry acidification). These insights supported by comprehensive emission measurement studies can help improve the effectiveness of emission abatement and harmonize strategies aimed at reducing air pollution and climate change simultaneously.
Collapse
|
9
|
Duncan EW, Dell CJ, Kleinman PJA, Beegle DB. Nitrous Oxide and Ammonia Emissions from Injected and Broadcast-Applied Dairy Slurry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2017; 46:36-44. [PMID: 28177424 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2016.05.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trade-offs associated with surface application or injection of manure pose important environmental and agronomic concerns. Manure injection can conserve nitrogen (N) by decreasing ammonia (NH) volatilization. However, the injection band also creates conditions that potentially favor nitrous oxide (NO) production: an abundant organic substrate-promoting microbial activity, anaerobic conditions favoring denitrification, and large local concentrations of N. We assessed differences in NH volatilization and NO emissions with broadcast application versus shallow disk injection of dairy slurry during the 2011 to 2013 growing seasons on a well-drained silt loam that received average manure-N application rates of 180 kg N ha via injection or 200 kg N ha via broadcast. Ammonia emissions were measured using a photoacoustic gas analyzer and chambers, and NO emissions were measured using syringes to draw timed samples from vented chambers with analysis by gas chromatograph. Results point to a 92 to 98% (3.02-11.05 kg NH-N ha) reduction in NH volatilization (for the initial sampling) with injection compared with broadcasting manure but also reveal 84 to 152% (725.9-3187.8 g NO-N ha) greater cumulative NO emissions. Although losses of N via NO emission were at least three orders of magnitude less than NH volatilization, their potential role as a greenhouse gas is of concern. Despite the potential greenhouse gas trade-offs associated with shallow disk injection of manure, decreasing NH volatilization provides a substantial benefit, especially to farmers who are trying to conserve N and improve the N/P ratio of soil-applied manure.
Collapse
|
10
|
Louro A, Cárdenas LM, García MI, Báez D. Greenhouse gas fluxes from a grazed grassland soil after slurry injections and mineral fertilizer applications under the Atlantic climatic conditions of NW Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:258-269. [PMID: 27567389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies that investigate how agricultural practices on dairy farms in the North West (NW) of Spain affect greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from soils is limited. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify the effects of the application of mineral fertilizers and cattle slurry injections on GHG fluxes from a grassland soil with grazing dairy cattle, in Galicia (NW Spain). We also aimed to identify the type of fertilizer associated with high grass production and low GHG fluxes. To achieve this, fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), grass yields and soil mineral nitrogen (N) contents were monitored after three applications (in spring, summer and autumn) of surface broadcasted mineral fertilizer (MN) and injected cattle slurry (CS) and compared with no fertilization (zero N). Dry soil conditions (<60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)) were observed during the spring and summer, contrasting with the higher soil WFPS (>60%) in autumn due to the more frequent rainfall. Overall, total cumulative N2O fluxes from CS were similar than from MN (P>0.05), indicating that denitrification in this C-rich soil was not stimulated by slurry-carbon applications. Large losses of CH4 and CO2 were related to CS, but overall only total cumulative CH4 fluxes were larger with respect to MN (P<0.05). Dry weather conditions would have stimulated organic matter mineralization in this soil, which resulted in the low efficiency of both fertilizers to increase yields. As we obtained similar total CO2 equivalents to produce same yields with both types of fertilization (P>0.05), this study did not show a clear type of fertilization related to low GHG fluxes and high yields. We believe that longer-term studies are required to provide more robust estimations and conclusions about the effect of fertilizer applications on GHG fluxes from grassland soils in NW Spain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aránzazu Louro
- Mabegondo Agricultural Research Centre (CIAM-INGACAL), Xunta de Galicia, Carretera AC-542 de Betanzos a Mesón do Vento, km 7, 15318, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain.
| | | | - María Isabel García
- Mabegondo Agricultural Research Centre (CIAM-INGACAL), Xunta de Galicia, Carretera AC-542 de Betanzos a Mesón do Vento, km 7, 15318, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Dolores Báez
- Mabegondo Agricultural Research Centre (CIAM-INGACAL), Xunta de Galicia, Carretera AC-542 de Betanzos a Mesón do Vento, km 7, 15318, Abegondo, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Givens CE, Kolpin DW, Borchardt MA, Duris JW, Moorman TB, Spencer SK. Detection of hepatitis E virus and other livestock-related pathogens in Iowa streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:1042-1051. [PMID: 27318519 PMCID: PMC7111295 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Manure application is a source of pathogens to the environment. Through overland runoff and tile drainage, zoonotic pathogens can contaminate surface water and streambed sediment and could affect both wildlife and human health. This study examined the environmental occurrence of gene markers for livestock-related bacterial, protozoan, and viral pathogens and antibiotic resistance in surface waters within the South Fork Iowa River basin before and after periods of swine manure application on agricultural land. Increased concentrations of indicator bacteria after manure application exceeding Iowa's state bacteria water quality standards suggest that swine manure contributes to diminished water quality and may pose a risk to human health. Additionally, the occurrence of HEV and numerous bacterial pathogen genes for Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus in both manure samples and in corresponding surface water following periods of manure application suggests a potential role for swine in the spreading of zoonotic pathogens to the surrounding environment. During this study, several zoonotic pathogens were detected including Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, pathogenic enterococci, and S. aureus; all of which can pose mild to serious health risks to swine, humans, and other wildlife. This research provides the foundational understanding required for future assessment of the risk to environmental health from livestock-related zoonotic pathogen exposures in this region. This information could also be important for maintaining swine herd biosecurity and protecting the health of wildlife near swine facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie E Givens
- U.S. Geological Survey, 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5, Lansing, MI 48911, United States.
