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Noyes I, Koiter A, Jarvie HP, Plach JM, Lobb DA, Glasauer S, Macrae ML. Potential phosphorus mobilization from riparian vegetation following freezing. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122710. [PMID: 39395292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/14/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) rich runoff from agricultural landscapes is a major contributor to freshwater eutrophication. Vegetated riparian zones are often employed to retain P from field runoff before it enters streams. In cold regions, vegetation has the potential to release P to runoff following freezing; however, it is unclear if this differs with winter frost severity, riparian zone local topography, vegetation type, and/or exposure to flooding/inundation. To explore the vulnerability of riparian vegetation to winter P losses, this study quantified soil and vegetation P concentrations from 8 riparian zones in Canada at different topographic positions within each riparian site (upper/field edge, lower/water edge) in both the fall and spring seasons and related this to observed surface temperatures and water levels throughout the non-growing season. This was complemented by two laboratory mesocosm experiments in which (1) plant samples were subjected to moderate (-40C) and severe (-250C) simulated winter frost treatments to quantify changes in their water extractable P (WEP) content, and (2) mesocosms were inundated with water to determine if dissolved P concentrations in flood water differed when plants were left intact, clipped but left on the soil surface, or harvested. Greater soil and vegetation P concentrations were observed at upper locations (field edge), and this remained consistent following freezing; however, vegetation WEP concentrations increased with greater simulated frost severity. In the field, temperatures were moderated by snow cover and although differences with riparian zone position were apparent between fall and spring collected samples, changes in P pools did not appear to be related to frost severity or inundation in the field. The mesocosm experiment revealed that harvesting vegetation considerably reduced dissolved P concentrations in flood water. This study shows that vegetated riparian zones can act as a source of P to streams during the winter non-growing season, and highlights the potential for riparian vegetation management in reducing P losses from riparian zones in cold climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Noyes
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - A Koiter
- Department of Geography, Brandon University, Brandon, Manitoba, R7A 6A9, Canada.
| | - H P Jarvie
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; The Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - J M Plach
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; The Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - D A Lobb
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba (Fort Garry Campus), Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - S Glasauer
- Department of Land Resource Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - M L Macrae
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada; The Water Institute, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Ramler D, Strauss P. Site matters: site-specific factors control phosphorus retention in buffer strip soils under concentrated field runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:48154-48163. [PMID: 39017864 PMCID: PMC11297899 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Soil erosion from agricultural fields is a persistent ecological problem, potentially leading to eutrophication of aquatic habitats in the catchment area. Often used and recommended mitigation measures are vegetated filter strips (VFS) as buffer zones between arable land and water bodies. However, if they are designed and managed poorly, nutrients - especially phosphorus (P) - may accumulate in the soil. Ultimately, VFS can switch from being a nutrient sink to a source. This problem is further aggravated if the field runoff does not occur as uniform sheet flow, but rather in concentrated form, as is usually the case. To assess the impact of concentrated flow on VFS performance, we have taken soil core samples from field-VFS transition zones at six sites in Lower Austria. We determined a multitude of physical and chemical soil parameters, focusing on P fractions and indices. Our results revealed that concentrated flow can lead to an accumulation of P in the VFS. P levels in the VFS inside the area of concentrated runoff can be equal to or higher than in the field, even though they receive no direct fertilization. However, the concentration and distribution of nutrients in the fields and VFSs were also site-specific and affected by local factors such as the age of the VFS, cropping, and fertilization. Accordingly, there is a need for more sophisticated, bespoke VFS designs that can cope with site-specific runoff volumes and movements of nutrients that occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramler
- Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, Pollnbergstraße 1, 3252, Petzenkirchen, Austria.
| | - Peter Strauss
- Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, Pollnbergstraße 1, 3252, Petzenkirchen, Austria
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Stackhouse LA, Coops NC, Kuiper SD, Hinch SG, White JC, Tompalski P, Nonis A, Gergel SE. Modeling instream temperature from solar insolation under varying timber harvesting intensities using RPAS laser scanning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169459. [PMID: 38123099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Stream temperatures are influenced by the amount of solar insolation they receive. Increasing stream temperatures associated with climate warming pose detrimental health risks to freshwater ecosystems. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, timber harvesting along forested streams is managed using riparian buffer zones of varying widths and designations. Within buffer zones, depending on distance from the stream, selective thinning may be permitted or harvest may be forbidden. In this study, we used airborne laser scanning (ALS) point cloud data acquired via a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) to derive forest canopy characteristics that were then used to estimate daily incoming summer and fall solar insolation for five stream reaches in coastal conifer-dominated temperate forests in Vancouver Island, BC, Canada. We then examined empirical relationships between estimated insolation and actual instream temperature measurements. Based on these empirical relationships, the potential effects of timber harvest on instream temperatures were simulated by comparing scenarios of different riparian forest harvest intensities. Our results indicated that modeled solar insolation explained 43-90 % of the variation in observed stream reach temperatures, and furthermore, when a single cold-water stream reach was excluded explained an overall 81 % of variation. Simulated harvesting scenarios generally projected increases in maximum stream reach temperatures 1-2 °C in summer and early fall months. However, in a full clearcut scenario (i.e. where all trees were removed), maximum stream reach temperatures increased as much as 5.8 °C. Our results emphasize the importance of retaining riparian vegetation for the maintenance of habitable temperatures for freshwater-reliant fish with thermal restrictions. In addition, we demonstrate the feasibility of RPAS-based monitoring of stream reach shading and canopy cover, enabling detailed assessment of environmental stressors faced by fish populations under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna A Stackhouse
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Nicholas C Coops
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Spencer Dakin Kuiper
- Department of Forest Resources Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanne C White
- Canadian Forest Service (Pacific Forestry Centre), Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piotr Tompalski
- Canadian Forest Service (Pacific Forestry Centre), Natural Resources Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alyssa Nonis
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah E Gergel
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Sandström S, Lannergård EE, Futter MN, Djodjic F. Water quality in a large complex catchment: Significant effects of land use and soil type but limited ability to detect trends. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 349:119500. [PMID: 37951108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, significant societal resources are devoted to mitigating negative effects of eutrophication from excessive phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) loading. Potential effectiveness of mitigation measures and possible confounding factors are often assessed using studies conducted in headwater catchments. However, success is often evaluated based on trends in river mouth water chemistry. It is not clear how transferrable insights from headwater catchments are to larger rivers. Here, relationships between P and suspended solids (SS) identified in small agricultural headwater catchments were applied to 30 larger, mixed land use catchments draining into Mälaren, a Swedish great lake. Relationships identified in headwater streams between SS concentration, catchment agricultural land percentage and arable land clay content were corroborated for the larger catchments (R2 = 0.59, p-value<0.001. The same was true for connections between SS and particulate P (R2 = 0.74, p-value<0.001). This study highlights the importance of agricultural land, clay content and SS for P transport, on both smaller headwater as well as larger catchment scales, supporting the use of headwater findings on larger, management relevant scales. Consequently, these relationships should be used to target mitigation measures to reduce SS and P losses. To explore the effectiveness of mitigation measures on water quality, we assessed long-term (20 year) trends in tributary water quality and compared these trends to the amount of mitigation measures implemented in the catchment. Overall improving trends were detected using regional Mann Kendall tests, but few decreasing trends in nutrient concentrations were found for individual sites using Generalized Additive Models (GAM). The lack of significant trends and identifiable connections to amount of mitigation measures implemented could be due to several reasons, e.g. insufficient time for recently implemented measures to have an effect, ongoing release of legacy P as well as low areal coverage and poor spatial placement of implemented measures. In addition, trend detection requires large amounts of data and the results should be carefully interpreted and communicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sandström
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO-Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Emma E Lannergård
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO-Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martyn N Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO-Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Faruk Djodjic
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO-Box 7050, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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Dai T, Liu R, Zhou X, Zhang J, Song M, Zou P, Bi X, Li S. Role of Lake Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones in the Ecological Restoration of Eutrophic Water Bodies. TOXICS 2023; 11:560. [PMID: 37505526 PMCID: PMC10385339 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater lake eutrophication is a global concern causing adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. The degradation of lake aquatic-terrestrial ecotones, which are the transitional zones between terrestrial and water ecosystems, contributes to eutrophication. These ecotones play vital roles in nutrient cycling, runoff control, biodiversity conservation, and habitat provision. In the past three decades, the research on lake aquatic-terrestrial ecotones has focused on techniques for managing contaminants and runoff purification. This paper reviews the recent studies on the restoration ability of eutrophic water bodies in lake aquatic-terrestrial ecotones in recent years regarding three aspects: the establishment, restoration mechanism, and improvement of restoration function. In addition, ecological factors such as lakeshore height, water level, surface runoff, shallow groundwater level, and rainfall intensity have impacts on the restoration capacity of lake aquatic-terrestrial ecotones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Dai
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xingxing Zhou
- Architecture and Environment, Ningxia Institute of Science and Technology, Shizuishan 753000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- International School of Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Mengting Song
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066064, China
| | - Ping Zou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaoyi Bi
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shuibing Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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6
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Nsenga Kumwimba M, Huang J, Dzakpasu M, De Silva K, Ohore OE, Ajibade FO, Li X, Jingjun S, Muyembe DK, Kaixuan H. An updated review of the efficacy of buffer zones in warm/temperate and cold climates: Insights into processes and drivers of nutrient retention. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 336:117646. [PMID: 36871447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The transport of excess nutrients into freshwater systems constitutes a serious risk to both water quality and aquatic health. Vegetated buffer zones (VBZs) next to waterways are increasingly used in many parts of the world to successfully intercept and eliminate pollutants and other materials in overland flow, especially in warm or temperate regions. The major processes for the retention of pollutants in VBZ are microbial degradation, infiltration, deposition, filtration, adsorption, degradation, assimilation, etc. The effectiveness of the VBZ relies on several environmental factors, including BZ width, runoff intensity, slope, soil texture, temperature, vegetation type, etc. Among the reported factors, cold weather possesses the most detrimental impact on many of the processes that VBZ are designed to carry out. The freezing temperatures result in ice formation, interrupting biological activity, infiltration and sorption, etc. In the last twenty years, burgeoning research has been carried out on the reduction of diffuse nutrient pollution losses from agricultural lands using VBZ. Nonetheless, a dearth of studies has dealt with the problems and concerns in cold climates, representing an important knowledge gap in this area. In addition, the effectiveness of VBZ in terms of nutrient removal abilities varies from -136% to 100%, a range that reveals the incertitude surrounding the role of VBZ in cold regions. Moreover, frozen soils and plants may release nutrients after undergoing several freeze-thaw cycles followed by runoff events in spring snowmelt. This review suggests that the management and design of VBZ in cold climates needs close examination, and these systems might not frequently serve as a good management approach to decrease nutrient movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Faculty of Agronomy, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Jinlou Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mawuli Dzakpasu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, China
| | - Koshila De Silva
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, And Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Akure, PMB 704, Nigeria
| | - Xuyong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Su Jingjun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Diana Kavidia Muyembe
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Huang Kaixuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Root exudate-derived compounds stimulate the phosphorus solubilizing ability of bacteria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4050. [PMID: 36899103 PMCID: PMC10006420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Low phosphorus (P) availability in soils is a major challenge for sustainable food production, as most soil P is often unavailable for plant uptake and effective strategies to access this P are limited. Certain soil occurring bacteria and root exudate-derived compounds that release P are in combination promising tools to develop applications that increase phosphorus use efficiency in crops. Here, we studied the ability of root exudate compounds (galactinol, threonine, and 4-hydroxybutyric acid) induced under low P conditions to stimulate the ability of bacteria to solubilize P. Galactinol, threonine, and 4-hydroxybutyric acid were incubated with the P solubilizing bacterial strains Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes, and Bacillus thuringiensis under either inorganic (calcium phosphate) or organic (phytin) forms of plant-unavailable P. Overall, we found that the addition of individual root exudate compounds did not support bacterial growth rates. However, root exudates supplemented to the different bacterial appeared to enhance P solubilizing activity and overall P availability. Threonine and 4-hydroxybutyric acid induced P solubilization in all three bacterial strains. Subsequent exogenous application of threonine to soils improved the root growth of corn, enhanced nitrogen and P concentrations in roots and increased available levels of potassium, calcium and magnesium in soils. Thus, it appears that threonine might promote the bacterial solubilization and plant-uptake of a variety of nutrients. Altogether, these findings expand on the function of exuded specialized compounds and propose alternative approaches to unlock existing phosphorus reservoirs of P in crop lands.
