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Sarkar D, Monzote L, Gille L, Chatterjee M. Natural endoperoxides as promising anti-leishmanials. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155640. [PMID: 38714091 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of artemisinin, an endoperoxide, encouraged the scientific community to explore endoperoxides as potential anti-parasitic molecules. Although artemisinin derivatives are rapidly evolving as potent anti-malarials, their potential as anti-leishmanials is emerging gradually. The treatment of leishmaniasis, a group of neglected tropical diseases is handicapped by lack of effective vaccines, drug toxicities and drug resistance. The weak antioxidant defense mechanism of the Leishmania parasites due to lack of catalase and a selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase system makes them vulnerable to oxidative stress, and this has been successful exploited by endoperoxides. PURPOSE The study aimed to review the available literature on the anti-leishmanial efficacy of natural endoperoxides with a view to achieve insights into their mode of actions. METHODS We reviewed more around 110 research and review articles restricted to the English language, sourced from electronic bibliographic databases including PubMed, Google, Web of Science, Google scholar etc. RESULTS: Natural endoperoxides could potentially augment the anti-leishmanial drug library, with artemisinin and ascaridole emerging as potential anti-leishmanial agents. Due to higher reactivity of the cyclic peroxide moiety, and exploiting the compromised antioxidant defense of Leishmania, endoperoxides like artemisinin and ascaridole potentiate their leishmanicidal efficacy by creating a redox imbalance. Furthermore, these molecules minimally impair oxidative phosphorylation; instead inhibit glycolytic functions, culminating in depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and depletion of ATP. Additionally, the carbon-centered free radicals generated from endoperoxides, participate in chain reactions that can generate even more reactive organic radicals that are toxic to macromolecules, including lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of Leishmania parasites. However, the precise target(s) of the toxic free radicals remains open-ended. CONCLUSION In this overview, the spectrum of natural endoperoxide molecules as major anti-leishmanials and their mechanism of action has been delineated. In view of the substantial evidence that natural endoperoxides (e.g., artemisinin, ascaridole) exert a noxious effect on different species of Leishmania, identification and characterization of other natural endoperoxides is a promising therapeutic option worthy of further pharmacological consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deblina Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata-700 020, W.B, India
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (IPGME&R), Kolkata-700 020, W.B, India.
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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Jochims F, Strohm R, von Montfort C, Wenzel CK, Klahm N, Kondadi AK, Stahl W, Reichert AS, Brenneisen P. The Antimalarial Drug Artesunate Mediates Selective Cytotoxicity by Upregulating HO-1 in Melanoma Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2393. [PMID: 37760834 PMCID: PMC10525565 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite great efforts to develop new therapeutic strategies to combat melanoma, the prognosis remains rather poor. Artesunate (ART) is an antimalarial drug displaying anti-cancer effects in vitro and in vivo. In this in vitro study, we investigated the selectivity of ART on melanoma cells. Furthermore, we aimed to further elucidate the mechanism of the drug with a focus on the role of iron, the induction of oxidative stress and the implication of the enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). ART treatment decreased the cell viability of A375 melanoma cells while it did not affect the viability of normal human dermal fibroblasts, used as a model for normal (healthy) cells. ART's toxicity was shown to be dependent on intracellular iron and the drug induced high levels of oxidative stress as well as upregulation of HO-1. Melanoma cells deficient in HO-1 or treated with a HO-1 inhibitor were less sensitive towards ART. Taken together, our study demonstrates that ART induces oxidative stress resulting in the upregulation of HO-1 in melanoma cells, which subsequently triggers the effect of ART's own toxicity. This new finding that HO-1 is involved in ART-mediated toxicity may open up new perspectives in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn Jochims
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (R.S.); (C.-K.W.); (N.K.); (A.K.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.R.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Brenneisen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (R.S.); (C.-K.W.); (N.K.); (A.K.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.R.)
