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Zhou W, Guo H. Curative effect of hydrogen peroxide combined with silver ion disinfection on pelvic floor dysfunction. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:4508-4517. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i21.4508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) is related to muscle fiber tearing during childbirth, negatively impacting postpartum quality of life of parturient. Appropriate and effective intervention is necessary to promote PFD recovery.
AIM To analyze the use of hydrogen peroxide and silver ion disinfection for vaginal electrodes in conjunction with comprehensive rehabilitation therapy for postpartum women with PFD.
METHODS A total of 59 women with PFD who were admitted to the hospital from May 2019 to July 2022 were divided into two groups: Control group (n = 27) received comprehensive rehabilitation therapy and observation group (n = 32) received intervention with pelvic floor biostimulation feedback instrument in addition to comprehensive rehabilitation therapy. The vaginal electrodes were disinfected with hydrogen peroxide and silver ion before treatment. Intervention for both groups was started 6 weeks postpartum, and rehabilitation lasted for 3 months. Pelvic floor muscle voltage, pelvic floor muscle strength, vaginal muscle voltage, vaginal muscle tone, pelvic floor function, quality of life, and incidence of postpartum PFD were compared between the two groups.
RESULTS Before comprehensive rehabilitation treatment, basic data and pelvic floor function were not significantly different between the two groups. After treatment, the observation group showed significant improvements in the maximum voltage and average voltage of pelvic floor muscles, contraction time of type I and type II fibers, pelvic floor muscle strength, vaginal muscle tone, vaginal muscle voltage, and quality of life (GQOLI-74 reports), compared with the control group. The observation group had lower scores on the pelvic floor distress inventory (PFDI-20) and a lower incidence of postpartum PFD, indicating the effectiveness of the pelvic floor biostimulation feedback instrument in promoting the recovery of maternal pelvic floor function.
CONCLUSION The combination of the pelvic floor biostimulation feedback instrument and comprehensive rehabilitation nursing can improve pelvic floor muscle strength, promote the recovery of vaginal muscle tone, and improve pelvic floor function and quality of life. The use of hydrogen peroxide and silver ion disinfectant demonstrated favorable antibacterial efficacy and is worthy of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Outpatient, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Saad MF, Elsayed MM, Khder M, Abdelaziz AS, El-Demerdash AS. Biocontrol of multidrug resistant pathogens isolated from fish farms using silver nanoparticles combined with hydrogen peroxide insight to its modulatory effect. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7971. [PMID: 38575637 PMCID: PMC10994946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was divided into two parts. The first part involved the isolation, and detection of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio species from Nile tilapia fish and marine aquatic water. One hundred freshly dead Nile tilapia fish were collected from freshwater aquaculture fish farms located in Al-Abbassah district, Sharkia Governorate, and 100 samples of marine aquatic water were collected from fish farms in Port Said. The second part of the study focused on determining the in vitro inhibitory effect of dual-combination of AgNPs-H2O2 on bacterial growth and its down regulatory effect on crucial virulence factors using RT-PCR. The highest levels of A. hydrophila and P. aeruginosa were detected in 43%, and 34% of Nile tilapia fish samples, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest level of Vibrio species was found in 37% of marine water samples. Additionally, most of the isolated A. hydrophila, P. aeruginosa and Vibrio species exhibited a multi-drug resistance profile. The MIC and MBC results indicated a bactericidal effect of AgNPs-H2O2. Furthermore, a transcriptional modulation effect of AgNPs-H2O2 on the virulence-associated genes resulted in a significant down-regulation of aerA, exoU, and trh genes in A. hydrophila, P. aeruginosa, and Vibrio spp., respectively. The findings of this study suggest the effectiveness of AgNPs-H2O2 against drug resistant pathogens related to aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai F Saad
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mona M Elsayed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mariam Khder
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abdelaziz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza S El-Demerdash
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig, 44516, Egypt.
