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Sanidad KZ, Rager SL, Carrow HC, Ananthanarayanan A, Callaghan R, Hart LR, Li T, Ravisankar P, Brown JA, Amir M, Jin JC, Savage AR, Luo R, Rowdo FM, Martin ML, Silver RB, Guo CJ, Krumsiek J, Inohara N, Zeng MY. Gut bacteria-derived serotonin promotes immune tolerance in early life. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadj4775. [PMID: 38489352 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj4775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota promotes immune system development in early life, but the interactions between the gut metabolome and immune cells in the neonatal gut remain largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that the neonatal gut is uniquely enriched with neurotransmitters, including serotonin, and that specific gut bacteria directly produce serotonin while down-regulating monoamine oxidase A to limit serotonin breakdown. We found that serotonin directly signals to T cells to increase intracellular indole-3-acetaldehdye and inhibit mTOR activation, thereby promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells, both ex vivo and in vivo in the neonatal intestine. Oral gavage of serotonin into neonatal mice resulted in long-term T cell-mediated antigen-specific immune tolerance toward both dietary antigens and commensal bacteria. Together, our study has uncovered an important role for specific gut bacteria to increase serotonin availability in the neonatal gut and identified a function of gut serotonin in shaping T cell response to dietary antigens and commensal bacteria to promote immune tolerance in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Z Sanidad
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie L Rager
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hannah C Carrow
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aparna Ananthanarayanan
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryann Callaghan
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucy R Hart
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Jill Roberts Institute for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Purnima Ravisankar
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julia A Brown
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohammed Amir
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jenny C Jin
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexandria Rose Savage
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ryan Luo
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - M Laura Martin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Randi B Silver
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chun-Jun Guo
- Jill Roberts Institute for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Naohiro Inohara
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Melody Y Zeng
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Wu J, Li X, Kong D, Zheng X, Du W, Zhang Y, Jiao Y, Li X. Exploring the importance of m5c in the diagnosis and subtype classification of COPD using the GEO database. Gene 2024; 895:147987. [PMID: 37972696 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5-Methylcytosine (m5C) is an mRNA modifier that is associated with the occurrence and development of viral infection, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, and other diseases. However, the role of m5C regulators in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unknown. METHODS In this study, by analysing the GSE42057 dataset, the differential expression of m5c regulators in the COPD group and control group was obtained, and a correlation analysis was conducted. The random forest model and support vector machine model were used to predict the occurrence of COPD. A nomogram model was also constructed to predict the prevalence of COPD. The COPD patients were divided into subtypes by consistent cluster analysis based on m5c methylation regulators. Immune cell infiltration was performed on the m5c methylation subtypes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between m5c methylation subtypes were screened, and the DEGs were analysed by Gene Ontology (GO) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Finally, we verified the expression of several m5C regulators and related pathways using a COPD cell model. RESULTS Seven m5c methylation regulators were differentially expressed. The random forest model based on the above genes was the most accurate for predicting the occurrence of COPD. A nomogram model based on the above genes could also accurately predict the prevalence of COPD, and the implementation of these models could benefit COPD patients. The consistent cluster analysis divided the COPD patients into two subtypes (Cluster A and Cluster B). The main component analysis algorithm determined the m5c methylation subtypes and found that patients in Cluster A had a higher m5c score than those in Cluster B. GO analysis of the DEGs between the m5c methylation COPD patient subtypes revealed that DEGS were mainly enriched in leukocyte-mediated immunity and regulation of T-cell activation. KEGG analysis revealed that DEGS were mainly enriched in Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and the NF-κB signalling pathway. Immunocyte correlation analysis revealed that Cluster B was associated with neutrophil- and macrophage-mediated immunity, while Cluster A was associated with CD4 + T-cell- and CD8 + T-cell-mediated immunity. Cell experiments have also verified some of the above research results. CONCLUSION The diagnosis and subtype classification of COPD patients based on m5c regulators may provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wu
- Respiratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Respiratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Deyu Kong
- Respiratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xudong Zheng
- Respiratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weisha Du
- Respiratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Respiratory Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Respiratory Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Glaucoma, Eye Hospital China academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100040, China.