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Bai J, Chen R, Men X, Cheng X. Divergent linkages of soil phosphorus fractions to edaphic properties following afforestation in the riparian zone of the upper Yangtze river, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137452. [PMID: 36481173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient element for plant growth but it is also one of the elements of agricultural-dominated watershed pollution. While the vegetation in the riparian zone usually plays an important role in regulating P pollutants. However, how afforestation affects soil P dynamics and fractions in the riparian zone remains largely unclear. Here, we investigated soil P fractions, and associated drivers including edaphic properties, microbial attributes, and soil enzyme activities under conversion from cropland to different afforested lands in order to better understand the dynamics of soil P fractions in the riparian zone of the upper Yangtze River. We found that afforestation significantly decreased the concentrations of available phosphorus, microbial biomass P, and labile P fractions, but the moderately labile P and Stable P did not significantly differ among afforestation types. Particularly, the lowest concentration of labile P was observed in Morus alba (M.a.) forests followed by the Salix babylonica (S.b.) forests, whereas croplands generally exhibited an inverse trend with a higher labile P concentration compared to woodlands, especially in croplands nearby Morus alba forests. Generally, P fractions were negatively associated with soil pH and C:N ratio, while positively related to microbial attributes, N:P ratio, and alkaline phosphatase activities. The labile P and moderately labile P fractions were predominantly regulated by biotic factors (i.e., microbial biomass P, microbial biomass N, leucine amino peptidase), whereas the stable P was strongly related to abiotic factors (i.e., total C concentration, pH, C:N ratio). These findings indicate afforestation is conducive to intercept more labile P, resulting in reduced P leaching to rivers. Collectively, our results not only offer direct experimental insight into predicting the effects of afforestation on soil P fractions but also have important implications for agricultural pollution management and reforestation strategies in the riparian zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xiuxian Men
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology and Health in Universities of Yunnan Province, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China.
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Yang Y, Chen Y, Li Z, Zhang Y, Lu L. Microbial community and soil enzyme activities driving microbial metabolic efficiency patterns in riparian soils of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1108025. [PMID: 37180230 PMCID: PMC10171112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1108025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Riparian zones represent important transitional areas between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Microbial metabolic efficiency and soil enzyme activities are important indicators of carbon cycling in the riparian zones. However, how soil properties and microbial communities regulate the microbial metabolic efficiency in these critical zones remains unclear. Thus, microbial taxa, enzyme activities, and metabolic efficiency were conducted in the riparian zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Microbial carbon use efficiency and microbial biomass carbon had a significant increasing trend along the TGR (from upstream to downstream); indicating higher carbon stock in the downstream, microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2) showed the opposite trend. Microbial community and co-occurrence network analysis revealed that although bacterial and fungal communities showed significant differences in composition, this phenomenon was not found in the number of major modules. Soil enzyme activities were significant predictors of microbial metabolic efficiency along the different riparian zones of the TGR and were significantly influenced by microbial α-diversity. The bacterial taxa Desulfobacterota, Nitrospirota and the fungal taxa Calcarisporiellomycota, Rozellomycota showed a significant positive correlation with qCO2. The shifts in key microbial taxa unclassified_k_Fungi in the fungi module #3 are highlighted as essential factors regulating the microbial metabolic efficiency. Structural equation modeling results also revealed that soil enzyme activities had a highly significant negative effect on microbial metabolism efficiency (bacteria, path coefficient = -0.63; fungi, path coefficient = -0.67).This work has an important impact on the prediction of carbon cycling in aquatic-terrestrial ecotones. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hydraulic and Waterway Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Water Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Water Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Lunhui Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Reservoir Water Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Lunhui Lu,
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10
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Jutebring Sterte E, Lidman F, Sjöberg Y, Ploum SW, Laudon H. Groundwater travel times predict DOC in streams and riparian soils across a heterogeneous boreal landscape. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157398. [PMID: 35872199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface waters is an important component of the boreal landscape carbon budget and a critical variable in water quality. A dominant terrestrial DOC source in the boreal landscape is the riparian zone. These near stream areas play a key role in regulating DOC transport between land and aquatic ecosystems. The groundwater dynamics at this interface have been considered a major controlling variable for DOC export to streams. This study focuses on the regulating role of groundwater levels and mean travel times (MTT) on riparian DOC concentrations and, subsequently, stream DOC. This is done by comparing them as explanatory variables to capture the spatial and intra-annual variability of the stream and riparian groundwater DOC. We used a physically based 3D hydrological model, Mike SHE, to simulate DOC concentrations of the riparian zones for 14 sub-catchments within the Krycklan catchment (Sweden). The model concept assumes that DOC concentrations will be higher in groundwater moving through shallow flow paths. In the model, this can be linked to the position of the groundwater table at a point of observation or the travel time, which will generally be shorter for water that has travelled through shallow and more conductive soil layers. We compared the results with both observed stream and groundwater concentrations. The analysis revealed that the correlation between modelled and observed annual averages of stream DOC increased from r = 0.08 to r = 0.87 by using MTT instead of groundwater level. MTT also better captured the observed spatial variability in riparian DOC concentrations and more successfully represented seasonal variability of stream DOC. We, therefore, suggest that MTT is a better predictor than groundwater level for riparian DOC concentration because it can capture a greater variety of catchment heterogeneities, such as variation in soil properties, catchment size, and input from deep groundwater sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Jutebring Sterte
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden; DHI Sweden AB, Skeppsbron 28, SE-111 30 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Lidman
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ylva Sjöberg
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan W Ploum
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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11
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Mary-Lauyé AL, González-Bergonzoni I, Gobel N, Somma A, Silva I, Lucas CM. Baseline assessment of the hydrological network and land use in riparian buffers of Pampean streams of Uruguay. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 195:80. [PMID: 36342548 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The integrated assessment of stream networks and terrestrial land use contributes a critical foundation for understanding and mitigating potential impacts on stream ecology. Riparian zone delineation and management is a key component for regulating water quality, particularly in agricultural watersheds. We present a national assessment of riparian zone land uses according to stream order for the entire hydrological network in the Uruguayan landscape in Southeastern South America. We classified over 82,500 km of streams and rivers in Uruguay into seven Strahler order classes and delineated riparian buffers of 100 and 500 m, depending on stream order, covering a total of 13% of the terrestrial land area in Uruguay. Natural vegetation cover in riparian zones averaged 77% among basins, whereby natural grassland dominated first and second order stream buffers at 58% and 49%, respectively. This highlighted the importance of grasslands in headwater regions of the country. Riparian forests formed corridors along larger streams, representing a mere 9% of buffers in first order streams but reaching 46% of buffers of 6th order streams. Among the six major basins of Uruguay, we found differences in the relative importance of riparian forests and crop cover in headwater stream riparian zones, as well as differences in relative crop cover within riparian zones. Results show that streams in subtropical grassland landscapes originate in open grassland environments, which has major implications for thermal regimes, carbon inputs, and stream biodiversity. Riparian buffer management should consider geographic differences among different basins and ecoregions within Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lucía Mary-Lauyé
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fluvial, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte - Universidad de La República, Km 363, Ruta 3, 6000, Paysandú, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Iván González-Bergonzoni
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fluvial, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte - Universidad de La República, Km 363, Ruta 3, 6000, Paysandú, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Noelia Gobel
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fluvial, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte - Universidad de La República, Km 363, Ruta 3, 6000, Paysandú, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Somma
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fluvial, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte - Universidad de La República, Km 363, Ruta 3, 6000, Paysandú, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Ivana Silva
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fluvial, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte - Universidad de La República, Km 363, Ruta 3, 6000, Paysandú, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Christine M Lucas
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fluvial, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte - Universidad de La República, Km 363, Ruta 3, 6000, Paysandú, Paysandú, Uruguay.
