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Boulakh L. Intraocular and extraocular manifestations of thyroid dysfunction in Danish patients: A Nationwide Study. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 283:3-25. [PMID: 39238437 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boulakh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Tang Møllehave L, Knudsen N, Linneberg A, Bülow Pedersen I, Ravn-Haren G, Madsen AL, Carlé A, Cerqueira C, Krejbjerg A, Rasmussen LB, Ovesen L, Perrild H, Sigurd LB, Thuesen BH, Vejbjerg P, Jørgensen T. The Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease (DanThyr): history and implications. Eur Thyroid J 2024; 13:e230230. [PMID: 38657651 PMCID: PMC11227094 DOI: 10.1530/etj-23-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency in Denmark, health authorities initiated a voluntary iodine fortification (IF) program in 1998, which became mandatory in 2000. In line with recommendations from the World Health Organization, the Danish investigation on iodine intake and thyroid disease (DanThyr) was established to monitor the effect on thyroid health and disease. The program involved different study designs and followed two Danish sub-populations in the years before IF and up till 20 years after. Results showed that the IF was successfully implemented and increased the level of iodine intake from mild-moderate iodine deficiency to low adequacy. The level of thyroglobulin and thyroid volume decreased following IF, and there was an indication of fewer thyroid nodules. The incidence of hyperthyroidism increased transiently following IF but subsequently decreased below the pre-fortification level. Conversely, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity increased along with an increase in the incidence of hypothyroidism. These trends were mirrored in the trends in treatments for thyroid disease. Most differences in thyroid health and disease between regions with different iodine intake levels before IF attenuated. This review illustrates the importance of a monitoring program to detect both beneficial and adverse effects and exemplifies how a monitoring program can be conducted when a nationwide health promotion program - as IF - is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Tang Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Knudsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Bülow Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gitte Ravn-Haren
- Research Group for Risk Benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Lykke Madsen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Carlé
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Cerqueira
- The Danish Clinical Quality Program – National Clinical Registries (RKKP), Denmark
| | - Anne Krejbjerg
- Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Ovesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Perrild
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena Bjergved Sigurd
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Vejbjerg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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The Influence of Nutritional Intervention in the Treatment of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15041041. [PMID: 36839399 PMCID: PMC9962371 DOI: 10.3390/nu15041041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet can be a complementary treatment for Hashimoto's disease by affecting thyroid function and anti-inflammatory properties. It is still unclear which dietary strategy would be the most beneficial. The aim of this systematic review is to examine all the data currently available in the literature on the effects of nutritional intervention on biochemical parameters (anti-thyroid antibody and thyroid hormones levels) and characteristic symptoms in the course of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This systematic review was prepared based on PRISMA guidelines. Articles in PubMed and Scopus databases published up to November 2022 were searched. As a result of the selection, out of 1350 publications, 9 were included for further analysis. The nutritional interventions included the following: elimination of gluten (3 articles) or lactose (1 article), energy restriction with or without excluding selected foods (n = 2), consumption of Nigella sativa (n = 2), or dietary iodine restriction (n = 1). The intervention duration ranged from 21 days to 12 months and included individuals with various thyroid function. Of the nine studies, three studies were female only. An improvement was observed during an energy deficit and after the elimination of selected ingredients (e.g., gluten, lactose, or goitrogens), as well as after the intervention of Nigella sativa. These interventions improved antibody levels against peroxidase (anti-TPO), (thyrotropin) TSH, and free thyroxine (fT4). No improvement was seen on the iodine-restricted diet. Varied outcomes of analyzed dietary interventions may be due to the heterogeneous thyroid condition, high variability between patients, and differences in habitual intake of critical nutrients (e.g., iodine, selenium, and iron) in different populations. Therefore, there is a great need for further experimental studies to determine whether any nutritional interventions are beneficial in Hashimoto's disease.