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Chen H, Liu C, Zhan Y, Wang Y, Hu Q, Zeng Z. Alpinetin ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by repressing fibroblast differentiation and proliferation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116101. [PMID: 38228032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and irreversible interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. Alpinetin (ALP), derived from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, has shown potential as a therapeutic measure of various diseases. However, the utilization of ALP in managing pulmonary fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. METHODS A well-established mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) was used in this study. The antifibrotic effects of ALP on histopathologic manifestations and expression levels of fibrotic markers were examined. Subsequently, the impact of ALP on fibroblast differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and associated signaling pathways was investigated to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS In the present study, we observed that ALP effectively mitigated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice, as evidenced by histopathological manifestations and the expression levels of fibrotic markers. Furthermore, the in vitro experiments demonstrated that ALP treatment attenuated the ability of fibroblasts to differentiate into myofibroblasts. Mechanically, our findings provided evidence that ALP suppressed fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation by repressing TGF-β/ALK5/Smad signaling pathway. ALP was found to possess the capability of inhibiting fibroblast proliferation and promoting apoptosis of fibroblasts induced by TGF-β. CONCLUSION In general, ALP may exert therapeutic effects on pulmonary fibrosis by modulating the differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of fibroblasts. Although its safety has been demonstrated in mice, further studies are required to investigate the efficacy of ALP in treatment of patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Chen
- Department and Institute of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Changyu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiongjie Hu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilin Zeng
- Department and Institute of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Kim SH, Haynes KA. Reader-Effectors as Actuators of Epigenome Editing. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2842:103-127. [PMID: 39012592 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-4051-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Epigenome editing applications are gaining broader use for targeted transcriptional control as more enzymes with diverse chromatin-modifying functions are being incorporated into fusion proteins. Development of these fusion proteins, called epigenome editors, has outpaced the study of proteins that interact with edited chromatin. One type of protein that acts downstream of chromatin editing is the reader-effector, which bridges epigenetic marks with biological effects like gene regulation. As the name suggests, a reader-effector protein is generally composed of a reader domain and an effector domain. Reader domains directly bind epigenetic marks, while effector domains often recruit protein complexes that mediate transcription, chromatin remodeling, and DNA repair. In this chapter, we discuss the role of reader-effectors in driving the outputs of epigenome editing and highlight instances where abnormal and context-specific reader-effectors might impair the effects of epigenome editing. Lastly, we discuss how engineered reader-effectors may complement the epigenome editing toolbox to achieve robust and reliable gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hu Kim
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karmella A Haynes
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Methyl CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) in inflammation. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2880-2882. [PMID: 36728519 PMCID: PMC9945063 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Ai K, Li X, Zhang P, Pan J, Li H, He Z, Zhang H, Yi L, Kang Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Li Y, Xiang X, Chai X, Zhang D. Genetic or siRNA inhibition of MBD2 attenuates the UUO- and I/R-induced renal fibrosis via downregulation of EGR1. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:77-86. [PMID: 35356685 PMCID: PMC8933641 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in the progression of renal fibrosis. Methyl-CpG–binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), a protein reader of methylation, is involved in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by vancomycin. However, the role and mechanism of action of MBD2 in renal remain unclear. In this study, MBD2 mediated extracellular matrix (ECM) production induced by TGF-β1 in Boston University mouse proximal tubule (BUMPT) cells,and upregulated the expression EGR1 to promote ECM production in murine embryonic NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. ChIP analysis demonstrated that MBD2 physically interacted with the promoter region of the CpG islands of EGR1 genes and then activated their expression by inducing hypomethylation of the promoter region. In vivo, PT-MBD2-KO attenuated unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis via downregulation of EGR1, which was demonstrated by the downregulation of fibronectin (FN), collagen I and IV, α-SMA, and EGR1. Injection of MBD2-siRNA attenuated the UUO- and I/R-induced renal fibrosis. Those molecular changes were verified by biopsies from patients with obstructive nephropathy (OB). These data collectively demonstrated that inhibition of MBD2 reduces renal fibrosis via downregulating EGR1, which could be a target for treatment of fibrotic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhou Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Pan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibiao He
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yi
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Kang
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhuai Wang
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiang Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijian Li
- Department of Urology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Xiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangping Chai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshan Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Medicine and Difficult Diseases Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
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7