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12
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Dunn RM, Hawkins JMB, Blackwell MSA, Zhang Y, Collins AL. Impacts of different vegetation in riparian buffer strips on runoff and sediment loss. HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 2022; 36:e14733. [PMID: 36636488 PMCID: PMC9828206 DOI: 10.1002/hyp.14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Buffer strips continue to feature in the management of agricultural runoff and water pollution in many countries. Existing research has explored their efficacy for reducing environmental problems in different geoclimatic settings but, the evidence on the efficacy of different vegetation treatments is less abundant than that for other buffer strip characteristics, including width, and is more contradictory in nature. With policy targets for various environmental outcomes including water or air quality and net zero pointing to the need for conversion of agricultural land, the need for robust experimental evidence on the relative benefits of different vegetation types in buffer strips is now renewed. Our experiment used a replicated plot scale facility to compare the efficacy of 12 m wide buffer strips for controlling runoff and suspended sediment loss during 15 sampled storms spanning 2017-2020. The buffer strips comprised three vegetation treatments: a deep rooting grass (Festulolium cv. Prior), a short rotation coppice willow and native broadleaved woodland trees. Over the duration of the monitoring period, reductions in total runoff, compared with the experimental control, were in the order: willow buffer strips (49%); deciduous woodland buffer strips (46%); grass buffer strips (33%). The corresponding reductions in suspended sediment loss, relative to the experimental control, were ordered: willow buffer strips (44%) > deciduous woodland buffer strips (30%) > grass buffer strips (29%). Given the 3-year duration of our new dataset, our results should be seen as providing evidence on the impacts during the establishment phase of the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Dunn
- Net Zero and Resilient FarmingRothamsted ResearchOkehamptonUK
| | | | | | - Yusheng Zhang
- Net Zero and Resilient FarmingRothamsted ResearchOkehamptonUK
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13
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Li W, Siddique MS, Liu M, Graham N, Yu W. The migration and microbiological degradation of dissolved organic matter in riparian soils. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119080. [PMID: 36113239 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Riparian zones are important natural means of water purification, by decreasing the aqueous concentration of terrestrial organic matter (OM) through adsorption and microbial degradation of the organic matter within the aquatic ecosystem. Limited studies have been reported so far concerning the migration of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the horizontal and vertical planes of riparian zones. In this study, the migration of DOM in riparian zones, from forest soil to wetland soil, and with soil depth, were explored, based on a case study reservoir. Results showed that riparian wetlands can absorb the OM from the forest soils and adjacent reservoir, and act as a major OM sink through microbial action. Methylomirabilota and GAL15 bacteria increased with soil depth for the two soil systems, and the wetland soil system also contained microbial sulfates, nitrates and carbonates. These microorganisms successfully utilize the Fe3+, SO4-, and CO3- as electron acceptors in the wetland system, resulting in enhanced OM removal. Although the variation of soil DOM in the vertical direction was the same for both forest and wetland soils, the Chemical structure of the DOM was found to be significantly different. Furthermore, the soil was found to be the main source of DOM in the forest ecosystem, with lignin as the main ingredient. The lignin structure was gradually oxidized and decomposed, with an increase in carboxyl groups, as the lignin diffused down into the soil and the adjacent reservoir. PLS-PM analysis showed that the soil physicochemical properties were the main factors affecting DOM transformation. However, microbial metabolism was still the goes deeper affecting factor. This study will contribute to the analysis that migration and transform of soil organic matter in riparian zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
| | - Muhammad Saboor Siddique
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Nigel Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
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14
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Schütz L, Wenzel B, Rottstock T, Dachbrodt‐Saaydeh S, Golla B, Kehlenbeck H. How to promote multifunctionality of vegetated strips in arable farming: A qualitative approach for Germany. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schütz
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Bettina Wenzel
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Tanja Rottstock
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Silke Dachbrodt‐Saaydeh
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Burkhard Golla
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
| | - Hella Kehlenbeck
- Julius Kühn‐Institut, Institute for Strategies and Technology Assessment Kleinmachnow Germany
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15
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The Relationship between Soil Particle Size Fractions, Associated Carbon Distribution and Physicochemical Properties of Historical Land-Use Types in Newly Formed Reservoir Buffer Strips. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Water impoundment reshapes the ecological environment around the bank-line of newly built reservoirs. Therefore, reservoir buffer strips play a disproportionately large role in the maintenance of ecosystem functions and environmental benefits during the early stage of reservoir formation. However, there are gaps in the research on soil particle-size-associated carbon distribution characteristics within different historical land-use types in newly formed reservoir buffer strips. In this study, we focused on soil particle size fractions, aggregate stability, and particle-size-associated carbon distribution characteristics of different historical land-use types of reservoir buffer strips at distance scale (i.e., different distance from the water) after reservoir impoundment in the Chushandian Reservoir, China, and explored the relationship between them. The results showed that the soil texture of abandoned cropland and grassland are classified as silt loam and woodland are classified as sandy loam; different historical land-use types in newly formed reservoir buffer strips showed significant differences in soil aggregate stability after reservoir impoundment; a distance scale was used to measure these differences, which were mainly due to the dry-wet cycles and water submerged condition caused by the buffers’ different distances from water. The newly formed reservoir buffer strips underwent corresponding changes in the particle-size-associated carbon distribution characteristics after reservoir impoundment, mainly due to the turnover property of different soil particles combined with organic carbon. Reservoir impoundment accelerates the turnover of silt particle and associated nutrients in soils of historical land-use types in newly formed reservoir buffer strips; turnover may be mediated mainly by microbial biomass.
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16
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Palt M, Le Gall M, Piffady J, Hering D, Kail J. A metric-based analysis on the effects of riparian and catchment landuse on macroinvertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151590. [PMID: 34774935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Woody riparian vegetation along rivers and streams provides multiple functions beneficial for aquatic macroinvertebrate communities. They retain fine sediments, nutrients and pesticides, improve channel hydromorphology, control water temperature and primary production through shading and provide leaves, twigs and large wood. In a recent conceptual model (Feld et al., 2018), woody riparian functions were considered either independent from large-scale landuse stressors (e.g. shading, input of organic matter), or dependent on landuse at larger spatial scales (e.g. fine sediment, nutrient and pesticide retention). We tested this concept using high-resolution data on woody riparian vegetation cover and empirical data from 1017 macroinvertebrate sampling sites in German lowland and mountain streams. Macroinvertebrate metrics indicative for individual functions were used as response variables in structural equation models (SEM), representing the hierarchical structure between the different considered stressors at different spatial scales: catchment, upstream riparian, local riparian and local landuse cover along with hydromorphology and water quality. The analysis only partly confirmed the conceptual model: Biotic integrity and water quality were strongly related to large-scale stressors as expected (absolute total effect 0.345-0.541), but against expectations, fine sediments retention, considered scale-dependent in the conceptual model, was poorly explained by large-scale stressors (absolute total effect 0.027-0.231). While most functions considered independent from large-scale landuse were partly explained by riparian landuse cover (absolute total effect 0.023-0.091) they also were nonetheless affected by catchment landuse cover (absolute total effect 0.017-0.390). While many empirical case studies at smaller spatial scales clearly document the positive effects of restoring woody riparian vegetation, our results suggest that most effects of riparian landuse cover are possibly superimposed by larger-scale stressors. This does not negate localized effects of woody riparian vegetation but helps contextualize limitations to successful restoration measures targeting the macroinvertebrate community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Palt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | | | - Jérémy Piffady
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, EcoFlowS, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Daniel Hering
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany; Centre of Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochem Kail
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
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17
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van de Vlasakker PCH, Tonderski K, Metson GS. A Review of Nutrient Losses to Waters From Soil- and Ground-Based Urban Agriculture—More Nutrient Balances Than Measurements. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.842930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban agriculture has a high potential to contribute to local circular economies, for instance by using nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in city organic waste streams as fertilizer inputs. However, inefficient use of waste-derived fertilizers could contribute to local water quality impairment related to nitrogen and phosphorus losses. Organic waste derived fertilizers are particularly challenging from a nutrient stoichiometry perspective, making over- and under-application of a particular nutrient likely. Where, and under what conditions, urban agriculture acts as a net positive for a circular nutrient economy vs. a nutrient water quality risk remains unclear. Here we review empirical peer-reviewed studies (2000–2021) on soil- and ground-based urban agriculture with a stated concern for nutrient losses to water. Of the 20 publications retained and reviewed (out of 241 screened), only seven measured losses to waters. There were four experimental studies, of which three measured nutrient leachate losses under different garden management practices. Of the 16 studies done in real-world conditions, only four quantified losses to water as leachate; average losses spanned 0.005 to 6.5 kg ha−1 for phosphorus, and 0.05 to 140 kg ha−1 for nitrogen. 13 of the 16 non-experimental studies provided data on nutrient inputs and harvested crop outputs, which could be used to calculate garden nutrient balances—an indicator of nutrient use efficiency. Although the value ranges were large, most studied gardens showed nutrient surpluses (inputs > crop harvest) for nitrogen and phosphorus (but not potassium); these surpluses were identified as a risk for losses to water. Contextual factors such as different access to fertilizers and knowledge, along with regulations and environmental factors can help explain the wide range of balance values and nutrient losses observed. Although a large surplus of inputs was often linked to increased leachate losses, it was not always the case in the limited number of studies we identified. Our review suggests that more field studies that measure losses to waters, and document contextual factors, are needed to determine how urban agriculture may contribute to a sustainable circular economy for all three nutrients without nutrient-related water quality impairment.