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, IA 52240, United States
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Drive, Marshfield, WI 54449, United States
| | - Joseph W Duris
- U.S. Geological Survey, 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5, Lansing, MI 48911, United States
| | - Thomas B Moorman
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2110 University Boulevard, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Susan K Spencer
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Drive, Marshfield, WI 54449, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kulesza SB, Maguire RO, Xia K, Cushman J, Knowlton K, Ray P. Manure Injection Affects the Fate of Pirlimycin in Surface Runoff and Soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:511-518. [PMID: 27065398 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.06.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics used in animal agriculture are of increasing environmental concern due to the potential for increased antibiotic resistance after land application of manure. Manure application technology may affect the environmental behavior of these antibiotics. Therefore, rainfall simulations were conducted on plots receiving three manure treatments (surface application, subsurface injection, and no manure control) to determine the fate and transport of pirlimycin, an antibiotic commonly used in dairy production. Rainfall simulations were conducted immediately and 7 d after application of dairy manure spiked with 128 ng g (wet weight) pirlimycin. Soil samples were collected from all plots at two depths (0-5 and 5-20 cm). For injection plots, soil was collected from injection slits and between slits. Pirlimycin concentrations were higher in soil within the injection slits compared with surface application plots at 0 and 7 d. Pirlimycin concentrations in the 0- to 5-cm depth decreased by 30, 55, and 87% in the injection slit, between injection slits, and surface application plots 7 d after application. Pirlimycin concentrations were 106 ng g in sediment and 4.67 ng mL in water from the surface application plots, which were 21 and 32 times that of the injection plots, respectively. After 7 d, pirlimycin levels in runoff sediment and water decreased 80 to 98%. Surface application resulted in six and three times higher pirlimycin concentrations in water and sediment than injection. These results indicate that pirlimycin is most susceptible to loss immediately after manure application. Thus, injection could be considered a best management practice to prevent loss of antibiotics in surface runoff.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aita C, Gonzatto R, Miola ECC, B D, Santos D, Rochette P, Angers DA, Chantigny MH, Pujol SB, Giacomini DA, Giacomini SJ. Injection of Dicyandiamide-Treated Pig Slurry Reduced Ammonia Volatilization without Enhancing Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions from No-Till Corn in Southern Brazil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:789-800. [PMID: 25602808 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.07.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of information on how placement in soil and nitrification inhibitors affects nitrous oxide (NO) and ammonia (NH) emissions from pig slurry (PS) applied under no-till (NT) conditions. Our objective was to determine the impact of injecting PS and treating it with the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on NH and NO emissions from soils under NT in subtropical southern Brazil. The emissions of these gases were compared for shallow (∼ 10 cm) injection and surface broadcasting of PS with and without DCD (8.1-10.0 kg ha; 6.5-8.4% of applied NH-N). Measurements were made at two sites during two summer growing seasons under NT corn crops. Injection reduced NH volatilization by 70% but increased NO emissions 2.4-fold (from 2628 to 6198 g NO N ha) compared with surface broadcast application. Adding DCD to PS inhibited nitrification and reduced NO emissions by an average of 28% (730 g NO-N ha) for surface broadcast and 66% (4105 g NO-N ha) for injection but did not increase NH volatilization. Consequently, NO emission factors were much higher for injection (3.6%) than for surface broadcast (1.3%) application and were reduced (0.9%) when DCD was added to injected PS. In conclusion, the injection of DCD-treated slurry is a recommendable practice for reducing NH and NO emissions when applying PS on NT corn in southern Brazil.
