1
|
Nyamba I, Jennotte O, Sombie CB, Lechanteur A, Sacre PY, Djande A, Semde R, Evrard B. Preformulation study for the selection of a suitable polymer for the development of ellagic acid-based solid dispersion using hot-melt extrusion. Int J Pharm 2023:123088. [PMID: 37257795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid is one of the most studied polyphenolic compounds due to its numerous promising therapeutic properties. However, this therapeutic potential remains difficult to exploit owing to its low solubility and low permeability, resulting in low oral bioavailability. In order to allow an effective therapeutic application of EA, it is therefore necessary to develop strategies that sufficiently enhance its solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability. For this purpose, solid dispersions based on pre-selected polymers such as Eudragit® EPO, Soluplus® and Kollidon® VA 64, with 5% w/w ellagic acid loading were prepared by hot extrusion and characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and in vitro dissolution tests in order to select the most suitable polymer for future investigations. The results showed that Eudragit® EPO was the most promising polymer for ellagic acid solid dispersions development because its extrudates allowed to obtain a solution supersaturated in ellagic acid that was stable for at least 90 min. Moreover, the resulting apparent solubility was 20 times higher than the actual solubility of ellagic acid. The extrudates also showed a high dissolution rate of ellagic acid (96.25% in 15 min), compared to the corresponding physical mixture (6.52% in 15 min) or the pure drug (1.56% in 15 min). Furthermore, increasing the loading rate of ellagic acid up to 12% in extrudates based on this polymer did not negatively influence its release profile through dissolution tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaïe Nyamba
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium); Laboratory of Drug Development, Center of training, research and expertise in pharmaceutical sciences (CFOREM), Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso).
| | - Olivier Jennotte
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium)
| | - Charles B Sombie
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Center of training, research and expertise in pharmaceutical sciences (CFOREM), Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso)
| | - Anna Lechanteur
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium)
| | - Pierre-Yves Sacre
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium
| | - Abdoulaye Djande
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry and Materials, Research Team: Organic Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso)
| | - Rasmané Semde
- Laboratory of Drug Development, Center of training, research and expertise in pharmaceutical sciences (CFOREM), Doctoral School of Sciences and Health, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03 (Burkina Faso)
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Université de Liège, 4000 Liège (Belgium)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu C, Naeem A, Liu Y, Guan Y. Ellagic Acid Inclusion Complex-Loaded Hydrogels as an Efficient Controlled Release System: Design, Fabrication and In Vitro Evaluation. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050278. [PMID: 37233388 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidants play a crucial role in the development of oxidative stress, which is linked to disease progression. Ellagic acid is an effective antioxidant with applications in the treatment and prevention of several diseases, since it neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress. However, it has limited application due to its poor solubility and oral bioavailability. Since ellagic acid is hydrophobic, it is difficult to load it directly into hydrogels for controlled release applications. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to first prepare inclusion complexes of ellagic acid (EA) with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and then load them into carbopol-934-grafted-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (CP-g-AMPS) hydrogels for orally controlled drug delivery. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to validate ellagic acid inclusion complexes and hydrogels. There was slightly higher swelling and drug release at pH 1.2 (42.20% and 92.13%) than at pH 7.4 (31.61% and 77.28%), respectively. Hydrogels had high porosity (88.90%) and biodegradation (9.2% per week in phosphate-buffered saline). Hydrogels were tested for their antioxidant properties in vitro against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). Additionally, the antibacterial activity of hydrogels was demonstrated against Gram-positive bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and Gram-negative bacterial strains (Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengqun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Abid Naeem
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation, Health Commission of Jiangxi Province, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Quality Evaluation on Anti-Inflammatory Chinese Herbs, Jiangxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang Medical College, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yongmei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Influence of Solvents and Colloidal Particles on the Efficiency of Molecular Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010099. [PMID: 36670961 PMCID: PMC9855148 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The radical scavenging activity of three molecular antioxidants (trolox, rutin and ellagic acid) was investigated in different solvents with and without added polymer-based colloidal particles (SL-IP-2). Rutin and ellagic acid showed poor solubility in water, preventing the accurate measurement of the effective antioxidant concentration values, which were determined in ethanol/water (EtOH/H2O) mixtures. The presence of trolox and rutin changed neither the surface charge properties nor the size of SL-IP-2 in these solvents, while significant adsorption on SL-IP-2 was observed for ellagic acid leading to overcharging and rapid particle aggregation at appropriately high antioxidant concentrations in EtOH/H2O. The differences in the radical scavenging capacity of trolox and ellagic acid that was observed in homogeneous solutions using water or EtOH/H2O as solvents vanished in the presence of the particles. Rutin lost its activity after addition of SL-IP-2 due to the larger molecular size and lower exposure of the functional groups to the substrate upon interaction with the particles. The obtained results shed light on the importance of the type of solvent and particle-antioxidant interfacial effects on the radical decomposition ability of molecular antioxidants, which is of crucial importance in industrial processes involving heterogeneous systems.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Z, Wells CJR, Liang R, Davies GL, Williams GR. Gadolinium Doped Layered Double Hydroxides for Simultaneous Drug Delivery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02226-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this study, gadolinium (Gd) doped MgAl layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized via a ‘bottom-up’ method and fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and relaxivity measurements. Two cytotoxic agents were then intercalated via ion-exchange. X-ray diffraction patterns exhibit expanded interlayer spacings as a result of successful drug intercalation. Infrared spectra also showed characteristic peaks of the incorporated methotrexate (MTX) or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The LDHs were found to be highly stable under physiological conditions, while in acidic conditions a small proportion of Gd was freed into the immersion medium. Dissolution tests revealed that both 5FU and MTX were rapidly released from the LDH carrier. The longitudinal relaxivity of Gd-LDHs remains largely stable during drug release over 24 h, and was higher in acidic environments. Overall, the drug-loaded Gd-LDH systems prepared in this study could serve as pH-sensitive theranostic platforms for MRI-guided anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
