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Tan Z, Deng Y, Cai Z, He H, Tang Z, Feng Y, Ye J, Liu R, Cai S, Huang H, Han Z, Zhong W, Guo K. ACOX2 Serves as a Favorable Indicator Related to Lipid Metabolism and Oxidative Stress for Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer. J Cancer 2024; 15:3010-3023. [PMID: 38706909 PMCID: PMC11064250 DOI: 10.7150/jca.93832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the heterogeneity of tumors, there is an urgent need for accurate prognostic parameters in prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Lipid metabolism (LM) reprogramming and oxidative stress (OS) play a vital role in the progression of PCa. In this work, we identified five LM-OS-related genes (including ACOX2, PPRAGC1A, PTGS1, PTGS2, and HAO1) associated with the biochemical recurrence (BCR) of PCa. Subsequently, a prognostic signature was established based on these five genes. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, receiver operating characteristic curves, and relationship analysis between risk score and clinical characters were applied to measure the robustness of the signature in an external cohort. A nomogram of risk score combined with clinical characteristics was constructed for clinical application. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that the underlying mechanism related to the signature included the calcium signaling, lipid transport, and cell cycle signaling pathways. Furthermore, WEE1 inhibitor was identified as a potential agent related to the cell cycle for high-risk patients. The mRNA expression and the prognostic value of the five genes were determined, and ACOX2 was identified as the key gene related to the prognostic signature. The protein expression of ACOX2 was measured in a prostate tissue microarray through an immunohistochemistry assay, confirming the bioinformatics results. By constructing the ACOX2-overexpressing PCa cell lines PC-3 and 22Rv1, the biological function of PCa cells was investigated. The cell viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion ability of PCa cell lines overexpressing ACOX2 were hindered. Decreased cellular lipid content and elevated cellular ROS content were observed in ACOX2-overexpressing PCa cell lines with reduced G2/M phases. In conclusion, this work presents the first prognostic signature specifically focused on LM-OS for PCa. ACOX2 could serve as a favorable indicator for the BCR in PCa. Further experiments are required to identify the potential underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeheng Tan
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhiduan Cai
- Department of Urology, Key Laboratory of Biological Targeting Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Huichan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhenfeng Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jianheng Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Ren Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510062, China
| | - Shanghua Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China
| | - Huiting Huang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhaodong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Weide Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, No. 9 XingDaoHuanBei Road, Guangzhou International Bio Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
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2
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Zhou L, Wong C, Liu Y, Jiang W, Yang Q. Development and validation of stable ferroptosis- and pyroptosis-related signatures in predicting prognosis and immune status in breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3827-3838. [PMID: 37849388 PMCID: PMC10718145 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop and validate the predictive effects of stable ferroptosis- and pyroptosis-related features on the prognosis and immune status of breast cancer (BC). We retrieved as well as downloaded ferroptosis- and pyroptosis-related genes from the FerrDb and GeneCards databases. The minimum absolute contraction and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to construct a prognostic classifier combining the above two types of prognostic genes with differential expression, and the Integrated Gene Expression (GEO) dataset was used for validation. Seventeen genes presented a close association with BC prognosis. Thirteen key prognostic genes with prognostic value were considered to construct a new expression signature for classifying patients with BC into high- and low-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a worse prognosis in the high-risk group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariate Cox regression analysis identified its predictive and independent features. Immune profile analysis showed that immunosuppressive cells were upregulated in the high-risk group, and this risk model was related to immunosuppressive molecules. We successfully constructed combined features of ferroptosis and pyroptosis in BC that are closely related to prognosis, clinicopathological and immune features, chemotherapy efficacy and immunosuppressive molecules. However, further experimental studies are required to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhou
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chinting Wong
- Department of Nuclear MedicineThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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3