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Chen Z, Yuan Y, He Y, Wasti B, Duan W, Jia J, Li D, Xiao B, Zhang D, Ma L, Li J, Liu Y, Zeng Q, Xiang X, Zhang X, Liu S. MBD2 as a Potential Novel Biomarker for Identifying Severe Asthma With Different Endotypes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:693605. [PMID: 34692717 PMCID: PMC8527858 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.693605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have shown that methyl-CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2) expression is significantly elevated in a neutrophil-dominant severe asthma mouse model. It also regulates Th17 cell differentiation. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum MBD2 levels in patients with severe asthma with different endotypes. Methods: Eligible adults with confirmed asthma (n = 63) underwent a clinical assessment, asthma control test and pulmonary function test and were classified as having mild, moderate or severe asthma. Severe asthma endotypes were defined according to the percentage of Th2 and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood and by the type of inflammation. The percentage of Th2 and Th17 cells in the peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry. Serum MBD2, eosinophilic cationic protein and myeloperoxidase were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations of MBD2 expression with clinical parameters were evaluated using Spearman's rank correlation analysis. Results: Serum MBD2 levels were upregulated in patients with severe asthma compared to healthy controls and patients with mild to moderate asthma. MBD2 was also significantly increased in patients with Th17 severe asthma compared to patients with type 2 severe asthma. Furthermore, MBD2 was positively correlated with MPO and Th17 cells but negatively correlated with ECP and Th2 cells in patients with severe asthma. Conclusions: These findings suggest that serum MBD2 may be a potential new biomarker for identifying severe asthma, Th17 severe asthma and the type of airway inflammation. However, these findings are still preliminary and need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Binaya Wasti
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wentao Duan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingsi Jia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Danhong Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bing Xiao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dongshan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Libing Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jianmin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhuzhou City Central Hospital, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Qingping Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Longshan County People's Hospital, Longshan, China
| | - Xudong Xiang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaokun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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8
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Shen W, Weng Z, Fan M, Wang S, Wang R, Zhang Y, Tian H, Wang X, Wu X, Yang X, Wei W, Yuan K. Mechanisms by Which the MBD2/miR-301a-5p/CXCL12/CXCR4 Pathway Regulates Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2020; 15:2561-2572. [PMID: 33116473 PMCID: PMC7585268 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s261522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by irreversible expiratory airflow obstruction, and its chronic course is worsened by recurrent acute exacerbations. Our previous microarray assay identified microRNA (miR)-301a-5p as being associated with progression of acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD); however, the mechanism underlying COPD pathogenesis remains unknown. Methods Samples of serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from healthy control subjects and patients with stable COPD (R-COPD) or with an acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD). Human HULEC-5a and human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells were transfected with methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2), sh-MBD2, miR-301a-5p mimics or an inhibitor, and then stimulated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Conditioned medium co-culture assays were performed by adding the supernatant of medium derived from HULEC-5a cells transfected with miR-301a-5p mimics or inhibitor into wells containing si-c-x-c motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-transfected-lung fibroblasts or human leukemic THP-1 cell line macrophages. Transwell assays were performed to analyze cell migration. Results Our analysis of clinical samples showed that decreased miR-301a-5p levels in patients with AE-COPD were positively correlated with levels of MBD2 expression, but negatively correlated with levels of chemokine ligand C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) expression. MBD2 overexpression significantly promoted miR-301a-5p production, but suppressed CXCL12 production in HULEC-5a and HBE cells. CXCL12 was confirmed to be a direct target of miR-301a-5p. CXCR4 knockdown significantly enhanced the suppressive effect of miR-301a-5p mimics and attenuated the promotional effects of the miR-301a-5p inhibitor on the migration of circulating fibroblasts and macrophages, as well as the expression levels of phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-MEK) and phospho-protein kinase B (p-AKT). Conclusion In summary, the MBD2/miR-301a-5p/CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway was shown to affect the migration of lung fibroblasts and monocyte-derived macrophages, which may play an important role during COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyin Weng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minjuan Fan
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shukun Wang
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruili Wang
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Tian
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Yang
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaifen Yuan
- Respiratory Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
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9