5
|
Polydopamine-coated nanocomposite theranostic implants for localized chemotherapy and MRI imaging. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121493. [PMID: 35065209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sustained and localized delivery of chemotherapeutics in postoperative cancer treatment leads to a radical improvement in prognosis and a much decreased risk of tumor recurrence. In this work, polydopamine (PDA)-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-loaded polycaprolactone and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) fibers were developed as a potential implant to ensure safe and sustained release of the chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate (MTX), as well as provide local contrast for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Fibres were prepared by co-axial electrospinning and loaded with MTX-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites in the core, yielding organic-inorganic hybrids ranging from 1.23 to 1.48 µm in diameter. After surface coating with PDA, SPIONs were subsequently loaded on the fibre surface and found to be evenly distributed, providing high MRI contrast. In vitro drug release studies showed the PDA coated fibres gave sustained release of MTX over 18 days, and the release profile is responsive to conditions representative of the tumor microenvironment such as slightly acidic pH values or elevated concentrations of the reducing agent glutathione (GSH). In vitro studies with Caco-2 and A549 cells showed highly effective killing with the PDA coated formulations, which was further enhanced at higher levels of GSH. The fibres hence have the potential to act as an implantable drug-eluting platform for the sustained release of cytotoxic agents within a tumor site, providing a novel treatment option for post-operative cancer patients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohd Basri MS, Mustapha F, Mazlan N, Ishak MR. Rice-Husk-Ash-Based Geopolymer Coating: Fire-Retardant, Optimize Composition, Microstructural, Thermal and Element Characteristics Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3747. [PMID: 34771303 PMCID: PMC8587038 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Geopolymer using aluminosilicate sources, such as fly ash, metakaolin and blast furnace slag, possessed excellent fire-retardant properties. However, research on the fire-retardant properties and thermal properties of geopolymer coating using rice husk ash (RHA) is rather limited. Additionally, the approach adopted in past studies on geopolymer coating was the less efficient one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). A better approach is to employ statistical analysis and a regression coefficient model (mathematical model) in understanding the optimum value and significant effect of factors on fire-retardant and thermal properties of the geopolymer coating. This study aims to elucidate the significance of rice husk ash/activated alkaline solution (RHA/AA) ratio and NaOH concentration on the fire-retardant and thermal properties of RHA-based geopolymer coating, determine the optimum composition and examine the microstructure and element characteristics of the RHA-based geopolymer coating. The factors chosen for this study were the RHA/AA ratio and the NaOH concentration. Rice husk was burnt at a temperature of approximately 600 °C for 24 h to produce RHA. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments and conduct the analyses. Fire-retardant tests and thermal and element characteristics analysis (TGA, XRD, DSC and CTE) were conducted. The microstructure of the geopolymer samples was investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the RHA/AA ratio had the strongest effect on the temperature at equilibrium (TAE) and time taken to reach 300 °C (TT300). For the optimization process using RSM, the optimum value for TAE and TT300 could be attained when the RHA/AA ratio and NaOH concentration were 0.30 and 6 M, respectively. SEM micrographs of good fire-resistance properties showed a glassy appearance, and the surface coating changed into a dense geopolymer gel covered with thin needles when fired. It showed high insulating capacity and low thermal expansion; it had minimal mismatch with the substrate, and the coating had no evidence of crack formation and had a low dehydration rate. Using RHA as an aluminosilicate source has proven to be a promising alternative. Using it as coating materials can potentially improve fire safety in the construction of residential and commercial buildings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faizal Mustapha
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
| | - Norkhairunnisa Mazlan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
- Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridzwan Ishak
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (F.M.); (N.M.); (M.R.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Abudoleh SM, Hussein MZ, Bullo S, Palanisamy A. Graphene oxide-ellagic acid nanocomposite as effective anticancer and antimicrobial agent. IET Nanobiotechnol 2021; 15:79-89. [PMID: 34694731 PMCID: PMC8675783 DOI: 10.1049/nbt2.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, ellagic acid (ELA), a skin anticancer drug, is capped on the surface(s) of functionalised graphene oxide (GO) nano-sheets through electrostatic and π-π staking interactions. The prepared ELA-GO nanocomposite have been thoroughly characterised by using eight techniques: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) topographic imaging, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and surface morphology via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, ELA drug loading and release behaviours from ELA-GO nanocomposite were studied. The ELA-GO nanocomposite has a uniform size distribution averaging 88 nm and high drug loading capacity of 30 wt.%. The in vitro drug release behaviour of ELA from the nanocomposite was investigated by UV-Vis spectrometry at a wavelength of λmax 257 nm. The data confirmed prolonged ELA release over 5000 min at physiological pH (7.4). Finally, the IC50 of this ELA-GO nanocomposite was found to be 6.16 µg/ml against B16 cell line; ELA and GO did not show any cytotoxic effects up to 50 µg/ml on the same cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Hasan Hussein-Al-Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Isra University, Amman, Jordan.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saifullah Bullo
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Arul Palanisamy
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Study and Use of Rice Husk Ash as a Source of Aluminosilicate in Refractory Coating. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133440. [PMID: 34206150 PMCID: PMC8269455 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The utilisation of rice husk ash (RHA) as an aluminosilicate source in fire-resistant coating could reduce environmental pollution and can turn agricultural waste into industrial wealth. The overall objective of this research is to develop a rice-husk-ash-based geopolymer binder (GB) fire-retardant additive (FR) for alkyd paint. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to design the experiments work, on the ratio of RHA-based GB to alkyd paint. The microstructure behaviour and material characterisation of the coating samples were studied through SEM analysis. The optimal RHA-based GB FR additive was formulated at 50% wt. FR and 82.628% wt. paint. This formulation showed the result of 270 s to reach 200 °C and 276 °C temperature at equilibrium for thermal properties. Furthermore, it was observed that the increased contents of RHA showed an increment in terms of the total and open porosities and rough surfaces, in which the number of pores on the coating surface plays an important role in the formation of the intumescent char layer. By developing the optimum RHA-based GB to paint formulation, the coating may potentially improve building fire safety through passive fire protection.