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4
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Akide Ndunge OB, Kilian N, Salman MM. Cerebral Malaria and Neuronal Implications of Plasmodium Falciparum Infection: From Mechanisms to Advanced Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202944. [PMID: 36300890 PMCID: PMC9798991 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of host red blood cells by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables their sequestration via attachment to the microvasculature. This artificially increases the dwelling time of the infected red blood cells within inner organs such as the brain, which can lead to cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication patients infected with P. falciparum can experience and still remains a major public health concern despite effective antimalarial therapies. Here, the current understanding of the effect of P. falciparum cytoadherence and their secreted proteins on structural features of the human blood-brain barrier and their involvement in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria are highlighted. Advanced 2D and 3D in vitro models are further assessed to study this devastating interaction between parasite and host. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal and cognitive deficits in cerebral malaria will be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subsequent neurological damage in patients with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Infectious DiseasesYale University School of Medicine300 Cedar StreetNew HavenCT06510USA
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, ParasitologyHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 32469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Machin L, Piontek M, Todhe S, Staniek K, Monzote L, Fudickar W, Linker T, Gille L. Antileishmanial Anthracene Endoperoxides: Efficacy In Vitro, Mechanisms and Structure-Activity Relationships. Molecules 2022; 27:6846. [PMID: 36296439 PMCID: PMC9612231 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoal Leishmania parasites. Previous studies have shown that endoperoxides (EP) can selectively kill Leishmania in host cells. Therefore, we studied in this work a set of new anthracene-derived EP (AcEP) together with their non-endoperoxidic analogs in model systems of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP) and J774 macrophages for their antileishmanial activity and selectivity. The mechanism of effective compounds was explored by studying their reaction with iron (II) in chemical systems and in Leishmania. The correlation of structural parameters with activity demonstrated that in this compound set, active compounds had a LogPOW larger than 3.5 and a polar surface area smaller than 100 Å2. The most effective compounds (IC50 in LtP < 2 µM) with the highest selectivity (SI > 30) were pyridyl-/tert-butyl-substituted AcEP. Interestingly, also their analogs demonstrated activity and selectivity. In mechanistic studies, it was shown that EP were activated by iron in chemical systems and in LtP due to their EP group. However, the molecular structure beyond the EP group significantly contributed to their differential mitochondrial inhibition in Leishmania. The identified compound pairs are a good starting point for subsequent experiments in pathogenic Leishmania in vitro and in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Machin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Pharmacy Department, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Havana, Havana 13600, Cuba
| | - Martin Piontek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Todhe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Staniek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine “Pedro Kouri”, Havana 11400, Cuba
| | - Werner Fudickar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lars Gille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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LC-MS/TOF Characterization and Stability Study of Artesunate in Different Solvent Systems. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9080218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a sesquiterpene lactone and a popular malaria drug used in many parts of the world. Artesunate (ARTS) is a semi-synthetic derivative of ART with improved pharmacokinetic properties. However, the half-life of ARTS is less than an hour in vivo. The analysis of this drug in vitro in different solvent systems using LC-MS/TOF showed a solvent-driven breakdown. ARTS breakdown formed several derivatives, including dihydroartemisinin (DHA), artemether (ARTM) and DHA-dimer among others, at different rates in different solvent composition systems. The change in temperature from room temperature to physiological temperature (37 °C) was found to enhance the rate of the ARTS breakdown. In methanol, ARTS mainly formed ARTM with a chromatographic peak decrease of about 3.13%, while methanol and water (90:10) v/v mainly gave rise to DHA and ARTM with about an 80% chromatographic peak decrease. On the other hand, ARTS in methanol and ammonium acetate (85:15) v/v formed DHA, ARTM, DHA-dimer and other reaction peaks with about a 97% peak decrease and the formation of an orange solution pointing to a molecular re-arrangement reaction. These results have an important bearing on research on the analysis of artemisinin drugs conducted on these common solvents.
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Mori T, Abe I. Structural basis for endoperoxide-forming oxygenases. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:707-721. [PMID: 35821691 PMCID: PMC9235837 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoperoxide natural products are widely distributed in nature and exhibit various biological activities. Due to their chemical features, endoperoxide and endoperoxide-derived secondary metabolites have attracted keen attention in the field of natural products and organic synthesis. In this review, we summarize the structural analyses, mechanistic investigations, and proposed reaction mechanisms of endoperoxide-forming oxygenases, including cyclooxygenase, fumitremorgin B endoperoxidase (FtmOx1), and the asnovolin A endoperoxygenase NvfI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Mori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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8
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Gomes ARQ, Cunha N, Varela ELP, Brígido HPC, Vale VV, Dolabela MF, de Carvalho EP, Percário S. Oxidative Stress in Malaria: Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115949. [PMID: 35682626 PMCID: PMC9180384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease and a serious public health problem in the world, with 3.3 billion people in endemic areas in 100 countries and about 200 million new cases each year, resulting in almost 1 million deaths in 2018. Although studies look for strategies to eradicate malaria, it is necessary to know more about its pathophysiology to understand the underlying mechanisms involved, particularly the redox balance, to guarantee success in combating this disease. In this review, we addressed the involvement of oxidative stress in malaria and the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation as an adjuvant antimalarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rafael Quadros Gomes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
| | - Natasha Cunha
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
| | - Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Heliton Patrick Cordovil Brígido
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
| | - Valdicley Vieira Vale
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Eliete Pereira de Carvalho
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Sandro Percário
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Mendes A, Armada A, Cabral LIL, Amado PSM, Campino L, Cristiano MLS, Cortes S. 1,2,4-Trioxolane and 1,2,4,5-Tetraoxane Endoperoxides against Old-World Leishmania Parasites: In Vitro Activity and Mode of Action. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040446. [PMID: 35455443 PMCID: PMC9024893 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains one of the ten Neglected Tropical Diseases with significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Current treatment of visceral leishmaniasis is difficult due to a lack of effective, non-toxic, and non-extensive medications. This study aimed to evaluate the selectivity of 12 synthetic endoperoxides (1,2,4-trioxolanes; 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes) and uncover their biochemical effects on Leishmania parasites responsible for visceral leishmaniasis. The compounds were screened for in vitro activity against L. infantum and L. donovani and for cytotoxicity in two monocytic cell lines (J774A.1 and THP-1) using the methyl thiazol tetrazolium assay. Reactive oxygen species formation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial impairment were measured by flow cytometry. The compounds exhibited fair to moderate anti-proliferative activity against promastigotes of the 2 Leishmania species, with IC50 values ranging from 13.0 ± 1.7 µM to 793.0 ± 37.2 µM. Tetraoxanes LC132 and LC138 demonstrated good leishmanicidal activity on L. infantum amastigotes (IC50 13.2 ± 5.2 and 23.9 ± 2.7 µM) with low cytotoxicity in mammalian cells (SIs 22.1 and 118.6), indicating selectivity towards the parasite. Furthermore, LC138 was able to induce late apoptosis and dose-dependent oxidative stress without affecting mithocondria. Compounds LC132 and LC138 can be further explored as potential antileishmanial chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Mendes
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Ana Armada
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Global Health Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lília I. L. Cabral
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.I.L.C.); (P.S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Patrícia S. M. Amado
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.I.L.C.); (P.S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Lenea Campino
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Maria L. S. Cristiano
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.I.L.C.); (P.S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Sofia Cortes
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.M.); (A.A.); (L.C.)