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18
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Yorlano MF, Demetrio PM, Rimoldi F. Riparian strips as attenuation zones for the toxicity of pesticides in agricultural surface runoff: Relative influence of herbaceous vegetation and terrain slope on toxicity attenuation of 2,4-D. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150655. [PMID: 34597550 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides reach aquatic ecosystems via surface runoff becoming one of the main contributors to their deterioration. Among the strategies to mitigate these impacts, the use of riparian strips is recommended, but the knowledge of how much each ecosystemic variable contributes to the process is still incipient. We analyzed the influence of terrain slope and vegetation in the attenuation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) toxicity in surface runoff using Lactuca sativa as a diagnostic organism. In addition, the differential effects of this herbicide were examined under laboratory conditions, with standardized water and ambient water as a dilution medium. The study was conducted in plots with different terrain slopes and presence/absence of vegetation. The herbicide was applied to each plot and rain was subsequently simulated. The runoff was collected at regular distances and the toxicity was measured. The runoff toxicity decreased with the distance from the application area in all plots, this reduction being greater in low-slope plots. No differences in attenuation of runoff toxicity were found between plots with and without vegetation. The data were incorporated into models to estimate the minimum widths of safety to reduce the toxicity of 2,4-D by 90% under these conditions, suggesting distances of 5 and 20 m for low-slope and high-slope zones, respectively. In laboratory experiments, lower relative toxicity of 2,4-D was detected when natural water was used as solvent. These results contribute to the design of sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Yorlano
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 n° 1489, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC, CONICET/UNMdP), Rodríguez Peña 4046, Mar del Plata 7600, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario (IGCyC, UNMdP/CIC), Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Martín Demetrio
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 n° 1489, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Rimoldi
- Centro de Investigaciones del Medio Ambiente (CIM), CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 n° 1489, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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19
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Thinning and Gap Harvest Effects on Soil, Tree and Stand Characteristics in Hybrid Poplar Bioenergy Buffers on Farmland. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Linear bioenergy buffers planted with fast-growing trees along field edges are increasingly used to address challenges related to sustainable biomass production, climate change mitigation (i.e., carbon storage and microclimate regulation), water quality protection, and forest habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes. This study assessed: (1) the extent to which 15 m wide hybrid poplar bioenergy buffers (1666 stems/ha) with closed canopy responded to thinning (diamond pattern of tree removal); (2) the regrowth of poplars from cut stumps following gap harvesting; (3) the effects of harvesting treatments on soil microclimate and nutrient availability; and (4) the spatiotemporal pattern of tree growth in unthinned plots. After three post-thinning years, results showed a strong growth response of seven-year-old hybrid poplar trees to thinning (12% increase in diameter and 30% increase in individual stem volume), accompanied by a slight decline in stand productivity. Gap harvesting was not an effective treatment to regenerate the stand from shoots growing from cut stumps because of the high deer browsing. Overall, thinning had marginal effects on soil nutrients and microclimate, compared with gap harvesting, which increased soil temperature, soil moisture, and the availability of several macro and micronutrients. However, harvest effects on soil nutrients were mostly observed during the first postharvest year, with the exception of soil nitrate, which was lowest in the gap treatment during the second postharvest year. Finally, the spatial pattern observed in tree growth between the buffer rows suggests that other more operational thinning patterns (row or corridor thinning) need to be evaluated in linear buffers.
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20
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Stefanidis K, Oikonomou A, Papastergiadou E. Responses of different facets of aquatic plant diversity along environmental gradients in Mediterranean streams: Results from rivers of Greece. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113307. [PMID: 34328867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic and riparian plants play a crucial role in the functioning of riverine ecosystems. Hence, analyzing multiple facets of plant diversity could be extremely useful for assessing the ecological integrity of lotic ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to investigate the response of multiple facets of aquatic plant diversity, such as species richness, taxonomic distinctness and compositional dissimilarity, to environmental factors (i.e. nutrient pollution and hydromorphological alteration) in 72 stream reaches of mainland Greece. We employed Generalized Additive Models to identify the variables with the highest influence and examine the response of species richness and taxonomic distinctness to environmental gradients. The relationship between compositional dissimilarity and the environment was examined with Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling. Our results supported our hypothesis that human disturbances play a considerable role in shaping macrophyte assemblages. In particular, phosphates and hydromorphological modification were significant predictors of species richness, whereas taxonomic distinctness was unaffected by indicators of anthropogenic stress but it was influenced mostly by elevation, water temperature and pH. Concerning the compositional dissimilarity, geographic distance, elevation, temperature and total inorganic nitrogen were the most important environmental parameters. Our findings suggest that human stressors, such as hydromorphological modification and nutrient enrichment, affect the plant species richness at stream reach scale, but when considering community composition or taxonomic distinctness, environmental factors associated with the natural variability (e.g. elevation, temperature and geographic distance) are of higher importance. Overall, our results emphasize the advantage of examining multiple aspects of diversity when designing conservation schemes and management plans for riparian areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stefanidis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km of Athens-Sounio Ave., 19013, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece; Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus Rio, GR 26500, Patras, Greece.
| | - Anthi Oikonomou
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters, 46.7 km of Athens-Sounio Ave., 19013, Anavyssos, Attiki, Greece
| | - Eva Papastergiadou
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, University Campus Rio, GR 26500, Patras, Greece
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21
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Vermaat JE, Palt M, Piffady J, Putnins A, Kail J. The effect of riparian woodland cover on ecosystem service delivery by river floodplains: a scenario assessment. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan E. Vermaat
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås 1432 Norway
| | - Martin Palt
- Department of Aquatic Ecology University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen 45117 Germany
| | | | - Arturs Putnins
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås 1432 Norway
| | - Jochem Kail
- Department of Aquatic Ecology University of Duisburg‐Essen Essen 45117 Germany
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22
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Arif M, Jie Z, Wokadala C, Songlin Z, Zhongxun Y, Zhangting C, Zhi D, Xinrui H, Changxiao L. Assessing riparian zone changes under the influence of stress factors in higher-order streams and tributaries: Implications for the management of massive dams and reservoirs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:146011. [PMID: 33647660 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Riparian ecosystem services along higher-order streams and connected tributaries may change over time as disturbances continuously increase, resulting in diverse deterioration of buffer zones. How habitat, plant cover, regeneration, erosion, and exotic parameters (riparian health conditions) change within huge dams and reservoirs worldwide is an unanswered question. We used multivariate statistical techniques to assess changes in riparian health parameters affected by disturbances identified in 304 transects within the Three Gorges Dam Reservoir, China, and associated tributaries. Kruskal-Wallis tests (p < 0.01) revealed high diversity in habitat, plant cover, regeneration, erosion, and overall stream condition. There was also notable variance relating to exotic and pressure parameters. The critical variables of riparian health indicators and stress factors identified by principal component analysis explained 58.40% and 74.6% (in the main waterway) and 53.23% and 71.0% (in the tributaries) of the total variance. Among riparian health indicators, one habitat parameter (riparian vegetation width) in the main waterway and one regeneration parameter (tree size classes) in tributaries contributed greatly, along with other specified parameters. Furthermore, stress factors such as farming systems, land-use types, and pollutant activity variables had the highest impact on these water bodies. In comparison, counting stress factors alone showed more deterioration in the main waterway with a range of (r = -0.527- 0.493), as determined using Pearson correlation (p < 0.05). Furthermore, after indexing, the parameters exhibited weaker coefficient values in tributaries, where exotic correlated negatively with other indexed values. These findings are relevant for managers of massive dam and reservoir ecosystems seeking to mitigate environmental and socioeconomic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arif
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Punjab Forest Department, Government of Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Zheng Jie
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Charles Wokadala
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhang Songlin
- Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Yuan Zhongxun
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chen Zhangting
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Dong Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - He Xinrui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Li Changxiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Ministry of Education), Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Ecology and Resources Research in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, College of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Forested Riparian Buffers Change the Taxonomic and Functional Composition of Stream Invertebrate Communities in Agricultural Catchments. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Riparian zones form the interface between stream and terrestrial ecosystems and play a key role through their vegetation structure in determining stream biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and regulating human impacts, such as warming, nutrient enrichment and sedimentation. We assessed how differing riparian vegetation types influence the structural and functional composition (based on species traits) of stream invertebrate communities in agricultural catchments. We characterized riparian and stream habitat conditions and sampled stream invertebrate communities in 10 independent site pairs, each comprising one “unbuffered” reach lacking woody riparian vegetation and a second downstream reach with a woody riparian buffer. Forested riparian buffers were associated with greater shading, increased gravel content in stream substrates and faster flow velocities. We detected changes in invertebrate taxonomic composition in response to buffer presence, with an increase in sensitive Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa and increases in key invertebrate species traits, including species with preference for gravel substrates and aerial active dispersal as adults. Riparian vegetation independently explained most variation in taxa composition, whereas riparian and instream habitat together explained most variation in functional composition. Our results highlight how changes in stream invertebrate trait distributions may indirectly reflect differences in riparian habitat, with implications for stream health and cross-ecosystem connectivity.
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Pressures and Status of the Riparian Vegetation in Greek Rivers: Overview and Preliminary Assessment. HYDROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology8010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Riparian zones play an important role in the ecological stability of rivers. In particular, the quality of the riparian vegetation is a significant component of the hydromorphological status. In Europe, the QBR index (Qualitat del Bosc de Ribera) and the River Habitat Survey (RHS) are commonly used for the qualitative assessment of the riparian vegetation. In this study, we estimated the QBR index and the Riparian Quality index, which is derived from the RHS method, for 123 river reaches of the National Monitoring Network of Greece. Our field work included the completion of RHS and QBR protocols, as well as the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The aim of this study is to assess the riparian vegetation status and to identify linkages with the dominant land uses within the catchment. Correlation analysis was used to identify the relationships between hydromorphological alterations and the degradation of the riparian vegetation, as well as their connection to land uses in the catchment area. Our results highlighted severe modifications of the riparian vegetation for the majority of the studied reaches. We also showed a differentiation of the QBR with respect to changes in the altitude and the land uses in the catchment area. Overall QBR reflects the variation in the riparian vegetation quality better than RQI. Our findings constitute an assessment of the status of the riparian zones in Greek rivers and set the basis for further research for the development of new and effective tools for a rapid quality assessment of the riparian zones.