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Vitenberga Z, Pilmane M, Babjoniševa A. An Insight into COPD Morphopathogenesis: Chronic Inflammation, Remodeling, and Antimicrobial Defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080496. [PMID: 31426487 PMCID: PMC6723364 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Intercellular signaling networks with high complexity cause a spectrum of mechanisms achieving chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that still question many uncertainties. Materials and Methods: Immunoreactive cells in bronchial tissue obtained from 40 COPD patients and 49 healthy control subjects were detected by biotin-streptavidin immunohistochemistry method for the following markers of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1, Hsp−70, hBD−2, hBD−3, hBD−4. Results: Overall the highest numbers (from mostly moderate (++) to abundance (++++)) of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1 immunoreactive cells were marked increasingly in the blood vessel wall, connective tissue, and bronchial epithelium of COPD-affected lung, respectively. We found statistically significant (p < 0.05) higher numbers of immunoreactive cells positive for all of examined interleukins, TNF-α, MMP-2, TIMP-2, TGF-β1, hBD-2, and hBD-3 in the COPD-affected lung compared to the control group, but not for Hsp-70 and hBD-4. Conclusions: COPD-affected lung tissue exhibits mostly inflammatory response patterns of increased IL-1α, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12, and TNF-α, especially in the airway epithelium. Increased MMP-2 and TGF-β1, but decreased Hsp-70, proposes pronounced tissue damage and remodeling in COPD. High numbers of hBD-2 and hBD-3 immunoreactive cells may highlight antimicrobial activity in COPD within stable regulation of local immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Vitenberga
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aurika Babjoniševa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia
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10
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Zhao J, Li M, Wang Z, Chen J, Zhao J, Xu Y, Wei X, Wang J, Xie J. Role of PM 2.5 in the development and progression of COPD and its mechanisms. Respir Res 2019; 20:120. [PMID: 31196090 PMCID: PMC6567502 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multitude of epidemiological studies have shown that ambient fine particulate matter 2.5 (diameter < 2.5um; PM2.5) was associated with increased morbidity and mortality of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the underlying associated mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. We conducted this study to investigate the role of PM2.5 in the development of COPD and associated mechanisms. METHODS We firstly conducted a cross-sectional study in Chinese han population to observe PM2.5 effects on COPD morbidity. Then, in vitro, we incubated human bronchial epithelial cells to different concentrations of PM2.5 for 24 h. The expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by ELISA and the levels of MMPs, TGF-β1, fibronectin and collagen was determined by immunoblotting. In vivo, we subjected C57BL/6 mice to chronic prolonged exposure to PM2.5 for 48 weeks to study the influence of PM2.5 exposure on lung function, pulmonary structure and inflammation. RESULTS We found that the effect of PM2.5 on COPD morbidity was associated with its levels and that PM2.5 and cigarette smoke could have a synergistic impact on COPD development and progression. Both vitro and vivo studies demonstrated that PM2.5 exposure could induce pulmonary inflammation, decrease lung function, and cause emphysematous changes. Furthermore, PM2.5 could markedly aggravated cigarette smoke-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS In short, we found that prolonged chronic exposure to PM2.5 resulted in decreased lung function, emphysematous lesions and airway inflammation. Most importantly, long-term PM2.5 exposure exacerbateed cigarette smoke-induced changes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Zhao
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinkun Chen
- Acadia Junior High School, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jianping Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianmao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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11
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Wang Z, Zhao J, Wang T, Du X, Xie J. Fine-particulate matter aggravates cigarette smoke extract-induced airway inflammation via Wnt5a-ERK pathway in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:979-994. [PMID: 31190784 PMCID: PMC6512785 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s195794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to environmental particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) and smoking are common contributors to COPD, and pertinent research implicates both factors in pulmonary inflammation. Using in vivo mouse and in vitro human cellular models, we investigated the joint impact of PM2.5 pollution, and cigarette smoke (CS) in mice or cigarette-smoke extract (CSE) in cells on COPD inflammation, and explored potential mechanisms. Methods Tissue changes in lungs of C57BL/6 mice exposed to PM2.5 and CS were studied by light microscopy, H&E, immunochemistry, and immunofluorescence-stained sections. Levels of inflammatory factors induced by PM2.5/CS in mice and PM2.5/CSE in 16HBE cells were also monitored by quantitative reverse-transcription (qRT)-PCR and ELISA. Expression of genes related to the Wnt5a-signaling pathway was assessed at transcriptional and protein levels using immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting. Results Inflammatory response to combined exposure of PM2.5 and CS or CSE in mouse and 16HBE cells surpassed responses incited separately. Although separate PM2.5 and CS/CSE exposure upregulated the expression of Wnt5a (a member of the Wnt-secreted glycoprotein family), combined PM2.5 and CS/CSE exposure produced a steeper rise in Wnt5a levels. Use of a Wnt5a antagonist (BOX5) successfully blocked related inflammatory effects. ERK phosphorylation appeared to mediate the effects of Wnt5a in the COPD model, promoting PM2.5 aggravation of CS/CSE-induced airway inflammation. Conclusion Our findings suggest that combined PM2.5 and CS/CSE exposure induce airway inflammation and Wnt5a expression in vivo in mice and in vitro in 16HBE cells. Furthermore, PM2.5 seems to aggravate CS/CSE-induced inflammation via the Wnt5a–ERK pathway in the context of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China,
| | - Junling Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China,
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center of Respiratory Disease, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China,
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12
