1
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Bayat M, Nahand JS. Let's make it personal: CRISPR tools in manipulating cell death pathways for cancer treatment. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:61. [PMID: 39075259 PMCID: PMC11286699 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in the CRISPR technology, a game-changer in experimental research, have revolutionized various fields of life sciences and more profoundly, cancer research. Cell death pathways are among the most deregulated in cancer cells and are considered as critical aspects in cancer development. Through decades, our knowledge of the mechanisms orchestrating programmed cellular death has increased substantially, attributed to the revolution of cutting-edge technologies. The heroic appearance of CRISPR systems have expanded the available screening platform and genome engineering toolbox to detect mutations and create precise genome edits. In that context, the precise ability of this system for identification and targeting of mutations in cell death signaling pathways that result in cancer development and therapy resistance is an auspicious choice to transform and accelerate the individualized cancer therapy. The concept of personalized cancer therapy stands on the identification of molecular characterization of the individual tumor and its microenvironment in order to provide a precise treatment with the highest possible outcome and minimum toxicity. This study explored the potential of CRISPR technology in precision cancer treatment by identifying and targeting specific cell death pathways. It showed the promise of CRISPR in finding key components and mutations involved in programmed cell death, making it a potential tool for targeted cancer therapy. However, this study also highlighted the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed in future research to fully realize the potential of CRISPR in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobina Bayat
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 15731, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 15731, Iran.
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2
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Massoud SS, Mautner FA, Louka FR, Salem NMH, Fischer RC, Torvisco A, Vančo J, Belza J, Dvořák Z, Trávníček Z. Structurally diverse zinc(II) complexes containing tripodal tetradentate phenoxido-amines with promising antiproliferative effects. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12261-12280. [PMID: 38980002 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00942h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Structurally diverse zinc(II) complexes with tripodal tetradentate phenolic-amines of variable substituents in the phenol and amine moieties were synthesized and thoroughly characterized. The two dinuclear [Zn2(L1)2](ClO4)2·MeOH (1), [Zn2(L2)2](ClO4)2 (2), and four mononuclear [Zn(L3)(H2O)]·MeOH (3), [Zn(L4)] (4), [Zn(L5)] (5) and [Zn(L6)] (6) complexes revealed distorted octahedral, trigonal-bipyramidal or tetrahedral geometries. The free HL1 and H2L3-6 ligands, and complexes 1-6 were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780R, PC-3 and 22Rv1) and normal healthy MRC-5 cells. Overall results revealed high-to-moderate cytotoxicity (with the best IC50 values for complex 6 ranging from 2.4 to 4.5 μM), which is however, significantly higher than that of the reference drug cisplatin. The moderately active complexes 1-4 showed considerable selectivity on A2780 cells (IC50 ≈ 16.3-19.5 μM) over MRC-5 ones (with IC50 >50 μM for 1, 2 and 4, and with IC50 >25 μM for 3). The complexes 1, 2, and 6 and the ligand H2L6 were chosen for subsequent deeper biological evaluations. Their time-resolved cellular uptake and other cellular effects in A2780 cells were studied, such as cell cycle profile, intracellular ROS production, induction of apoptosis and activation of caspases 3/7. Complexes 1 and 2 caused significant G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in A2780 cells and antioxidant effects at normal conditions. They showed only limited effects on cellular processes connected with cytotoxicity, i.e. induction of apoptosis, depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential, and autophagy. These findings can be at least partly attributed to the low ability of the complexes to enter the A2780 cells and the depression of metabolic activity of the target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah S Massoud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 43700, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharam Bey 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Franz A Mautner
- Institut für Physikalische and Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/II, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Febee R Louka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, P.O. Box 43700, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA.
| | - Nahed M H Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Moharam Bey 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemische, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/V, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institut für Anorganische Chemische, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/V, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ján Vančo
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Belza
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Parolini I, Degrassi M, Spadaro F, Caponnetto F, Fecchi K, Mastantuono S, Zhouyiyuan X, Demple B, Cesselli D, Tell G. Intraluminal vesicle trafficking is involved in the secretion of base excision repair protein APE1. FEBS J 2024; 291:2849-2875. [PMID: 38401056 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APE1) is an essential enzyme of the base excision repair pathway of non-distorting DNA lesions. In response to genotoxic treatments, APE1 is highly secreted (sAPE1) in association with small-extracellular vesicles (EVs). Interestingly, its presence in the serum of patients with hepatocellular or non-small-cell-lung cancers may represent a prognostic biomarker. The mechanism driving APE1 to associate with EVs is unknown, but is of paramount importance in better understanding the biological roles of sAPE1. Because APE1 lacks an endoplasmic reticulum-targeting signal peptide, it can be secreted through an unconventional protein secretion endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-independent pathway, which includes an endosome-based secretion of intraluminal vesicles, mediated by multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Using HeLa and A549 cell lines, we investigated the role of endosomal sorting complex required for transport protein pathways (either-dependent or -independent) in the constitutive or trichostatin A-induced secretion of sAPE1, by means of manumycin A and GW 4869 treatments. Through an in-depth biochemical analysis of late-endosomes (LEs) and early-endosomes (EEs), we observed that the distribution of APE1 on density gradient corresponded to that of LE-CD63, LE-Rab7, EE-EEA1 and EE-Rab 5. Interestingly, the secretion of sAPE1, induced by cisplatin genotoxic stress, involved an autophagy-based unconventional secretion requiring MVBs. The present study enlightens the central role played by MVBs in the secretion of sAPE1 under various stimuli, and offers new perspectives in understanding the biological relevance of sAPE1 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Parolini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Monica Degrassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Core Facilities - Confocal Microscopy Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Caponnetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
- Institute of Pathology, Academic Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Katia Fecchi
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Mastantuono
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
- Institute of Pathology, Academic Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Xue Zhouyiyuan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Daniela Cesselli
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
- Institute of Pathology, Academic Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Italy
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Elez-Burnjaković N, Pojskić L, Haverić A, Lojo-Kadrić N, Hadžić Omanović M, Smajlović A, Kalaydjiev S, Maksimović M, Joksimović B, Haverić S. Halogenated Boroxine K 2[B 3O 3F 4OH] Modulates Metabolic Phenotype and Autophagy in Human Bladder Carcinoma 5637 Cell Line. Molecules 2024; 29:2919. [PMID: 38930984 PMCID: PMC11206502 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Halogenated boroxine K2[B3O3F4OH] (HB), an inorganic derivative of cyclic anhydride of boronic acid, is patented as a boron-containing compound with potential for the treatment of both benign and malignant skin changes. HB has effectively inhibited the growth of several carcinoma cell lines. Because of the growing interest in autophagy induction as a therapeutic approach in bladder carcinoma (BC), we aimed to assess the effects of HB on metabolic phenotype and autophagy levels in 5637 human bladder carcinoma cells (BC). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the alamar blue assay, and the degree of autophagy was determined microscopically. Mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were measured simultaneously. The relative expression of autophagy-related genes BECN1, P62, BCL-2, and DRAM1 was determined by real-time PCR. HB affected cell growth, while starvation significantly increased the level of autophagy in the positive control compared to the basal level of autophagy in the untreated negative control. In HB-treated cultures, the degree of autophagy was higher compared to the basal level, and metabolic phenotypes were altered; both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were decreased by HB at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL. Gene expression was deregulated towards autophagy induction and expansion. In conclusion, HB disrupted the bioenergetic metabolism and reduced the intracellular survival potential of BC cells. Further molecular studies are needed to confirm these findings and investigate their applicative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Elez-Burnjaković
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73 300 Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Lejla Pojskić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (L.P.); (A.H.); (N.L.-K.); (M.H.O.); (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Anja Haverić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (L.P.); (A.H.); (N.L.-K.); (M.H.O.); (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Naida Lojo-Kadrić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (L.P.); (A.H.); (N.L.-K.); (M.H.O.); (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Maida Hadžić Omanović
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (L.P.); (A.H.); (N.L.-K.); (M.H.O.); (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | - Ajla Smajlović
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (L.P.); (A.H.); (N.L.-K.); (M.H.O.); (A.S.); (S.H.)
| | | | - Milka Maksimović
- Faculty of Science, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 33, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Bojan Joksimović
- Faculty of Medicine Foča, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73 300 Foča, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Sanin Haverić
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71 000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (L.P.); (A.H.); (N.L.-K.); (M.H.O.); (A.S.); (S.H.)