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Badawy B, Moustafa S, Shata R, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Alqahtani SS, Ali MS, Alam N, Ahmad S, Kasem N, Elbaz E, El-Bahkiry HS, Radwan RM, El-Gohary A, Elsayed MM. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated from Dairy Cattle, Milk, Environment, and Workers' Hands. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2775. [PMID: 38004786 PMCID: PMC10672731 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing severe infection in animals and humans. This study aimed to determine the ecological distribution and prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa isolated from dairy cattle, the environment, and workers' hand swabs. Samples (n = 440) were collected from farms and households (n = 3, each). Rectal swabs, udder skin swabs, milk, workers' hand swabs, feed, water, water sources, and beddings were collected. Samples were subjected to the bacterial identification of P. aeruginosa via 16S rRNA. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was detected either phenotypically using an antibiotic susceptibility test or genotypically with AMR resistance genes (ARGs) such as drfA, sul1, and ermB. P. aeruginosa was detected on dairy farms and households (10.3-57.5%, respectively), with an average of 23.2%. The resistance of dairy farm strains was observed against sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and gentamycin (100%, 72.7%, 72.7%, 68.8%, and 63.3%, respectively). Meanwhile, the resistance of household strains was observed against sulfamethoxazole, imipenem, amoxicillin, gentamicin, cefepime, and erythromycin by 91.3%, 82.6%, 75.4%, 75.4%, 68.1%, and 63.8%, respectively. The susceptibility of farm strains was detected against norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin (90.9%, 84.8%, and 72.7%, respectively). Meanwhile, the susceptibility of household strains was detected against ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and norfloxacin (100%, 84.1%, and 72.5%, respectively). About 81.4% of P. aeruginosa strains were MDR. ARGs (drfA, sul1, and ermB) were detected in farm strains (48.5%, 72.7%, and 24.4%, respectively) and household strains (50.7%, 72.5%, and 47.8%, respectively). Almost all P. aeruginosa had MAR over 0.2, indicating repeated application of antibiotics. P. aeruginosa prevalence was fivefold higher in households than on farms. MDR strains were higher amongst household strains than farm strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Badawy
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Samar Moustafa
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
| | - Radwa Shata
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Z Sayed-Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Sajid Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawazish Alam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahed Kasem
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Elzahara Elbaz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Hesham S El-Bahkiry
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M Radwan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 82722, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel El-Gohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mona M Elsayed
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Gunjan, Himanshu, Mukherjee R, Vidic J, Manzano M, Leal E, Raj VS, Pandey RP, Chang CM. Comparative meta-analysis of antimicrobial resistance from different food sources along with one health approach in the Egypt and UK. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:291. [PMID: 37845637 PMCID: PMC10578024 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global issue that poses significant threats to human health, animal welfare, and the environment. With the increasing emergence of resistant microorganisms, the effectiveness of current antimicrobial medicines against common infections is diminishing. This study aims to conduct a competitive meta-analysis of surveillance data on resistant microorganisms and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in two countries, Egypt and the United Kingdom (UK). METHODS Data for this study were obtained from published reports spanning the period from 2013 to 2022. In Egypt and the UK, a total of 9,751 and 10,602 food samples were analyzed, respectively. Among these samples, 3,205 (32.87%) in Egypt and 4,447 (41.94%) in the UK were found to contain AMR bacteria. RESULTS In Egypt, the predominant resistance was observed against β-lactam and aminoglycosides, while in the United Kingdom, most isolates exhibited resistance to tetracycline and β-lactam. The findings from the analysis underscore the increasing prevalence of AMR in certain microorganisms, raising concerns about the development of multidrug resistance. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis sheds light on the escalating AMR problem associated with certain microorganisms that pose a higher risk of multidrug resistance development. The significance of implementing One Health AMR surveillance is emphasized to bridge knowledge gaps and facilitate accurate AMR risk assessments, ensuring consumer safety. Urgent actions are needed on a global scale to combat AMR and preserve the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatments for the well-being of all living beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Himanshu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Université Paris-Saclay, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Marisa Manzano
- Department of Agriculture Food Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Elcio Leal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Viral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belem, Pará, 66075-000, Brazil
| | - V Samuel Raj
- School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ramendra Pati Pandey
- School of Health Sciences and Technology (SoHST), UPES, Bidholi, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Chung-Ming Chang
- Master & Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Industry, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1St Road, Guishan Dist, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan.