Collapse
|
9
|
Walnut pellicle phenolics greatly influence the extraction and structural properties of walnut protein isolates. Food Res Int 2021; 141:110163. [PMID: 33642023 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of walnut phenolics and extraction methods on the composition and structural properties of walnut protein isolates (WPIs). Fluorescence quenching experiments showed that walnut phenolics could bind to walnut globulins, albumins, and glutelins with apparent affinity constants of 5.49 × 104 M-1, 1.71 × 104 M-1, and 3.10 × 104 M-1, respectively. However, the UV turbidity and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicated that phenolics could lead to the severe precipitation of globulins and albumins but not glutelins. The removal of pellicles could significantly increase the yield rate of salt-soluble globulins to approximately 72.8%. Furthermore, salt- and alkaline-extraction methods could produce comparable WPIs yields when using pellicle-free walnut kernels. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and size-exclusive chromatography indicated that the major protein compositions of the salt- and alkaline-extracted WPIs from pellicle-free walnut kernels were similar, while alkaline-extracted WPIs from kernels with pellicles exhibited phenolic-induced protein aggregation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that WPIs produced from kernels with pellicles contained more α-helix and less β-sheet structures than WPIs produced from pellicle-free kernels. These results confirm that walnut pellicle phenolics and the extraction methods could greatly influence the composition and structural properties of WPIs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Physical formulation approaches for improving aqueous solubility and bioavailability of ellagic acid: A review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 159:198-210. [PMID: 33197529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenolic active compound with antimalarial and other promising therapeutic activities. However, its solubility and its permeability are both low (BCS IV). These properties greatly compromise its oral bioavailability and clinical utilizations. To overcome these limitations of the physicochemical parameters, several formulation approaches, including particle size reduction, amorphization and lipid-based formulations, have been used. Although these strategies have not yet led to a clinical application, some of them have resulted in significant improvements in the solubility and bioavailability of EA. This critical review reports and analyses the different formulation approaches used by scientists to improve both the biopharmaceutical properties and the clinical use of EA.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ceci C, Graziani G, Faraoni I, Cacciotti I. Strategies to improve ellagic acid bioavailability: from natural or semisynthetic derivatives to nanotechnological approaches based on innovative carriers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:382001. [PMID: 32380485 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab912c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA) is a polyphenolic compound whose dietary consumption is mainly associated with the intake of red fruits, including pomegranates, strawberries, blackberries, blackcurrants, raspberries, grapes or dried fruits, like walnuts and almonds. A number of studies indicate that EA exerts health-beneficial effects against several chronic pathologies associated with oxidative damage, including different kinds of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, EA possesses wound-healing properties, antibacterial and antiviral effects, and acts as a systemic antioxidant. However, clinical applications of this polyphenol have been hampered and prevented by its poor water solubility (9.7 ± 3.2 μg ml-1 in water) and pharmacokinetic profile (limited absorption rate and plasma half-life <1 h after ingestion of pomegranate juice), properties due to the chemical nature of the organic heterotetracyclic compound. Little has been reported on efficient strategies to enhance EA poor oral bioavailability, including chemical structure modifications, encapsulation within nano-microspheres to be used as carriers, and molecular dispersion in polymer matrices. In this review we summarize the experimental approaches investigated so far in order to improve EA pharmacokinetics, supporting the hypothesis that enhancement in EA solubility is a feasible route for increasing its oral absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Ceci
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song Y, Cong Y, Wang B, Zhang N. Applications of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to pharmaceutical preparations. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:551-571. [PMID: 32116058 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1737671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Various pharmaceutical preparations are widely used for clinical treatment. Elucidation of the mechanisms of drug release and evaluation of drug efficacy in biological samples are important in drug design and drug quality control.Areas covered: This review classifies recent applications of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the field of medicine to comprehend drug release and diffusion. Drug release is affected by many factors of preparations, such as drug delivery system and microstructure polymorphism. The applications of FTIR imaging and nano-FTIR technique in biological samples lay a foundation for studying drug mechanism in vivo.Expert opinion: FTIR spectroscopy meets the research needs on preparations to understand the processes and mechanisms underlying drug release. The combination of attenuated total reflectance-FTIR imaging and nano-FTIR accompanied by chemometrics is a potent tool to overcome the deficiency of conventional infrared detection. FTIR shows an enormous potential in drug characterization, drug quality control, and bio-sample detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Song
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhua Cong
- Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Center for Pharmaceutics Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Muráth S, Szerlauth A, Sebők D, Szilágyi I. Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles to Overcome the Hydrophobicity of Ellagic Acid: An Antioxidant Hybrid Material. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E153. [PMID: 32069950 PMCID: PMC7070634 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellagic acid (EA), a polyphenolic antioxidant of poor water solubility, was intercalated into biocompatible layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles by the coprecipitation method. Structural investigation of the composite revealed that the lactone bonds split under the synthetic experimental conditions, and EA was transformed to 4,4',5,5',6,6'-hexahydroxydiphenic acid during intercalation. To improve the surface properties of the EA-LDH composite, the samples were treated with different organic solvents. The antioxidant activity of the LDH hybrids was assessed in test reactions. Most of the obtained hybrids showed antioxidant activity comparable to the one of the free EA indicating that the spontaneous structural transformation upon immobilization did not change the efficiency in radical scavenging. Treatments with organic solvents influenced the activities of the materials remarkably. The main advantage of the immobilization procedure is that the products can be applied in aqueous samples in high concentrations overcoming the problem related to the low solubility of EA in water. The developed composites of high antioxidant content can be applied as efficient reactive oxygen species scavenging materials during biomedical treatments or industrial manufacturing processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Muráth
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Biocolloids Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adél Szerlauth
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Biocolloids Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Dániel Sebők
- Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - István Szilágyi
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Biocolloids Research Group, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (S.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ding C, Bi H, Wang D, Kang M, Tian Z, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhu T, Ma J. Preparation of Chitosan/Alginate-ellagic Acid Sustained-release Microspheres and their Inhibition of Preadipocyte Adipogenic Differentiation. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 20:1213-1222. [PMID: 31762423 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190809110511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, chitosan/alginate-ellagic acid sustained-release microspheres were prepared, and the effect of sustained-release microspheres on preadipocyte adipogenic differentiation was analyzed. METHODS Chitosan/alginate-ellagic acid microspheres were prepared and identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The drug release rates were measured at pH 6.8, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4 to determine sustained release of ellagic acid from microspheres. The effects of 0.1, 1, 10 mg/L chitosan/alginate-ellagic acid microsphere on 3T3-F442A preadipocyte proliferation were determined by Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay (MTT), and cell morphology was checked by hematoxylin/ eosin staining (HE staining). The effect of chitosan/alginate-ellagic acid microspheres on preadipocyte adipogenic differentiation was also determined by Oil red O staining, and lipogenesis was measured by isopropanol extraction. The molecular mechanism was investigated by detecting the mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferatorsactivated receptor gamma (PPARγ). RESULTS Chitosan/alginate-ellagic acid sustained-release microspheres were successfully prepared, and the inhibition of proliferation and adipogenic differentiation of preadipocytes was found to be dosedependent. The mechanism of differentiation inhibition was found to be closely related to the expression of transcription factor C/EBPα and PPARγ. CONCLUSION Chitosan/alginate can be used as a good material to prepare ellagic acid sustained-release microspheres, and these microspheres can be used for treating the obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengshi Ding