- Global Health Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.L.S.C.); (S.C.)
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Artemisinin-Type Drugs in Tumor Cell Death: Mechanisms, Combination Treatment with Biologics and Nanoparticle Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020395. [PMID: 35214127 PMCID: PMC8875250 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin, the most famous anti-malaria drug initially extracted from Artemisia annua L., also exhibits anti-tumor properties in vivo and in vitro. To improve its solubility and bioavailability, multiple derivatives have been synthesized. However, to reveal the anti-tumor mechanism and improve the efficacy of these artemisinin-type drugs, studies have been conducted in recent years. In this review, we first provide an overview of the effect of artemisinin-type drugs on the regulated cell death pathways, which may uncover novel therapeutic approaches. Then, to overcome the shortcomings of artemisinin-type drugs, we summarize the recent advances in two different therapeutic approaches, namely the combination therapy with biologics influencing regulated cell death, and the use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems. For the former approach, we discuss the superiority of combination treatments compared to monotherapy in tumor cells based on their effects on regulated cell death. For the latter approach, we give a systematic overview of nanocarrier design principles used to deliver artemisinin-type drugs, including inorganic-based nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, polymer-based nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and niosomes. Both approaches have yielded promising findings in vitro and in vivo, providing a strong scientific basis for further study and upcoming clinical trials.
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Kagan AB, Moses BS, Mott BT, Rai G, Anders NM, Rudek MA, Civin CI. A Novel 2-Carbon-Linked Dimeric Artemisinin With Potent Antileukemic Activity and Favorable Pharmacology. Front Oncol 2022; 11:790037. [PMID: 35127495 PMCID: PMC8811960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.790037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains a devastating disease, with low cure rates despite intensive standard chemotherapy regimens. In the past decade, targeted antileukemic drugs have emerged from research efforts. Nevertheless, targeted therapies are often effective for only a subset of patients whose leukemias harbor a distinct mutational or gene expression profile and provide only transient antileukemic responses as monotherapies. We previously presented single agent and combination preclinical data for a novel 3-carbon-linked artemisinin-derived dimer (3C-ART), diphenylphosphate analog 838 (ART838), that indicates a promising approach to treat AML, given its demonstrated synergy with targeted antileukemic drugs and large therapeutic window. We now report new data from our initial evaluation of a structurally distinct class of 2-carbon-linked dimeric artemisinin-derived analogs (2C-ARTs) with prior documented in vivo antimalarial activity. These 2C-ARTs have antileukemic activity at low (nM) concentrations, have similar cooperativity with other antineoplastic drugs and comparable physicochemical properties to ART838, and provide a viable path to clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Kagan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Blake S. Moses
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bryan T. Mott
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ganesha Rai
- Department of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicole M. Anders
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michelle A. Rudek
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Curt I. Civin
- Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Reactive Oxygen Species as the Brainbox in Malaria Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121872. [PMID: 34942976 PMCID: PMC8698694 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several measures are in place to combat the worldwide spread of malaria, especially in regions of high endemicity. In part, most common antimalarials, such as quinolines and artemisinin and its derivatives, deploy an ROS-mediated approach to kill malaria parasites. Although some antimalarials may share similar targets and mechanisms of action, varying levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation may account for their varying pharmacological activities. Regardless of the numerous approaches employed currently and in development to treat malaria, concerningly, there has been increasing development of resistance by Plasmodium falciparum, which can be connected to the ability of the parasites to manage the oxidative stress from ROS produced under steady or treatment states. ROS generation has remained the mainstay in enforcing the antiparasitic activity of most conventional antimalarials. However, a combination of conventional drugs with ROS-generating ability and newer drugs that exploit vital metabolic pathways, such antioxidant machinery, could be the way forward in effective malaria control.