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Ahmed HA, Elsohaby I, Elamin AM, El-Ghafar AEA, Elsaid GA, Elbarbary M, Mohsen RA, El Feky TM, El Bayomi RM. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing E. coli from retail meat and workers: genetic diversity, virulotyping, pathotyping and the antimicrobial effect of silver nanoparticles. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:212. [PMID: 37550643 PMCID: PMC10405496 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli from food animals and the environment to humans has become a significant public health concern. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence, pathotypes, virulotypes, genotypes, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of ESBL-producing E. coli in retail meat samples and workers in retail meat shops in Egypt and to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-H2O2) against multidrug resistant (MDR) ESBL-producing E. coli. RESULTS A total of 250 retail meat samples and 100 human worker samples (hand swabs and stool) were examined for the presence of ESBL- producing E. coli. Duck meat and workers' hand swabs were the highest proportion of ESBL- producing E. coli isolates (81.1%), followed by camel meat (61.5%). Pathotyping revealed that the isolates belonged to groups A and B1. Virulotyping showed that the most prevalent virulence gene was Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) associated gene (36.9%), while none of the isolates harbored stx1 gene. Genotyping of the identified isolates from human and meat sources by REP-PCR showed 100% similarity within the same cluster between human and meat isolates. All isolates were classified as MDR with an average multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.7. AgNPs-H2O2 at concentrations of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5 μg/mL showed complete bacterial growth inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Virulent MDR ESBL-producing E. coli were identified in retail meat products in Egypt, posing significant public health threats. Regular monitoring of ESBL-producing E. coli frequency and antimicrobial resistance profile in retail meat products is crucial to enhance their safety. AgNPs-H2O2 is a promising alternative for treating MDR ESBL-producing E. coli infections and reducing antimicrobial resistance risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt.
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Amina M Elamin
- Department of Food Hygiene, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Abeer E Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Bacteriology, Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Gamilat A Elsaid
- Department of Food Hygiene, Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Mervat Elbarbary
- Department of Food Hygiene, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig City, Egypt
| | - Rasha A Mohsen
- Department of Bacteriology, Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Tamer M El Feky
- Department of Bacteriology, Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura City, Egypt
| | - Rasha M El Bayomi
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig City, 44511, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt
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Oluwafemi YD, Igere BE, Ekundayo TC, Ijabadeniyi OA. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in milk in Africa: a generalized logistic mixed-effects and meta-regression modelling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12646. [PMID: 37542148 PMCID: PMC10403535 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria outbreaks and food recalls is on the raise globally. Milk particularly is highly susceptible to Listeria as its production and storage adequately support Listeria growth. The extent of milk contamination with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) and preventative actions to halt milk associated outbreaks in Africa are unknown. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the national and subregional prevalence of Lm in milk in Africa and identify impacting factors via generalized logistic mixed-effects (GLMEs) and meta-regression modelling. Lm-milk-specific data acquired from primary studies according to standard protocol were fitted using a GLMEs. The GLMEs was subjected to leave-one-study-out-cross-validation (LOSOCV). Factors impacting Lm prevalence in milk were assayed via a 1000-permutation-assisted meta-regression-modelling. The pooled prevalence of Lm in milk in Africa was 4.35% [2.73-6.86] with a prediction interval (PI) of 0.14-59.86% and LOSOCV value of 2.43% [1.62-3.62; PI: 0.32-16.11%]. Western Africa had the highest prevalence [20.13%, 4.13-59.59], then Southern Africa [5.85%, 0.12-75.72], Northern Africa [4.67%, 2.82-7.64], Eastern Africa [1.91%, 0.64-5.55], and there was no record from Central Africa. In term of country, Lm prevalence in milk significantly (p < 0.01) varied from 0.00 to 90.00%. Whereas the Lm prevalence was negligibly different (p = 0.77) by milk type, raw-milk had the highest prevalence [5.26%], followed by fermented-milk [4.76%], boiled-milk [2.90%], pasteurized-milk [1.64%], and powdered-milk [1.58%]. DNA extraction approach did not significantly (p = 0.07) affect Lm prevalence (Boiling [7.82%] versus Kit [7.24%]) as well as Lm detection method (p = 0.10; (ACP [3.64%] vs. CP [8.92%] vs. CS [2.27%] vs. CSP [6.82%]). Though a bivariate/multivariate combination of all tested variables in meta-regression explained 19.68-68.75% (R2) variance in Lm prevalence in milk, N, nation, and subregion singly/robustly accounted for 17.61% (F1;65 = 7.5994; p = 0.005), 63.89% (F14;52 = 4.2028; p = 0.001), and 16.54% (F3;63 = 3.4743; p = 0.026), respectively. In conclusion, it is recommended that adequate sample size should be prioritized in monitoring Lm in milk to prevent spuriously high or low prevalence to ensure robust, plausible, and credible estimate. Also, national efforts/interests and commitments to Lm monitoring should be awaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinka D Oluwafemi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria
| | - Bright E Igere
- Department of Microbiology, Dennis Osadebay University Anwai, Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria.