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.,Tianjin Institute of Environmental Medicine & Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Haidan Bi
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Deya Wang
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Meiling Kang
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Zhongjing Tian
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Tianshun Zhu
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China
| | - Jing Ma
- College of Life Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.,Basic Medical School, Jining Medical College, Jining 272067, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carboxymethylcellulose-coated magnesium-layered hydroxide nanocomposite for controlled release of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propionic acid. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
16
|
Ou R, Wei J, Zhao C, Gu Q, Zhu H, Li X, Nguyen NS, Wan L, Forsyth M, Wang H. Monovalent Cation–Phenolic Crystals with pH‐Driven Reversible Crystal Transformation. Chemistry 2019; 25:12281-12287. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranwen Ou
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Jing Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi 710049 P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Qinfen Gu
- Australian Synchrotron (ANSTO) Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Haijin Zhu
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Xingya Li
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Nhi Sa Nguyen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Li Wan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin University Waurn Ponds Victoria 3216 Australia
| | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical EngineeringMonash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yazdani P, Mansouri E, Eyvazi S, Yousefi V, Kahroba H, Hejazi MS, Mesbahi A, Tarhriz V, Abolghasemi MM. Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles as an appealing nanoparticle in gene/plasmid and drug delivery system in C2C12 myoblast cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:436-442. [PMID: 30704300 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1559182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Gene and drug delivery systems need crucial update in the issue of nanocarriers. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are known as biocompatible inorganic lamellar nanomaterials with versatile properties. In the present study, Zn/Al-LDH nanoparticle was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM and Zeta potential tests and then intercalated with valproate and methyldopa by co-precipitation and ion exchange methods. These nanocarriers were applied as high activity nanolayers-based delivery systems. On the other hand, Zn/Al-LDH + plasmid/gene (pCEP4/Cdk9) evaluated on C2C12 myoblast cells. Co-operation loading indicated high efficiency of sorting and release of drugs. Additionally, the Real-Time PCR and Western blotting results for plasmid-gene (pCEP4/Cdk9) delivery showed that Zn/Al-LDH nanoparticles can be used as an effective carrier in cellular uptake and release of genes for gene therapy. Easy and cost-effective production of Zn/Al-LDH nanoparticles proposed them as potential alternatives for the traditional routs of drug/gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parivar Yazdani
- a Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Elham Mansouri
- a Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- b Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Vahid Yousefi
- a Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Homan Kahroba
- c Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- a Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Asghar Mesbahi
- a Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- a Molecular Medicine Research Center, Biomedicine Institute , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mir Mahdi Abolghasemi
- e Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Maragheh , Maragheh , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Muda Z, Hashim N, Isa IM, Bakar SA, Ali NM, Hussein MZ, Mamat M, Sidik SM. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous zinc layered hydroxide-isoprocarb nanocomposite. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Elaboration and Characterization of Active Apple Starch Films Incorporated with Ellagic Acid. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8110384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apple starch films were obtained from apples harvested at 60, 70, 80 and 90 days after full bloom (DAFB). Mechanical properties and water vapor permeability (WVP) were evaluated. The apple starch films at 70 DAFB presented higher values in the variables of tensile strength (8.12 MPa), elastic modulus (3.10 MPa) and lower values of water vapor permeability (6.77 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1) than apple starch films from apples harvested at 60, 80 and 90 DAFB. Therefore, these films were chosen to continue the study incorporating ellagic acid (EA). The EA was added at three concentrations [0.02% (FILM-EA0.02%), 0.05% (FILM-EA0.05%) and 0.1% (FILM-EA0.1%) w/w] and compared with the apple starch films without EA (FILM-Control). The films were characterized by their physicochemical, optical, morphological and mechanical properties. Their thermal stability and antioxidant capacity were also evaluated. The FILM-Control and FILM-EA0.02% showed a uniform surface, while FILM-EA0.05% and FILM-EA0.1% showed a rough surface and insoluble EA particles. Compared to FILM-Control, EA modified the values of tensile strength, elasticity modulus and elongation at break. The antioxidant capacity increased as EA concentration did. EA incorporation allowed obtaining films with higher antioxidant capacity, capable of blocking UV light with better mechanical properties than film without EA.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mefenamic Acid-Layered Zinc Hydroxide Nanohybrids: A New Platform to Elaborate Drug Delivery Systems. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Megat Nabil Mohsin S, Hussein MZ, Sarijo SH, Fakurazi S, Arulselvan P, Taufiq-Yap YH. Nanolayered composite with enhanced ultraviolet ray absorption properties from simultaneous intercalation of sunscreen molecules. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6359-6374. [PMID: 30349255 PMCID: PMC6188016 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s171390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The potential of layered double hydroxide (LDH) as a host of multiple ultraviolet-ray absorbers was investigated by simultaneous intercalation of benzophenone 4 (B4) and Eusolex® 232 (EUS) in Zn/Al LDH. Methods The nanocomposites were prepared via coprecipitation method at various molar ratios of B4 and EUS. Results At equal molar ratios, the obtained nanocomposite showed an intercalation selectivity that is preferential to EUS. However, the selectivity ratio of intercalated anions was shown to be capable of being altered by adjusting the molar ratio of intended guests during synthesis. Dual-guest nanocomposite synthesized with B4:EUS molar ratio 3:1 (ZEB [3:1]) showed an intercalation selectivity ratio of B4:EUS =53:47. Properties of ZEB (3:1) were monitored using powder X-ray diffractometer to show a basal spacing of 21.8 Å. Direct-injection mass spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and ultraviolet–visible spectra confirmed the dual intercalation of both anions into the interlayer regions of dual-guest nanocomposite. The cytotoxicity study of dual-guest nanocomposite ZEB (3:1) on human dermal fibroblast cells showed no significant toxicity until 25 μg/mL. Conclusion Overall, the findings demonstrate successful customization of ultraviolet-ray absorbers composition in LDH host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyah Megat Nabil Mohsin
- Advanced Oleochemical Technology Division (AOTD), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia,
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Halimah Sarijo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Palanisamy Arulselvan
- Muthayammal Centre for Advanced Research, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India.,Scigen Research and Innovation, Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yun Hin Taufiq-Yap
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao G, Wu H, Feng R, Wang D, Xu P, Jiang P, Yang K, Wang H, Guo Z, Chen Q. Novel Metal Polyphenol Framework for MR Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:3295-3304. [PMID: 29300453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phothermal therapy has received increasing attention in recent years as a potentially effective way to treat cancer. In pursuit of a more biocompatible photothermal agent, we utilize biosafe materials including ellagic acid (EA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and iron element as building blocks, and we successfully fabricate a homogeneous nanosized Fe-EA framework for the first time by a facile method. As expected, the novel nanoagent exhibits no obvious cytotoxicity and good hemocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. The microenvironment responsiveness to both pH and hydrogen peroxide makes the NPs biodegradable in tumor tissues, and the framework should be easily cleared by the body. Photothermal potentials of the nanoparticles are demonstrated with relevant features of strong NIR light absorption, moderately effective photothermal conversion efficiency, and good photothermal stability. The in vivo photothermal therapy also achieved effective tumor ablation with no apparent toxicity. On the other hand, it also exhibits T2 MR imaging ability originated from ferric ions. Our work highlights the promise of the Fe-EA framework for imaging-guided photothermal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaozheng Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Huihui Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Ruilu Feng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Pengping Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Haibao Wang
- Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University , Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Anhui Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics and Chemical Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Qianwang Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Department of Materials Science & Engineering & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, CAS High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Controlled drug release study of a quinolone antibiotic coupled to layered zinc hydroxide nanohybrids and its chitosan nanocarriers. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-017-0703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
24
|
New inorganic-based nanohybrids of layered zinc hydroxide/Parkinson’s disease drug and its chitosan biopolymer nanocarriers with controlled release rate. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-016-0642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
25
|
Nabipour H, Sadr MH, Thomas N. Synthesis, controlled release and antibacterial studies of nalidixic acid–zinc hydroxide nitrate nanocomposites. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01737h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nalidixic acid intercalated zinc hydroxide nitrate is suitable for a controlled-release formulation and the resultant nanocomposite is an effective antibacterial agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafezeh Nabipour
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Moayad Hossaini Sadr
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
- Tabriz
- Iran
| | - Nygil Thomas
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry
- Nirmalagiri College
- Kannur
- India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ahmad R, Hussein MZ, Kadir WRWA, Sarijo SH, Hin TYY. Evaluation of Controlled-Release Property and Phytotoxicity Effect of Insect Pheromone Zinc-Layered Hydroxide Nanohybrid Intercalated with Hexenoic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10893-10902. [PMID: 26501358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A controlled release formulation for the insect pheromone hexenoic acid (HE) was successfully developed using zinc-layered hydroxide (ZLH) as host material through a simple coprecipitation technique, resulting in the formation of inorganic-organic nanolayered material with sustained release properties. The release of HE from its nanohybrid was found to occur in a controlled manner, governed by a pseudo-second order kinetics model. The maximum amount of HE released from the nanocomposite into solutions at pH 4, 6.5, and 8 was found to be 84, 73, and 83% for 1100 min, respectively. The hexenoate zinc-layered hydroxide nanomaterial (HEN) was found to be nontoxic for plants when green beans and wheat seeds were successfully germinated in all HEN concentrations tested in the experiment, with higher percentage of seed germination and higher radical seed growth as compared to its counter anion, HE. ZLH can be a promising carrier for insect pheromone toward a new generation of environmentally safe pesticide nanomaterial for crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Ahmad
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) , 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Forest Biotechnology Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) , 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) , 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Halimah Sarijo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) , 40540 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Taufiq-Yap Yun Hin
- Catalysis Science and Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) , 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Al-Hazmi F, Al-Ghamdi A, Beall GW, Bronstein LM, Mahmoud WE. Synthesis and characterization of 4-amino-3-isoxazolidinone intercalated NiAl-LDH for nanocarrier applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
Saifullah B, Hussein MZB. Inorganic nanolayers: structure, preparation, and biomedical applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5609-33. [PMID: 26366081 PMCID: PMC4562743 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s72330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrotalcite-like compounds are two-dimensional inorganic nanolayers also known as clay minerals or anionic clays or layered double hydroxides/layered hydroxy salts, and have emerged as a single type of material with numerous biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, gene delivery, cosmetics, and biosensing. Inorganic nanolayers are promising materials due to their fascinating properties, such as ease of preparation, ability to intercalate different type of anions (inorganic, organic, biomolecules, and even genes), high thermal stability, delivery of intercalated anions in a sustained manner, high biocompatibility, and easy biodegradation. Inorganic nanolayers have been the focus for researchers over the last decade, resulting in widening application horizons, especially in the field of biomedical science. These nanolayers have been widely applied in drug and gene delivery. They have also been applied in biosensing technology, and most recently in bioimaging science. The suitability of inorganic nanolayers for application in drug delivery, gene delivery, biosensing technology, and bioimaging science makes them ideal materials to be applied for theranostic purposes. In this paper, we review the structure, methods of preparation, and latest advances made by inorganic nanolayers in such biomedical applications as drug delivery, gene delivery, biosensing, and bioimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bullo Saifullah
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir B Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yuvakkumar R, Suresh J, Saravanakumar B, Joseph Nathanael A, Hong SI, Rajendran V. Rambutan peels promoted biomimetic synthesis of bioinspired zinc oxide nanochains for biomedical applications. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 137:250-8. [PMID: 25228035 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A naturally occurring rambutan peel waste was employed to synthesis bioinspired zinc oxide nanochains. Rambutan peels has the ability of ligating zinc ions as a natural ligation agent resulting in zinc oxide nanochains formation due to its extended polyphenolic system over incubation period. Successful formation of zinc oxide nanochains was confirmed employing transmission electron microscopy studies. About 60% and ∼40% cell viability was lost and 50% and 10% morphological change was observed in 7 and 4 days incubated ZnO treated cells compared with control. Moreover, 50% and 55% of cell death was observed at 24 and 48 h incubation with 7 days treated ZnO cells and hence alters and disturbs the growth of cancer cells and could be used for liver cancer cell treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Yuvakkumar
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
| | - J Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University College of Engineering, Kanchipuram 631 552, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Saravanakumar
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Joseph Nathanael
- Department of Nano, Medical and Polymer Materials, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea
| | - Sun Ig Hong
- Department of Nanomaterials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea.
| | - V Rajendran
- Center for Nanoscience and Technology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ma W, Ma R, Liang J, Wang C, Liu X, Zhou K, Sasaki T. Layered zinc hydroxide nanocones: synthesis, facile morphological and structural modification, and properties. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13870-13875. [PMID: 25307611 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04166f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Layered zinc hydroxide nanocones intercalated with DS(-) have been synthesized for the first time via a convenient synthetic approach, using homogeneous precipitation in the presence of urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). SDS plays a significant role in controlling the morphologies of as-synthesized samples. Conical samples intercalated with various anions were transformed through an anion-exchange route in ethanol solution, and the original conical structure was perfectly maintained. Additionally, these DS(-)-inserted nanocones can be transformed into square-like nanoplates in aqueous solution at room temperature, fulfilling the need for different morphology-dependent properties. Corresponding ZnO nanocones and nanoplates have been further obtained through the thermal calcination of NO3(-)-intercalating zinc hydroxide nanocones/nanoplates. These ZnO nanostructures with different morphologies exhibit promising photocatalytic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Somchit MN, Sanat F, Hui GE, Wahab SI, Ahmad Z. Mefenamic Acid induced nephrotoxicity: an animal model. Adv Pharm Bull 2014; 4:401-4. [PMID: 25436198 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used for the treatment of many joint disorders, inflammation and to control pain. Numerous reports have indicated that NSAIDs are capable of producing nephrotoxicity in human. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate mefenamic acid, a NSAID nephrotoxicity in an animal model. METHODS Mice were dosed intraperitoneally with mefenamic acid either as a single dose (100 or 200 mg/kg in 10% Dimethyl sulfoxide/Palm oil) or as single daily doses for 14 days (50 or 100 mg/kg in 10% Dimethyl sulfoxide/Palm oil per day). Venous blood samples from mice during the dosing period were taken prior to and 14 days post-dosing from cardiac puncture into heparinized vials. Plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine activities were measured. RESULTS Single dose of mefenamic acid induced mild alteration of kidney histology mainly mild glomerular necrosis and tubular atrophy. Interestingly, chronic doses induced a dose dependent glomerular necrosis, massive degeneration, inflammation and tubular atrophy. Plasma blood urea nitrogen was statistically elevated in mice treated with mefenamic acid for 14 days similar to plasma creatinine. CONCLUSION RESULTS from this study suggest that mefenamic acid as with other NSAIDs capable of producing nephrotoxicity. Therefore, the study of the exact mechanism of mefenamic acid induced severe nephrotoxicity can be done in this animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nazrul Somchit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faizah Sanat