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5
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Wang Y, Wang L, Wei Y, Wei C, Yang H, Chen Q, Zhang R, Shen H. Advances in the molecular regulation mechanism of tumor dormancy and its therapeutic strategy. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:184. [PMID: 38795254 PMCID: PMC11127899 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor dormancy is a stage in the growth and development of malignant cells and is one of the biological characteristics of malignant cells. Complex transitions involving dormant tumor cells between quiescent and proliferative states pose challenges for tumor eradication. This paper explores the biological features and molecular mechanisms of tumor dormancy and highlights emerging therapies. The strategies discussed promise innovative clinical potential against malignant tumors. Understanding the mechanisms of dormancy can help provide valuable insights into the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors to advance the fight against this world problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaojun Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Wei
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Haohang Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiurui Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Han Shen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 51006, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Yang Y, Liu L, Tian Y, Gu M, Wang Y, Ashrafizadeh M, Reza Aref A, Cañadas I, Klionsky DJ, Goel A, Reiter RJ, Wang Y, Tambuwala M, Zou J. Autophagy-driven regulation of cisplatin response in human cancers: Exploring molecular and cell death dynamics. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216659. [PMID: 38367897 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Despite the challenges posed by drug resistance and side effects, chemotherapy remains a pivotal strategy in cancer treatment. A key issue in this context is macroautophagy (commonly known as autophagy), a dysregulated cell death mechanism often observed during chemotherapy. Autophagy plays a cytoprotective role by maintaining cellular homeostasis and recycling organelles, and emerging evidence points to its significant role in promoting cancer progression. Cisplatin, a DNA-intercalating agent known for inducing cell death and cell cycle arrest, often encounters resistance in chemotherapy treatments. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can contribute to cisplatin resistance or insensitivity in tumor cells through various mechanisms. This resistance can be mediated by protective autophagy, which suppresses apoptosis. Additionally, autophagy-related changes in tumor cell metastasis, particularly the induction of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), can also lead to cisplatin resistance. Nevertheless, pharmacological strategies targeting the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis offer promising avenues to enhance cisplatin sensitivity in cancer therapy. Notably, numerous non-coding RNAs have been identified as regulators of autophagy in the context of cisplatin chemotherapy. Thus, therapeutic targeting of autophagy or its associated pathways holds potential for restoring cisplatin sensitivity, highlighting an important direction for future clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Imaging of Inflammation Related Tumors, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Tian
- School of Public Health, Benedictine University, Lisle, IL, USA
| | - Miaomiao Gu
- Department of Ultrasound, Hebei Key Laboratory of Precise Imaging of Inflammation Related Tumors, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 440 Ji Yan Road, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc, 6, Tide Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Israel Cañadas
- Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Arul Goel
- University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Murtaza Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Jianyong Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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Segatto NV, Simões LD, Bender CB, Sousa FS, Oliveira TL, Paschoal JDF, Pacheco BS, Lopes I, Seixas FK, Qazi A, Thomas FM, Chaki S, Robertson N, Newsom J, Patel S, Rund LA, Jordan LR, Bolt C, Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Collares TV. Oncopig bladder cancer cells recapitulate human bladder cancer treatment responses in vitro. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1323422. [PMID: 38469237 PMCID: PMC10926022 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1323422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bladder cancer is a common neoplasia of the urinary tract that holds the highest cost of lifelong treatment per patient, highlighting the need for a continuous search for new therapies for the disease. Current bladder cancer models are either imperfect in their ability to translate results to clinical practice (mouse models), or rare and not inducible (canine models). Swine models are an attractive alternative to model the disease due to their similarities with humans on several levels. The Oncopig Cancer Model has been shown to develop tumors that closely resemble human tumors. However, urothelial carcinoma has not yet been studied in this platform. Methods We aimed to develop novel Oncopig bladder cancer cell line (BCCL) and investigate whether these urothelial swine cells mimic human bladder cancer cell line (5637 and T24) treatment-responses to cisplatin, doxorubicin, and gemcitabine in vitro. Results Results demonstrated consistent treatment responses between Oncopig and human cells in most concentrations tested (p>0.05). Overall, Oncopig cells were more predictive of T24 than 5637 cell therapeutic responses. Microarray analysis also demonstrated similar alterations in expression of apoptotic (GADD45B and TP53INP1) and cytoskeleton-related genes (ZMYM6 and RND1) following gemcitabine exposure between 5637 (human) and Oncopig BCCL cells, indicating apoptosis may be triggered through similar signaling pathways. Molecular docking results indicated that swine and humans had similar Dg values between the chemotherapeutics and their target proteins. Discussion Taken together, these results suggest the Oncopig could be an attractive animal to model urothelial carcinoma due to similarities in in vitro therapeutic responses compared to human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália V. Segatto
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Lucas D. Simões
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila B. Bender
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. Sousa
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thais L. Oliveira
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Júlia D. F. Paschoal
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruna S. Pacheco
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Isadora Lopes
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K. Seixas
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aisha Qazi
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Faith M. Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sulalita Chaki
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | | | - Shovik Patel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Laurie A. Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Luke R. Jordan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Sus Clinicals Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Courtni Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Sus Clinicals Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
- Sus Clinicals Inc., Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tiago V. Collares
- Technology Development Center, Laboratory of Cancer Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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8
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Rozilah MI, Yusoff K, Chia SL, Ismail S. Autophagy inhibition suppresses Newcastle disease virus-induced cell death by inhibiting viral replication in human breast cancer cells. Virology 2024; 590:109957. [PMID: 38100982 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an oncolytic virus which selectively replicates in cancer cells without harming normal cells. Autophagy is a cellular mechanism that breaks down unused cytoplasmic constituents into nutrients. In previous studies, autophagy enhanced NDV-induced oncolysis in lung cancer and glioma cells. However, the effect of autophagy inhibition on NDV-induced oncolysis in breast cancer cells remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of autophagy inhibition on NDV-induced oncolysis in human breast cancer cells, MCF7. To inhibit autophagy, we knocked down the expression of the autophagy protein beclin-1 (BECN1) by short interfering RNA (siRNA). The cells were infected with the recombinant NDV strain AF2240 expressing green fluorescent protein. We found that NDV induced autophagy and knockdown of BECN1 significantly reduced the NDV-induced autophagy in MCF7 cells. Importantly, BECN1 knockdown significantly suppressed cell death by inhibiting viral replication, as observed at 24 h post infection. Overall, our data suggest that autophagy inhibition may not be a suitable strategy to enhance NDV oncolytic efficacy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat Irfan Rozilah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, Jalan Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saila Ismail
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Sun Y, Liu X, Tong H, Yin H, Li T, Zhu J, Chen J, Wu L, Zhang X, Gou X, He W. SIRT1 Promotes Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancer via Beclin1 Deacetylation-Mediated Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:125. [PMID: 38201552 PMCID: PMC10778480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent cisplatin resistance poses a challenge in bladder cancer treatment. SIRT1, a protein deacetylase, is involved in autophagy regulation. However, the precise mechanism through which SIRT1 mediates cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer via autophagy remains unclear. In this study, we developed a cisplatin-resistant T24/DDP cell line to investigate this mechanism. The apoptosis rate and cell viability were assessed using flow cytometry and the CCK8 method. The expression levels of the relevant RNA and protein were determined using RT-qPCR and a Western blot analysis, respectively. Immunoprecipitation was utilized to validate the interaction between SIRT1 and Beclin1, as well as to determine the acetylation level of Beclin1. The findings indicated the successful construction of the T24/DDP cell line, which exhibited autophagy-dependent cisplatin resistance. Inhibiting autophagy significantly reduced the drug resistance index of these cells. The T24/DDP cell line showed a high SIRT1 expression level. The overexpression of SIRT1 activated autophagy, thereby further promoting cisplatin resistance in the T24/DDP cell line. Conversely, inhibiting autophagy counteracted the cisplatin-resistance-promoting effects of SIRT1. Silencing SIRT1 led to increased acetylation of Beclin1, the inhibition of autophagy, and a reduction in the cisplatin resistance of the T24/DDP cell line. Introducing a double mutation (lysine 430 and 437 to arginine, 2KR) in Beclin-1 inhibited acetylation and activated autophagy, effectively reversing the decreased cisplatin resistance resulting from SIRT1 silencing. In summary, our study elucidated that SIRT1 promotes cisplatin resistance in human bladder cancer T24 cells through Beclin1-deacetylation-mediated autophagy activation. These findings suggest a potential new strategy for reversing cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiyang He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Y.S.); (X.L.); (H.T.); (H.Y.); (T.L.); (J.Z.); (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.Z.); (X.G.)
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10
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Pandya K, Singh N. In silico study reveals unconventional interactions between MDC1 of DDR and Beclin-1 of autophagy. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2789-2802. [PMID: 36482226 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10579-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) and autophagy are concerned with maintaining cellular homeostasis and dysregulation of these two pathways lead to pathologic conditions including tumorigenesis. Autophagy is activated as a protective mechanism during DDR which is indicative of their functional cooperativity but the molecular mechanism leading to the convergence of these two pathways during genotoxic stress remains elusive. In this study, through in silico analysis, we have shown an interaction between the Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1), an important DDR-associated protein, and Beclin-1, an autophagy inducer. MDC1 is an adaptor or scaffold protein known to regulate DDR, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression. While, Beclin-1 is involved in autophagosome nucleation and exhibits affinity for binding to Fork-head-associated domain (FHA) containing proteins. The FHA domain is commonly conserved in DDR-related proteins including MDC1. Through molecular docking, we have predicted the modeled complex between the MDC1 FHA domain and the Beclin-1 Coiled coil domain (CCD). The docking complex was modeled using ClusPro2.0, based on the crystal structure for the dimerized MDC1 FHA domain and Beclin-1 CCD. The complex stability and binding affinities were assessed using a Ramachandran plot, MD simulation, MM/GBSA, and PRODIGY webserver. Finally, the hot-spot residues at the interface were determined using computational alanine scanning by the DrugScorePPI webserver. Our analysis unveils significant interaction between MDC1 and Beclin-1, involving hydrogen bonds, non-bonded contacts, and salt bridges and indicates MDC1 possibly recruits Beclin-1 to the DSBs, as a consequence of which Beclin-1 is able to modulate DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Pandya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Neeru Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India.