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Jayathirtha M, Jayaweera T, Whitham D, Sullivan I, Petre BA, Darie CC, Neagu AN. Two-Dimensional-PAGE Coupled with nLC-MS/MS-Based Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins and Tumorigenic Pathways in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells Transfected for JTB Protein Silencing. Molecules 2023; 28:7501. [PMID: 38005222 PMCID: PMC10673289 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new cancer-associated genes/proteins, the characterization of their expression variation, the interactomics-based assessment of differentially expressed genes/proteins (DEGs/DEPs), and understanding the tumorigenic pathways and biological processes involved in BC genesis and progression are necessary and possible by the rapid and recent advances in bioinformatics and molecular profiling strategies. Taking into account the opinion of other authors, as well as based on our own team's in vitro studies, we suggest that the human jumping translocation breakpoint (hJTB) protein might be considered as a tumor biomarker for BC and should be studied as a target for BC therapy. In this study, we identify DEPs, carcinogenic pathways, and biological processes associated with JTB silencing, using 2D-PAGE coupled with nano-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS) proteomics applied to a MCF7 breast cancer cell line, for complementing and completing our previous results based on SDS-PAGE, as well as in-solution proteomics of MCF7 cells transfected for JTB downregulation. The functions of significant DEPs are analyzed using GSEA and KEGG analyses. Almost all DEPs exert pro-tumorigenic effects in the JTBlow condition, sustaining the tumor suppressive function of JTB. Thus, the identified DEPs are involved in several signaling and metabolic pathways that play pro-tumorigenic roles: EMT, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, mTOR, C-MYC, NF-κB, IFN-γ and IFN-α responses, UPR, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. These pathways sustain cancer cell growth, adhesion, survival, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, resistance to apoptosis, tight junctions and cytoskeleton reorganization, the maintenance of stemness, metabolic reprogramming, survival in a hostile environment, and sustain a poor clinical outcome. In conclusion, JTB silencing might increase the neoplastic phenotype and behavior of the MCF7 BC cell line. The data is available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD046265.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Jayathirtha
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (M.J.); (T.J.); (D.W.); (I.S.); (C.C.D.)
| | - Taniya Jayaweera
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (M.J.); (T.J.); (D.W.); (I.S.); (C.C.D.)
| | - Danielle Whitham
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (M.J.); (T.J.); (D.W.); (I.S.); (C.C.D.)
| | - Isabelle Sullivan
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (M.J.); (T.J.); (D.W.); (I.S.); (C.C.D.)
| | - Brîndușa Alina Petre
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (M.J.); (T.J.); (D.W.); (I.S.); (C.C.D.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I bvd, No. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Center for Fundamental Research and Experimental Development in Translation Medicine–TRANSCEND, Regional Institute of Oncology, 700483 Iasi, Romania
| | - Costel C. Darie
- Biochemistry & Proteomics Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; (M.J.); (T.J.); (D.W.); (I.S.); (C.C.D.)
| | - Anca-Narcisa Neagu
- Laboratory of Animal Histology, Faculty of Biology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, Carol I Bvd. No. 22, 700505 Iasi, Romania
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Guo Z, Li Z, Zhang M, Bao M, He B, Zhou X. LncRNA FAS-AS1 upregulated by its genetic variation rs6586163 promotes cell apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma through regulating mitochondria function and Fas splicing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8218. [PMID: 37217794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck malignant with a high incidence in Southern China. Genetic aberrations play a vital role in the pathogenesis, progression and prognosis of NPC. In the present study, we elucidated the underlying mechanism of FAS-AS1 and its genetic variation rs6586163 in NPC. We demonstrated that FAS-AS1 rs6586163 variant genotype carriers were associated with lower risk of NPC (CC vs. AA, OR = 0.645, P = 0.006) and better overall survival (AC + CC vs. AA, HR = 0.667, P = 0.030). Mechanically, rs6586163 increased the transcriptional activity of FAS-AS1 and contributed to ectopic overexpression of FAS-AS1 in NPC. rs6586163 also exhibited an eQTL trait and the genes affected by rs6586163 were enriched in apoptosis related signaling pathway. FAS-AS1 was downregulated in NPC tissues and over-expression of FAS-AS1 was associated with early clinical stage and better short-term treatment efficacy for NPC patients. Overexpression of FAS-AS1 inhibited NPC cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis. GSEA analysis of RNA-seq data suggested FAS-AS1 participate in mitochondria regulation and mRNA alternative splicing. Transmission electron microscopic examination verified that the mitochondria was swelled, the mitochondrial cristae was fragmented or disappeared, and their structures were destroyed in FAS-AS1 overexpressed cells. Furthermore, we identified HSP90AA1, CS, BCL2L1, SOD2 and PPARGC1A as the top 5 hub genes of FAS-AS1 regulated genes involved in mitochondria function. We also proved FAS-AS1 could affect Fas splicing isoform sFas/mFas expression ratio, and apoptotic protein expression, thus leading to increased apoptosis. Our study provided the first evidence that FAS-AS1 and its genetic polymorphism rs6586163 triggered apoptosis in NPC, which might have a potential as new biomarkers for NPC susceptibility and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, LeiFeng Avenue No.1501, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China