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Dias de Emery B, Zottis Chitolina G, Qadir MI, Quedi Furian T, Apellanis Borges K, de Souza Moraes HL, Pippi Salle CT, Pinheiro do Nascimento V. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of silver nanoparticles against Salmonella Enteritidis. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:285-292. [PMID: 36348257 PMCID: PMC9944331 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis is one of the main pathogens associated with foodborne illnesses worldwide. Biofilm formation plays a significant role in the persistence of pathogens in food production environments. Owing to an increase in antimicrobial resistance, there is a growing need to identify alternative methods to control pathogenic microorganisms in poultry environments. Thus, this study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluate their antibiofilm activity against poultry-origin Salmonella Enteritidis in comparison to a chemical disinfectant. AgNPs were synthesized, characterized, and tested for their minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and antibiofilm activity against S. Enteritidis strains on polyethylene surfaces. The synthesized AgNPs, dispersed in a liquid medium, were spherical in shape with a mean diameter of 6.2 nm. AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent bactericidal action. The bacterial reduction was significantly higher with AgNPs (3.91 log10 CFU [Formula: see text] cm-2) than that with sanitizer (2.57 log10 CFU ∙ cm-2). Regarding the time of contact, the bacterial count after a contact time of 30 min was significantly lower than that after 10 min. The AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity for the removal of biofilms produced by S. Enteritidis, demonstrating its potential as an alternative antimicrobial agent. The bactericidal mechanisms of AgNPs are complex; hence, the risk of bacterial resistance is minimal, making nanoparticles a potential alternative for microbial control in the poultry chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunna Dias de Emery
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Zottis Chitolina
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Irfan Qadir
- Laboratório de Catálise Molcular, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91501-570, Brazil
| | - Thales Quedi Furian
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Karen Apellanis Borges
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Hamilton Luiz de Souza Moraes
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tadeu Pippi Salle
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pinheiro do Nascimento
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa em Patologia Aviária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul, Av. Bento Goncalves 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
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8
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Antibacterial activity of metallic-core gold and silver nanoparticles against some animal pathogens. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2023-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The current work aimed to find substitutes for antibiotics because of the side effects of antibacterial agents and the expansion of bacterial resistance to these agents. The scope of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs) against selected animal pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus abortus and Mycobacterium bovis). The synthesized nanoparticles were distinguished by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and tested for antibacterial activity with the broth microdilution method, well diffusion assay, and minimum bactericidal concentration procedure. Results showed that both AuNPs and AgNPs displayed good antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria. The strongest antibacterial action of AgNPS (18 mm) was contra E. coli. AuNPs displayed good antibacterial activity against S. aureus and B. bovis with a suppression area of 14 mm. Therefore, it is suggested that AgNPs and AuNPs could be effectively used against animal pathogens and may contribute to reducing antibiotic resistance. However, there is a need for further research on the in vivo toxicity and mechanisms of action of AuNPs and AgNPs.