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13
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Kumar SP, Babu PP. NADPH Oxidase: a Possible Therapeutic Target for Cognitive Impairment in Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:800-820. [PMID: 34782951 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Long-term cognitive impairment associated with seizure-induced hippocampal damage is the key feature of cerebral malaria (CM) pathogenesis. One-fourth of child survivors of CM suffer from long-lasting neurological deficits and behavioral anomalies. However, mechanisms on hippocampal dysfunction are unclear. In this study, we elucidated whether gp91phox isoform of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) (a potent marker of oxidative stress) mediates hippocampal neuronal abnormalities and cognitive dysfunction in experimental CM (ECM). Mice symptomatic to CM were rescue treated with artemether monotherapy (ARM) and in combination with apocynin (ARM + APO) adjunctive based on scores of Rapid Murine Come behavior Scale (RMCBS). After a 30-day survivability period, we performed Barnes maze, T-maze, and novel object recognition cognitive tests to evaluate working and reference memory in all the experimental groups except CM. Sensorimotor tests were conducted in all the cohorts to assess motor coordination. We performed Golgi-Cox staining to illustrate cornu ammonis-1 (CA1) pyramidal neuronal morphology and study overall hippocampal neuronal density changes. Further, expression of NOX2, NeuN (neuronal marker) in hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus was determined using double immunofluorescence experiments in all the experimental groups. Mice administered with ARM monotherapy and APO adjunctive treatment exhibited similar survivability. The latter showed better locomotor and cognitive functions, reduced ROS levels, and hippocampal NOX2 immunoreactivity in ECM. Our results show a substantial increase in hippocampal NeuN immunoreactivity and dendritic arborization in ARM + APO cohorts compared to ARM-treated brain samples. Overall, our study suggests that overexpression of NOX2 could result in loss of hippocampal neuronal density and dendritic spines of CA1 neurons affecting the spatial working and reference memory during ECM. Notably, ARM + APO adjunctive therapy reversed the altered neuronal morphology and oxidative damage in hippocampal neurons restoring long-term cognitive functions after CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simhadri Praveen Kumar
- F-23/71, Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- F-23/71, Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India.
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14
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Artemisinin DNA Base Interaction Studies in Presence of Fe(II): LC/TOF MS Separation of Reaction Products. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8090161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is a sesquiterpene lactone and a popular malaria drug with potential anticancer properties. In this work, LC/TOF/MS, was used to investigate the reaction of ART with DNA bases. ART-deoxyadenosine and ART-deoxycytidine interactions, were studied in the presence of iron II ions. ART-deoxyadenosine and ART-deoxycytidine reaction mixtures gave chromatographic signatures that remained fairly unchanged at room temperature but grew after incubation at 37 °C. The change in temperature from room temperature to 37 °C was the main driver of adduct formation in these reactions. ART was found to react with Fe(II) ions as observed from several new chromatographic peaks. ART-deoxyadenosine as well as ART-deoxycytidine in the presence of Fe(II) ions resulted in formation of new chromatographic signatures of adducts consisting of DNA bases and ART. It was clear that addition of iron (II) to DNA base-ART mixtures gave rise to new reaction products mediated by a different reaction mechanism. Studies of ART reactions with DNA in vitro is key in elucidating elusive mechanism of this drug.
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15
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Vinindwa B, Dziwornu GA, Masamba W. Synthesis and Evaluation of Chalcone-Quinoline Based Molecular Hybrids as Potential Anti-Malarial Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134093. [PMID: 34279438 PMCID: PMC8272121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a drug discovery strategy that involves the rational design of new chemical entities by the fusion (usually via a covalent linker) of two or more drugs, both active compounds and/or pharmacophoric units recognized and derived from known bioactive molecules. The expected outcome of this chemical modification is to produce a new hybrid compound with improved affinity and efficacy compared to the parent drugs. Additionally, this strategy can result in compounds presenting modified selectivity profiles, different and/or dual modes of action, reduced undesired side effects and ultimately lead to new therapies. In this study, molecular hybridization was used to generate new molecular hybrids which were tested against the chloroquine sensitive (NF54) strain of P. falciparum. To prepare the new molecular hybrids, the quinoline nucleus, one of the privileged scaffolds, was coupled with various chalcone derivatives via an appropriate linker to produce a total of twenty-two molecular hybrids in 11%–96% yield. The synthesized compounds displayed good antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values ranging at 0.10–4.45 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonani Vinindwa
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | | | - Wayiza Masamba
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Nelson Mandela Drive, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Jansongsaeng S, Srimongkolpithak N, Pengon J, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Khotavivattana T. 5-Phenoxy Primaquine Analogs and the Tetraoxane Hybrid as Antimalarial Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133991. [PMID: 34208832 PMCID: PMC8272044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of drug resistance to the current antimalarial agents has led to the urgent need for the discovery of new and effective compounds. In this work, a series of 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs with 8-aminoquinoline core (7a–7h) was synthesized and investigated for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Most analogs showed improved blood antimalarial activity compared to the original primaquine. To further explore a drug hybrid strategy, a conjugate compound between tetraoxane and the representative 5-phenoxy-primaquine analog 7a was synthesized. In our work, the hybrid compound 12 exhibited almost a 30-fold increase in the blood antimalarial activity (IC50 = 0.38 ± 0.11 μM) compared to that of primaquine, with relatively low toxicity against mammalian cells (SI = 45.61). Furthermore, we found that these 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs and the hybrid exhibit significant heme polymerization inhibition, an activity similar to that of chloroquine, which could contribute to their improved antimalarial activity. The 5-phenoxy primaquine analogs and the tetraoxane hybrid could serve as promising candidates for the further development of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somruedee Jansongsaeng