| | - ZiBo Li
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, LeiFeng Avenue No.1501, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China
| | - MengLing Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China
| | - MeiHua Bao
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, LeiFeng Avenue No.1501, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China
| | - BinSheng He
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, LeiFeng Avenue No.1501, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoLong Zhou
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, LeiFeng Avenue No.1501, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Fundamental and Clinical Research on Functional Nucleic Acid, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Nishio K, Kawarasaki T, Sugiura Y, Matsumoto S, Konoshima A, Takano Y, Hayashi M, Okumura F, Kamura T, Mizushima T, Nakatsukasa K. Defective import of mitochondrial metabolic enzyme elicits ectopic metabolic stress. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf1956. [PMID: 37058555 PMCID: PMC10104474 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies in mitochondrial protein import are associated with a number of diseases. However, although nonimported mitochondrial proteins are at great risk of aggregation, it remains largely unclear how their accumulation causes cell dysfunction. Here, we show that nonimported citrate synthase is targeted for proteasomal degradation by the ubiquitin ligase SCFUcc1. Unexpectedly, our structural and genetic analyses revealed that nonimported citrate synthase appears to form an enzymatically active conformation in the cytosol. Its excess accumulation caused ectopic citrate synthesis, which, in turn, led to an imbalance in carbon flux of sugar, a reduction of the pool of amino acids and nucleotides, and a growth defect. Under these conditions, translation repression is induced and acts as a protective mechanism that mitigates the growth defect. We propose that the consequence of mitochondrial import failure is not limited to proteotoxic insults, but that the accumulation of a nonimported metabolic enzyme elicits ectopic metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nishio
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kawarasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Multiomics Platform, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ayano Konoshima
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Takano
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Mayuko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Okumura
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka 813-8582, Japan
| | - Takumi Kamura
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tsunehiro Mizushima
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kunio Nakatsukasa
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8501, Japan
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Jeyananthan P. Prolonged viral shedding prediction on non-hospitalized, uncomplicated SARS-CoV-2 patients using their transcriptome data. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE UPDATE 2022; 2:100070. [PMID: 36090806 PMCID: PMC9444307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpbup.2022.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is identified as a highly transmissible coronavirus which threatens the world with this deadly pandemic. WHO reported that it spreads through contact, droplet, airborne, formite, fecal-oral, bloodborne, mother-to-child and animal-to-human. Hence, viral shedding has a huge impact on this pandemic. This study uses transcriptome data of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients to predict the prolonged viral shedding of the corresponding patient. This prediction starts with the transcriptome features which gives the lowest root mean squared value of 16.3±3.3 using top 25 feature selected using forward feature selection algorithm and linear regression algorithm. Then to see the impact of few non-molecular features in this prediction, they were added to the model one by one along with the selected transcriptome features. However, this study shows that those features do not have any impact on prolonged viral shedding prediction. Further this study predicts the day since onset in the same way. Here also top 25 transcriptome features selected using forward feature selection algorithm gives a comparably good accuracy (accuracy value of 0.74±0.1). However, the best accuracy was obtained using the best 20 features from feature importance using SVM (0.78±0.1). Moreover, adding non-molecular features shows a great impact on mutual information selected features in this prediction.