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gan Eng Hui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shahrin Iskandar Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zuraini Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Barahuie F, Hussein MZ, Abd Gani S, Fakurazi S, Zainal Z. Anticancer nanodelivery system with controlled release property based on protocatechuate-zinc layered hydroxide nanohybrid. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:3137-49. [PMID: 25061291 PMCID: PMC4079826 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We characterize a novel nanocomposite that acts as an efficient anticancer agent. METHODS This nanocomposite consists of zinc layered hydroxide intercalated with protocatechuate (an anionic form of protocatechuic acid), that has been synthesized using a direct method with zinc oxide and protocatechuic acid as precursors. RESULTS The resulting protocatechuic acid nanocomposite (PAN) showed a basal spacing of 12.7 Å, indicating that protocatechuate was intercalated in a monolayer arrangement, with an angle of 54° from the Z-axis between the interlayers of the zinc layered hydroxide, and an estimated drug loading of about 35.7%. PAN exhibited the properties of a mesoporous type material, with greatly enhanced thermal stability of protocatechuate as compared to its free counterpart. The presence of protocatechuate in the interlayers of the zinc layered hydroxide was further supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Protocatechuate was released from PAN in a slow and sustained manner. This mechanism of release was well represented by a pseudo-second order kinetics model. PAN has shown increased cytotoxicity compared to the free form of protocatechuic acid in all cancer cell lines tested. Tumor growth suppression was extensive, particularly in HepG2 and HT29 cell lines. CONCLUSION PAN is suitable for use as a controlled release formulation, and our in vitro evidence indicates that PAN is an effective anticancer agent. PAN may have potential as a chemotherapeutic drug for human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Barahuie
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia
| | - Shafinaz Abd Gani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnain Zainal
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Development of a highly biocompatible antituberculosis nanodelivery formulation based on para-aminosalicylic acid-zinc layered hydroxide nanocomposites. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:401460. [PMID: 25050392 PMCID: PMC4094859 DOI: 10.1155/2014/401460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a lethal epidemic, difficult to control disease, claiming thousands of lives every year. We have developed a nanodelivery formulation based on para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and zinc layered hydroxide using zinc nitrate salt as a precursor. The developed formulation has a fourfold higher efficacy of PAS against mycobacterium tuberculosis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found to be at 1.40 μg/mL compared to the free drug PAS with a MIC of 5.0 μg/mL. The newly developed formulation was also found active against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans. The formulation was also found to be biocompatible with human normal lung cells MRC-5 and mouse fibroblast cells-3T3. The in vitro release of PAS from the formulation was found to be sustained in a human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution at pH values of 7.4 and 4.8. Most importantly the nanocomposite prepared using zinc nitrate salt was advantageous in terms of yield and free from toxic zinc oxide contamination and had higher biocompatibility compared to one prepared using a zinc oxide precursor. In summary, these promising in vitro results are highly encouraging for the continued investigation of para-aminosalicylic acid and zinc layered hydroxide nanocomposites in vivo and eventual preclinical studies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Bansal V, Sharma A, Ghanshyam C, Singla ML. Optimization and characterization of pulsed electric field parameters for extraction of quercetin and ellagic acid in emblica officinalis juice. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-014-9189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
35
|
Barahuie F, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S, Zainal Z. Development of drug delivery systems based on layered hydroxides for nanomedicine. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:7750-86. [PMID: 24802876 PMCID: PMC4057703 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15057750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Layered hydroxides (LHs) have recently fascinated researchers due to their wide application in various fields. These inorganic nanoparticles, with excellent features as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems, have the potential to play an important role in healthcare. Owing to their outstanding ion-exchange capacity, many organic pharmaceutical drugs have been intercalated into the interlayer galleries of LHs and, consequently, novel nanodrugs or smart drugs may revolutionize in the treatment of diseases. Layered hydroxides, as green nanoreservoirs with sustained drug release and cell targeting properties hold great promise of improving health and prolonging life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Barahuie
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| | - Zulkarnain Zainal
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Goh J, Tang S, Zuraini A, Zakaria Z, Kadir A, Chiong H, Fauzee M, Hakim M. Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Nanoencapsulated Diclofenac. EUR J INFLAMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1301100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the anti-inflammatory efficacy of nanoencapsulated and free-form diclofenac in rat. Diclofenac-loaded liposomes were prepared using the proliposome method. The anti-inflammatory effects of nanoencapsulated and free diclofenac were evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw edema, formalin-induced paw licking and cotton-pellet-induced granuloma tests in vivo. For carrageenan-induced paw edema, 2 and 20 mg/kg liposome-encapsulated diclofenac showed significant paw volume reduction compared to free form diclofenac of equivalent dosage groups. In the formalin test, significant reduction in paw-licking time was observed in late phase for both liposome-encapsulated and free-form diclofenac (2 and 20 mg/kg) with the percentage of inhibition of 28.62, 60.17% for free-form diclofenac and 31.45, 78.84% for liposome-encapsulated diclofenac, respectively. In cotton-pellet-induced granuloma test 20 mg/kg free-form diclofenac showed significant reduction in the size of granuloma in both transudative and granuloma weight with percentage of inhibition of 42.93 and 49.26%, respectively, when compared to controls. Interestingly, 20 mg/kg nanoencapsulated diclofenac showed a larger reduction of the parameter with percentage of inhibition of 48.43 and 63.55%, respectively. Collectively, these results indicated that nanoencapsulated diclofenac exhibited statistically higher efficacy than free-form diclofenac when orally administered. Hence, clinical dosage may be reduced thereby reducing the drug's adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J.Z. Goh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S.N. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. Zuraini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z.A. Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A.A. Kadir
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - H.S. Chiong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M.S.O. Fauzee
- Northern University of Malaysia, Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - M.N. Hakim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- Sports Academy and Institute of Halal Product Research, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Synthesis and controlled release properties of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetate–zinc layered hydroxide nanohybrid. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
38
|