Collapse
|
14
|
Griffing EM, Schauer RL, Rice CW. Life cycle assessment of fertilization of corn and corn-soybean rotations with Swine manure and synthetic fertilizer in iowa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2014; 43:709-722. [PMID: 25602672 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.04.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Life cycle assessment is the predominant method to compare energy and environmental impacts of agricultural production systems. In this life cycle study, we focused on the comparison of swine manure to synthetic fertilizer as nutrients for corn production in Iowa. Deep pit (DP) and anaerobic lagoon (AL) treatment systems were compared separately, and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) was chosen as the representative synthetic fertilizer. The two functional units used were fertilization of 1000 kg of corn in a continuous corn system and fertilization of a crop yielding 1000 kg of corn and a crop yielding 298 kg of soybean in a 2-yr corn-soybean rotation. Iowa-specific versions of emission factors and energy use were used when available and compared with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change values. Manure was lower than synthetic fertilizer for abiotic depletion and about equal with respect to eutrophication. Synthetic fertilizer was lower than manure for global warming potential (GWP) and acidification. The choice of allocation method and life cycle boundary were important in understanding the context of these results. In the DP system, methane (CH) from housing was the largest contributor to the GWP, accounting for 60% of the total impact. When storage systems were compared, the DP system had 50% less GWP than the AL system. This comparison was due to reduction in CH emissions from the storage system and conservation of nitrogen. Nitrous oxide emissions were the biggest contributor to the GWP of UAN fertilization and the second biggest contributor to the GWP of manure. Monte Carlo and scenario analyses were used to test the robustness of the results and sensitivity to methodology and important impact factors. The available crop-land and associated plant nutrient needs in Iowa was compared with manure production for the current hog population. On a state- or county-wide level, there was generally an excess of available land. On a farm level, there is often an excess of manure, which necessitates long-distance transport.
Collapse
|
15
|
Montes F, Meinen R, Dell C, Rotz A, Hristov AN, Oh J, Waghorn G, Gerber PJ, Henderson B, Makkar HPS, Dijkstra J. SPECIAL TOPICS — Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: II. A review of manure management mitigation options1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5070-94. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Montes
- Plant Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - R. Meinen
- Animal Science Department, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - C. Dell
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A. Rotz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802
| | - A. N. Hristov
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - J. Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | | | - P. J. Gerber
- Agriculture and Consumer protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - B. Henderson
- Agriculture and Consumer protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - H. P. S. Makkar
- Agriculture and Consumer protection Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - J. Dijkstra
- Wageningen University, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dell CJ, Kleinman PJA, Schmidt JP, Beegle DB. Low-disturbance manure incorporation effects on ammonia and nitrate loss. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2012; 41:928-937. [PMID: 22565274 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Low-disturbance manure application methods can provide the benefits of manure incorporation, including reducing ammonia (NH3) emissions, in production systems where tillage is not possible. However, incorporation can exacerbate nitrate (NO3⁻) leaching. We sought to assess the trade-offs in NH3 and NO3⁻ losses caused by alternative manure application methods. Dairy slurry (2006-2007) and liquid swine manure (2008-2009) were applied to no-till corn by (i) shallow (<10 cm) disk injection, (ii) surface banding with soil aeration, (iii) broadcasting, and (iv) broadcasting with tillage incorporation. Ammonia emissions were monitored for 72 h after application using ventilated chambers and passive diffusion samplers, and NO3⁻ leaching to 80 cm was monitored with buried column lysimeters. The greatest NH3 emissions occurred with broadcasting (35-63 kg NH3-N ha⁻), and the lowest emissions were from unamended soil (<1 kg NH-N ha⁻¹). Injection decreased NH-N emissions by 91 to 99% compared with broadcasting and resulted in lower emissions than tillage incorporation 1 h after broadcasting. Ammonia-nitrogen emissions from banding manure with aeration were inconsistent between years, averaging 0 to 71% that of broadcasting. Annual NO3⁻ leaching losses were small (<25 kg NO3-N ha⁻¹) and similar between treatments, except for the first winter when NO3⁻ leaching was fivefold greater with injection. Because NO3⁻ leaching with injection was substantially lower over subsequent seasons, we hypothesize that the elevated losses during the first winter were through preferential flow paths inadvertently created during lysimeter installation. Overall, shallow disk injection yielded the lowest NH3 emissions without consistently increasing NO3⁻ leaching, whereas manure banding with soil aeration conserved inconsistent amounts of N.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis J Dell
- USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Maguire RO, Kleinman PJA, Beegle DB. Novel manure management technologies in no-till and forage introduction to the special series. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2011; 40:287-291. [PMID: 21520734 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2010.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface application of manures leaves nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) susceptible to being lost in runoff, and N can also be lost to the atmosphere through ammonia (IH3) volatilization. Tillage immediately after surface application of manure moves manure nutrients under the soil surface, where they are less vulnerable to runoff and volatilization loss. Tillage, however, destroys soil structure, can lead to soil erosion, and is incompatible with forage and no-till systems. A variety of technologies are now available to place manure nutrients under the soil surface, but these are not widely used as surface broadcasting is cheap and long established as the standard method for land application of manure. This collection of papers includes agronomic, environmental, and economic assessments of subsurface manure application technologies, many of which clearly show benefits when comparedwith surface broadcasting. However, there remain significant gaps in our current knowledge, some related to the site-specific nature of technological performance, others related to the nascent and incomplete nature of the assessment process. Thus, while we know that we can improve land application of manure and the sustainability of farming systems with alternatives to surface broadcasting, many questions remain concerning which technologies work best for particular soils, manure types, and farming and cropping systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory O Maguire
- Dep. Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|