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7
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AMPK's double-faced role in advanced stages of prostate cancer. CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL ONCOLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE FEDERATION OF SPANISH ONCOLOGY SOCIETIES AND OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE OF MEXICO 2022; 24:2064-2073. [PMID: 35781781 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. Unfortunately, a very limited number of drugs are available for the relapsed and advanced stages of PCa, adding only a few months to survival; therefore, it is vital to develop new drugs. 5´ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cell metabolism. It plays a significant role in the metabolism of PCa; hence, it can serve well as a treatment option for the advanced stages of PCa. However, whether this pathway contributes to cancer cell survival or death remains unknown. The present study reviews the possible pathways by which AMPK plays role in the advanced stages of PCa, drug resistance, and metastasis: (1) AMPK has a contradictory role in promoting glycolysis and the Warburg effect which are correlated with cancer stem cells (CSCs) survival and advanced PCa. It exerts its effect by interacting with hypoxia-induced factor 1 (HIF1) α, pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2), glucose transporter (GLUT) 1 and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), which are key regulators of glycolysis; however, whether it promotes or discourage glycolysis is not conclusive. It can also exert an anti-CSC effect by negative regulation of NANOG and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factors, which are the major drivers of CSC maintenance; (2) the regulatory effect of AMPK on autophagy is also noticeable. Androgen receptors' expression increases AMPK activation through Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMKK2) and induces autophagy. In addition, AMPK itself increases autophagy by downregulating the mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTORC). However, whether increased autophagy inhibits or promotes cell death and drug resistance is contradictory. This study reveals that there are numerous pathways other than cell metabolism by which AMPK exerts its effects in the advanced stages of PCa, making it a priceless treatment target. Finally, we mention some drugs developed to treat the advanced stages of PCa by acting on AMPK.
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Han Z, Feng Y, Deng Y, Tang Z, Cai S, Zhuo Y, Liang Y, Ye J, Cai Z, Yang S, Liang Y, Hon CT, Chen J, Zhong W. Integrated analysis reveals prognostic value and progression-related role of AMIGO2 in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2022; 11:914-928. [PMID: 35958903 PMCID: PMC9360515 DOI: 10.21037/tau-21-1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Even though emerging studies supplied evidence that Adhesion Molecule with Ig Like Domain family 2 (AMIGO2) plays a critical role in numerous cancers, comprehensive analysis of the prognostic value and significant role of AMIGO2 in prostate cancer (PCa) have not been described. Methods Differentially expressed analysis, survival analysis and univariate cox regression analysis were first performed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic role of AMIGO2 in various cancers, especially in PCa. Tissue microarray were used to examined the association between AMGIO2 and clinical features. Multivariate cox regression analysis, concordance index, nomogram construction, the receiver operator characteristic curve and calibration curves were further used to discover the effects of AMIGO2 on recurrence-free survival (RFS) and clinicopathological characteristics, including age, Gleason score (GS) and tumor stage. Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations analysis were further conducted to explore the potential effect of AMIGO2 in PCa and examined by biological function analysis and in vitro experiments. Results AMIGO2 was associated with poor RFS (P<0.05) and differentially expressed (P<0.05) in multiple cancer type, especially in PCa. Besides, decreasing the expression of AMIGO2 inhibited PCa cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. In addition, AMIGO2 was a reliable prognostic marker providing additional information (C-index: 0.7) that supplement the currently used prognosis evaluation system, e.g., T stage (C-index: 0.62) and GS (C-index: 0.65). A novel nomogram was established based on AMIGO2, tumor stage and GS with accuracies (areas under curve) of 0.70, 0.78 and 0.82 for predicting 3-, 5- and 7-year RFS, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis and in vitro examination also suggested that AMIGO2 might involve in the progression of PCa tumors inducing epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Conclusions We identified AMIGO2 as a pan-cancer gene that could not only be a prognostic biomarker in various cancers, especially in PCa, but may functionally promoting PCa progression via EMT and mediating docetaxel resistance, suggesting AMIGO2 as a potential target for future treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Tang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanghua Cai
- Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangjia Zhuo
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingke Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianheng Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhouda Cai
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yuxiang Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi Tin Hon
- Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, China
| | - Jiahong Chen
- Department of Urology, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Weide Zhong
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, China