Saifullah B, Hussein MZ, Hussein-Al-Ali SH, Arulselvan P, Fakurazi S. Sustained release formulation of an anti-tuberculosis drug based on para-amino salicylic acid-zinc layered hydroxide nanocomposite. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:72. [PMID: 23601852 PMCID: PMC3651359 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB), is caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its a threat to humans since centuries. Depending on the type of TB, its treatment can last for 6-24 months which is a major cause for patients non-compliance and treatment failure. Many adverse effects are associated with the currently available TB medicines, and there has been no new anti-tuberculosis drug on the market for more than 50 year, as the drug development is very lengthy and budget consuming process.Development of the biocompatible nano drug delivery systems with the ability to minimize the side effects of the drugs, protection of the drug from enzymatic degradation. And most importantly the drug delivery systems which can deliver the drug at target site would increase the therapeutic efficacy. Nanovehicles with their tendency to release the drug in a sustained manner would result in the bioavalibilty of the drugs in the body for a longer period of time and this would reduce the dosing frequency in drug administration. The biocompatible nanovehicles with the properties like sustained release of drug of the target site, protection of the drug from physio-chemical degradation, reduction in dosing frequency, and prolong bioavailability of drug in the body would result in the shortening of the treatment duration. All of these factors would improve the patient compliance with chemotherapy of TB. RESULT An anti-tuberculosis drug, 4-amino salicylic acid (4-ASA) was successfully intercalated into the interlamellae of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) via direct reaction with zinc oxide suspension. The X-ray diffraction patterns and FTIR analyses indicate that the molecule was successfully intercalated into the ZLH interlayer space with an average basal spacing of 24 Å. Furthermore, TGA and DTG results show that the drug 4-ASA is stabilized in the interlayers by electrostatic interaction. The release of 4-ASA from the nanocomposite was found to be in a sustained manner. The nanocomposite treated with normal 3T3 cells shows it reduces cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Sustained release formulation of the nanocomposite, 4-ASA intercalated into zinc layered hydroxides, with its ease of preparation, sustained release of the active and less-toxic to the cell is a step forward for a more patient-friendly chemotherapy of Tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bullo Saifullah
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, 43400, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kura AU, Hussein Al Ali SH, Hussein MZ, Fakurazi S, Arulselvan P. Development of a controlled-release anti-parkinsonian nanodelivery system using levodopa as the active agent. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1103-10. [PMID: 23524513 PMCID: PMC3604971 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s39740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new layered organic-inorganic nanocomposite material with an anti-parkinsonian active compound, L-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) alanine (levodopa), intercalated into the inorganic interlayers of a Zn/Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) was synthesized using a direct coprecipitation method. The resulting nanocomposite was composed of the organic moiety, levodopa, sandwiched between Zn/Al-LDH inorganic interlayers. The basal spacing of the resulting nano-composite was 10.9 Å. The estimated loading of levodopa in the nanocomposite was approximately 16% (w/w). A Fourier transform infrared study showed that the absorption bands of the nanocomposite were characteristic of both levodopa and Zn/Al-LDH, which further confirmed intercalation, and that the intercalated organic moiety in the nanocomposite was more thermally stable than free levodopa. The resulting nanocomposite showed sustained-release properties, so can be used in a controlled-release formulation. Cytotoxicity analysis using an MTT assay also showed increased cell viability of 3T3 cells exposed to the newly synthesized nanocomposite compared with those exposed to pure levodopa after 72 hours of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aminu Umar Kura
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mohsin SMN, Hussein MZ, Sarijo SH, Fakurazi S, Arulselvan P, Hin TYY. Synthesis of (cinnamate-zinc layered hydroxide) intercalation compound for sunscreen application. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:26. [PMID: 23383738 PMCID: PMC3626774 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) intercalated with cinnamate, an anionic form of cinnamic acid (CA), an efficient UVA and UVB absorber, have been synthesized by direct method using zinc oxide (ZnO) and cinnamic acid as the precursor. Results The resulting obtained intercalation compound, ZCA, showed a basal spacing of 23.9 Å as a result of cinnamate intercalated in a bilayer arrangement between the interlayer spaces of ZLH with estimated percentage loading of cinnamate of about 40.4 % w/w. The UV–vis absorption spectrum of the intercalation compound showed excellent UVA and UVB absorption ability. Retention of cinnamate in ZLH interlayers was tested against media usually came across with sunscreen usage to show low release over an extended period of time. MTT assay of the intercalation compound on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells showed cytotoxicity of ZCA to be concentration dependent and is overall less toxic than its precursor, ZnO. Conclusions (Cinnamate-zinc layered hydroxide) intercalation compound is suitable to be used as a safe and effective sunscreen with long UV protection effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiyah Megat Nabil Mohsin
- Material Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ramli M, Hussein MZ, Yusoff K. Preparation and characterization of an anti-inflammatory agent based on a zinc-layered hydroxide-salicylate nanohybrid and its effect on viability of Vero-3 cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:297-306. [PMID: 23345976 PMCID: PMC3551460 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s38858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new organic-inorganic nanohybrid based on zinc-layered hydroxide intercalated with an anti-inflammatory agent was synthesized through direct reaction of salicylic acid at various concentrations with commercially available zinc oxide. The basal spacing of the pure phase nanohybrid was 15.73 Å, with the salicylate anions arranged in a monolayer form and an angle of 57 degrees between the zinc-layered hydroxide interlayers. Fourier transform infrared study further confirmed intercalation of salicylate into the interlayers of zinc-layered hydroxide. The loading of salicylate in the nanohybrid was estimated to be around 29.66%, and the nanohybrid exhibited the properties of a mesoporous-type material, with greatly enhanced thermal stability of the salicylate compared with its free counterpart. In vitro cytotoxicity assay revealed that free salicylic acid, pure zinc oxide, and the nanohybrid have a mild effect on viability of African green monkey kidney (Vero-3) cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Ramli
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hussein Al Ali SH, Al-Qubaisi M, Hussein MZ, Ismail M, Bullo S. Hippuric acid nanocomposite enhances doxorubicin and oxaliplatin-induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB231, MCF-7 and Caco2 cell lines. Drug Des Devel Ther 2013; 7:25-31. [PMID: 23345969 PMCID: PMC3549678 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s37070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study is to design a new nanocomposite for inducing cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and oxaliplatin toward MDA-MB231, MCF-7, and Caco2 cell lines. A hippuric acid (HA) zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) nanocomposite was synthesized under an aqueous environment using HA and zinc oxide (ZnO) as the precursors. Methods The hippuric acid nanocomposite (HAN) was prepared by the direct reaction of a HA solution with an aqueous suspension of ZnO. Results The basal spacing of the nanocomposite was 21.3 Å, which is average of four harmonics at 2θ = 8.32°, 12.50°, 16.68°, and 20.84°. This result indicates that the hippurate anion was successfully intercalated into the interlayer space of ZLH. The combinations of HAN with chemotherapy (drugs) has inhibited the cell growth of the MDA-MB231, MCF-7, and Caco2 cancer cells when compared to drugs alone. An IC50 value for the combination of HAN with doxorubicin toward MCF-7 is 0.19 ± 0.15 μg/mL and toward MDA-MB231 is 0.13 ± 0.10 μg/mL. Similarly, the IC50 for the combination of HAN with oxaliplatin toward Caco2 is 0.24 ± 0.11 μg/mL. In the antiproliferative results, the equal combination of HAN (0.5 μg/mL) with doxorubicin (0.5 μg/mL) has reduced the cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells into 37.3% and 17.6%, respectively after 24 hours. Similarly, the antiproliferation percentage for equal combination HAN with oxaliplatin (5.00 μg/mL) toward Caco2 is 72.7% after 24 hours. Conclusion The resulting combination HAN with drugs has exhibited higher inhibition in cells growth in all cancer cell lines.
Collapse
|
43
|
Goriparti S, Harish MNK, Sampath S. Ellagic acid – a novel organic electrode material for high capacity lithium ion batteries. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:7234-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
44
|
The effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the Properties of ZnO synthesized by hydrothermal method. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23202952 PMCID: PMC3497326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131013275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ZnO nanostructures were synthesized by hydrothermal method using different molar ratios of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as structure directing agents. The effect of surfactants on the morphology of the ZnO crystals was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The results indicate that the mixture of cationic-anionic surfactants can significantly modify the shape and size of ZnO particles. Various structures such as flakes, sheets, rods, spheres, flowers and triangular-like particles sized from micro to nano were obtained. In order to examine the possible changes in other properties of ZnO, characterizations like powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG), FTIR, surface area and porosity and UV-visible spectroscopy analysis were also studied and discussed.