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Jakobsen LS, Nielsen JO, Paulsen SE, Outzen M, Linneberg A, Møllehave LT, Christensen T, Ravn-Haren G. Risk–Benefit Assessment of an Increase in the Iodine Fortification Level of Foods in Denmark—A Pilot Study. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091281. [PMID: 35564002 PMCID: PMC9104615 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine deficiency is one of the most common nutritional disorders worldwide. In Denmark, the mandatory iodine fortification of salt of 13 ppm was introduced in 2000 to eradicate mild to moderate iodine deficiency and the fortification level was increased to 20 ppm in 2019. However, the optimal iodine intake is a narrow interval, and the risk of disease increases with intakes both below and above this interval. In this study, we quantified the risk–benefit balance in the Danish adult population by increasing the mandatory fortification level. We applied a risk–benefit assessment approach in which population-level iodine intakes before and after the increase in fortification were integrated with epidemiological evidence of the association between iodine nutrition status and risk of relevant diseases to estimate the number of cases caused or prevented and estimated health impact in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALY). We estimated an overall beneficial health impact and prevention of 34.9 (95% UI: −51.6; −21.7) DALY per 100,000 adults in the population annually with the increase in fortification level. Prevention of low IQ in children due to maternal iodine deficiency was the primary contributor to overall health gain. The gain in healthy life years comes at the expense of extra cases of goiter due to iodine excess. Due to lack of data, hypo- and hyperthyroidism related to iodine status were not included. Neither were children as a population group. Because of this, as well as uncertainties inherent in the model and data used, results should be interpreted with caution. We argue that nation-specific, quantitative assessments of the public health impact of fortification programs provide transparent, evidence-based decision support. Future research should aim to enable the inclusion of all relevant health effects as well as children in the assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Sletting Jakobsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.O.N.); (S.E.P.); (M.O.); (T.C.); (G.R.-H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Josefine Ostenfeld Nielsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.O.N.); (S.E.P.); (M.O.); (T.C.); (G.R.-H.)
| | - Sophie Egesø Paulsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.O.N.); (S.E.P.); (M.O.); (T.C.); (G.R.-H.)
| | - Malene Outzen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.O.N.); (S.E.P.); (M.O.); (T.C.); (G.R.-H.)
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.L.); (L.T.M.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Tang Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.L.); (L.T.M.)
| | - Tue Christensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.O.N.); (S.E.P.); (M.O.); (T.C.); (G.R.-H.)
| | - Gitte Ravn-Haren
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (J.O.N.); (S.E.P.); (M.O.); (T.C.); (G.R.-H.)
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Møllehave LT, Eliasen MH, Strēle I, Linneberg A, Moreno-Reyes R, Ivanova LB, Kusić Z, Erlund I, Ittermann T, Nagy EV, Gunnarsdottir I, Arbelle JE, Troen AM, Pīrāgs V, Dahl L, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Trofimiuk-Müldner M, de Castro JJ, Marcelino M, Gaberšček S, Zaltel K, Puig-Domingo M, Vila L, Manousou S, Nyström HF, Zimmermann MB, Mullan KR, Woodside JV, Völzke H, Thuesen BH. Register-based information on thyroid diseases in Europe: lessons and results from the EUthyroid collaboration. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e210525. [PMID: 35044931 PMCID: PMC8942317 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Registers of diagnoses and treatments exist in different forms in the European countries and are potential sources to answer important research questions. Prevalence and incidence of thyroid diseases are highly dependent on iodine intake and, thus, iodine deficiency disease prevention programs. We aimed to collect European register data on thyroid outcomes to compare the rates between countries/regions with different iodine status and prevention programs. DESIGN Register-based cross-sectional study. METHODS National register data on thyroid diagnoses and treatments were requested from 23 European countries/regions. The provided data were critically assessed for suitability for comparison between countries/regions. Sex- and age-standardized rates were calculated. RESULTS Register data on ≥1 thyroid diagnoses or treatments were available from 22 countries/regions. After critical assessment, data on medication, surgery, and cancer were found suitable for comparison between 9, 10, and 13 countries/regions, respectively. Higher rates of antithyroid medication and thyroid surgery for benign disease and lower rates of thyroid hormone therapy were found for countries with iodine insufficiency before approx. 2001, and no relationship was observed with recent iodine intake or prevention programs. CONCLUSIONS The collation of register data on thyroid outcomes from European countries is impeded by a high degree of heterogeneity in the availability and quality of data between countries. Nevertheless, a relationship between historic iodine intake and rates of treatments for hyper- and hypothyroid disorders is indicated. This study illustrates both the challenges and the potential for the application of register data of thyroid outcomes across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Tang Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to L T Møllehave:
| | - Marie Holm Eliasen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ieva Strēle
- The Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Ludmila B Ivanova
- Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University St. Kl. Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zvonko Kusić
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iris Erlund
- Department of Government Services, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Till Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Endre V Nagy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jonathan Eli Arbelle
- Division of Medicine, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Aaron Milton Troen