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Krishnani KK, Boddu VM, Chadha NK, Chakraborty P, Kumar J, Krishna G, Pathak H. Metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles from plant, animal, and fisheries wastes: potential and valorization for application in agriculture. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:81130-81165. [PMID: 36203045 PMCID: PMC9540199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Global agriculture is facing tremendous challenges due to climate change. The most predominant amongst these challenges are abiotic and biotic stresses caused by increased incidences of temperature extremes, drought, unseasonal flooding, and pathogens. These threats, mostly due to anthropogenic activities, resulted in severe challenges to crop and livestock production leading to substantial economic losses. It is essential to develop environmentally viable and cost-effective green processes to alleviate these stresses in the crops, livestock, and fisheries. The application of nanomaterials in farming practice to minimize nutrient losses, pest management, and enhance stress resistance capacity is of supreme importance. This paper explores innovative methods for synthesizing metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles using plants, animals, and fisheries wastes and their valorization to mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses and input use efficiency in climate-smart and stress-resilient agriculture including crop plants, livestock, and fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Kumar Krishnani
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Deemed University), Mumbai 400061, Versova, Andheri (W), India.
| | - Veera Mallu Boddu
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response (CESER), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Narinder Kumar Chadha
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Deemed University), Mumbai 400061, Versova, Andheri (W), India
| | - Puja Chakraborty
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Deemed University), Mumbai 400061, Versova, Andheri (W), India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Gopal Krishna
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (Deemed University), Mumbai 400061, Versova, Andheri (W), India
| | - Himanshu Pathak
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110012, India
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10
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Alkhalefa N, Khaliel S, Tahoon A, Shaban H, Magouz A, Ghabban H, Lokman MS, Elmahallawy EK. In vitro investigation of the antiviral activity of propolis and chitosan nanoparticles against the genotype VII Newcastle disease virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:947641. [PMID: 36090167 PMCID: PMC9453155 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.947641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is considered a serious threat to global poultry production. Despite the availability of vaccines, it remains a major devastating epidemic responsible for great economic losses. The development of novel virus-controlling strategies is therefore an urgent need. The present study investigated for the first time the antiviral efficacy of propolis and chitosan nanoparticles against two NDV isolates, MW881875 and MW881876, recovered from vaccinated commercial broiler farms in KafrEl Sheikh Governorate, Egypt. The polygenetic analysis focused on the F and M genes, with one isolate having a 97% identity with the genotype VII NDV Israeli strain. On the other hand, the identified isolates showed high genetic variation and only 76% identity with the LaSota vaccine (genotype II). More interestingly, the cell cytotoxic concentrations of chitosan, propolis, and a propolis–chitosan mixture against Vero cells were 327.41 ± 12.63, 109.48 ± 8.36, and 231.78 ± 11.46 μg/ml, respectively. The median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay demonstrated that the nanoparticles have antiviral effects after NDV exposure resulting in significant decrease in viral titer (TCID50) by 2, 2.66, and 2.5 log10 at 62 μg/ml of chitosan, 13 μg/ml of propolis, and 30 μg/ml of the propolis–chitosan mixture, respectively, compared with the control TCID50 value of 4 log10. Taken together, the results provide novel insights into the potentially promising roles of propolis and chitosan as novel, safe, and effective antiviral agents against NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noura Alkhalefa
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheik University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Samy Khaliel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdelnaby Tahoon
- Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheik Lab, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan Shaban
- Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheik Lab, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Magouz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheik University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Ghabban
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha S. Lokman
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
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11
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Nanoparticles of Bioactive Metals/Metal Oxides and Their Nanocomposites with Antibacterial Drugs for Biomedical Applications. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103602. [PMID: 35629629 PMCID: PMC9147160 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The increasing appearance of new strains of microorganisms resistant to the action of existing antibiotics is a modern problem that requires urgent decision. A promising potential solution is the use of nanoparticles of bioactive metals and their oxides as new antibacterial agents, since they are capable of affecting pathogenic microorganisms by mechanisms different from the mechanisms of action of antibiotics. Inorganic nanoparticles possess a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity. These particles can be easily conjugated with drug molecules and become carriers in targeted drug-delivery systems. This paper discusses the benefits and prospects of the application of nanoparticles from metals and metal oxides and their nanocomposites with antibacterial drugs.