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Stutter M, Baggaley N, Ó hUallacháin D, Wang C. The utility of spatial data to delineate river riparian functions and management zones: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143982. [PMID: 33310572 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Riparian zones of rivers are transitional environments between land and water ecosystems with distinct hydrological gradients, soils and habitats strongly related to their functioning. When these functions are intact, they integrate multi-directional processes across the land-river channel (e.g. canopy shade effects on the stream, flood inundation effects on the land) with mutual beneficial effects. In many managed landscapes these functions have been degraded. To restore them, considerable efforts have been directed over the last 20 years to understand and place effective riparian 'buffer' zones, particularly to enhance water quality and biodiversity. Since water quality targets are not easily met by current practices in many managed landscapes (as additive pressures increase), catchment managers will have to increasingly restore riparian functions to enhance aquatic ecosystem resilience to land and climate change. Targeting effective restoration within site-specific contexts requires availability of spatial data, in combinations that inform on individual and multiple functions. There are accelerating developments with spatial data, arising from increased spatial resolution of key underlying datasets, availability of soil and landcover data and increasing secondary derived attributes. Hence, a review is timely into the best practices in the use of these data for delineating riparian functions and management zones for rivers. Our review evaluates the application of spatial data and is structured around three conceptual methods of riparian delineation; fixed width, variable width by river corridor features and variable width by context of local pressures or required outcomes. We explore process representation and incorporation into management across main riparian functions (hydrological connectivity, water quality, shading, resource transfers and habitat provision). Translating spatial data into functions informs the ability to go beyond contemporary, generally fixed width approaches using basic structural components towards planning to better target functional attributes to optimise ecosystem protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Stutter
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB158QH, UK; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Nikki Baggaley
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB158QH, UK
| | | | - Chen Wang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB158QH, UK
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Espinoza-Toledo A, Mendoza-Carranza M, Castillo MM, Barba-Macías E, Capps KA. Taxonomic and functional responses of macroinvertebrates to riparian forest conversion in tropical streams. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143972. [PMID: 33321337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Land use change threatens the ecological integrity of tropical rivers and streams; however, few studies have simultaneously analyzed the taxonomic and functional responses of tropical macroinvertebrates to riparian forest conversion. Here, we used community structure, functional diversity, and stable isotope analyses to assess the impacts of riparian deforestation on macroinvertebrate communities of streams in southern Mexico. Monthly sampling during the dry season was conducted in streams with riparian forest (forest streams), and in streams with pasture dominating the riparian vegetation (pasture streams). Samples were collected for water quality (physical-chemical variables, nutrient concentrations, and total suspended solids), organic matter (leaf litter abundance and algal biomass), and macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity. Higher temperature, conductivity, suspended solids, and chlorophyll a were detected in pasture streams, while nitrate concentrations and leaf litter biomass were greater in forest streams. Macroinvertebrate density was higher in pasture sites, while no differences in taxonomic diversity and richness were found between land uses. Functional evenness was greater in forest streams, while richness and divergence were similar between land uses, despite differences in taxonomic composition. Environmental variables were associated with taxa distribution but not with functional traits, suggesting current conditions still promote redundancy in ecological function. Isotopic analyses indicated consumers in pasture streams were enriched in 13C and 15N relative to forest streams, potentially reflecting the higher algal biomass documented in pasture systems. Isotopic niches were broader and more overlapped in pasture streams, indicating more generalist feeding habits. No significant losses of taxonomic or functional diversity were detected in pasture streams. However, changes in trophic ecology suggest landscape-level processes are altering macroinvertebrate feeding habits in streams. The changes we observed in habitat, water quality, and macroinvertebrate community were related to the removal of the riparian vegetation, suggesting the structure and function of the focal systems would benefit from riparian restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Espinoza-Toledo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo, 2da. Sección, CP 86280 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Manuel Mendoza-Carranza
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo, 2da. Sección, CP 86280 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - María M Castillo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo, 2da. Sección, CP 86280 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Everardo Barba-Macías
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, Carretera Villahermosa-Reforma Km 15.5, Ranchería Guineo, 2da. Sección, CP 86280 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Krista A Capps
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC, USA
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Riparian Vegetation Structure Influences Terrestrial Invertebrate Communities in an Agricultural Landscape. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stream and terrestrial ecosystems are intimately connected by riparian zones that support high biodiversity but are also vulnerable to human impacts. Landscape disturbances, overgrazing, and diffuse pollution of agrochemicals threaten riparian biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. We assessed how terrestrial invertebrate communities respond to changes in riparian vegetation in Romanian agricultural catchments, with a focus on the role of forested riparian buffers. Riparian invertebrates were sampled in 10 paired sites, with each pair consisting of an unbuffered upstream reach and a downstream reach buffered with woody riparian vegetation. Our results revealed distinct invertebrate community structures in the two site types. Out of 33 invertebrate families, 13 were unique to either forested (6) or unbuffered (7) sites. Thomisidae, Clubionidae, Tetragnathidae, Curculionidae, Culicidae, and Cicadidae were associated with forested buffers, while Lycosidae, Chrysomelidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Tettigoniidae, Formicidae, and Eutichuridae were more abundant in unbuffered sites. Despite statistically equivocal results, invertebrate diversity was generally higher in forested riparian buffers. Local riparian attributes significantly influenced patterns in invertebrate community composition. Our findings highlight the importance of local woody riparian buffers in maintaining terrestrial invertebrate diversity and their potential contribution as a multifunctional management tool in agricultural landscapes.
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Singh R, Tiwari AK, Singh GS. Managing riparian zones for river health improvement: an integrated approach. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-020-00436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Phiri BJ, Pita AB, Hayman DTS, Biggs PJ, Davis MT, Fayaz A, Canning AD, French NP, Death RG. Does land use affect pathogen presence in New Zealand drinking water supplies? WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116229. [PMID: 32791457 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Four microbes (Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) were monitored in 16 waterways that supply public drinking water for 13 New Zealand towns and cities. Over 500 samples were collected from the abstraction point at each study site every three months between 2009 and 2019. The waterways represent a range from small to large, free flowing to reservoir impoundments, draining catchments of entirely native vegetation to those dominated by pastoral agriculture. We used machine learning algorithms to explore the relative contribution of land use, catchment geology, vegetation, topography, and water quality characteristics of the catchment to determining the abundance and/or presence of each microbe. Sites on rivers draining predominantly agricultural catchments, the Waikato River, Oroua River and Waiorohi Stream had all four microbes present, often in high numbers, throughout the sampling interval. Other sites, such as the Hutt River and Big Huia Creek in Wellington which drain catchments of native vegetation, never had pathogenic microbes detected, or unsafe levels of E. coli. Boosted Regression Tree models could predict abundances and presence/absence of all four microbes with good precision using a wide range of potential environmental predictors covering land use, geology, vegetation, topography, and nutrient concentrations. Models were more accurate for protozoa than bacteria but did not differ markedly in their ability to predict abundance or presence/absence. Environmental drivers of microbe abundance or presence/absence also differed depending on whether the microbe was protozoan or bacterial. Protozoa were more prevalent in waterways with lower water quality, higher numbers of ruminants in the catchment, and in September and December. Bacteria were more abundant with higher rainfall, saturated soils, and catchments with greater than 35% of the land in agriculture. Although modern water treatment protocols will usually remove many pathogens from drinking water, several recent outbreaks of waterborne disease due to treatment failures, have highlighted the need to manage water supplies on multiple fronts. This research has identified potential catchment level variables, and thresholds, that could be better managed to reduce the potential for pathogens to enter drinking water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard J Phiri
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Anthony B Pita
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Meredith T Davis
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Innovative River Solutions, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ahmed Fayaz
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Adam D Canning
- Centre for Tropical Water and Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Nigel P French
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Russell G Death
- Innovative River Solutions, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag, 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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Jacquemin SJ, McGlinch G, Dirksen T, Clayton A. On the potential for saturated buffers in northwest Ohio to remediate nutrients from agricultural runoff. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9007. [PMID: 32341902 PMCID: PMC7182020 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient loading from nonpoint source runoff in the Midwest has emerged as one of the largest threats to water quality as the frequency of harmful algal blooms, hypoxic zones, and issues associated with human-resource interactions have risen abruptly over the past several decades. In this study, a saturated buffer ~500 m in length located in the western basin of the Lake Erie watershed was evaluated for its potential to reduce edge of field runoff and nutrient loading. Saturated buffers reduce runoff by routing subsurface tile drainage water into the riparian zone, providing an opportunity for drainage volume as well as nutrient reduction of runoff waters. Over a 12-month study period, controlled drainage was used to redirect nearly 25% of the total tile flow into the riparian zone from a subwatershed in corn/soybean rotation with near complete reductions of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus from tile inflows averaging 4.7 and 0.08 mg/L, respectively, as well as total reduction of suspended sediments (average 10.4 mg/L). This study provides additional evidence that riparian areas are an important part of nutrient reduction strategies as they can act as both controlled drainage points by raising water tables in fields as well as nutrient sinks which couple to help mitigate nutrient runoff in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Jacquemin
- Agriculture and Water Quality Education Center, Wright State University - Lake Campus, Celina, OH, USA
| | - Greg McGlinch
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Theresa Dirksen
- Mercer County Community and Economic Development Office, Celina, OH, USA
| | - Angela Clayton
- Agriculture and Water Quality Education Center, Wright State University - Lake Campus, Celina, OH, USA
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31
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Assessing the Benefits of Forested Riparian Zones: A Qualitative Index of Riparian Integrity Is Positively Associated with Ecological Status in European Streams. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12041178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Developing a general, predictive understanding of ecological systems requires knowing how much structural and functional relationships can cross scales and contexts. Here, we introduce the CROSSLINK project that investigates the role of forested riparian buffers in modified European landscapes by measuring a wide range of ecosystem attributes in stream-riparian networks. CROSSLINK involves replicated field measurements in four case-study basins with varying levels of human development: Norway (Oslo Fjord), Sweden (Lake Mälaren), Belgium (Zwalm River), and Romania (Argeş River). Nested within these case-study basins include multiple, independent stream-site pairs with a forested riparian buffer and unbuffered section located upstream, as well as headwater and downstream sites to show cumulative land-use impacts. CROSSLINK applies existing and bespoke methods to describe habitat conditions, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Here, we summarize the approaches used, detail protocols in supplementary materials, and explain how data is applied in an optimization framework to better manage tradeoffs in multifunctional landscapes. We then present results demonstrating the range of riparian conditions present in our case-study basins and how these environmental states influence stream ecological integrity with the commonly used macroinvertebrate Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) index. We demonstrate that a qualitative index of riparian integrity can be positively associated with stream ecological status. This introduction to the CROSSLINK project shows the potential for our replicated study with its panoply of ecosystem attributes to help guide management decisions regarding the use of forested riparian buffers in human-impacted landscapes. This knowledge is highly relevant in a time of rapid environmental change where freshwater biodiversity is increasingly under pressure from a range of human impacts that include habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.