- The Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Valdis Pīrāgs
- Internal Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Lisbeth Dahl
- Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Simona Gaberšček
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Zaltel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Manuel Puig-Domingo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias Research Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Vila
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Juan Despi, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia Manousou
- Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Helena Filipsson Nyström
- Department of Endocrinology, Specialist Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Karen R Mullan
- Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Riis J, Andersen SL, Gade GV, Danielsen MB, Jorgensen MG, Carlé A, Torp-Pedersen C, Andersen S. Raised mortality in old adults with a history of hyperthyroidism following iodine fortification. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:255-262. [PMID: 34743350 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A transient rise in the occurrence of hyperthyroidism ensued the introduction of iodine fortification (IF) of salt in Denmark. Older adults are at risk of complications to hyperthyroidism that could prove fatal to vulnerable individuals. We evaluated the association between thyroid function and mortality in older adults before and after nationwide implementation of IF. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS All 68-year-olds from the general population in the city of Randers were invited to participate in a clinical study in 1988 and followed until death, emigration or end of study (31 December 2017) using Danish registries. MEASUREMENTS Baseline measures comprised of a questionnaire, physical examination and blood and urine samples. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox regression were used to determine the association between thyroid function and death before and after IF. Time-stratification of results before and after IF was employed due to violation of proportional hazards assumptions in Cox regression. RESULTS Median urinary iodine concentration was 42 µg/L at baseline consistent with moderate iodine deficiency. Hyperthyroidism (thyrotropin < 0.4 mIU/L) occurred in 37 (9.1%) participants. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed an increase in mortality among participants with hyperthyroidism after IF. There was no significant association between hyperthyroidism and mortality before IF compared to euthyroid participants, but after IF hyperthyroid subjects had an increased mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.22, 95% confidence interval: 1.44-3.44). CONCLUSIONS IF was associated with raised mortality among older adults with a history of hyperthyroidism and moderate iodine deficiency. Our results highlight the need for cautious iodine supplementation and for monitoring of IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Riis
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stine L Andersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gustav V Gade
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mathias B Danielsen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martin G Jorgensen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Allan Carlé
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christian Torp-Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Investigation, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
| | - Stig Andersen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Møllehave LT, Jacobsen RK, Linneberg A, Skaaby T, Knudsen N, Jørgensen T, Kårhus LL, Kriegbaum M, Grand MK, Siersma V, Lind B, Andersen CL, Nygaard B, Medici BB, Pedersen IB, Ravn-Haren G, Thuesen BH. Influence of educational level on test and treatment for incident hypothyroidism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 94:1025-1034. [PMID: 33512012 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of hypothyroidism is not expected to differ by socioeconomic factors. However, the decision to test and initiate treatment may differ. We aimed to examine whether educational level influences the probability of thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH)-measurement and initiation of levothyroxine treatment. DESIGN Citizens in the greater Copenhagen Area during 2001-2015 were included. Individual-level data on educational level, diagnoses, GP-contact, TSH-measurement and medication were derived from administrative and healthcare registers. The relative risks (RR) between educational levels of annual TSH-measurement and treatment initiation following a TSH-measurement were analysed in Poisson regression models with generalized estimation equations. RESULTS A TSH-measurement was performed in 19% of 9,390,052 person years. The probability of TSH-measurement was higher with short (RR 1.16 [95% CI 1.15-1.16]) and medium (RR 1.11 [95% CI 1.06-1.12]) compared with long education. Treatment was initiated after 0.8% of 2,049,888 TSH-measurements. For TSH < 5 mIU/L, RR for treatment initiation ranged between 0.47 (95%CI 0.39-0.57) and 0.78 (95%CI 0.67-0.91) for short and medium compared with long education. For TSH 5-10 mIU/L, there was no statistically significant difference. For TSH > 10 mIU/L, RR was 1.07 (95% CI 1.02-1.12) for short and 1.08 (95% CI 1.03-1.13) for medium compared with long education. CONCLUSION The probability of TSH-measurement was higher with shorter education, and the probability of treatment initiation with TSH > 10 mIU/L was marginally higher with short-medium education compared with long education. However, the probability of treatment initiation with TSH < 5 mIU/L, that is treatment incongruous with guidelines, was substantially higher in persons with long education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Tang Møllehave
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Rikke Kart Jacobsen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tea Skaaby
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Nils Knudsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Line Lund Kårhus
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Margit Kriegbaum
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mia Klinten Grand
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Volkert Siersma
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Lind