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11
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Pan B, Pan Y, Wang S, Bai Y, Hu X, Yang Y, Wu L, Liu J. ANXA2 and Rac1 negatively regulates autophagy and osteogenic differentiation in osteosarcoma cells to confer CDDP resistance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:198-206. [PMID: 37536195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin (CDDP) is a mainstay chemotherapeutic agent for OS treatment, but drug resistance has become a hurdle to limit its clinical effect. Autophagy plays an important role in CDDP resistance in OS, and in the present study we explored the role of ANXA2 and Rac1 in dictating CDDP sensitivity in OS cells. METHODS ANXA2 and Rac1 expression levels were examined by Western blot and autophagy induction was detected by transmission electron miscroscope (TEM) in the clinical samples and OS cell lines. CDDP resistant cells were established by exposing OS cells to increasing doses of CDDP. The effects of ANXA2 and Rac1 knockdown on CDDP sensitivity were evaluated in the cell and animal models. RESULTS Reduced autophagy was associated with the increased expression of ANXA2 and Rac1 in CDDP resistant OS tumor samples and cells. Autophagy suppression promoted CDDP resistance and inducing autophagy re-sensitized the resistant cells to CDDP treatment in vitro and in vivo. Further, knocking down ANXA2 or Rac1 re-activated autophagy and attenuated CDDP resistance in OS cells. We further demonstrated that CDDP resistant OS cells displayed a poorer osteogenic differentiation state when compared to the parental cell lines, which was significantly reversed by autophagy re-activation and ANXA2 or Rac1 silencing. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a complicated interplay of ANXA2/Rac1, autophagy induction, and osteogenic differentiation in dictating CDDP resistance in OS cells, suggesting ANXA2 and Rac1 as promising targets to modulate autophagy and overcome CDDP resistance in OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Pan
- Health Examination Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanyu Pan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuangneng Wang
- Health Examination Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingying Bai
- Health Examination Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuemei Hu
- Health Examination Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Health Examination Center, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Department of Blood Composition Production, Central Blood Station of Yuxi City, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China.
| | - Jianping Liu
- Research Management Department, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, 653100, Yunnan, China.
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12
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Chueh KS, Lu JH, Juan TJ, Chuang SM, Juan YS. The Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Application of Autophagy for Urological Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14887. [PMID: 37834333 PMCID: PMC10573233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation process known as autophagic flux, involving the engulfment of damaged proteins and organelles by double-membrane autophagosomes. It comprises microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and macroautophagy. Macroautophagy consists of three stages: induction, autophagosome formation, and autolysosome formation. Atg8-family proteins are valuable for tracking autophagic structures and have been widely utilized for monitoring autophagy. The conversion of LC3 to its lipidated form, LC3-II, served as an indicator of autophagy. Autophagy is implicated in human pathophysiology, such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and immune disorders. Moreover, autophagy impacts urological diseases, such as interstitial cystitis /bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis (KIC), chemotherapy-induced cystitis (CIC), radiation cystitis (RC), erectile dysfunction (ED), bladder outlet obstruction (BOO), prostate cancer, bladder cancer, renal cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer. Autophagy plays a dual role in the management of urologic diseases, and the identification of potential biomarkers associated with autophagy is a crucial step towards a deeper understanding of its role in these diseases. Methods for monitoring autophagy include TEM, Western blot, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and genetic tools. Autophagosome and autolysosome structures are discerned via TEM. Western blot, immunofluorescence, northern blot, and RT-PCR assess protein/mRNA levels. Luciferase assay tracks flux; GFP-LC3 transgenic mice aid study. Knockdown methods (miRNA and RNAi) offer insights. This article extensively examines autophagy's molecular mechanism, pharmacological regulation, and therapeutic application involvement in urological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Shun Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Jian-He Lu
- Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds (CAFEC), General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Jui Juan
- Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
- Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Mien Chuang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Shun Juan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, San-min District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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13
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Chaaya C, Zgheib G, El Karak F. Pharmacotherapy developments in autophagy inhibitors for bladder cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1853-1860. [PMID: 37668151 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2254697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is an intracellular process that plays a key role in the cellular homeostasis. Recently, it has been described as a potential therapeutic target in oncology, whether by activating or inhibiting its different cascades. Autophagy inhibitors interact with different molecular processes of the hallmarks of cancer. AREAS COVERED Multiple proteins of the autophagy cascade could be aimed by specific inhibitors in many tumors, notably bladder cancer. In fact, bladder cancer has been increasing in prevalence over the last decade, and resistance to conventional treatment has been extensively reported in the literature. Autophagy inhibitors in bladder cancer have been described in preclinical studies to increase the sensitivity of the tumor to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This paper is a review of the literature, which selected randomized trials, cohort studies, and case-control studies documenting the relationship between autophagy inhibitors and bladder cancer treatment. EXPERT OPINION Autophagy is a promising pathway for cancer cell targeting that opens the horizons for a potential new therapeutic area in particular the multidisciplinary management of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Chaaya
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hotel-Dieu De France, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghady Zgheib
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hotel-Dieu De France, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fadi El Karak
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hotel-Dieu De France, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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14
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Deng Z, Shen D, Yu M, Zhou F, Shan D, Fang Y, Jin W, Qian K, Li S, Wang G, Zhang Y, Ju L, Xiao Y, Wang X. Pectolinarigenin inhibits bladder urothelial carcinoma cell proliferation by regulating DNA damage/autophagy pathways. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:214. [PMID: 37393350 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01508-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pectolinarigenin (PEC), an active compound isolated from traditional herbal medicine, has shown potential anti-tumor properties against various types of cancer cells. However, its mechanism of action in bladder cancer (BLCA), which is one of the fatal human carcinomas, remains unexplored. In this study, we first revealed that PEC, as a potential DNA topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) poison, can target TOP2A and cause significant DNA damage. PEC induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest via p53 pathway. Simultaneously, PEC can perform its unique function by inhibiting the late autophagic flux. The blocking of autophagy caused proliferation inhibition of BLCA and further enhanced the DNA damage effect of PEC. In addition, we proved that PEC could intensify the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine (GEM) on BLCA cells in vivo and in vitro. Summarily, we first systematically revealed that PEC had great potential as a novel TOP2A poison and an inhibitor of late autophagic flux in treating BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Deng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dexin Shen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxue Yu
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Fenfang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Danni Shan
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yayun Fang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan Jin
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Euler Technology, ZGC Life Sciences Park, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Qian
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenjuan Li
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Euler Technology, ZGC Life Sciences Park, Beijing, China
- Center for Quantitative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingao Ju
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yu Xiao
- Human Genetic Resources Preservation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China.
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15
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Shirono Y, Bilim V, Anraku T, Kuroki H, Kazama A, Murata M, Hiruma K, Tomita Y. Targeting Pro-Survival Autophagy Enhanced GSK-3β Inhibition-Induced Apoptosis and Retarded Proliferation in Bladder Cancer Cells. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:5350-5365. [PMID: 37366889 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced bladder cancer (BC) (local invasive and/or metastatic) is not curable even with cytotoxic chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and targeted treatment. Targeting GSK-3β is a promising novel approach in advanced BC. The induction of autophagy is a mechanism of secondary resistance to various anticancer treatments. Our objectives are to investigate the synergistic effects of GSK-3β in combination with autophagy inhibitors to evade GSK-3β drug resistance. Small molecule GSK-3β inhibitors and GSK-3β knockdown using siRNA promote the expression of autophagy-related proteins. We further investigated that GSK-3β inhibition induced the nucleus translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). Compared to the GSK-3β inhibition alone, its combination with chloroquine (an autophagy inhibitor) significantly reduced BC cell growth. These results suggest that targeting autophagy potentiates GSK-3β inhibition-induced apoptosis and retarded proliferation in BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Shirono
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Vladimir Bilim
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Urology, Kameda Daiichi Hospital, Niigata 950-0165, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Anraku
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroo Kuroki
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Department of Urology, Sado General Hospital, Sado 952-1209, Japan
| | - Akira Kazama
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Masaki Murata
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kaede Hiruma
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tomita
- Department of Urology, Division of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
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16
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Ren D, Li L, Wang S, Zuo Y. The c-MYC transcription factor conduces to resistance to cisplatin by regulating MMS19 in bladder cancer cells. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102096. [PMID: 37201439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the dominant causes for tumor progression and recurrence of bladder cancer (BC). This paper investigated the effects of transcription factor c-MYC through promoting MMS19 expression on proliferation, metastasis and cisplatin (DDP) resistance in BC cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were applied to acquire the needed BC gene data. The mRNA and protein levels of c-MYC and MMS19 were verified with q-PCR or Western blot assay. MTT and Transwell assays were utilized to detect cell viability and metastasis. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and Luciferase reporter assay were exerted to confirm the relationship between c-MYC and MMS19. TCGA and GEO BC datasets results implied MMS19 could be an independent indicator for BC patients' prognosis. MMS19 expression was dramatically augmented in BC cell lines. Overexpression of MMS19 conduced to accelerate BC cells proliferation, metastasis and increase DDP resistance. c-MYC was positively correlated with MMS19 and acted as a transcription activator for MMS19 in BC cell lines and activated MMS19 expression. Overexpression of c-MYC facilitated BC cells proliferation, metastasis and DDP resistance. In conclusions, c-MYC gene was a transcriptional regulator of MMS19. Up-regulation of c-MYC facilitated BC cells proliferation, metastasis and DDP resistance by motivating MMS19 expression. This molecular mechanism between c-MYC and MMS19 exerts a crucial mission in BC tumorigenesis and DDP resistance, and may contribute to the diagnosis and therapy of BC for the time to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Ren
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Oncology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou 256603, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yali Zuo
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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17
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Alassaf N, Attia H. Autophagy and necroptosis in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury: Recent advances regarding their role and therapeutic potential. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1103062. [PMID: 36794281 PMCID: PMC9922871 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1103062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) is a broad-spectrum antineoplastic agent, used to treat many different types of malignancies due to its high efficacy and low cost. However, its use is largely limited by acute kidney injury (AKI), which, if left untreated, may progress to cause irreversible chronic renal dysfunction. Despite substantial research, the exact mechanisms of CP-induced AKI are still so far unclear and effective therapies are lacking and desperately needed. In recent years, necroptosis, a novel subtype of regulated necrosis, and autophagy, a form of homeostatic housekeeping mechanism have witnessed a burgeoning interest owing to their potential to regulate and alleviate CP-induced AKI. In this review, we elucidate in detail the molecular mechanisms and potential roles of both autophagy and necroptosis in CP-induced AKI. We also explore the potential of targeting these pathways to overcome CP-induced AKI according to recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Alassaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Noha Alassaf,
| | - Hala Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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18
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The Gold(I) Complex with Plant Hormone Kinetin Shows Promising In Vitro Anticancer and PPARγ Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032293. [PMID: 36768617 PMCID: PMC9916778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivated by the clinical success of gold(I) metallotherapeutic Auranofin in the effective treatment of both inflammatory and cancer diseases, we decided to prepare, characterize, and further study the [Au(kin)(PPh3)] complex (1), where Hkin = kinetin, 6-furfuryladenine, for its in vitro anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The results revealed that the complex (1) had significant in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines (A2780, A2780R, PC-3, 22Rv1, and THP-1), with IC50 ≈ 1-5 μM, which was even significantly better than that for the conventional platinum-based drug Cisplatin while comparable with Auranofin. Although its ability to inhibit transcription factor NF-κB activity did not exceed the comparative drug Auranofin, it has been found that it is able to positively influence peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), and as a consequence of this to have the impact of moderating/reducing inflammation. The cellular effects of the complex (1) in A2780 cancer cells were also investigated by cell cycle analysis, induction of apoptosis, intracellular ROS production, activation of caspases 3/7 and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, and shotgun proteomic analysis. Proteomic analysis of R2780 cells treated with complex (1) and starting compounds revealed possible different places of the effect of the studied compounds. Moreover, the time-dependent cellular accumulation of copper was studied by means of the mass spectrometry study with the aim of exploring the possible mechanisms responsible for its biological effects.