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Nitipol Srimongkolpithak
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Tanatorn Khotavivattana
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-218-7621
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Van Moll L, De Smet J, Cos P, Van Campenhout L. Microbial symbionts of insects as a source of new antimicrobials: a review. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 47:562-579. [PMID: 34032192 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1907302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To stop the antimicrobial resistance crisis, there is an urgent need for increased investment in antimicrobial research and development. Currently, many researchers are focussing on insects and their microbiota in the search for new antimicrobials. This review summarizes recent literature dedicated to the antimicrobial screening of insect symbionts and/or their metabolites to uncover their value in early drug discovery. We summarize the main steps in the methodology used to isolate and identify active insect symbionts and have noted substantial variation among these studies. There is a clear trend in isolating insect Streptomyces bacteria, but a broad range of other symbionts has been found to be active as well. The microbiota of many insect genera and orders remains untargeted so far, which leaves much room for future research. The antimicrobial screening of insect symbionts has led to the discovery of a diverse array of new active biomolecules, mainly peptides, and polyketides. Here, we discuss 15 of these symbiont-produced compounds and their antimicrobial profile. Cyphomycin, isolated from a Streptomyces symbiont of a Cyphomyrmex fungus-growing ant, seems to be the most promising insect symbiont-derived antimicrobial so far. Overall, insect microbiota appears to be a promising search area to discover new antimicrobial drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Van Moll
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Smet
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Leen Van Campenhout
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Geel, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Trendafilova A, Moujir LM, Sousa PMC, Seca AML. Research Advances on Health Effects of Edible Artemisia Species and Some Sesquiterpene Lactones Constituents. Foods 2020; 10:E65. [PMID: 33396790 PMCID: PMC7823681 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Artemisia, often known collectively as "wormwood", has aroused great interest in the scientific community, pharmaceutical and food industries, generating many studies on the most varied aspects of these plants. In this review, the most recent evidence on health effects of edible Artemisia species and some of its constituents are presented and discussed, based on studies published until 2020, available in the Scopus, Web of Sciences and PubMed databases, related to food applications, nutritional and sesquiterpene lactones composition, and their therapeutic effects supported by in vivo and clinical studies. The analysis of more than 300 selected articles highlights the beneficial effect on health and the high clinical relevance of several Artemisia species besides some sesquiterpene lactones constituents and their derivatives. From an integrated perspective, as it includes therapeutic and nutritional properties, without ignoring some adverse effects described in the literature, this review shows the great potential of Artemisia plants and some of their constituents as dietary supplements, functional foods and as the source of new, more efficient, and safe medicines. Despite all the benefits demonstrated, some gaps need to be filled, mainly related to the use of raw Artemisia extracts, such as its standardization and clinical trials on adverse effects and its health care efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta Trendafilova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Laila M. Moujir
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain;
| | - Pedro M. C. Sousa
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal;
| | - Ana M. L. Seca
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group & Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, Rua Mãe de Deus, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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19
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Kalita J, Chetia D, Rudrapal M. Design, Synthesis, Antimalarial Activity and Docking Study of 7-Chloro-4- (2-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazineyl)quinolines. Med Chem 2020; 16:928-937. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190806154722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Malaria is a growing infectious disease burden due to the increasing
emergence of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Because of the limited therapeutic efficacy
of available antimalarial drugs, the development of potent antimalarial drug agents is therefore
an urgent requirement to fight against resistant malaria.
Objective:
The objective of this work was to develop novel quinoline-baed antimalarial agents that
would be active against resistant P. falciparum malaria.
Methods:
Some 7-chloro-4-(2-(substituted benzylidene)hydrazineyl)quinolines were synthesized
for the evaluation of their potential as possible antimalarial agents, particularly against resistant
malaria. The antimalarial activity of synthesized compounds was evaluated in vitro against bloodstage
parasites of P. falciparum. Further, molecular docking and drug-likeness including ADMET
(Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination and Toxicity) studies were also carried out using
in silico tools.
Results:
Results reveal the in vitro antimalarial activity of synthesized 7-chloro-4-(2-(substituted
benzylidene)hydrazineyl)quinolines against P. falciparum. The docking study investigates the antimalarial
effectiveness of synthesized quinolines as novel plasmepsin 2 inhibitors. Drug-likeness
prediction exhibits acceptable drug-likeness and ADMET properties.