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32
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Deriving a Bayesian Network to Assess the Retention Efficacy of Riparian Buffer Zones. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bayesian networks (BN) have increasingly been applied in water management but not to estimate the efficacy of riparian buffer zones (RBZ). Our methodical study aims at evaluating the first BN to predict the RBZ efficacy to retain sediment and nutrients (dissolved, total, and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus) from widely available variables (width, vegetation, slope, soil texture, flow pathway, nutrient form). To evaluate the influence of parent nodes and how the number of states affects prediction errors, we used a predefined general BN structure, collected 580 published datasets from North America and Europe, and performed classification tree analyses and multiple 10-fold cross-validations of different BNs. These errors ranged from 0.31 (two output states) to 0.66 (five states). The outcome remained unchanged without the least influential nodes (flow pathway, vegetation). Lower errors were achieved when parent nodes had more than two states. The number of efficacy states influenced most strongly the prediction error as its lowest and highest states were better predicted than intermediate states. While the derived BNs could support or replace simple design guidelines, they are limited for more detailed predictions. More representative data on vegetation or additional nodes like preferential flow will probably improve the predictive power.
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33
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Changes in streamside riparian forest canopy and leaf litter nutrient flux to soils during an emerald ash borer infestation in an agricultural landscape. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dade MC, Mitchell MG, McAlpine CA, Rhodes JR. Assessing ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies: The need for a more mechanistic approach. AMBIO 2019; 48:1116-1128. [PMID: 30474830 PMCID: PMC6722157 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Positive (synergistic) and negative (trade-off) relationships among ecosystem services are influenced by drivers of change, such as policy interventions and environmental variability, and the mechanisms that link these drivers to ecosystem service outcomes. Failure to account for these drivers and mechanisms can result in poorly informed management decisions and reduced ecosystem service provision. Here, we review the literature to determine the extent to which drivers and mechanisms are considered in assessments of ecosystem service relationships. We show that only 19% of assessments explicitly identify the drivers and mechanisms that lead to ecosystem service relationships. While the proportion of assessments considering drivers has increased over time, most of these studies only implicitly consider the drivers of ecosystem service relationships. We recommend more assessments explicitly identify drivers of trade-offs and synergies, which can be achieved through a greater uptake of causal inference and process-based models, to ensure effective management of ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C. Dade
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Matthew G.E. Mitchell
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Clive A. McAlpine
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Rhodes
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Environmental Decisions, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
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Glendell M, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Pohle I, Marrero S, McCreadie B, Cameron G, Stutter M. Modeling the Ecological Impact of Phosphorus in Catchments with Multiple Environmental Stressors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:1336-1346. [PMID: 31589719 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2019.05.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The broken phosphorus (P) cycle has led to widespread eutrophication of freshwaters. Despite reductions in anthropogenic nutrient inputs that have led to improvement in the chemical status of running waters, corresponding improvements in their ecological status are often not observed. We tested a novel combination of complementary statistical modeling approaches, including random-effect regression trees and compositional and ordinary linear mixed models, to examine the potential reasons for this disparity, using low-frequency regulatory data available to catchment managers. A benthic Trophic Diatom Index (TDI) was linked to potential stressors, including nutrient concentrations, soluble reactive P (SRP) loads from different sources, land cover, and catchment hydrological characteristics. Modeling suggested that SRP, traditionally considered the bioavailable component, may not be the best indicator of ecological impacts of P, as shown by a stronger and spatially more variable negative relationship between total P (TP) concentrations and TDI. Nitrate-N ( < 0.001) and TP ( = 0.002) also showed negative relationship with TDI in models where land cover was not included. Land cover had the strongest influence on the ecological response. The positive effect of seminatural land cover ( < 0.001) and negative effect of urban land cover ( = 0.030) may be related to differentiated bioavailability of P fractions in catchments with different characteristics (e.g., P loads from point vs. diffuse sources) as well as resilience factors such as hydro-morphology and habitat condition, supporting the need for further research into factors affecting this stressor-response relationship in different catchment types. Advanced statistical modeling indicated that to achieve desired ecological status, future catchment-specific mitigation should target P impacts alongside multiple stressors.
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36
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Grizzetti B, Liquete C, Pistocchi A, Vigiak O, Zulian G, Bouraoui F, De Roo A, Cardoso AC. Relationship between ecological condition and ecosystem services in European rivers, lakes and coastal waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:452-465. [PMID: 30933801 PMCID: PMC6509285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We quantify main ecosystem services (i.e. the contribution of ecosystems to human well-being) provided by rivers, lakes, coastal waters and connected ecosystems (riparian areas and floodplains) in Europe, including water provisioning, water purification, erosion prevention, flood protection, coastal protection, and recreation. We show European maps of ecosystem service capacity, flow (actual use), sustainability and efficiency. Then we explore the relationship between the services and the ecosystem condition at the European scale, considering the ecological status of aquatic ecosystems, reported under the EU Water Framework Directive, as a measure of the ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. Our results indicate that a higher delivery of the regulating and cultural ecosystem services analysed is mostly correlated with better conditions of aquatic ecosystems. Conversely, the use of provisioning services can result in pressures on the ecosystem. This suggests the importance of maintaining good ecological condition of aquatic ecosystems to ensure the delivery of ecosystem services in the future. These results at the continental scale, although limited to the ecosystem services under analysis, might be relevant to consider when investing in the protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems called for by the current EU water policy and Biodiversity Strategy and by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grizzetti
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy.
| | - C Liquete
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy; European Commission DG Environment, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Pistocchi
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy
| | - O Vigiak
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Department of Geography, Munich, Germany
| | - G Zulian
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy
| | - F Bouraoui
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy
| | - A De Roo
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy
| | - A C Cardoso
- European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC), Italy
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Uggeldahl KC, Olsen SB. Public preferences for co-benefits of riparian buffer strips in Denmark: An economic valuation study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 239:342-351. [PMID: 30921753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Riparian buffer strips are an extensively used measure to combat the transfer of nutrients and sediment into waterbodies. However, benefits from riparian buffer strips are not limited to improvements in the aquatic environment, as buffer strips per se can provide various societal co-benefits, such as recreational and aesthetic benefits, to name a few. The values of these co-benefits are likely to depend on the design and physical features of the buffer strips. In this paper, we use a stated choice experiment survey to assess the values of different characteristics of riparian buffer strips in Denmark. Comparing different regions of Denmark, we find that public preferences for buffer strip characteristics are largely homogenous across geographical regions, but heterogeneous within the regions. Thus, differentiating the buffer strip regulation between regions to maximize the value of the co-benefits does not lead to a large difference in welfare, compared to a uniform national regulation. However, differentiation at a more localized geographical level could potentially improve societal welfare. Overall, the results show that buffer strips can provide large societal co-benefits in addition to the benefits of improving water quality. The results may provide important information for optimizing the future design and management of buffer strips to ensure that all types of societal welfare impacts are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennet Christian Uggeldahl
- Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farigmagsgade 5, building 26, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Søren Bøye Olsen
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Li CH, Wang YK, Ye C, Wei WW, Zheng BH, Xu B. A proposed delineation method for lake buffer zones in watersheds dominated by non-point source pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:32-39. [PMID: 30639716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although buffer zones around aquatic areas are a useful method for controlling non-point source pollution and restoring natural ecosystem services, proper delineation methods for lakes remain poorly defined, restricting their protection and the rational utilization of resources. As the width of lake buffer zones should be set to meet the area's functional targets and requirements, this study proposes a methodology for delineating these zones that includes critical source areas for non-point source pollution and ecologically sensitive areas. The proposed method was tested on Zhushan Bay, Lake Tai, China given its poor environmental condition and a renewed focus on mitigation by the local government. Data sources and relative processing methods include vector data on land use and hydrographic networks processed by ArcGIS, digital elevation model (DEM) data with 30 m resolution, soil and socioeconomic data from local governmental statistical yearbooks, NPS pollution load into lake obtained by literatures and field survey. The results showed that a minimum buffer range could be practically determined while meeting the requirements of both environmental protection and economic needs, providing a theoretical and practical basis for the improved delineation and management of lake buffer zones in watersheds dominated by non-point source pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Li
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ya-Kong Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chun Ye
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Wei
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bing-Hui Zheng
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China.