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19
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Lee MJ, Park JS, Jo SB, Joe YA. Enhancing Anti-Cancer Therapy with Selective Autophagy Inhibitors by Targeting Protective Autophagy. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:1-15. [PMID: 36579459 PMCID: PMC9810440 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2022.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of eliminating damaged or unnecessary proteins and organelles, thereby maintaining intracellular homeostasis. Deregulation of autophagy is associated with several diseases including cancer. Contradictory dual roles of autophagy have been well established in cancer. Cytoprotective mechanism of autophagy has been extensively investigated for overcoming resistance to cancer therapies including radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Selective autophagy inhibitors that directly target autophagic process have been developed for cancer treatment. Efficacies of autophagy inhibitors have been tested in various pre-clinical cancer animal models. Combination therapies of autophagy inhibitors with chemotherapeutics are being evaluated in clinal trials. In this review, we will focus on genetical and pharmacological perturbations of autophagy-related proteins in different steps of autophagic process and their therapeutic benefits. We will also summarize combination therapies of autophagy inhibitors with chemotherapies and their outcomes in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Understanding of current knowledge of development, progress, and application of cytoprotective autophagy inhibitors in combination therapies will open new possibilities for overcoming drug resistance and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Bin Jo
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Joe
- Department of Medical Lifescience, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Corresponding Author E-mail: , Tel: +82-2-3147-8406, Fax: +82-2-593-2522
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Zhang H, Liu J, Zheng Z. Molecular subtypes, tumor microenvironment infiltration characterization and prognosis model based on cuproptosis in bladder cancer. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15088. [PMID: 37041979 PMCID: PMC10083007 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis is a kind of cell death dependent on copper. We aimed to explore the functions of the cuproptosis in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and construct a cuproptosis-related prognosis signature in bladder cancer (BCa). Using BCa patients in the public cohort, the cuproptosis-related molecular subtypes and cuproptosis-related prognosis signature were developed. Three cuproptosis-related molecular subtypes, with different prognoses and TME characteristics, were identified in BCa. The cuproptosis-related prognosis signature can divide patients into high- and low-risk groups with different prognoses, TME characteristics, chemotherapeutic drug susceptibility and immunotherapeutic response. Low risk group patients had a favored prognosis and response to immunotherapy. The dysregulation of cuproptosis-related genes expression levels was validated in multiple BCa cells using in vitro experiments. Cuproptosis has an important role in the tumor progression and the characterization of TME in BCa. The cuproptosis-related prognosis signature is a useful biomarker that can reflect the prognosis, TME characteristics, immunotherapeutic response and chemotherapeutic drug susceptibility in BCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongtai Zheng
- Department of Urology, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Chen J, Yao Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Li T, Du J. Chloroquine regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of palate development on mice embryo by activating P53 through blocking autophagy in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:558-570. [PMID: 35947289 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip and palate is one of the most frequent congenital developmental defects. Autophagy is a highly conserved process of cell self-degradation in eukaryotes, involving multiple biological processes in which chloroquine (CQ) is the most common inhibitor. However, whether CQ affects and how it affects palate development is unknown. Mouse embryonic palatal cells (MEPCs) were treated with CQ to observe cell viability, apoptosis, migration, osteogenic differentiation by cell proliferation assay, flow cytometric analysis, scratch assay, and alizarin red staining. PI staining was used to measure cell cycle distribution. Immunofluorescence (IF) assay and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect autophagosomes. The autophagy-related factors (LC3 and P62), apoptosis-related markers (P53, caspase-3 cleaved caspase-3, BAX, and BCL-2), and cell cycle-related proteins (P21, CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, and cyclin E) were all measured by western blot. CQ inhibited the proliferation of MEPCs by arresting the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle in a concentration- and time-dependent manner with cell cycle-related proteins P21 upregulated and CDK2, CDK4, cyclin D1, and cyclin E downregulated. Then we detected CQ also induced cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner by decreasing the BCL-2/BAX ratio and increasing cleaved caspase-3. Next, it was investigated that migration and osteogenesis of MEPCs decreased with CQ treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, CQ blocked the autophagy pathway by upregulating LC3II and P62 expressions which activated the P53 pathway. CQ activates P53 which affects MEPC biological characteristics by changing the proliferation and apoptosis of MEPCs through inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yaxia Yao
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Tianli Li
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Juan Du
- Laboratory of Orofacial Development, Laboratory of Molecular Signaling and Stem Cells Therapy, Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing, 100050, China.
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22
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Tsai TF, Chang AC, Chen PC, Ho CY, Chen HE, Chou KY, Hwang TIS. Autophagy blockade potentiates cancer-associated immunosuppression through programmed death ligand-1 upregulation in bladder cancer. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3587-3597. [PMID: 35903922 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A high basal level of autophagic flux in bladder cancer (BC) cells prevents cell death and weakens chemotherapy efficacy. However, how autophagy influences cancer-associated immunosuppression in BC remains undetermined. In this study, we observed a negative correlation between the autophagy-related markers LC3-II and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) in BC cells. The autophagy inhibitors chloroquine (CQ) and bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1) increased PD-L1 expression in BC cells through the ERK-JNK-c-Jun signal-transduction pathway. Moreover, the treatment of BC cells with CQ and Baf-A1 inhibited hsa-microRNA-34a (miR-34a) expression and miR-34a overexpression in BC cells prevented the autophagy blockade-induced PD-L1 expression; a negative correlation between miR-34a and PD-L1 expression was observed during treatment with autophagy inhibitors. Furthermore, miR-34a overexpression induced the cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells against BC cells. Our results provide evidence that autophagy blockade and its regulatory pathway affect cancer-associated immunosuppression through PD-L1 elevation. Thus, the coadministration of autophagy inhibitors and a PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade provides a potential therapeutic approach for treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Fu Tsai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Chen Chang
- Translational Medicine Center, Research Deparment, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Research Deparment, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yen Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-En Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Chou
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas I-Sheng Hwang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Hannon Barroeta P, Magnano S, O'Sullivan MJ, Zisterer DM. Evaluation of targeting autophagy for the treatment of malignant rhabdoid tumours. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2022; 32:100584. [PMID: 35679755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumour (MRT) is a rare and aggressive paediatric tumour that typically arises in the kidneys or central nervous system (CNS). The malignancy often affects patients under the age of three and is associated with an extremely poor survival rate, with most deaths occurring within the first year of presentation. Thus, there is an unmet and urgent medical need for novel therapeutic strategies for this malignancy. One of the major issues when treating MRT patients is the emergence of chemoresistance. Autophagy has become an area of focus in the study of chemoresistance due to its reported dual role as both a pro-survival and pro-death mechanism. The role of autophagy in the chemotherapeutic response of MRT remains largely unknown. A greater understanding of the role of autophagy may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies to enhance chemotherapeutic effect and improve the clinical outcome of MRT patients. This study evaluated the cellular response to cisplatin, a representative chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of MRT, and the role of autophagy in mediating cisplatin resistance. Our results demonstrated that cisplatin induced apoptosis and autophagy concomitantly in a panel of MRT cell lines. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase-induced apoptosis with Z-VAD-FMK also inhibited autophagy levels demonstrating a complex interplay between these two pathways. In addition, blocking autophagy at the early stages of the autophagic process using the pharmacological inhibitor SAR405 or through the genetic knockdown of critical autophagic protein ATG5 by siRNA did not sensitise cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Collectively, these results suggest that induction of autophagy does not appear to elicit a pro-survival effect in the chemotherapeutic response of MRT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hannon Barroeta
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Stefania Magnano
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maureen J O'Sullivan
- The National Children's Research Centre, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Daniela M Zisterer
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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24
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Prevention of anticancer therapy-induced neurotoxicity: putting DNA damage in perspective. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:1-10. [PMID: 35487345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a severe side effect of conventional cancer therapeutics (cAT) that significantly impacts the quality of life of tumor patients. The molecular mechanisms of CIPN are incompletely understood and there are no effective preventive or therapeutic measures available to date. Here, we present a brief overview of the current knowledge about mechanisms underlying CIPN and discuss DNA damage-related stress responses as feasible targets for the prevention of CIPN. In addition, we discuss that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful 3R-conform model organism to further elucidate molecular mechanisms of CIPN and to identify novel lead compounds protecting from cAT-triggered neuropathy.