Conclusion:
Based upon our findings, it is concluded that the molecular scaffold of 7-chloro-4-(2-
(substituted benzylidene)hydrazineyl)quinolines may be used as a lead structure for further modifications
in the search of more potent antimalarial drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnabi Kalita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786 004, Assam, India
| | - Dipak Chetia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786 004, Assam, India
| | - Mithun Rudrapal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh-786 004, Assam, India
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20
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Madhav H, Hoda N. An insight into the recent development of the clinical candidates for the treatment of malaria and their target proteins. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112955. [PMID: 33131885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic disease, prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions which cost half of million deaths annually. The eradication of malaria is one of the global health priority nevertheless, current therapeutic efforts seem to be insufficient due to the emergence of drug resistance towards most of the available drugs, even first-line treatment ACT, unavailability of the vaccine, and lack of drugs with a new mechanism of action. Intensification of antimalarial research in recent years has resulted into the development of single dose multistage therapeutic agents which has advantage of overcoming the antimalarial drug resistance. The present review explored the current progress in the development of new promising antimalarials against prominent target proteins that have the potential to be a clinical candidate. Here, we also reviewed different aspects of drug resistance and highlighted new drug candidates that are currently in a clinical trial or clinical development, along with a few other molecules with excellent antimalarial activity overs ACTs. The summarized scientific value of previous approaches and structural features of antimalarials related to the activity are highlighted that will be helpful for the development of next-generation antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Madhav
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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21
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Ghosh A, Banerjee T. Nanotized curcumin-benzothiophene conjugate: A potential combination for treatment of cerebral malaria. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2637-2650. [PMID: 33037778 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The declining effectiveness of the available antimalarial drugs due to drug resistance requires a continued effort to develop new therapeutic approaches. In this context, combination therapies hold a great promise for developing effective first-line antimalarial treatments for reducing malaria mortality. The present study explores the antimalarial efficacy of nanotized formulation of curcumin in combination with benzothiophene compound 6 (3-bromo-N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxamide) with a view to achieve better efficacy at a very low dose in comparison to that accomplished with monotherapy alone. Herein, we formulated nanotized conjugate of curcumin and compound 6 (cur-compound 6) in the size range of 30-90 nm as observed via TEM, AFM and DLS analysis in the study. The nanotized preparation was found to be readily dispersible in water, physically and chemically stable and exhibited sustained release profile of both curcumin and compound 6 till 48 hr. Treatment of P. falciparum parasites with the nanotized conjugate for 24 hr resulted in rapid clearance of the parasites. Furthermore, P. berghei infected mice treated with nanotized conjugate formulation survived till 90 days with complete eradication of the parasites from RBC. This improved efficacy of the nanotized formulation was possible because of the increased absorption of the compounds via oral administration owing to enhanced dispersibility of the formulation in aqueous medium. Moreover, an improved oral bioavailability of the nanotized formulation lowered the dosage at which the pharmacological effect was achieved while avoiding any observable adverse harmful side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajita Ghosh
- Molecular Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
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The potential of artemisinins as anti-obesity agents via modulating the immune system. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107696. [PMID: 33022301 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives are the most effective antimalarial drugs. Besides anti-malarial activity, artemisinin and its derivatives have displayed wide-spectrum bioactivities such as anti-parasite, anti-tumor, and anti-obesity effects. Obesity is an epidemic worldwide which is a big threat to human health, but there are only a few approved anti-obesity drugs in the world. Also, these drugs are efficient to limited patients partly because their safety and efficacy are questioned. Anti-inflammatory therapies may be valuable in obesity treatment since growing evidence shows chronic metabolic inflammation is implicated in metabolic disease pathogenesis. As artemisinin and its derivatives display effective anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties with less toxicity, it provides an insight for novel drug development in obesity therapeutic strategies via immune-regulatory mechanisms. In this review, the potential of artemisinin and its derivatives to treat various metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes is discussed.
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Artemisinin Derivatives Stimulate DR5-Specific TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis by Regulating Wildtype P53. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092514. [PMID: 32899699 PMCID: PMC7563660 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The risk of developing colorectal cancer at a younger age has increased, but current therapies are either risky or limited. We aim to demonstrate that the combination treatment of artemisinin derivatives and TRAIL could be a potential therapy to kill colon cancer cells. We found that artemisinin derivatives increase death receptor production and further sensitize colon cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we explored the role of P53 in response to artemisinin derivatives, which transactivates Death Receptor 5 (DR5) and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor P21. Finally, a 3D tumor spheroid model also confirmed the efficacy of the combination treatment. Abstract Artemisinin derivatives, widely known as commercial anti-malaria drugs, may also have huge potential in treating cancer cells. It has been reported that artemisinin derivatives can overcome resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in liver and cervical cancer cells. In our study, we demonstrated that artesunate (ATS) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) are more efficient in killing colon cancer cells compared to artemisinin (ART). ATS/DHA induces the expression of DR5 in a P53 dependent manner in HCT116 and DLD-1 cells. Both ATS and DHA overcome the resistance to DHER-induced apoptosis in HCT116, mainly through upregulating death receptor 5 (DR5). We also demonstrate that DHA sensitizes HCT116 cells to DHER-induced apoptosis via P53 regulated DR5 expression in P53 knockdown assays. Nevertheless, a lower effect was observed in DLD-1 cells, which has a single Ser241Phe mutation in the P53 DNA binding domain. Thus, the status of P53 could be one of the determinants of TRAIL resistance in some cancer cells. Finally, the combination treatment of DHA and the TRAIL variant DHER increases cell death in 3D colon cancer spheroid models, which shows its potential as a novel therapy.
