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Xu G, You Z, Zheng Y, Feng Q, Luo S, Xu L, Bao S, Wang Q. Integrated microbiome and metabolome analysis reveals that new insight into Radix pseudostellariae polysaccharide enhances PRRSV inactivated vaccine. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352018. [PMID: 38989282 PMCID: PMC11233517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how Radix pseudostellariae polysaccharide (RPP) enhances the immune response of the inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine through interactions with the microbiome and metabolome. We pretreated sows with 10 mg/kg body weight of RPP via drinking water for 7 days prior to intramuscular injection of the PRRSV vaccine. This significantly increased the concentrations of PRRSV GP5 protein antibody, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10, and interferon (IFN)-γ. Oral administration of RPP also significantly improved the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the stool, such as Parabacteroides distasonis, Prevotella_copri, Eubacterium_sp., and Clostridium_sp._CAG:226, and decreased the levels of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Paraeggerthella and [Clostridium] innocuum, compared to the vaccine alone. These bacterial changes were confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). Moreover, RPP treatment significantly increased the blood concentrations of L-theanine, taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), and N-arachidonoyl proline, and decreased the levels of L-glutamine, oclacitinib, lipoxin C4, and leukotriene C5 in sows after immunization (p< 0.05). The concentrations of various blood metabolites were validated using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), confirming the accuracy of the metabolomics data. Intriguingly, the integration of microbiome and metabolome analyses highlighted the significance of Prevotella_copri and TDCA. We consequently developed a mouse immunity model using GP5 protein and discovered that oral administration of RPP significantly enhanced the levels of GP5 protein antibodies, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in mouse serum. It also increased the number of CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ cells in the spleen. Additionally, Prevotella_copri was administered into the large intestine via the anus for 7 days prior to the intramuscular injection of the PRRSV GP5 protein. The results demonstrated a significant increase in TDCA and GP5 antibody concentration in the mouse serum, indicating that RPP modulates Prevotella_copri to elevate its metabolite TDCA, thereby enhancing the GP5 antibody level. In conclusion, oral administration of 10 mg/kg RPP optimizes gut flora diversity and blood metabolites, particularly Prevotella_copri and TDCA, thereby improving the immune response to the inactivated PRRSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaolin Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zelong You
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qixian Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shishi Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihui Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songying Bao
- Technical Department, Zhaofenghua Biotechnology (Fuzhou) Co. Ltd, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quanxi Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- University Key Laboratory for Integrated Chinese Traditional and Western Veterinary Medicine and Animal Healthcare in Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Petro-Turnquist E, Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Swine influenza A virus: challenges and novel vaccine strategies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1336013. [PMID: 38633745 PMCID: PMC11021629 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1336013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine Influenza A Virus (IAV-S) imposes a significant impact on the pork industry and has been deemed a significant threat to global public health due to its zoonotic potential. The most effective method of preventing IAV-S is vaccination. While there are tremendous efforts to control and prevent IAV-S in vulnerable swine populations, there are considerable challenges in developing a broadly protective vaccine against IAV-S. These challenges include the consistent diversification of IAV-S, increasing the strength and breadth of adaptive immune responses elicited by vaccination, interfering maternal antibody responses, and the induction of vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease after vaccination. Current vaccination strategies are often not updated frequently enough to address the continuously evolving nature of IAV-S, fail to induce broadly cross-reactive responses, are susceptible to interference, may enhance respiratory disease, and can be expensive to produce. Here, we review the challenges and current status of universal IAV-S vaccine research. We also detail the current standard of licensed vaccines and their limitations in the field. Finally, we review recently described novel vaccines and vaccine platforms that may improve upon current methods of IAV-S control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Petro-Turnquist
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Matthew J. Pekarek
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Chen R, Liu B, Zhang X, Qin M, Dong J, Gu G, Wu C, Wang J, Nan Y. A porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-specific IgM as a novel adjuvant for an inactivated PRRSV vaccine improves protection efficiency and enhances cell-mediated immunity against heterologous PRRSV challenge. Vet Res 2022; 53:65. [PMID: 35986391 PMCID: PMC9389807 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) control are inadequate and mainly restricted to immunization using different PRRS virus (PPRSV) vaccines. Although there are no safety concerns, the poor performance of inactivated PRRSV vaccines has restricted their practical application. In this research, we employed the novel PRRSV-specific IgM monoclonal antibody (Mab)-PR5nf1 as a vaccine adjuvant for the formulation of a cocktail composed of inactivated PRRSV (KIV) and Mab-PR5nf1 along with a normal adjuvant to enhance PRRSV-KIV vaccine-mediated protection and further compared it with a normal KIV vaccine and modified live virus vaccine (MLV). After challenge with highly pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV, our results suggested that the overall survival rate (OSR) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), as determined by serum IFN-γ quantification and IFN-γ ELISpot assay, were significantly improved by adding PRRSV-specific IgM to the PRRSV-KIV vaccine. It was also notable that both the OSR and CMI in the Mab-PR5nf1-adjuvanted KIV group were even higher than those in the MLV group, whereas the CMI response is normally poorly evoked by KIV vaccines or subunit vaccines. Compared with those in piglets immunized with the normal KIV vaccine, viral shedding and serum neutralizing antibody levels were also improved, and reduced viral shedding appeared to be a result of enhanced CMI caused by the inclusion of IgM as an adjuvant. In conclusion, our data provide not only a new formula for the development of an effective PRRSV-KIV vaccine for practical use but also a novel method for improving antigen-specific CMI induction by inactivated vaccines and subunit vaccines.