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25
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Pathak N, Nazir A, Mir SS. Crosstalk Between ROS and Autophagy in Tumorigenesis: Understanding the Multifaceted Paradox. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852424. [PMID: 35359388 PMCID: PMC8960719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a highly regulated and complex process, largely dependent on its microenvironment. This complexity highlights the need for developing novel target-based therapies depending on cancer phenotype and genotype. Autophagy, a catabolic process, removes damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes. It is activated in response to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are multifaceted molecules that drive several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Moreover, autophagy also plays a dual role, initially inhibiting tumor formation but promoting tumor progression during advanced stages. Mounting evidence has suggested an intricate crosstalk between autophagy and ROS where they can either suppress cancer formation or promote disease etiology. This review highlights the regulatory roles of autophagy and ROS from tumor induction to metastasis. We also discuss the therapeutic strategies that have been devised so far to combat cancer. Based on the review, we finally present some gap areas that could be targeted and may provide a basis for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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26
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Hsa-miR-30a-3p overcomes the acquired protective autophagy of bladder cancer in chemotherapy and suppresses tumor growth and muscle invasion. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:390. [PMID: 35449123 PMCID: PMC9023440 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most common urologic cancer in western countries. New strategies for managing high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) are urgently required because MIBC has a high risk of recurrence and poor survival. A growing body of evidence indicates that microRNA has potent antitumorigenic properties in various cancers, and thus, therapeutic strategies based on microRNA may show promising results in cancer therapy. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database indicated that hsa-miR-30a-3p is downregulated in human BC. Our in vitro investigation demonstrated that hsa-miR-30a-3p suppresses the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 and reduces the cell invasive potential of BC cells. Furthermore, hsa-miR-30a-3p directly targets ATG5, ATG12, and Beclin 1; this in turn improves the chemosensitivity of BC cells to cisplatin through the repression of protective autophagy. In a tumor-xenograft mice model, hsa-miR-30a-3p suppressed muscle invasion. Cotreatment with hsa-miR-30a-3p enhanced the antitumor effect of cisplatin in reducing tumor growth in BC. The current study provides a novel strategy of using hsa-miR-30a-3p as an adjuvant or replacement therapy in future BC treatment.
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27
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Abstract
Cancer resistance to therapy is a big issue in cancer therapy. Tumours may develop some mechanisms to reduce the induction of cell death, thus stimulating tumour growth. Cancer cells may show a low expression and activity of tumour suppressor genes and a low response to anti-tumour immunity. These mutations can increase the resistance of cancer cells to programmed cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagic cell death, and some others. The upregulation of some mediators and transcription factors such as Akt, nuclear factor of κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, Bcl-2, and others can inhibit cell death in cancer cells. Using adjuvants to induce the killing of cancer cells is an interesting strategy in cancer therapy. Nobiletin (NOB) is a herbal-derived agent with fascinating anti-cancer properties. It has been shown to induce the generation of endogenous ROS by cancer cells, leading to damage to critical macromolecules and finally cell death. NOB may induce the activity of p53 and pro-apoptosis mediators, and also inhibit the expression and nuclear translocation of anti-apoptosis mediators. In addition, NOB may induce cancer cell killing by modulating other mechanisms that are involved in programmed cell death mechanisms. This review aims to discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the programmed cell death in cancer by NOB via modulating different types of cell death in cancer.
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28
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Bai Z, Peng Y, Ye X, Liu Z, Li Y, Ma L. Autophagy and cancer treatment: four functional forms of autophagy and their therapeutic applications. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:89-101. [PMID: 35187884 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Drugs play a pivotal role in cancer treatment, but the complex biological processes of cancer cells seriously limit the efficacy of various anticancer drugs. Autophagy, a self-degradative system that maintains cellular homeostasis, universally operates under normal and stress conditions in cancer cells. The roles of autophagy in cancer treatment are still controversial because both stimulation and inhibition of autophagy have been reported to enhance the effects of anticancer drugs. Thus, the important question arises as to whether we should try to strengthen or suppress autophagy during cancer therapy. Currently, autophagy can be divided into four main forms according to its different functions during cancer treatment: cytoprotective (cell survival), cytotoxic (cell death), cytostatic (growth arrest), and nonprotective (no contribution to cell death or survival). In addition, various cell death modes, such as apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, senescence, and mitotic catastrophe, all contribute to the anticancer effects of drugs. The interaction between autophagy and these cell death modes is complex and can lead to anticancer drugs having different or even completely opposite effects on treatment. Therefore, it is important to understand the underlying contexts in which autophagy inhibition or activation will be beneficial or detrimental. That is, appropriate therapeutic strategies should be adopted in light of the different functions of autophagy. This review provides an overview of recent insights into the evolving relationship between autophagy and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshi Bai
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yaling Peng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinyue Ye
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhixian Liu
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Lingman Ma
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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29
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Role of Organic Cation Transporter 2 in Autophagy Induced by Platinum Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031090. [PMID: 35163014 PMCID: PMC8834759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) mediates renal and neuronal cellular cisplatin and oxaliplatin uptake, and therefore plays a significant role in the development of side effects associated with these chemotherapeutic drugs. Autophagy is induced by cisplatin and oxaliplatin treatment and is believed to promote cell survival under stressful conditions. We examined in vitro the role of hOCT2 on autophagy induced by cisplatin and oxaliplatin. We also explored the effect of autophagy on toxicities of these platinum derivatives. Our results indicate that autophagy, measured as LC3 II accumulation and reduction in p62 expression level, is induced in response to cisplatin and oxaliplatin in HEK293-hOCT2 but not in wild-type HEK293 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy is associated with higher toxicity of platinum derivatives, and starvation was found to offer protection against cisplatin-associated toxicity. In conclusion, activation of autophagy could be a potential strategy to protect against unwanted toxicities induced by treatment with platinum derivatives.
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30
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Kochetkova EY, Pospelov VA, Pospelova TV. Approaches and Protocols to Analyze Autophagy and Its Role in Death of Apoptosis-Resistant Senescent Tumor Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2445:139-169. [PMID: 34972991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2071-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer therapy is complicated by the ability of malignant cells to activate cytoprotective autophagy that rescues treated cells. This protocol describes methods for analysis of autophagic process in apoptosis-resistant tumor cells treated with damaging agents. Induction of autophagy in these cells can activate apoptotic death. Protocol provides methods for Western blotting, immunofluorescent analysis, and transfection of cells with fluorescent protein-tagged LC3-encoding plasmids to analyze autophagy. Different approaches to change autophagy in tumor cells are suggested. A special approach is connected with induction of cellular senescence. Senescent cells, which are resistant to apoptosis, are vulnerable to certain damaging agents, in particular, to kinase inhibitors. Methods to induce and analyze senescence are considered. They include detection of proliferation arrest by different ways, mTORC1 activity assay and fluorescent analysis of mTORC1 and lysosome localization as a novel senescence hallmark. Incapability of senescent cells to complete autophagy after damage allows to force them to apoptosis. To demonstrate apoptotic cell death, analysis of caspase activity, Annexin V-FITC binding, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondria and lysosome damage are suggested. The methods described can be applied in studies aimed on developing different strategies of tumor cell elimination through changing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y Kochetkova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Valery A Pospelov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Pospelova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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31
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Nonlinear optical response of cancer cells following conventional and nano-technology based treatment strategies: Results of chemo-, thermo- and radiation therapies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102686. [PMID: 34915185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although traditional treatments are able to increase cancer survival rate, undesirable impact on off-target tissues are considered a limitation of these approaches. Nanotechnology-based treatments have been proposed as a possible option to enhance targeting., Further,current methods for evaluating cellular damage, are time consuming, highly dependent on the operator skills, and expensive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of nonlinear optical response of cells to determine cellular damages during conventional and nano-technology based treatments. METHODS Three different cancer cell lines, CT26, KB, and MCF-7 were used in this study. The alginate hydrogel co-loaded with cisplatin and Au nanoparticle (ACA) nanocomplex and gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticle (Au@IONP) were considered for chemo- and chemo-photothermal therapies, and thermo-radiation therapy, respectively. The sign and value of nonlinear optical absorption coefficient and imaginary part of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of cells were computed. MTT assay was utilized as a reference method. RESULTS The value of nonlinear optical indices increased with increasing cellular damage and cell death. The linear regression analysis indicated high correlation between nonlinear optical indices and MTT results, in all treatments. CONCLUSION The nonlinear optical indices are robust from confounding factors, namely treatment approach (traditional and nano-technology based), treatment modality (chemotherapy, thermotherapy, photothermal therapy, and radiation therapy), and cell types. Nonlinear optical properties of cells can be used as a rapid estimation method for cell damage, at the nanoscale level.