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Su Y, Luo H, Yang J. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor attenuates lung inflammation and injury in a murine model of pulmonary emphysema. Growth Factors 2018; 36:246-262. [PMID: 30600734 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1552270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary inflammation and progressive lung destruction are the major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), resulting in emphysema and irreversible pulmonary dysfunction. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), is known to play a protective role in the process of various inflammatory diseases. However, its effect on COPD is poorly understood. This study was designed to determine the effect of HB-EGF on lung inflammation and injury in a murine model of pulmonary emphysema. HB-EGF promoted percent survival and body weight, attenuated lung injury, inflammatory cells, and cytokines infiltration, and prevented lung function decline. Additionally, treatment of rHB-EGF suppressed the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)/p65, decreased TUNEL-positive cells and the expression of caspase 3, and increased the expression of PCNA, HB-EGF, and EGF receptor (EGFR). We conclude that HB-EGF attenuates lung inflammation and injury, probably through the activation of EGFR, followed by suppression of NF-ΚB signalling, promotion of cell proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Su
- a School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Heng Luo
- b Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jixin Yang
- c Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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13
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Shi K, Chen X, Xie B, Yang SS, Liu D, Dai G, Chen Q. Celastrol Alleviates Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Inhibiting Cellular Inflammation Induced by Cigarette Smoke via the Ednrb/Kng1 Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1276. [PMID: 30498444 PMCID: PMC6249343 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating disease caused by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (CS). Celastrol is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Also it is presently known to protect against liver damage induced by type II diabetes. However, its role in COPD is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of Celastrol on cellular inflammation in mice exposed to CS and Beas-2B cells treated with CS extract (CSE). C57BL/6 mice and Beas-2B cells were randomly divided into three groups: control group, COPD or CSE group, and Celastrol treatment group. The COPD mice models were subjected to smoke exposure and cell models were treated with CSE. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes following treatment with Celastrol in COPD, the molecular networks was mapped by Cytoscape. The levels of inflammatory cytokinesinterleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and oxidative stress factors superoxide dismutase and catalase were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining to detect the injury of mouse lung tissue. mRNA and protein levels of Ednrb and Kng1 in the tissues and cells were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. Compared to mice in the COPD group, mice treated with Celastrol had significantly reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and significantly increased levels of oxidative stress factors superoxide dismutase and catalase. The same results were obtained at the cellular level using Beas-2B cells. Compared to the model groups, Celastrol reduced lung injury in mice and significantly reduced cellular apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Ednrb is a target gene of Celastrol and differentially expressed in COPD. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that Ednrb expression in patients with COPD was significantly increased compared to that in healthy controls. Additionally, Celastrol effectively reduced Ednrb/Kng1 expression in both cell and animal models. Celastrol has a therapeutic effect on COPD and may alleviate COPD by inhibiting inflammation development by suppressing the Ednrb/Kng1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Xie
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sha Sha Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Da Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Dai
- Department of Microbiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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14
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The evaluation of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and regulatory factors contributing to the pathogenesis of COPD in airways. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 215:97-105. [PMID: 30392917 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive chronic disease leading to obstructive lung airways and airflow limitations. The background of COPD is extensive cytopathology and histopathology orchestrated by mostly chronic inflammation with the local release of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and regulatory mediators, as well as further remodeling and shaping of local architecture. Inflammatory mechanisms are provided by complex intercellular signalling networks and regulation of locally occurring immune responses. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, lung tissue specimens obtained from 33 COPD patients and 49 control patients were analysed. Tissue samples were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunoreactive cells positive for interleukin (IL)-1α (IL-1α), IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were detected by an immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. RESULTS We evaluated overall higher numbers of IL-7, IL-8 and IL-10 (mostly from few (0/+) to almost abundance (++++)) and overall less numbers of IL-1α and IL-6 (mostly from no positive (0) to numerous to abundance (+++/++++)) immunoreactive cells in airway epithelium and connective tissue of COPD affected lung. Furthermore, we evaluated statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher numbers of immunoreactive cells located in control group airway epithelium for IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-12 compared to mucosal and submucosal connective tissue. Moreover, in COPD group airway epithelium for IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-10. We found no statistically significant difference between the numbers of IL-12 and TNF-α immunoreactive cells in airway epithelium and connective tissue of COPD affected lung. In comparison with the control group, we found statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher numbers of immunoreactive cells positive for all examined markers in COPD group. CONCLUSIONS Increased numbers of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α immunoreactive cells highlight the local significance of these markers in COPD pathogenesis. Moreover, the pattern with dominance of immunoreactive cells in COPD affected airway epithelium over connective tissue is highlighting the essentials of epithelium in inflammatory signalling.
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