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12
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Anti-Biofilms’ Activity of Garlic and Thyme Essential Oils against Salmonella typhimurium. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072182. [PMID: 35408576 PMCID: PMC9000680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm control by essential oil (EO) application has recently increased to preclude biofilm production on foods and environmental surfaces. In this work, the anti-biofilm effects of garlic and thyme essential oils using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method against Salmonella typhimurium recovered from different abattoir samples were investigated along with the virulence genes (InvA, SdiA and Stn genes), and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of S. typhimurium as well. The obtained results revealed that S. typhimurium contaminated abattoir samples to varying degrees. The InvA gene was investigated in all isolates, whereas the SdiA and Stn genes were observed in four and three isolates, respectively. Utilizing the disc diffusion method, S. typhimurium isolates demonstrated substantial resistance to most of the examined antibiotics with a high multiple antibiotic resistance index. S. typhimurium isolates demonstrated biofilm formation abilities to various degrees at varied temperatures levels (4 °C and 37 °C). In conclusion, the obtained samples from the research area are regarded as a potential S. typhimurium contamination source. Furthermore, garlic essential oil (GEO) has more potential to inhibit S. typhimurium biofilm at different sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations as compared to thyme essential oil (TEO). Therefore, these EOs are considered as potential natural antibacterial options that could be applied in food industry.
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13
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Ahmed HA, El Bayomi RM, Hamed RI, Mohsen RA, El-Gohary FA, Hefny AA, Elkhawaga E, Tolba HMN. Genetic Relatedness, Antibiotic Resistance, and Effect of Silver Nanoparticle on Biofilm Formation by Clostridium perfringens Isolated from Chickens, Pigeons, Camels, and Human Consumers. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030109. [PMID: 35324837 PMCID: PMC8949260 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we determined the prevalence and toxin types of antibiotic-resistant Clostridium perfringens in chicken, pigeons, camels, and humans. We investigated the inhibitory effects of AgNPs on biofilm formation ability of the isolates and the genetic relatedness of the isolates from various sources determined using RAPD-PCR. Fifty isolates were identified using PCR, and all the isolates were of type A. The cpe and cpb2 genes were detected in 12% and 56% of the isolates, respectively. The effect of AgNPs on biofilm production of six representative isolates indicated that at the highest concentration of AgNPs (100 µg/mL), the inhibition percentages were 80.8–82.8%. The RAPD-PCR patterns of the 50 C. perfringens isolates from various sources revealed 33 profiles and four clusters, and the discriminatory power of RAPD-PCR was high. Multidrug-resistant C. perfringens isolates are predominant in the study area. The inhibition of biofilm formation by C. perfringens isolates was dose-dependent, and RAPD-PCR is a promising method for studying the genetic relatedness between the isolates from various sources. This is the first report of AgNPs’ anti-biofilm activity against C. perfringens from chickens, pigeons, camels, and humans, to the best of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Ahmed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Rasha M. El Bayomi
- Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Rehab I. Hamed
- Reference Laboratory for Quality Control on Poultry Production, Department of Poultry Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Rasha A. Mohsen
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura 12618, Egypt;
| | - Fatma A. El-Gohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed A. Hefny
- Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Eman Elkhawaga
- Department of Food Hygiene, Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Mansoura 12618, Egypt;
| | - Hala M. N. Tolba
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
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14
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Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium Isolated from Laying Hens, Table Eggs, and Humans with Respect to Antimicrobial Activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123554. [PMID: 34944331 PMCID: PMC8698057 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Salmonella enterica are common foodborne pathogens that cause gastrointestinal signs in a wide range of unrelated host species including poultry and humans. The overuse of antibiotics as therapeutic agents and growth promoters in the poultry industry has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. Thus, there is a need to find alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Recently, the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown an excellent antimicrobial activity. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial, antivirulent, and antiresistant activities of the biosynthesized AgNPs on the MDR and virulent S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans. The obtained results indicated that AgNPs have the potential to be effective antimicrobial agents against MDR S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium and could be recommended for use in laying hen farms. Abstract Salmonella enterica is one of the most common causes of foodborne illness worldwide. Contaminated poultry products, especially meat and eggs are the main sources of human salmonellosis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, virulence, and resistance genes of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) and Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans, in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The antimicrobial activity of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) was also evaluated. Salmonella spp. were found in 19.3% of tested samples with laying hens having the highest isolation rate (33.1%). S. Enteritidis) (5.8%), and S. Typhimurium (2.8%) were the dominant serotypes. All isolates were ampicillin resistant (100%); however, none of the isolates were meropenem resistant. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) was detected in 83.8% of the isolates with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.21 to 0.57. Most isolates (81.1%) had at least three virulence genes (sopB, stn, and hilA) and none of the isolates harbored the pefA gene; four resistance genes (blaTEM, tetA, nfsA, and nfsB) were detected in 56.8% of the examined isolates. The AgNPs biosynthesized by Aspergillus niveus exhibit an absorption peak at 420 nm with an average size of 27 nm. AgNPs had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 µg/mL against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 6 and 8 µg/mL against S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates, respectively. The bacterial growth and gene expression of S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates treated with AgNPs were gradually decreased as storage time was increased. In conclusion, this study indicates that S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolated from laying hens, table eggs, and humans exhibits resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed potential antimicrobial activity against MDR S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates. However, studies to assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of the biosynthesized AgNPs in laying hen farms are warranted.