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Cresswell CJ, Cunningham HM, Wilcox A, Randall NP. A trait-based approach to plant species selection to increase functionality of farmland vegetative strips. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4532-4543. [PMID: 31031925 PMCID: PMC6476755 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Farmland vegetative strips are a proven source of support for ecosystem services and are globally used to mitigate effects of agricultural intensification. However, increasing pressures on agricultural land require increases in their functionality, such as supporting multiple ecosystem services concurrently.The plant species sown in a vegetative strip seed mix determine the establishment, plant community, and ecosystem services that are supported. Currently, there is no clearly defined or structured method to select plant species for multifunctional vegetative strips.Plant traits determine how plants support ecosystem services. Also, the establishment and persistence of plant communities is influenced by key internal and external factors. We propose a novel, evidence-informed method of multifunctional vegetative strip design based on these essential traits and factors.This study had three distinct stages. The first identified plant traits that support water quality protection, pollinators and/or crop pest natural enemies, using existing research evidence. We then identified key factors affecting plant community establishment and persistence. Finally, we applied these standardized methods to design a multifunctional vegetative strip for a specific case study (UK lowland farmland).Key plant traits identified, included floral display size, flower color, nectar content, leaf surface area, leaf trichome density, percentage fine roots, root length, rooting depth, and root density. Key internal and external establishment factors included life history, native status, distribution, established competitive strategy, associated floristic diversity, flowering time and duration, and preferred soil type and pH. In the United Kingdom case study, we used five different plant traits and all of the identified factors to design a seed mix for a multifunctional vegetative strip.We present a transferable method of vegetative strip design that can be adapted for other ecosystem services and climates. It provides landowners and advisors with an evidence-informed approach to increase field margin functionality while supporting farmland biodiversity. OPEN RESEARCH BADGES This article has earned an Open Data Badge for making publicly available the digitally-shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8t52n38.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy Wilcox
- Harper Adams UniversityNewport, ShropshireUK
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Hille S, Graeber D, Kronvang B, Rubæk GH, Onnen N, Molina-Navarro E, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Heckrath GJ, Stutter MI. Management Options to Reduce Phosphorus Leaching from Vegetated Buffer Strips. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:322-329. [PMID: 30951111 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.01.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated buffer strips (VBS) between agricultural areas and surface waters are important retention areas for eroded particulate P through which they may obtain critically high degrees of P saturation imposing high risk of soluble P leaching. We tested topsoil removal and three harvesting frequencies (once, twice, or four times per year) of natural buffer vegetation to reduce P leaching with the aim to offset erosional P accumulation and high degrees of P saturation. We used a simple numerical time-step model to estimate changes in VBS soil P levels with and without harvest. Harvesting offset erosional deposition as it resulted in an annual ammonium oxalate-extractable P reduction of 0.3 to 2.8% (25-cm topsoil content) in soils of the VBS and thus, with time, reduced potential P leaching below a baseline of 50 μg L. Topsoil removal only marginally reduced potential leaching at two sites and not anywhere near this baseline. The harvest frequency only marginally affected the annual P removal, making single annual harvests the most economical. We estimate 50 to 300 yr to reach the P leaching baseline, due to substantial amounts of P accumulated in the soils. Even in high-erosion-risk situations in our study, harvesting reduced soil P content and the P leaching risk. We suggest harvesting as a practical and efficient management to combat P leaching from agricultural VBS, not just for short-term reductions of dissolved P, but also for reductions of the total soil P pool and for possible multiple benefits for VBS.
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Zak D, Stutter M, Jensen HS, Egemose S, Carstensen MV, Audet J, Strand JA, Feuerbach P, Hoffmann CC, Christen B, Hille S, Knudsen M, Stockan J, Watson H, Heckrath G, Kronvang B. An Assessment of the Multifunctionality of Integrated Buffer Zones in Northwestern Europe. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:362-375. [PMID: 30951130 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.05.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integrated buffer zones (IBZs) have recently been introduced in the Northwestern Europe temperate zone to improve delivery of ecosystem services compared with the services associated with long-established vegetated buffer zones. A common feature of all the studied IBZ sites is that tile drainage, which previously discharged directly into the streams, is now intercepted within the IBZ. Specifically, the design of IBZs combines a pond, where soil particles present in drain water or surface runoff can be deposited, and a planted subsurface flow infiltration zone. Together, these two components should provide an optimum environment for microbial processes and plant uptake of nutrients. Nutrient reduction capacities, biodiversity enhancement, and biomass production functions were assessed with different emphasis across 11 IBZ sites located in Denmark, Great Britain, and Sweden. Despite the small size of the buffer zones (250-800 m) and thus the small proportion of the drained catchment (mostly <1%), these studies cumulatively suggest that IBZs are effective enhancements to traditional buffer zones, as they (i) reduce total N and P loads to small streams and rivers, (ii) act as valuable improved habitats for aquatic and amphibian species, and (iii) offer economic benefits by producing fast-growing wetland plant biomass. Based on our assessment of the pilot sites, guidance is provided on the implementation and management of IBZs within agricultural landscapes.
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Stutter M, Kronvang B, Ó hUallacháin D, Rozemeijer J. Current Insights into the Effectiveness of Riparian Management, Attainment of Multiple Benefits, and Potential Technical Enhancements. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:236-247. [PMID: 30951120 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2019.01.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Buffer strips between land and waters are widely applied measures in diffuse pollution management, with desired outcomes across other factors. There remains a need for evidence of pollution mitigation and wider habitat and societal benefits across scales. This paper synthesizes a collection of 16 new primary studies and review papers to provide the latest insights into riparian management. We focus on the following areas: (i) diffuse pollution removal efficiency of conventional and saturated buffer strips, (ii) enhancing biodiversity of buffers, (iii) edge-of-field technologies for improving nutrient retention, and (iv) potential reuse of nutrients and biomass from buffers. Although some topics represent emerging areas, for other well-studied topics (e.g., diffuse pollution), it remains that effectiveness of conventional vegetated buffer strips for water quality improvement varies. The collective findings highlight the merits of targeted, designed buffers that support multiple benefits, more efficiently interrupting surface and subsurface contaminant flows while enhancing diversity in surface topography, soil moisture and C, vegetation, and habitat. This synthesis also highlights that despite the significant number of studies on the functioning of riparian buffers, research gaps remain, particularly in relation to (i) the capture and retention of soluble P and N in subsurface flows through buffers, (ii) the utilization of captured nutrients, (iii) the impact of buffer design and management on terrestrial and aquatic habitats and species, and (iv) the effect of buffers (saturated) on greenhouse gas emissions and the potential for pollution swapping.
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Brown LK, Kazas C, Stockan J, Hawes C, Stutter M, Ryan CM, Squire GR, George TS. Is Green Manure from Riparian Buffer Strip Species an Effective Nutrient Source for Crops? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:385-393. [PMID: 30951123 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.11.0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture needs to reduce inputs of inorganic fertilizers and close the loop on nutrients that can otherwise become environmental pollutants. This can be achieved by promoting recycling of nutrients within the agricultural landscape. We investigated the extent to which plants found in riparian buffer zones have the potential to provide nutrients to crops as a green manure, through plant growth and decomposition studies. Under controlled conditions, species typical of Scottish riparian buffer strips were tested for their ability to accumulate biomass and nutrients in tissue under N- and P-replete conditions and whether this ability enhanced the utility of the resulting green manure in promoting crop growth. In this proof-of-concept study, we found that green manure derived from riparian buffer strips did not effectively replace inorganic fertilizer and only had a significant positive effect on growth, yield, and nutrient accumulation in barley ( L.) when it was integrated with the addition of inorganic fertilizers. The individual species tested varied in the amount of P they accumulated in their tissue (1.38-52.73 mg P plant), but individual species did not differ in their ability to promote yield when used as a green manure. Our results indicate that selecting certain species in the buffer strip on the basis of their nutrient accumulating abilities is not an effective way to increase the utility of buffer strip green manure as a nutrient source for crops.
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Valkama E, Usva K, Saarinen M, Uusi-Kämppä J. A Meta-Analysis on Nitrogen Retention by Buffer Zones. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:270-279. [PMID: 30951137 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.03.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Buffer zones, established between agricultural fields and water bodies, are widely used as a measure to reduce N in surface runoff and groundwater. However, the literature indicates inconsistent results on the N removal efficiency of buffer zones between studies. We performed a weighed meta-analysis on the buffer zone effects on NO-N and total N in surface runoff and groundwater by summarizing 46 studies published between 1980 and 2017. The overall effects of buffer zones were a 33 (-48 to -17%, = 25) and 70% (-78 to -62%, = 38) NO-N reduction in surface runoff and in groundwater, respectively, compared with controls with no buffer zone. In addition, buffer zones reduced the total N in surface runoff by 57% (-68 to -43%, = 16). The effects of buffer zones on N retention were consistent across continents and in different climates. Nitrogen retention increased with increasing initial N concentrations discharged from the source of pollution. According to a meta-regression, the N removal efficiency in surface runoff decreased in consort with increasing buffer zone age. Otherwise, the meta-analysis revealed no effects of buffer zone characteristics such as the width or species number (for grass buffer zones) on the N retention in surface runoff and groundwater. Unlike groundwater quality, which responded equally well regardless of the source of pollution, buffer zone type, or buffer zone age, surface water quality is more sensitive, and it might not be satisfactorily improved by tree buffer zones or aged buffer zones, or when the source of pollution originates from grass production fields.