Collapse
|
45
|
Saifullah B, Hussein MZB, Hussein Al Ali SH. Controlled-release approaches towards the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5451-63. [PMID: 23091386 PMCID: PMC3472697 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is notorious for its lethality to humans. Despite technological advances, the tubercle bacillus continues to threaten humans. According to the World Health Organization’s 2011 global report on TB, 8.8 million cases of TB were reported in 2010, with a loss of 1.7 million human lives. As drug-susceptible TB requires long-term treatment of between 6 and 9 months, patient noncompliance remains the most important reason for treatment failure. For multidrug-resistant TB, patients must take second-line anti-TB drugs for 18–24 months and many adverse effects are associated with these drugs. Drug-delivery systems (DDSs) seem to be the most promising option for advancement in the treatment of TB. DDSs reduce the adverse effects of drugs and their dosing frequency as well as shorten the treatment period, and hence improve patient compliance. Further advantages of these systems are that they target the disease area, release the drugs in a sustained manner, and are biocompatible. In addition, targeted delivery systems may be useful in dealing with extensively drug-resistant TB because many side effects are associated with the drugs used to cure the disease. In this paper, we discuss the DDSs developed for the targeted and slow delivery of anti-TB drugs and their possible advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bullo Saifullah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hasan S, Al Ali H, Al-Qubaisi M, Zobir Hussein M, Ismail M, Zainal Z, Nazrul Hakim M. Controlled-release formulation of antihistamine based on cetirizine zinc-layered hydroxide nanocomposites and its effect on histamine release from basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3351-63. [PMID: 22848164 PMCID: PMC3405893 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s30809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A controlled-release formulation of an antihistamine, cetirizine, was synthesized using zinc-layered hydroxide as the host and cetirizine as the guest. The resulting well-ordered nanolayered structure, a cetirizine nanocomposite “CETN,” had a basal spacing of 33.9 Å, averaged from six harmonics observed from X-ray diffraction. The guest, cetirizine, was arranged in a horizontal bilayer between the zinc-layered hydroxide (ZLH) inorganic interlayers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies indicated that the intercalation takes place without major change in the structure of the guest and that the thermal stability of the guest in the nanocomposites is markedly enhanced. The loading of the guest in the nanocomposites was estimated to be about 49.4% (w/w). The release study showed that about 96% of the guest could be released in 80 hours by phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 compared with about 97% in 73 hours at pH 4.8. It was found that release was governed by pseudo-second order kinetics. Release of histamine from rat basophilic leukemia cells was found to be more sensitive to the intercalated cetirizine in the CETN compared with its free counterpart, with inhibition of 56% and 29%, respectively, at 62.5 ng/mL. The cytotoxicity assay toward Chang liver cells line show the IC50 for CETN and ZLH are 617 and 670 μg/mL, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samer Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hussein MZ, Rahman NSSA, Sarijo SH, Zainal Z. Herbicide-intercalated zinc layered hydroxide nanohybrid for a dual-guest controlled release formulation. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:7328-7342. [PMID: 22837696 PMCID: PMC3397528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13067328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicides, namely 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyrate (DPBA) and 2-(3-chlorophenoxy) propionate (CPPA), were intercalated simultaneously into the interlayers of zinc layered hydroxide (ZLH) by direct reaction of zinc oxide with both anions under aqueous environment to form a new nanohybrid containing both herbicides labeled as ZCDX. Successful intercalation of both anions simultaneously into the interlayer gallery space of ZLH was studied by PXRD, with basal spacing of 28.7 Å and supported by FTIR, TGA/DTG and UV-visible studies. Simultaneous release of both CPPA and DPBA anions into the release media was found to be governed by a pseudo second-order equation. The loading and percentage release of the DPBA is higher than the CPPA anion, which indicates that the DPBA anion was preferentially intercalated into and released from the ZLH interlayer galleries. This work shows that layered single metal hydroxide, particularly ZLH, is a suitable host for the controlled release formulation of two herbicides simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Zobir Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.S.S.A.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +6-03-8946-6801; Fax: +6-03-8943-5380
| | - Nor Shazlirah Shazlyn Abdul Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.S.S.A.R.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Siti H. Sarijo
- Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor 40450, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Zulkarnain Zainal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (N.S.S.A.R.); (Z.Z.)
- Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hussein Al Ali SH, Al-Qubaisi M, Hussein MZ, Ismail M, Zainal Z, Hakim MN. Controlled release and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition properties of an antihypertensive drug based on a perindopril erbumine-layered double hydroxide nanocomposite. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:2129-41. [PMID: 22619549 PMCID: PMC3356206 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s30461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intercalation of perindopril erbumine into Zn/Al-NO3-layered double hydroxide resulted in the formation of a host-guest type of material. By virtue of the ion-exchange properties of layered double hydroxide, perindopril erbumine was released in a sustained manner. Therefore, this intercalated material can be used as a controlled-release formulation. Results Perindopril was intercalated into the interlayers and formed a well ordered, layered organic-inorganic nanocomposite. The basal spacing of the products was expanded to 21.7 Å and 19.9 Å by the ion-exchange and coprecipitation methods, respectively, in a bilayer and a monolayer arrangement, respectively. The release of perindopril from the nanocomposite synthesized by the coprecipitation method was slower than that of its counterpart synthesized by the ion-exchange method. The rate of release was governed by pseudo-second order kinetics. An in vitro antihypertensive assay showed that the intercalation process results in effectiveness similar to that of the antihypertensive properties of perindopril. Conclusion Intercalated perindopril showed better thermal stability than its free counterpart. The resulting material showed sustained-release properties and can therefore be used as a controlled-release formulation.
Collapse
|
49
|
Hussein Al Ali SH, Al-Qubaisi M, Hussein MZ, Zainal Z, Hakim MN. Preparation of hippurate-zinc layered hydroxide nanohybrid and its synergistic effect with tamoxifen on HepG2 cell lines. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:3099-111. [PMID: 22163163 PMCID: PMC3235030 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s24510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new simple preparation method for a hippurate-intercalated zinc-layered hydroxide (ZLH) nanohybrid has been established, which does not need an anion-exchange procedure to intercalate the hippurate anion into ZLH interlayers. Methods The hippuric acid nanohybrid (HAN) was prepared by direct reaction of an aqueous suspension of zinc oxide with a solution of hippuric acid via a one-step method. Results The basal spacing of the nanohybrid was 21.3 Å, indicating that the hippurate anion was successfully intercalated into the interlayer space of ZLH, and arranged in a monolayer fashion with the carboxylate group pointing toward the ZLH inorganic interlayers. A Fourier transform infrared study confirmed the formation of the nanohybrid, while thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry analyses showed that the thermal stability of the nanohybrid was markedly enhanced. The loading of hippurate in the nanohybrid was estimated to be about 38.7% (w/w), and the release of hippurate from the nanohybrid was of a controlled manner, and therefore the resulting material was suitable for use as a controlled-release formulation. HAN has synergistic properties with tamoxifen toward a HepG2 cell line, with an IC50 value of 0.35 compared with hippurate. In the antiproliferative assay, the ratio of viable cells account for cells treated by the combination tamoxifen with HAN to untreated cells was sharply reduced from 66% to 13% after 24 and 72 hours, respectively. Conclusion The release of hippuric acid anions from HAN occurred in a controlled manner, and the resulting material is suitable for a controlled-release formulation.
Collapse
|