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32
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Identification of Survival and Therapeutic Response-Related Ferroptosis Regulators in Bladder Cancer through Data Mining and Experimental Validation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236069. [PMID: 34885178 PMCID: PMC8656535 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Based on machine learning methods, we constructed a prognostic signature to calculate the survival probability of BLCA and to further investigate the underlying mechanism of the ferroptosis-related signature. We found that the signature was not only correlated with the prognostic value but was also associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), tumor mutation burden (TMB) and the curative outcomes of both immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Furthermore, we proved the reliability of the signature in some external datasets and built a risk score evaluation nomogram for clinical use. Abstract Ferroptosis has been reported to regulate tumorigenesis, metastasis, drug resistance and the immune response. However, the potential roles of ferroptosis regulators in the advancement of bladder cancer remain to be explored. We systematically evaluated the multidimensional alteration landscape of ferroptosis regulators in bladder cancer and checked if their expression correlated with the ferroptosis index. We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression to form a signature consisting of seven ferroptosis regulator. We confirmed the signature’s prognostic and predictive accuracy with five independent datasets. A nomogram was built to predict the overall survival and risk of death of patients. The relative expression of the genes involved in the signature was also clarified by real-time quantitative PCR. We found the risk score was related to tumor progression and antitumor immunity-related pathways. Moreover, there existed negative association between the relative antitumor immune cell infiltration level and the risk score, and higher tumor mutation burden was found in the group of lower risk score. We used The Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion database and IMvigor210 cohort having immunotherapy efficacy results to confirm the prediction function of the risk score. Furthermore, the ferroptosis regulator signature could also reflect the chemotherapy sensitivity of bladder cancer.
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33
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Seo DY, Bae JH, Zhang D, Song W, Kwak HB, Heo JW, Jung SJ, Yun HR, Kim TN, Lee SH, Kim AH, Jeong DH, Kim HK, Han J. Effects of cisplatin on mitochondrial function and autophagy-related proteins in skeletal muscle of rats. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 34674798 PMCID: PMC8633523 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely known as an anti-cancer drug. However, the effects of cisplatin on mitochondrial function and autophagy-related proteins levels in the skeletal muscle are unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different doses of cisplatin on mitochondrial function and autophagy-re-lated protein levels in the skeletal muscle of rats. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 24) were assigned to one of three groups; the first group was administered a saline placebo (CON, n = 10), and the second and third groups were given 0.1 mg/kg body weight (BW) (n = 6), and 0.5 mg/kg BW (n = 8) of cisplatin, respectively. The group that had been administered 0.5 mg cisplatin exhibited a reduced BW, skeletal muscle tissue weight, and mitochondrial function and upregulated levels of autophagy-related proteins, including LC3II, Beclin 1, and BNIP3. Moreover, this group had a high LC3 II/I ratio in the skeletal muscle; i.e., the administration of a high dose of cisplatin decreased the muscle mass and mitochondrial function and increased the levels of autophagy-related proteins. These results, thus, suggest that reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy pathways may be important for preventing skeletal muscle atrophy following cisplatin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jun Hyun Bae
- Health & Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Didi Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Xiang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China
| | - Wook Song
- Health & Exercise Science Laboratory, Institute of Sports Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Aging, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jun-Won Heo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Su-Jeen Jung
- Department of Leisure Sports, Seoil University, Seoul 02192, Korea
| | - Hyeong Rok Yun
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Tae Nyun Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Sang Ho Lee
- Department of Taekwondo, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
| | - Amy Hyein Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Dae Hoon Jeong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
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Hu X, Ma Z, Wen L, Li S, Dong Z. Autophagy in Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity during Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225618. [PMID: 34830772 PMCID: PMC8616020 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cisplatin is a broadly used chemotherapy drug, but its use and efficacy are limited by its nephrotoxicity. Autophagy protects against kidney injury during cisplatin exposure but may reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy by protecting cancer cells. In this review, we describe the role and regulation of autophagy in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and discuss the therapeutic advances and challenges of targeting autophagy in chemotherapy. Abstract Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent but its clinical use is often limited by nephrotoxicity. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that removes protein aggregates and damaged or dysfunctional cellular organelles for maintaining cell homeostasis. Upon cisplatin exposure, autophagy is rapidly activated in renal tubule cells to protect against acute cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Mechanistically, the protective effect is mainly related to the clearance of damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. The role and regulation of autophagy in chronic kidney problems after cisplatin treatment are currently unclear, despite the significance of research in this area. In cancers, autophagy may prevent tumorigenesis, but autophagy may reduce the efficacy of chemotherapy by protecting cancer cells. Future research should focus on developing drugs that enhance the anti-tumor effects of cisplatin while protecting kidneys during cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.H.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zhengwei Ma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lu Wen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.H.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Siyao Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.H.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.H.); (L.W.); (S.L.)
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-2825; Fax: +1-706-721-6120
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Chou KY, Chen PC, Chang AC, Tsai TF, Chen HE, Ho CY, Hwang TIS. Attenuation of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine on the invasive potential of bladder cancer through targeting matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:2138-2145. [PMID: 34278709 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC), one of the most common urological neoplastic disorders in men, has an extremely low survival rate because of its tendency to metastasize. The anticancer drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxy CQ (HCQ) might inhibit tumor progression and invasiveness. However, the mechanism by which CQ and HCQ influence BC is undetermined. In this study, CQ and HCQ treatments inhibited the migration and invasion of two BC cell types (5637 and T24) through expression modulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), which belongs to the matrix MMP family and is a key mediator of cancer progression. Moreover, additional data revealed that the migrative and invasive effects of BC cells treated with CQ or HCQ were abolished after treatment with rapamycin, which induces autophagy, demonstrating that CQ and HCQ functions in BC are based on autophagy inhibition. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that CQ and HCQ regulated cell motility in BC through MMP-2 downregulation by targeting autophagy functions, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yu Chou
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - An-Chen Chang
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Fu Tsai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-En Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Yen Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas I-Sheng Hwang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Gupta P, Kumar N, Garg M. Emerging roles of autophagy in the development and treatment of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:787-797. [PMID: 34636265 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1992384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High recurrence rates, frequent surveillance strategies, and current multidisciplinary treatment approaches make urothelial carcinoma of bladder (UCB) one of the most expensive cancers to clinically manage. Recent studies have demonstrated a role for autophagy in bladder tumorigenesis. It serves as a tumor suppressor by maintaining genomic integrity and preventing tumor proliferation during initial stages of tumor development. Nevertheless, once established, cancer cells may utilize protective autophagy to endure cellular stress and survive in the adverse environment. Its excessive stimulation supports cancer cells' resistance to therapeutic modalities. AREAS COVERED PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched for recently published studies. This review summarizes emerging roles of autophagy in development/progression of UCB and treatment resistance and explores novel therapeutic targets for prevention of cancer invasion, metastatic spread', and disease relapse. EXPERT OPINION The development of novel therapies via targeting of autophagy may augment current treatment regimens and improve clinical outcomes. Synthetic compounds or plant-based metabolites are reported to enhance cancer therapies by modulating autophagic flux. Successful autophagy-focused therapeutic intervention requires a mechanistic understanding of autophagic effects on tumor initiation and progression and the development of efficient biomarkers to monitor it in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratishtha Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
| | - Niraj Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, India
| | - Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India
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Hu H, Zhang XW, Li L, Hu MN, Hu WQ, Zhang JY, Miao XK, Yang WL, Mou LY. Inhibition of autophagy by YC-1 promotes gefitinib induced apoptosis by targeting FOXO1 in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 908:174346. [PMID: 34270985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common cancer in the world. Gefitinib, an inhibitor of EGFR tyrosine kinase, is highly effective in treating NSCLC patients with activating EGFR mutations (L858R or Ex19del). However, despite excellent disease control with gefitinib therapy, innate resistance and inevitable acquired resistance represent immense challenges in NSCLC therapy. Gefitinib potently induces cytoprotective autophagy, which has been implied to contribute to both innate and acquired resistance to gefitinib in NSCLC cells. Currently, abrogation of autophagy is considered a promising strategy for NSCLC therapy. In the present study, YC-1, an inhibitor of HIF-1α, was first found to significantly inhibit the autophagy induced by gefitinib by disrupting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes and thereby enhancing the proapoptotic effect of gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Furthermore, the combinational anti-autophagic and pro-apoptotic effect of gefitinib and YC-1 was demonstrated to be associated with an enhanced of forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) transcriptional activity which resulted from an increase in the p-FOXO1 protein level in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells. Our data suggest that inhibition of autophagy by targeting FOXO1 may be a feasible therapeutic strategy to overcome both innate and acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ming-Ning Hu
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wen-Qian Hu
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhang
- Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Kang Miao
- Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Wen-Le Yang
- Basic Medical Sciences & Research Unit of Peptide Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU066, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ling-Yun Mou
- School of Life Science Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
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Quiros-Fernandez I, Figueroa-Protti L, Arias-Arias JL, Brenes-Cordero N, Siles F, Mora J, Mora-Rodríguez RA. Perturbation-Based Modeling Unveils the Autophagic Modulation of Chemosensitivity and Immunogenicity in Breast Cancer Cells. Metabolites 2021; 11:637. [PMID: 34564453 PMCID: PMC8469554 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of new therapeutic strategies, chemotherapeutic drugs are the most widely used strategy against metastatic breast cancer, in spite of eliciting multiple adverse effects and having low responses with an average 5-year patient survival rate. Among the new therapeutic targets that are currently in clinical trials, here, we addressed the association between the regulation of the metabolic process of autophagy and the exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns associated (DAMPs) to immunogenic cell death (ICD), which has not been previously studied. After validating an mCHR-GFP tandem LC3 sensor capacity to report dynamic changes of the autophagic metabolic flux in response to external stimuli and demonstrating that both basal autophagy levels and response to diverse autophagy regulators fluctuate among different cell lines, we explored the interaction between autophagy modulators and chemotherapeutic agents in regards of cytotoxicity and ICD using three different breast cancer cell lines. Since these interactions are very complex and variable throughout different cell lines, we designed a perturbation-based model in which we propose specific modes of action of chemotherapeutic agents on the autophagic flux and the corresponding strategies of modulation to enhance the response to chemotherapy. Our results point towards a promising therapeutic potential of the metabolic regulation of autophagy to overcome chemotherapy resistance by eliciting ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Quiros-Fernandez
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Master’s Program in Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Lucía Figueroa-Protti
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Jorge L. Arias-Arias
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- Dulbecco Laboratory Studio, Residencial Lisboa 2G, Alajuela 20102, Costa Rica
| | - Norman Brenes-Cordero
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Francisco Siles
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems Laboratory (PRIS-Lab), Department of Electrical Engineering and Postgraduate Studies in Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Javier Mora
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Rodrigo Antonio Mora-Rodríguez
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases (CIET), Laboratory of Tumor Chemosensitivity (LQT), Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica; (I.Q.-F.); (L.F.-P.); (J.L.A.-A.); (N.B.-C.); (F.S.); (J.M.)