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Tsamesidis I, Reybier K, Marchetti G, Pau MC, Virdis P, Fozza C, Nepveu F, Low PS, Turrini FM, Pantaleo A. Syk Kinase Inhibitors Synergize with Artemisinins by Enhancing Oxidative Stress in Plasmodium falciparum-Parasitized Erythrocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080753. [PMID: 32824055 PMCID: PMC7464437 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria effectively throughout most of the world, the recent expansion of ACT-resistant strains in some countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) further increased the interest in improving the effectiveness of treatment and counteracting resistance. Recognizing that (1) partially denatured hemoglobin containing reactive iron (hemichromes) is generated in parasitized red blood cells (pRBC) by oxidative stress, (2) redox-active hemichromes have the potential to enhance oxidative stress triggered by the parasite and the activation of artemisinin to its pharmaceutically active form, and (3) Syk kinase inhibitors block the release of membrane microparticles containing hemichromes, we hypothesized that increasing hemichrome content in parasitized erythrocytes through the inhibition of Syk kinase might trigger a virtuous cycle involving the activation of artemisinin, the enhancement of oxidative stress elicited by activated artemisinin, and a further increase in hemichrome production. We demonstrate here that artemisinin indeed augments oxidative stress within parasitized RBCs and that Syk kinase inhibitors further increase iron-dependent oxidative stress, synergizing with artemisinin in killing the parasite. We then demonstrate that Syk kinase inhibitors achieve this oxidative enhancement by preventing parasite-induced release of erythrocyte-derived microparticles containing redox-active hemichromes. We also observe that Syk kinase inhibitors do not promote oxidative toxicity to healthy RBCs as they do not produce appreciable amounts of hemichromes. Since some Syk kinase inhibitors can be taken daily with minimal side effects, we propose that Syk kinase inhibitors could evidently contribute to the potentiation of ACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsamesidis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.T.); (G.M.); (M.C.P.)
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France; (K.R.); (F.N.)
| | - Karine Reybier
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France; (K.R.); (F.N.)
| | - Giuseppe Marchetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.T.); (G.M.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Maria Carmina Pau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.T.); (G.M.); (M.C.P.)
| | - Patrizia Virdis
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudio Fozza
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.V.); (C.F.)
| | - Francoise Nepveu
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France; (K.R.); (F.N.)
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | | | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (I.T.); (G.M.); (M.C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Pepe DA, Toumpa D, André-Barrès C, Menendez C, Mouray E, Baltas M, Grellier P, Papaioannou D, Athanassopoulos CM. Synthesis of Novel G Factor or Chloroquine-Artemisinin Hybrids and Conjugates with Potent Antiplasmodial Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:921-927. [PMID: 32435406 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel hybrids of artemisinin (ART) with either a phytormone endoperoxide G factor analogue (GMeP) or chloroquine (CQ) and conjugates of the same compounds with the polyamines (PAs), spermidine (Spd), and homospermidine (Hsd) were synthesized and their antiplasmodial activity was evaluated using the CQ-resistant P. falciparum FcB1/Colombia strain. The ART-GMeP hybrid 5 and compounds 9 and 10 which are conjugates of Spd and Hsd with two molecules of ART and one molecule of GMeP, were the most potent with IC50 values of 2.6, 8.4, and 10.6 nM, respectively. The same compounds also presented the highest selectivity indexes against the primary human fibroblast cell line AB943 ranging from 16 372 for the hybrid 5 to 983 for the conjugate 10 of Hsd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionissia A. Pepe
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Dimitra Toumpa
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Christiane André-Barrès
- LSPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Christophe Menendez
- LSPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Elisabeth Mouray
- MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France
| | - Michel Baltas
- LSPCMIB, UMR-CNRS 5068, Université Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- MCAM, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP52, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France
| | - Dionissios Papaioannou
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras GR-26504, Greece
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Miłaczewska A, Borowski T. On the reaction mechanism of an endoperoxide ring formation by fumitremorgin B endoperoxidase. The right arrangement makes a difference. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:16211-16221. [PMID: 31580360 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fumitremorgin B endoperoxidase (FtmF) belongs to 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenases and catalyzes an unusual oxidative reaction of endoperoxide formation at the final stage of biosynthesis of verruculogen - a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillinum strains. The published crystal structure of FtmF (PDB: ), which is of overall good quality, contains a model of the substrate bound in the active site, which, however, has very low occupancy and its conformation does not comply with the small molecule crystal structure. Moreover, a previous computational study that employed a model based on this crystal structure revealed a substantial reaction barrier, which might indicate that the model of FtmF/substrate complex can have serious errors. The purpose of this work was to model with computational methods the structure of the enzyme-substrate complex and to investigate the mechanisms of the enzymatic reaction. Docking, molecular dynamics simulation and DFT results, all indicate the substrate most likely binds in the active site in a configuration very different from that originally suggested. Moreover, for this newly proposed structure of the enzyme-substrate complex, the reaction energy profile is characterised exclusively by low barriers and it successfully explains the observed regiospecificity of the enzymatic process. Finally, a plausible binding site for ascorbate was found and it is suggested that ascorbate is involved in the final step of the FtmF reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Miłaczewska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Borowski
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Kraków, Poland.