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Ruansit W, Charerntantanakul W. Oral Supplementation of Houttuynia cordata Extract Reduces Viremia in PRRSV-1 Modified-Live Virus-Vaccinated Pigs in Response to the HP-PRRSV-2 Challenge. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929338. [PMID: 35924249 PMCID: PMC9339630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities and the ex vivo immunomodulatory effects of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (HC) ethanolic extracts in response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). In addition, this study evaluated the in vivo effects of oral supplementation of HC extract on immune responses to and cross-protective efficacy of PRRSV-1 modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine against the highly pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV-2 challenge. In vitro experiments demonstrated that HC extracted in either 50%, 70%, or 95% ethanol (referred to as HC50, HC70, and HC95, respectively) significantly interfered with PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. Ex vivo experiments revealed that all HC extracts significantly enhanced mRNA expressions of type I interferon-regulated genes, type I and II interferon (IFN), and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HP-PRRSV-2-inoculated monocyte-derived macrophages. An in vivo experiment included four groups of six pigs (4 weeks old; n = 24). Group 1 and group 2 were vaccinated with the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine at 0 dpv (day post vaccination). Group 2 also received oral administration of HC50 extract at 0–49 dpv. Group 3 received the PRRSV-1 MLV vaccine solvent at 0 dpv, while group 4 served as strict control. Groups 1–3 were challenged intranasally with HP-PRRSV-2 at 28 dpv and immune-related and clinical parameters were monitored weekly until 49 dpv. Compared to group 1, group 2 demonstrated significantly increased IFN regulatory factor 3 mRNA expression of PRRSV-recalled peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and significantly reduced HP-PRRSV-2 viremia. No difference in PRRSV-specific antibody responses, rectal temperature, clinical scores, and average daily weight gain was detected. Our study reports the immunomodulatory and anti-PRRSV potentials of HC extract in PRRSV-1 MLV-vaccinated/HP-PRRSV-2 challenged pigs.
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Ghaemmaghamian Z, Zarghami R, Walker G, O'Reilly E, Ziaee A. Stabilizing vaccines via drying: Quality by design considerations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 187:114313. [PMID: 35597307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pandemics and epidemics are continually challenging human beings' health and imposing major stresses on the societies particularly over the last few decades, when their frequency has increased significantly. Protecting humans from multiple diseases is best achieved through vaccination. However, vaccines thermal instability has always been a hurdle in their widespread application, especially in less developed countries. Furthermore, insufficient vaccine processing capacity is also a major challenge for global vaccination programs. Continuous drying of vaccine formulations is one of the potential solutions to these challenges. This review highlights the challenges on implementing the continuous drying techniques for drying vaccines. The conventional drying methods, emerging technologies and their adaptation by biopharmaceutical industry are investigated considering the patented technologies for drying of vaccines. Moreover, the current progress in applying Quality by Design (QbD) in each of the drying techniques considering the critical quality attributes (CQAs), critical process parameters (CPPs) are comprehensively reviewed. An expert advice is presented on the required actions to be taken within the biopharmaceutical industry to move towards continuous stabilization of vaccines in the realm of QbD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghaemmaghamian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Process Centers of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Zarghami
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Process Centers of Excellence, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gavin Walker
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre of Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Emmet O'Reilly
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre of Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ahmad Ziaee
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre of Pharmaceuticals, Bernal Institute, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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Chaikhumwang P, Madapong A, Saeng-Chuto K, Nilubol D, Tantituvanont A. Intranasal delivery of inactivated PRRSV loaded cationic nanoparticles coupled with enterotoxin subunit B induces PRRSV-specific immune responses in pigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3725. [PMID: 35260663 PMCID: PMC8904483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses and protective efficacy following the intranasal administration of inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) loaded in polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles coupled with heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B (LTB) and dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA). Here, 