- DC Laboratory, Laboratory of Surgery and Cancer, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Master’s Program in Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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Cisplatin-induced hydroxyl radicals mediate pro-survival autophagy in human lung cancer H460 cells. Biol Res 2021; 54:22. [PMID: 34321115 PMCID: PMC8317380 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulated evidence demonstrates cisplatin, a recommended chemotherapy, modulating pro-survival autophagic response that contributes to treatment failure in lung cancer patients. However, distinct mechanisms involved in cisplatin-induced autophagy in human lung cancer cells are still unclear. Results Herein, role of autophagy in cisplatin resistance was indicated by a decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis in lung cancer H460 cells pre-incubated with wortmannin, an autophagy inhibitor, prior to treatment with 50 µM cisplatin for 24 h. The elevated level of hydroxyl radicals detected via flow-cytometry corresponded to autophagic response, as evidenced by the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in cisplatin-treated cells. Interestingly, apoptosis resistance, autophagosome formation, and the alteration of the autophagic markers, LC3-II/LC3-I and p62, as well as autophagy-regulating proteins Atg7 and Atg3, induced by cisplatin was abrogated by pretreatment of H460 cells with deferoxamine, a specific hydroxyl radical scavenger. The modulations in autophagic response were also indicated in the cells treated with hydroxyl radicals generated via Fenton reaction, and likewise inhibited by pretreatment with deferoxamine. Conclusions In summary, the possible role of hydroxyl radicals as a key mediator in the autophagic response to cisplatin treatment, which was firstly revealed in this study would benefit for the further development of novel therapies for lung cancer.
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Abstract
Background/Aim: A number of biologically active substances were proved as an alternative to conventional anticancer medicines. The aim of the study is in vitro investigation of the anticancer activity of mono- and di-Rhamnolipids (RL-1 and RL-2) against human breast cancer. Additionally, the combination with Cisplatin was analyzed. Materials and Methods: Breast cell lines (MCF-10A, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) were treated with RLs and in combination with Cisplatin. The viability was analyzed using MTT assay, and investigation of autophagy was performed via acridine orange staining. Results: In contrast to the healthy cells, both tested cancer lines exhibited sensitivity to RLs treatment. This effect was accompanied by an influence on the autophagy-related acidic formation process. Only for the triple-negative breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) the synergistic effect of the combined treatment (10 µM Cisplatin and 1 µg/mL RL-2) was observed. Conclusion: Based on studies on the reorganization of membrane models in the presence of RL and the data about a higher amount of lipid rafts in cancer cell membranes than in non-tumorigenic, we suggest a possible mechanism of membrane remodelling by formation of endosomes. Shortly, in order to have a synergistic effect, it is necessary to have Cisplatin andRL-2 as RL2 is a molecule inducingpositive membrane curvature.
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Paull TT. DNA damage and regulation of protein homeostasis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103155. [PMID: 34116476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of unrepaired DNA lesions is associated with many pathological outcomes in humans, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases and in normal aging. Evidence supporting a causal role for DNA damage in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease has come from rare human patients with mutations in DNA damage response genes as well as from model organisms; however, the generality of this relationship in the normal population is unclear. In addition, the relevance of DNA damage in the context of proteotoxic stress-the widely accepted paradigm for pathology during neurodegeneration-is not well understood. Here, observations supporting intertwined roles of DNA damage and proteotoxicity in aging-related neurological outcomes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on recent insights into the relationships between DNA repair and autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome system, formation of protein aggregates, poly-ADP-ribose polymerization, and transcription-driven DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX, 78712, United States.
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Del Favero G, Zeugswetter M, Kiss E, Marko D. Endoplasmic Reticulum Adaptation and Autophagic Competence Shape Response to Fluid Shear Stress in T24 Bladder Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:647350. [PMID: 34012396 PMCID: PMC8126838 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.647350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of xenobiotics and waste metabolites in the urinary bladder is constantly accompanied by shear stress originating from the movement of the luminal fluids. Hence, both chemical and physical cues constantly modulate the cellular response in health and disease. In line, bladder cells have to maintain elevated mechanosensory competence together with chemical stress response adaptation potential. However, much of the molecular mechanisms sustaining this plasticity is currently unknown. Taking this as a starting point, we investigated the response of T24 urinary bladder cancer cells to shear stress comparing morphology to functional performance. T24 cells responded to the shear stress protocol (flow speed of 0.03 ml/min, 3 h) by significantly increasing their surface area. When exposed to deoxynivalenol-3-sulfate (DON-3-Sulf), bladder cells increased this response in a concentration-dependent manner (0.1-1 µM). DON-3-Sulf is a urinary metabolite of a very common food contaminant mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, DON) and was already described to enhance proliferation of cancer cells. Incubation with DON-3-Sulf also caused the enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), decreased the lysosomal movement, and increased the formation of actin stress fibers. Similar remodeling of the endoplasmic reticulum and area spread after shear stress were observed upon incubation with the autophagy activator rapamycin (1-100 nM). Performance of experiments in the presence of chloroquine (chloroquine, 30 μM) further contributed to shed light on the mechanistic link between adaptation to the biomechanical stimulation and ER stress response. At the molecular level, we observed that ER reshaping was linked to actin organization, with the two components mutually regulating each other. Indeed, we identified in the ER stress-cytoskeletal rearrangement an important axis defining the physical/chemical response potential of bladder cells and created a workflow for further investigation of urinary metabolites, food constituents, and contaminants, as well as for pharmacological profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Zeugswetter
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Endre Kiss
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Patel NH, Bloukh S, Alwohosh E, Alhesa A, Saleh T, Gewirtz DA. Autophagy and senescence in cancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 150:1-74. [PMID: 33858594 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells can undergo diverse responses to cancer therapy. While apoptosis represents the most desirable outcome, tumor cells can alternatively undergo autophagy and senescence. Both autophagy and senescence have the potential to make complex contributions to tumor cell survival via both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous pathways. The induction of autophagy and senescence in tumor cells, preclinically and clinically, either individually or concomitantly, has generated interest in the utilization of autophagy modulating and senolytic therapies to target autophagy and senescence, respectively. This chapter summarizes the current evidence for the promotion of autophagy and senescence as fundamental responses to cancer therapy and discusses the complexity of their functional contributions to cell survival and disease outcomes. We also highlight current modalities designed to exploit autophagy and senescence in efforts to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipa H Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Enas Alwohosh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Alhesa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States; Massey Cancer Center, Goodwin Research Laboratories, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.