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Aktaş İ, Özmen Ö, Tutun H, Yalçın A, Türk A. Artemisinin attenuates doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Biotech Histochem 2019; 95:121-128. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1647457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- İ. Aktaş
- Vocational School of Health Services, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Ö. Özmen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - H. Tutun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - A. Yalçın
- Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Histology, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - A. Türk
- Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Histology, Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
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Artemisinin and its derivatives; ancient tradition inspiring the latest therapeutic approaches against malaria. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1443-1459. [PMID: 31298579 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ART) is an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone, commonly used in the treatment of malaria. Although it was isolated from Artemisia annua L., a plant widely applied in Chinese Traditional Medicine, its mechanism of action remains uncertain and its clinical use is still limited due to its low solubility, its poor bioavailability and short in vivo half-life. Over time, several studies have been aimed towards the discovery of potent ART derivatives that could overcome clinical drawbacks. In this review, we focus on the multifaced aspects of ART and on the efforts spent to improve its pharmacological profile that so far culminated in the discovery of more effective drugs. Lastly, we outline the new perspectives in the ART-derivatives scenario.
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Patel YS, Mistry N, Mehra S. Repurposing artemisinin as an anti-mycobacterial agent in synergy with rifampicin. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Radke JB, Burrows JN, Goldberg DE, Sibley LD. Evaluation of Current and Emerging Antimalarial Medicines for Inhibition of Toxoplasma gondii Growth in Vitro. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:1264-1274. [PMID: 29998728 PMCID: PMC6093624 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a common zoonotic infection of humans, and estimates indicate that 1-2 billion people are chronically infected. Although largely asymptomatic, chronic infection poses risk of serious disease due to reactivation should immunity decline. Current therapies for toxoplasmosis only control acute infection caused by actively proliferating tachyzoites but do not eradicate the chronic tissue cyst stages. As well, there are considerable adverse side effects of the most commonly used therapy of combined sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine. Targeting the folate pathway is also an effective treatment for malaria, caused by the related parasites Plasmodium spp., suggesting common agents might be used to treat both infections. Here, we evaluated currently approved and newly emerging medicines for malaria to determine if such compounds might also prove useful for treating toxoplasmosis. Surprisingly, the majority of antimalarial compounds being used currently or in development for treatment of malaria were only modestly effective at inhibiting in vitro growth of T. gondii tachyzoites. These findings suggest that many essential processes in P. falciparum that are targeted by antimalarial compounds are either divergent or nonessential in T. gondii, thus limiting options for repurposing of current antimalarial medicines for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Radke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., 600 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Jeremy N. Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, Route de Pré3Bois 20, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110
| | - L. David Sibley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Sch. Med., 600 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO 63110
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Rudrapal M, Chetia D, Singh V. Novel series of 1,2,4-trioxane derivatives as antimalarial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:1159-1173. [PMID: 28870093 PMCID: PMC6009891 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1363742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Among three series of 1,2,4-trioxane derivatives, five compounds showed good in vitro antimalarial activity, three compounds of which exhibited better activity against P. falciparum resistant (RKL9) strain than the sensitive (3D7) one. Two best compounds were one from aryl series and the other from heteroaryl series with IC50 values of 1.24 µM and 1.24 µM and 1.06 µM and 1.17 µM, against sensitive and resistant strains, respectively. Further, trioxane derivatives exhibited good binding affinity for the P. falciparum cysteine protease falcipain 2 receptor (PDB id: 3BPF) with well defined drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties based on Lipinski's rule of five with additional physicochemical and ADMET parameters. In view of having antimalarial potential, 1,2,4-trioxane derivative(s) reported herein may be useful as novel antimalarial lead(s) in the discovery and development of future antimalarial drug candidates as P. falciparum falcipain 2 inhibitors against resistant malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Rudrapal
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dibrugarh University , Dibrugarh , India
| | - Dipak Chetia
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Dibrugarh University , Dibrugarh , India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- b Parasite Bank, National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR) , Sector 8 , Dwarka , New Delhi , India
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