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Resurreccion EP, Fong KW. The Integration of Metabolomics with Other Omics: Insights into Understanding Prostate Cancer. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060488. [PMID: 35736421 PMCID: PMC9230859 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of prostate cancer (PCa) has shifted from solely caused by a few genetic aberrations to a combination of complex biochemical dysregulations with the prostate metabolome at its core. The role of metabolomics in analyzing the pathophysiology of PCa is indispensable. However, to fully elucidate real-time complex dysregulation in prostate cells, an integrated approach based on metabolomics and other omics is warranted. Individually, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics are robust, but they are not enough to achieve a holistic view of PCa tumorigenesis. This review is the first of its kind to focus solely on the integration of metabolomics with multi-omic platforms in PCa research, including a detailed emphasis on the metabolomic profile of PCa. The authors intend to provide researchers in the field with a comprehensive knowledge base in PCa metabolomics and offer perspectives on overcoming limitations of the tool to guide future point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazer P. Resurreccion
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
| | - Ka-wing Fong
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-562-3455
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10
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Peng Y, Liu H, Liu J, Long J. Post-translational modifications on mitochondrial metabolic enzymes in cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:11-23. [PMID: 34929314 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell. The research of nearly a century has expanded our understanding of mitochondrion, far beyond the view that mitochondrion is an important energy generator of cells. During the initiation, growth and survival of tumor cells, significant mitochondrial metabolic changes have taken place in the important enzymes of respiratory chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, oxidative stress regulation and molecular signaling. Therefore, mitochondrial metabolic proteins are the key mediators of tumorigenesis. Post-translational modification is the molecular switch that regulates protein function. Understanding how these mitochondria-related post-translational modification function during tumorigenesis will bring new ideas for the next generation of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Peng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huadong Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jiangang Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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11
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Liu R, Feng Y, Deng Y, Zou Z, Ye J, Cai Z, Zhu X, Liang Y, Lu J, Zhang H, Luo Y, Han Z, Zhuo Y, Xie Q, Hon CT, Liang Y, Wu CL, Zhong W. A HIF1α-GPD1 feedforward loop inhibits the progression of renal clear cell carcinoma via mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:188. [PMID: 34098990 PMCID: PMC8185942 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01996-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Hypoxia signaling, especially the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, is a major player in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which is characterized by disorders in lipid and glycogen metabolism. However, the interaction between hypoxia and lipid metabolism in ccRCC progression is still poorly understood. Methods We used bioinformatic analysis and discovered that glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (GPD1) may play a key role in hypoxia and lipid metabolism pathways in ccRCC. Tissue microarray, IHC staining, and survival analysis were performed to evaluate clinical function. In vitro and in vivo assays showed the biological effects of GPD1 in ccRCC progression. Results We found that the expression of GPD1 was downregulated in ccRCC tissues, and overexpression of GPD1 inhibited the progression of ccRCC both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) directly regulates GPD1 at the transcriptional level, which leads to the inhibition of mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism. Additionally, GPD1 was shown to inhibit prolyl hydroxylase 3 (PHD3), which blocks prolyl-hydroxylation of HIF1α and subsequent proteasomal degradation, and thus reinforces the inhibition of mitochondrial function and phosphorylation of AMPK via suppressing glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GPD2). Conclusions This study not only demonstrated that HIF1α-GPD1 forms a positive feedforward loop inhibiting mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism in ccRCC, but also discovered a new mechanism for the molecular basis of HIF1α to inhibit tumor activity, thus providing novel insights into hypoxia-lipid-mediated ccRCC therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01996-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yuanfa Feng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Zhihao Zou
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Jianheng Ye
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Zhiduan Cai
- Department of Urology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Xuejin Zhu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China.,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China
| | - Yingke Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Jianming Lu
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Southern Medical University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Zhaodong Han
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Yangjia Zhuo
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Qingling Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.,Department of Urology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Chi Tin Hon
- Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yuxiang Liang
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Departments of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Weide Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Urology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China. .,Urology Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510230, China. .,Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China. .,Departments of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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12