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Yu W, Wang B, Zhou L, Xu G. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated p62 Downregulation Inhibits Apoptosis via c-Jun Upregulation. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:195-204. [PMID: 33046662 PMCID: PMC7921854 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of cullin 4-RING E3 ligase (CRL4) regulates the ubiquitination and degradation of c-Jun, mediating the lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular response. However, the upstream signaling pathway that regulates this process is unknown. In this study, we describe how endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress reversely regulates sequestosome-1 (p62)and c-Jun protein levels. Furthermore, our study reveals that expression of p62 attenuates c-Jun protein levels through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of p62 elevates c-Jun protein levels. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting experiments demonstrate that p62 interacts with c-Jun and CRBN to form a ternary protein complex. Moreover, we find that CRBN knockdown completely abolishes the inhibitory effect of p62 on c-Jun. Using brefeldin A as an inducer of ER stress, we demonstrate that the p62/c-Jun axis participates in the regulation of ER stress-induced apoptosis, and that CRBN is required for this regulation. In summary, we have identified an upstream signaling pathway, which regulates p62-mediated c-Jun degradation. Our findings elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism by which p62/c-Jun axis regulates the ER stress-induced apoptosis, and provide a new molecular connection between ER stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Busong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Xiao M, Benoit A, Hasmim M, Duhem C, Vogin G, Berchem G, Noman MZ, Janji B. Targeting Cytoprotective Autophagy to Enhance Anticancer Therapies. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626309. [PMID: 33718194 PMCID: PMC7951055 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated multi-step process that occurs at the basal level in almost all cells. Although the deregulation of the autophagy process has been described in several pathologies, the role of autophagy in cancer as a cytoprotective mechanism is currently well established and supported by experimental and clinical evidence. Our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the autophagy process has largely contributed to defining how we can harness this process to improve the benefit of cancer therapies. While the role of autophagy in tumor resistance to chemotherapy is extensively documented, emerging data point toward autophagy as a mechanism of cancer resistance to radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Therefore, manipulating autophagy has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome tumor resistance to various anti-cancer therapies, and autophagy modulators are currently evaluated in combination therapies in several clinical trials. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of the impact of genetically and pharmacologically modulating autophagy genes and proteins, involved in the different steps of the autophagy process, on the therapeutic benefit of various cancer therapies. We will also briefly discuss the challenges and limitations to developing potent and selective autophagy inhibitors that could be used in ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malina Xiao
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Alice Benoit
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Meriem Hasmim
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Caroline Duhem
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Centre Hospitalier du Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Guillaume Vogin
- Université de Lorraine - UMR 7365, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Centre François Baclesse, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Guy Berchem
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Department of Hemato-oncology, Centre Hospitalier du Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Muhammad Zaeem Noman
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Bassam Janji
- Tumor Immunotherapy and Microenvironment (TIME) Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
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YM155 and BIRC5 downregulation induce genomic instability via autophagy-mediated ROS production and inhibition in DNA repair. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105474. [PMID: 33549731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of autophagy plays a critical role in DNA repair, especially for the process of homologous recombination. Despite upregulation of autophagy promotes both the survival and the death of cells, the pathways that govern the pro-cell death effects of autophagy are still incompletely understood. YM155 is originally developed as an expression suppressant of BIRC5 (an anti-apoptotic molecule) and it has reached Phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of variety types of cancer. However, the target-specificity of YM155 has recently been challenged as several studies reported that YM155 exhibits direct DNA damaging effects. Recently, we discovered that BIRC5 is an autophagy negative-modulator. Using function-comparative analysis, we found in the current study that YM155 and BIRC5 siRNA both induced early "autophagy-dependent ROS production-mediated" DNA damage/strand breaks and concurrently downregulated the expression of RAD54L, RAD51, and MRE11, which are molecules known for their important roles in homologous recombination, in human cancer (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3) and mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Similar to the effects of YM155 and BIRC5 siRNA, downregulation of RAD54L and RAD51 by siRNA induced autophagy and DNA damage/strand breaks in cells, suggesting YM155/BIRC5 siRNA might also induce autophagy partly through RAD54L and RAD51 downregulations. We further observed that prolonged YM155 and BIRC5 siRNA treatment induced autophagic vesicle formation proximal to the nucleus and triggered DNA leakage. In conclusion, our findings reveal a novel mechanism of action of YM155 (i.e. induces autophagy-dependent ROS production-mediated DNA damage) in cancer cells and show the functional complexity of BIRC5 and autophagy involving the modulation of genome stability, highlighting that upregulation of autophagy is not always beneficial to the DNA repair process. Our findings can aid the development of a variety of BIRC5-directly/indirectly targeted anticancer therapies that are currently under pre-clinical and clinical investigations.
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Song W, Zhang Y, Dong X, Tan M. Ginsenoside Rh2 Improves the Cisplatin Anti-tumor Effect in Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells via Superoxide and PD-L1. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:495-503. [PMID: 31814556 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191209091230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) is a major biological component of ginseng that exerts antitumor activities in multiple cancers including Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers (NSCLCs). Rh2 also enhances the anti-tumor effects of various chemotherapy drugs including cisplatin at relatively low concentrations. Here, the mechanistic role of Rh2 in chemotherapy-treated NSCLCs will be investigated. METHODS In this study, FACS, western blot and siRNA addition were used to analyze the role of Rh2 in cisplatin- treated lung adenocarcinoma A549 and H1299 cells. RESULTS Subsequent observations indicated that Rh2 enhanced cisplatin-induced NSCLCs A549 and H1299 cells apoptosis. Cisplatin-induced productive autophagy was repressed by Rh2 in A549 cells. Rh2 also enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity by elevating superoxide dismutase activity and repressing cisplatin-induced superoxide generation. Conversely, Rh2 was found to repress cisplatin-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B, and autophagy. Cisplatin-induced Programmed Death- Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was repressed by Rh2 via the superoxide. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Rh2 enhanced the function of cisplatin by repressing superoxide generation, PD-L1 expression, and autophagy in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Oncology Medicine Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiu Dong
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 79 Chong Shan Dong Lu, Huanggu District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110847, China
| | - Mingqi Tan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110042, Liaoning Province, China
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Ho CY, Chang AC, Hsu CH, Tsai TF, Lin YC, Chou KY, Chen HE, Lin JF, Chen PC, Hwang TIS. Miconazole induces protective autophagy in bladder cancer cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:185-193. [PMID: 32981224 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a dual function in cancer progression; autophagy activation can support cancer cell survival or contribute to cell death. Miconazole, a Food and Drug Administration-approved antifungal drug, has been implicated in oncology research recently. Miconazole was found to exert antitumor effects in various tumors, including bladder cancer (BC). However, whether it provokes protective autophagy has been never discussed. We provide evidence that miconazole induces protective autophagy in BC for the first time. The results indicated that 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II processing and p62 expression were elevated after miconazole exposure. Also, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was increased after miconazole treatment. We also confirmed the autophagy-promoting effect of miconazole in the presence of bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1). The result indicates that a combination treatment of miconazole and Baf A1 improved LC3-II processing, confirming that miconazole promoted autophagic flux. The acridine orange, Lysotracker, and cathepsin D staining results indicate that miconazole increased lysosome formation, revealing its autophagy-promoting function. Finally, miconazole and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine cotreatment further reduced the cell viability and induced apoptosis in BC cells, proving that miconazole provokes protective autophagy in BC cells. Our findings approve that miconazole has an antitumor effect in promoting cell apoptosis; however, its function of protective autophagy is needed to be concerned in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yen Ho
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Chen Chang
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hua Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Te-Fu Tsai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Lin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Chou
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-En Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Fan Lin
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Translational Medicine Center, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Thomas I-Sheng Hwang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Iruzubieta P, Castiella T, Monleón E, Berga C, Muñoz G, Junquera C. Primary cilia presence and implications in bladder cancer progression and invasiveness. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:547-560. [PMID: 33495938 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01965-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer worldwide. It is divided into muscle and non-muscle invading bladder cancer. Primary cilia have been related to several cancer hallmarks such as proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or tumoral progression mainly through signaling pathways as Hedgehog (Hh). In the present study, we used immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques in human tissues of healthy bladder, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) to study and clarify the activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and Hedgehog signaling pathway and the presence of primary cilia. Thus, we found a clear correlation between EMT and Hedgehog activation and bladder cancer stage and progression. Moreover, we identified the presence of primary cilia in these tissues. Interestingly, we found that in NMIBC, some ciliated cells cross the basement membrane and localized in lamina propria, near blood vessels. These results show a correlation between EMT beginning from urothelial basal cells and primary cilia assembly and suggest a potential implication of this structure in tumoral migration and invasiveness (likely in a Hh-dependent way). Hence, primary cilia may play a fundamental role in urothelial bladder cancer progression and suppose a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Iruzubieta
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Tomás Castiella
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Monleón
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carmen Berga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Muñoz
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS), Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Tang Z, Tang N, Jiang S, Bai Y, Guan C, Zhang W, Fan S, Huang Y, Lin H, Ying Y. The Chemosensitizing Role of Metformin in Anti-Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:949-962. [PMID: 32951587 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200918102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance, which leads to the failure of chemotherapy and further tumor recurrence, presents the largest hurdle for the success of anti-cancer therapy. In recent years, metformin, a widely used first-line antidiabetic drug, has attracted increasing attention for its anti-cancer effects. A growing body of evidence indicates that metformin can sensitize tumor responses to different chemotherapeutic drugs, such as hormone modulating drugs, anti-metabolite drugs, antibiotics, and DNA-damaging drugs via selective targeting of Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), improving the hypoxic microenvironment, and by suppressing tumor metastasis and inflammation. In addition, metformin may regulate metabolic programming, induce apoptosis, reverse Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), and Multidrug Resistance (MDR). In this review, we summarize the chemosensitization effects of metformin and focus primarily on its molecular mechanisms in enhancing the sensitivity of multiple chemotherapeutic drugs, through targeting of mTOR, ERK/P70S6K, NF-κB/HIF-1 α, and Mitogen- Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, as well as by down-regulating the expression of CSC genes and Pyruvate Kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2). Through a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of chemosensitization provided in this review, the rationale for the use of metformin in clinical combination medications can be more systematically and thoroughly explored for wider adoption against numerous cancer types.>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Tang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Nan Tang
- Nanchang Joint Program, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Institute of Hematological Research, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xian 710000, China
| | - Yangjinming Bai
- Nanchang Joint Program, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Chenxi Guan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wansi Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Shipan Fan
- Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GRMH-GDL), Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogens and Molecular Pathology and Department of Pathophysiology, Schools of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
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