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Christen Lykkegaard Andersen
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Nygaard
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Borregaard Medici
- Department of Endocrinology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inge Bülow Pedersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Gitte Ravn-Haren
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Betina Heinsbaek Thuesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark
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8
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Torrejón S, Vila L, Soldevila B, Martín M, Puig‐Domingo M. Estimation of the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Catalonia through two different registries: Pharmaceutical dispensing and diagnostic registration. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00167. [PMID: 33532609 PMCID: PMC7831201 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Population studies on the prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions are costly. The pharmacy dispensing (PDR) and diagnosis (DR) registers allow us to study the epidemiology of these pathologies in a simpler way. Our aims: 1/Estimate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Catalonia based on data from the PDR and the DR, 2/to evaluate the concordance of the results obtained by both strategies. Methods The population studied was the one registered with the public health system in Catalonia(Catsalut). In the PDR analysis, the information obtained through the Pharmaceutical Provision file (during 2012, 2013, 2014) was used regarding the number of patients under treatment (NPT) (levothyroxine and antithyroid medication). The DR analysis (2014) was performed by ICD-9 codes (hyperthyroidism 242 and hypothyroidism 243, 244). Results According to the NPT in the PDR analysis, the prevalence of treated hypothyroidism increased over 3 years: 2.81%(2012), 2.92%(2013) and 3.07%(2014) (P < .00001). The prevalence of hyperthyroidism in treatment was 0.14%(2012), 0.13%(2013) and 0.14%(2014). According to the DR analysis in 2014, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 2.54% and 0.35% for hyperthyroidism. The PDR analysis estimated a higher hypothyroidism prevalence compared to that estimated by the DR (P < .0001) and vice versa in the case of hyperthyroidism. Conclusion Both PDR and DR prevalence estimations of thyroid dysfunction show some degree of discordance probably due to undercoding bias in the case of DR and the absence of subclinical pathology in the case of PDR. However, both approaches are valid and complementary for estimating the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Torrejón
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Sant Joan Despí Moisès BroggiSant Joan DespiSpain
| | - Lluis Vila
- Endocrinology and Nutrition DepartmentHospital Sant Joan Despí Moisès BroggiSant Joan DespiSpain
| | - Berta Soldevila
- Endocrinology and Nutricion DepartmentHospital Germans Trias I PujolBadalonaSpain
| | - Montse Martín
- Epidemiology DepartmentHospital Sant Joan Despí Moisès BroggiSant Joan DespiSpain
| | - Manel Puig‐Domingo
- Endocrinology and Nutricion DepartmentHospital Germans Trias I PujolBadalonaSpain
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Kim J, Gosnell JE, Roman SA. Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:17-29. [PMID: 31616074 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is on the rise, and this disease is projected to become the fourth leading type of cancer across the globe. From 1990 to 2013, the global age-standardized incidence rate of thyroid cancer increased by 20%. This global rise in incidence has been attributed to several factors, including increased detection of early tumours, the elevated prevalence of modifiable individual risk factors (for example, obesity) and increased exposure to environmental risk factors (for example, iodine levels). In this Review, we explore proven and novel hypotheses for how modifiable risk factors and environmental exposures might be driving the worldwide increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer. Although overscreening and the increased diagnosis of possibly clinically insignificant disease might have a role in certain parts of the world, other areas could be experiencing a true increase in incidence due to elevated exposure risks. In the current era of personalized medicine, national and international registry data should be applied to identify populations who are at increased risk for the development of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Kim
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Petersen M, Bülow Pedersen I, Knudsen N, Andersen S, Jørgensen T, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Banke Rasmussen L, Thuesen BH, Carlé A. Changes in subtypes of overt thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism following iodine fortification. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2019; 91:652-659. [PMID: 31400012 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of mandatory iodine fortification (IF) on the incidence of nosological subtypes of overt thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. DESIGN We identified and scrutinized all possible new cases of overt thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism in an open cohort in Northern Jutland (n = 309 434; 1 January 1997) during the years 2014-2016. Individual medical history was evaluated to verify and detail the incidence of overt thyroid dysfunction and for classification into nosological subtypes. A number of cases were excluded during final verification due to spontaneous normalization of thyroid function, as they had no medical history suggesting a known condition, which could transiently affect thyroid function (subacute/silent thyroiditis, PPTD and iatrogenic thyroid dysfunction). An identical survey was conducted in 1997-2000 prior to mandatory IF of salt (13 µg/g) that was in effect from year 2001. RESULTS The standardized incidence rate (SIR) of verified overt thyrotoxicosis decreased markedly from 97.5/100 000/year in 1997-2000 to 48.8 in 2014-2016 (SIRR: 0.50 [95% CI: 0.45-0.56]). This was due to a distinct decrease in the SIR of multinodular toxic goitre (SIRR: 0.18 [0.15-0.23]), solitary toxic adenoma (SIRR: 0.26 [0.16-0.43]) and to a lesser degree Graves' disease (SIRR: 0.67 [0.56-0.79]). SIR for overt hypothyroidism was unaltered by 2014-2016 (SIRR: 1.03 [0.87-1.22]). However, age distribution shifted with more young and fewer elderly cases of verified overt hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION Mandatory IF caused a substantial reduction in SIR of verified overt thyrotoxicosis (especially of nodular origin) while avoiding an increase in SIR of verified overt hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Petersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Nils Knudsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stig Andersen
- Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg/Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hans Perrild
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ovesen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Lone Banke Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina H Thuesen
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg/Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Carlé
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Petersen M, Knudsen N, Carlé A, Andersen S, Jørgensen T, Perrild H, Ovesen L, Rasmussen LB, Thuesen BH, Pedersen IB. Increased Incidence Rate of Hypothyroidism After Iodine Fortification in Denmark: A 20-Year Prospective Population-Based Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1833-1840. [PMID: 30551165 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-01993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor the impact of a cautious iodine fortification (IF) on the incidence of overt hypothyroidism in two subpopulations with different levels of preexisting iodine deficiency (ID). DESIGN A 20-year (1997 to 2016) prospective population-based study identified all new cases of diagnosed overt biochemical hypothyroidism in two open cohorts: a western cohort with moderate ID (n = 309,434; 1 January 1997) and an eastern cohort with mild ID (n = 224,535; 1 January 1997). A diagnostic algorithm was applied to all thyroid function tests performed within the study areas, and possible new cases were verified individually. Mandatory IF of salt was initiated in mid-2000 (13 ppm). The current study is a part of the DanThyr study. RESULTS At baseline, standardized incidence rates (SIRs) of hypothyroidism were 32.9 and 47.3/100.000/y in the cohorts with moderate and mild ID, respectively. The SIR of hypothyroidism increased significantly in both cohorts after implementing mandatory IF, with peak values of 150% in 2014 to 2016 for the moderate ID cohort and 130% in 2004 to 2005 for the mild ID cohort. Significant increases in SIR were seen among the young and middle-aged participants of both cohorts, whereas no changes were seen among the elderly participants (≥60 years). The follow-up period for the mildly iodine-deficient cohort was restricted up to and including 2008. CONCLUSION The cautious initiation of the IF program in Denmark caused a sustained increase in hypothyroidism incidence among subjects residing in areas of moderate and mild ID but only among the young and middle-aged participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Petersen
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Nils Knudsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Carlé
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stig Andersen
- Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg/Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hans Perrild
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ovesen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Lone Banke Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen
- Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg/Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ren R, Ma Y, Deng F, Li T, Wang H, Wei J, Jiang X, He M, Tian M, Liu D, Chen B, Deng W. Association between serum TSH levels and metabolic components in euthyroid subjects: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:1563-1569. [PMID: 31686877 PMCID: PMC6709806 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s202769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether a relationship exists between various metabolic factors and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in euthyroid persons remains unknown. This study aims to explore the relationship between TSH levels and metabolic factors in euthyroid individuals. METHODS A total of 2,663 subjects were enrolled from a nationwide population-based cross-sectional survey of iodine nutrition, thyroid disease and diabetes in China (2014-2017). Euthyroid individuals were divided into four groups according to quartiles of TSH levels: group A (n=305, 0.3-1.3 mIU/L), group B (n=829, 1.3-2.2 mIU/L), group C (n=673, 2.2-3.2 mIU/L) and group D (n=349, 3.2-4.2 mIU/L). Anthropometric parameters, biochemical indicators and TSH levels were determined. RESULTS A total of 2,156 euthyroid subjects with serum TSH levels within the normal range accounted for 86.8% of the sample. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) in group D was significantly higher than that in the other three groups. Group C displayed significantly lower thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels than the other three groups. Group C also had lower anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels than groups A and D, whereas the TgAb levels in group B were only lower than those in group A. Spearman's or Pearson's linear regression analysis showed that SBP (r=0.054; P=0.013) was positively correlated with TSH, but cholesterol (TC) (r=-0.043, P=0.047) was negatively correlated with TSH. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that SBP, the urinary iodine concentration (UIC), waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), TC, triglycerides (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were independent predictors of serum TSH levels. CONCLUSION This large population-based study demonstrates a significant interaction between metabolic factors and TSH levels. An adverse weight status, high blood pressure levels, blood lipid metabolism disorder and excessive iodine intake may be early manifestations of thyroid disease in euthyroid subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, PLA, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min He
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuquan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wuquan DengDepartment of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, No. 1 Jiankang Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 236 369 2185Email
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