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15
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Mitotic Arrest-Deficient 2 Like 2 (MAD2L2) Interacts with Escherichia coli Effector Protein EspF. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090971. [PMID: 34575120 PMCID: PMC8469580 DOI: 10.3390/life11090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli are considered emerging zoonotic pathogens of worldwide distribution. The pathogenicity of the bacteria is conferred by multiple virulence determinants, including the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, which encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) and effector proteins, including the multifunctional secreted effector protein (EspF). EspF sequences differ between EPEC and EHEC serotypes in terms of the number and residues of SH3-binding polyproline-rich repeats and N-terminal localization sequence. The aim of this study was to discover additional cellular interactions of EspF that may play important roles in E. coli colonization using the Yeast two-hybrid screening system (Y2H). Y2H screening identified the anaphase-promoting complex inhibitor Mitotic Arrest-Deficient 2 Like 2 (MAD2L2) as a host protein that interacts with EspF. Using LUMIER assays, MAD2L2 was shown to interact with EspF variants from EHEC O157:H7 and O26:H11 as well as EPEC O127:H6. MAD2L2 is targeted by the non-homologous Shigella effector protein invasion plasmid antigen B (IpaB) to halt the cell cycle and limit epithelial cell turnover. Therefore, we postulate that interactions between EspF and MAD2L2 serve a similar function in promoting EPEC and EHEC colonization, since cellular turnover is a key method for bacteria removal from the epithelium. Future work should investigate the biological importance of this interaction that could promote the colonization of EPEC and EHEC E. coli in the host.
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16
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De Silva C, Nawawi NM, Abd Karim MM, Abd Gani S, Masarudin MJ, Gunasekaran B, Ahmad SA. The Mechanistic Action of Biosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Aquaculture and Livestock Industries. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072097. [PMID: 34359224 PMCID: PMC8300251 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field due to the emergence of various resistant pathogens and the failure of commercial methods of treatment. AgNPs have emerged as one of the best nanotechnology metal nanoparticles due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and success and efficiency in combating various pathogens over the years, with the biological method of synthesis being the most effective and environmentally friendly method. The primary mode of action of AgNPs against pathogens are via their cytotoxicity, which is influenced by the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs gives rise to various theorized mechanisms of action of AgNPs against pathogens such as activation of reactive oxygen species, attachment to cellular membranes, intracellular damage and inducing the viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) of pathogens. This review will be centred on the various theorized mechanisms of actions and its application in the aquaculture, livestock and poultry industries. The application of AgNPs in aquaculture is focused around water treatment, disease control and aquatic nutrition, and in the livestock application it is focused on livestock and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrenar De Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (C.D.S.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Norazah Mohammad Nawawi
- Institute of Bio-IT Selangor, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Zirkon A7/A, Seksyen 7, Shah Alam 40000, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Foundation and General Studies, Universiti Selangor, Jalan Timur Tambahan, Bestari Jaya 45600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Murni Marlina Abd Karim
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Sustainable Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Port Dickson 71050, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Shafinaz Abd Gani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (C.D.S.); (S.A.G.)
| | - Mas Jaffri Masarudin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Baskaran Gunasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Taman Connaught, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (C.D.S.); (S.A.G.)
- Laboratory of Bioresource Management, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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