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Mitochondria in epithelial ovarian carcinoma exhibit abnormal phenotypes and blunted associations with biobehavioral factors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11595. [PMID: 34078919 PMCID: PMC8172869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89934-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumor cells exhibit mitochondrial alterations and are also influenced by biobehavioral processes, but the intersection of biobehavioral factors and mitochondria in malignant tumors remains unexplored. Here we examined multiple biochemical and molecular markers of mitochondrial content and function in benign tissue and in high-grade epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) in parallel with exploratory analyses of biobehavioral factors. First, analysis of a publicly-available database (n = 1435) showed that gene expression of specific mitochondrial proteins in EOC is associated with survival. Quantifying multiple biochemical and molecular markers of mitochondrial content and function in tissue from 51 patients with benign ovarian masses and 128 patients with high-grade EOC revealed that compared to benign tissue, EOCs exhibit 3.3-8.4-fold higher mitochondrial content and respiratory chain enzymatic activities (P < 0.001) but similar mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) levels (- 3.1%), documenting abnormal mitochondrial phenotypes in EOC. Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity was also associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in ascites. In benign tissue, negative biobehavioral factors were inversely correlated with mitochondrial content and respiratory chain activities, whereas positive biobehavioral factors tended to be positively correlated with mitochondrial measures, although effect sizes were small to medium (r = - 0.43 to 0.47). In contrast, serous EOCs showed less pronounced biobehavioral-mitochondrial correlations. These results document abnormal mitochondrial functional phenotypes in EOC and warrant further research on the link between biobehavioral factors and mitochondria in cancer.
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13
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Ma R, Wu Y, Li S, Yu X. Interplay Between Glucose Metabolism and Chromatin Modifications in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654337. [PMID: 33987181 PMCID: PMC8110832 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram glucose metabolism to meet their malignant proliferation needs and survival under a variety of stress conditions. The prominent metabolic reprogram is aerobic glycolysis, which can help cells accumulate precursors for biosynthesis of macromolecules. In addition to glycolysis, recent studies show that gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle play important roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we provide a comprehensive review about the role of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and TCA cycle in tumorigenesis with an emphasis on revealing the novel functions of the relevant enzymes and metabolites. These functions include regulation of cell metabolism, gene expression, cell apoptosis and autophagy. We also summarize the effect of glucose metabolism on chromatin modifications and how this relationship leads to cancer development. Understanding the link between cancer cell metabolism and chromatin modifications will help develop more effective cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xilan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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14
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Yang B, Zhang C, Cheng S, Li G, Griebel J, Neuhaus J. Novel Metabolic Signatures of Prostate Cancer Revealed by 1H-NMR Metabolomics of Urine. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:149. [PMID: 33498542 PMCID: PMC7909529 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common male cancers worldwide. Until now, there is no consensus about using urinary metabolomic profiling as novel biomarkers to identify PC. In this study, urine samples from 50 PC patients and 50 non-cancerous individuals (control group) were collected. Based on 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis, 20 metabolites were identified. Subsequently, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-differential analysis (PLS-DA) and ortho-PLS-DA (OPLS-DA) were applied to find metabolites to distinguish PC from the control group. Furthermore, Wilcoxon test was used to find significant differences between the two groups in metabolite urine levels. Guanidinoacetate, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine were significantly increased in PC, while L-lactate and L-alanine were significantly decreased. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis revealed that the combination of guanidinoacetate, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine was able to accurately differentiate 77% of the PC patients with sensitivity = 80% and a specificity = 64%. In addition, those three metabolites showed significant differences in patients stratified for Gleason score 6 and Gleason score ≥7, indicating potential use to detect significant prostate cancer. Pathway enrichment analysis using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and the SMPDB (The Small Molecule Pathway Database) revealed potential involvement of KEGG "Glycine, Serine, and Threonine metabolism" in PC. The present study highlights that guanidinoacetate, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine are potential candidate biomarkers of PC. To the best knowledge of the authors, this is the first study identifying guanidinoacetate, and phenylacetylglycine as potential novel biomarkers in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.Y.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Urology, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.Y.); (C.Z.)
| | - Sheng Cheng
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
| | - Gonghui Li
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
| | - Jan Griebel
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Jochen Neuhaus
- Department of Urology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (B.Y.); (C.Z.)
- Department of Urology, Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
- Department of Urology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China;
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