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Dal Ferro N, Borin M, Cardinali A, Cavalli R, Grigolato S, Zanin G. Buffer Strips on the Low-Lying Plain of Veneto Region (Italy): Environmental Benefits and Efficient Use of Wood as an Energy Resource. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2019; 48:280-288. [PMID: 30951105 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.07.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated buffer strips (VBS) are recognized as a cost-effective way to reduce agricultural nonpoint-source pollution. In agroecosystems with high field fragmentation, only narrow VBS that partially compromise farmers' revenue are accepted. This study aimed to identify some ecosystem services as provided by VBS in terms of soil and water quality, and VBS performance in terms of wood for energy purposes. Buffer strip design (3 vs. 6 m wide) and composition were considered to define best practices for wood use at the farm level and for the local firewood market. Results showed that yearly wood pole production was 0.5 t 100 m, on average, ranging between a minimum of 0.22 t 100 m and a maximum of 0.72 t 100 m per row. Wood production had negligible effects on farmers' revenue. By contrast, water quality was enhanced, especially with 6-m-wide VBS. Specific subsidies for the maintenance of VBS increased total income despite a reduction in crop production (-17.5% in 6-m VBS with two rows). Subsidies might be better quantified at a site-specific level by taking into account all ecosystem services that are provided by VBS. Promising solutions to increase farmers' income are related to the wood seasoning process for firewood production; reducing the moisture content to <25% before the start of the winter season increases its market value.
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de Sosa LL, Glanville HC, Marshall MR, Schnepf A, Cooper DM, Hill PW, Binley A, Jones DL. Stoichiometric constraints on the microbial processing of carbon with soil depth along a riparian hillslope. BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS 2018; 54:949-963. [PMID: 30956377 PMCID: PMC6413827 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-018-1317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) content is a key indicator of riparian soil functioning and in the provision of ecosystem services such as water retention, flood alleviation, pollutant attenuation and carbon (C) sequestration for climate change mitigation. Here, we studied the importance of microbial biomass and nutrient availability in regulating SOM turnover rates. C stabilisation in soil is expected to vary both vertically, down the soil profile and laterally across the riparian zone. In this study, we evaluated the influence of five factors on C mineralisation (Cmin): (i) substrate quantity, (ii) substrate quality, (iii) nutrient (C, N and P) stoichiometry, (iv) soil microbial activity with proximity to the river (2 to 75 m) and (v) as a function of soil depth (0-3 m). Substrate quality, quantity and nutrient stoichiometry were evaluated using high and low molecular weight 14C-labelled dissolved organic (DOC) along with different nutrient additions. Differences in soil microbial activity with proximity to the river and soil depth were assessed by comparing initial (immediate) Cmin rates and cumulative C mineralised at the end of the incubation period. Overall, microbial biomass C (MBC), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture content (MC) proved to be the major factors controlling rates of Cmin at depth. Differences in the immediate and medium-term response (42 days) of Cmin suggested that microbial growth increased and carbon use efficiency (CUE) decreased down the soil profile. Inorganic N and/or P availability had little or no effect on Cmin suggesting that microbial community growth and activity is predominantly C limited. Similarly, proximity to the watercourse also had relatively little effect on Cmin. This work challenges current theories suggesting that areas adjacent to watercourse process C differently from upslope areas. In contrast, our results suggest that substrate quality and microbial biomass are more important in regulating C processing rates rather than proximity to a river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L. de Sosa
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Helen C. Glanville
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK
| | - Miles R. Marshall
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Andrea Schnepf
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M. Cooper
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Paul W. Hill
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
| | - Andrew Binley
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Davey L. Jones
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
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Abstract
Agroforestry is increasingly being recognized as a holistic food production system that can have numerous significant environmental, economic, and social benefits. This growing recognition is paralleled in the USA by the budding interest in regenerative agriculture and motivation to certify regenerative practices. Current efforts to develop a regenerative agriculture certification offer an opportunity to consider agroforestry’s role in furthering regenerative goals. To understand this opportunity, we first examine how agroforestry practices can advance regenerative agriculture’s five core environmental concerns: soil fertility and health, water quality, biodiversity, ecosystem health, and carbon sequestration. Next, we review a subset of certification programs, standards, guidelines, and associated scientific literature to understand existing efforts to standardize agroforestry. We determine that development of an agroforestry standard alongside current efforts to certify regenerative agriculture offers an opportunity to leverage common goals and strengths of each. Additionally, we determine that there is a lack of standards with measurable criteria available for agroforestry, particularly in temperate locations. Lastly, we propose a framework and general, measurable criteria for an agroforestry standard that could potentially be implemented as a standalone standard or built into existing agriculture, forestry, or resource conservation certification programs.
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48
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Yang C, Chen Y. Effects of vegetation types on water-extracted soil organic matter (WSOM) from riparian wetland and its impacts on riverine water quality: Implications for riparian wetland management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1249-1257. [PMID: 30045546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Riparian wetlands play important roles in the enhancement of water quality by controlling nonpoint source pollution and protecting aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, we surveyed and identified vegetation types in riparian wetlands, evaluated how vegetation types influence spatial patterns of water-extracted soil organic matter (WSOM) from riparian wetland, and probed the impacts of riparian fluorescent WSOM on fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) and water trophic states in river ecosystems. We used absorption and excitation-emission-matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize the optical properties of riparian WSOM and riverine DOM from Chongming Island, China, the largest alluvial plain island in the world. Our results showed that fifty-eight spermatophytes in riparian wetland were clustered into five vegetation types, including warm coniferous forest (WCF), deciduous broad leaf forest (DBF), evergreen broad leaf forest (EBF), aquatic plants (AP) and herbaceous plants (HP). Absorption spectra revealed the effects of vegetation types on riparian chromophoric WSOM quantity. Although no difference in water-extracted soil organic carbon (WSOC) contents was observed, deciduous broad leaf forest (DBF) and evergreen broad leaf forest (EBF) fed more fluorescent WSOM quantity than did the other vegetation (AP, HP and WCF), and deciduous broad leaf forest (DBF) and aquatic plants (AP) provided more humic-like (RC.1 and RC.2) and fulvic-like (RC.3) substances into riparian wetland (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In addition, we noted that humic-like and protein-like substances (RC.4) transported from riparian wetland into a river water body, and riverine terrestrial-originated components (FC.1 and FC.2) were significantly related to the four riparian fluorescent WSOM components (P<0.05). Furthermore, the riverine trophic state was significantly higher when the fluvial DOM and its component quantity increased (P<0.05). We concluded that riparian wetland can control the quantity and quality of riparian WSOM and reshaped riverine DOM compositions and riverine water quality with important management implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulai Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan City 243002, China
| | - Yunyun Hu
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan City 243002, China
| | - Changming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yingying Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan City 243002, China
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Hille S, Andersen DK, Kronvang B, Baattrup-Pedersen A. Structural and functional characteristics of buffer strip vegetation in an agricultural landscape - high potential for nutrient removal but low potential for plant biodiversity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:805-814. [PMID: 29455130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Vegetated buffer strips constitute a transition zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and provide several ecosystem services. Buffer strips are often applied as a mitigation measure against diffuse pollution in agricultural areas, primarily because they may retain nutrients and in this way help protect the aquatic environment. Additionally, they can improve biodiversity in an otherwise homogenous landscape and may therefore have a value in their own right. In the present study, we characterized the structural and functional features of the vegetation in Danish buffer strips using a nationwide dataset to explore: i) their floristic quality in terms of species diversity and conservation value and ii) based on their functional characteristics, their potential to retain nutrients. Moreover, we analyzed how the structural and functional characteristics varied along gradients in the environmental features of the catchment. We found that the floristic quality of the buffer vegetation was generally low, exhibiting an average of only 3.3% of the number of species of conservation interest. Instead, Danish buffer strips were dominated by widespread and productive species that are tolerant of anthropogenic impacts in the catchment. The abundance of highly productive plant species was positively related to high intensity land use, whereas the abundance of stress-tolerant plant species was positively related to low intensity land use. The high productivity of the buffer strips implies a large bio-storage potential, and these areas might therefore offer an opportunity to remove nutrients by harvesting the plant biomass. We discuss how Danish buffer strips could be exploited via appropriate management (e.g. harvesting) to maximize nutrient retention and at the same time improve floristic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Hille
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark.
| | - Dagmar Kappel Andersen
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Brian Kronvang
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, P.O. Box 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
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Zak D, Kronvang B, Carstensen MV, Hoffmann CC, Kjeldgaard A, Larsen SE, Audet J, Egemose S, Jorgensen CA, Feuerbach P, Gertz F, Jensen HS. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Agricultural Runoff in Integrated Buffer Zones. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6508-6517. [PMID: 29733209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrated buffer zones (IBZs) represent a novel form of edge-of-field technology in Northwest Europe. Contrary to the common riparian buffer strips, IBZs collect tile drainage water from agricultural fields by combining a ditch-like pond (POND), where soil particles can settle, and a flow-through filter bed (FILTERBED) planted with Alnus glutinosa (L.), a European alder (black alder). The first experimental IBZ facility was constructed and thoroughly tested in Denmark for its capability to retain various nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) species within the first three years after construction. We calculated the water and nutrient budget for the total IBZ and for the two compartments, POND and FILTERBED, separately. Furthermore, a tracer experiment using sodium bromide was conducted in order to trace the water flow and estimate the hydraulic residence time in the FILTERBEDs. The monthly average removal efficiency amounted to 10-67% for total N and 31-69% for total P, with performance being highest during the warm season. Accordingly, we suggest that IBZs may be a valuable modification of dry buffer strips in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of high nutrient loading from agricultural fields on the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Zak
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25 , 8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries , Müggelseedamm 301 , 12587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Brian Kronvang
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25 , 8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Mette V Carstensen
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25 , 8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Carl C Hoffmann
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25 , 8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Ane Kjeldgaard
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25 , 8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Søren E Larsen
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25 , 8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
| | - Joachim Audet
- Department of Bioscience , Aarhus University , Vejlsøvej 25 , 8600 Silkeborg , Denmark
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Sara Egemose
- Department of Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Charlotte A Jorgensen
- Department of Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Peter Feuerbach
- Department of Wetlands & Biodiversity , Hushållningssällskapet Halland , SE-305 96 Eldsberga , Sweden
| | | | - Henning S Jensen
- Department of Biology , University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55 , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
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