42- to 3-week-old PRRSV-free pigs were randomly allocated into 7 groups of 6 pigs each. Two groups represented the negative (nonvaccinated pigs/nonchallenged pigs, NoVacNoChal) and challenge (nonvaccinated/challenged, NoVacChal) controls. The pigs in the other 5 groups, namely, PLA nanoparticles/challenged (blank NPs), LTB-DDA coupled with PLA nanoparticles/challenged (adjuvant-blank NPs), PLA nanoparticles-encapsulating inactivated PRRSV/challenged (KNPs), LTB-DDA coupled with PLA nanoparticles loaded with inactivated PRRSV/challenged pigs (adjuvant-KNPs) and inactivated PRRSV/challenged pigs (inactivated PRRSV), were intranasally vaccinated with previously described vaccines at 0, 7 and 14 days post-vaccination (DPV). Serum and nasal swab samples were collected weekly and assayed by ELISA to detect the presence of IgG and IgA, respectively. Viral neutralizing titer (VNT) in sera, IFN-γ-producing cells and IL-10 secretion in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were also measured. The pigs were intranasally challenged with PRRSV-2 at 28 DPV and necropsied at 35 DPV, and then macro- and microscopic lung lesions were evaluated. The results demonstrated that following vaccination, adjuvant-KNP-vaccinated pigs had significantly higher levels of IFN-γ-producing cells, VNT and IgG in sera, and IgA in nasal swab samples and significantly lower IL-10 levels than the other vaccinated groups. Following challenge, the adjuvant-KNP-vaccinated pigs had significantly lower PRRSV RNA and macro- and microscopic lung lesions than the other vaccinated groups. In conclusion, the results of the study demonstrated that adjuvant-KNPs are effective in eliciting immune responses against PRRSV and protecting against PRRSV infections over KNPs and inactivated PRRSV and can be used as an adjuvant for intranasal PRRSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puwich Chaikhumwang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
| | - Adthakorn Madapong
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Kepalee Saeng-Chuto
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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7
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LI G, LIU L, XU B, HU J, KUANG H, WANG X, WANG L, CUI X, SUN H, RONG J. Displaying epitope B and epitope 7 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on virus like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 provides partial protection to pigs. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83. [PMID: 34234054 PMCID: PMC8437722 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cap of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can be assembled into virus like particles (VLPs) in vitro that have multiple loops located on the particle surface. This would make it a good vehicle for displaying exogenous proteins or epitopes. We derived two epitopes, epitope B (EpB, S37HIQLIYNL45) and epitope 7 (Ep7, Q196WGRL200) from Gp5 of the highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV). We replaced the core region of Loop CD (L75PPGGGSN82) and the carboxyl terminus (K222DPPL226) of PCV2 Cap, respectively, to construct a bi-epitope chimeric PCV2 Cap. Its immunogenicity and protective effects were evaluated as one PRRSV subunit vaccine. The chimeric PCV2 Cap was soluble, efficiently expressed in an Escherichia coli expression system, and could be self-assembled into chimeric virus like particles (cVLPs) with a diameter of 12-15 nm. Western blotting confirmed that the cVLPs could be specifically recognized by anti-PCV2, anti-EpB and anti-Ep7 antibodies. The cVLPs vaccine could alleviate the clinical symptoms and reduce the viral loads after HP-PRRSV challenge in 100-120 days old pigs. These data suggest that the cVLPs vaccine could provide pigs with partial protection against homologous PRRSV strains, and it provides a new design for additional PRRSV subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guopan LI
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou
434000, China
| | - Lei LIU
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine,
Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Baojuan XU
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine,
Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jixiong HU
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou
434000, China
| | - Hongyan KUANG
- Jingzhou Changxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jingzhou 434000,
China
| | - Xi WANG
- Jingzhou Changxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jingzhou 434000,
China
| | - Liping WANG
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine,
Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xiaoxia CUI
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine,
Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Houmin SUN
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine,
Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jun RONG
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou
434000, China,State Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering Vaccine,
Qingdao Yebio Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266000, China,Correspondence to: Rong, J.:
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Jiang X, Li Z, Young DJ, Liu M, Wu C, Wu YL, Loh XJ. Toward the prevention of coronavirus infection: what role can polymers play? MATERIALS TODAY. ADVANCES 2021; 10:100140. [PMID: 33778467 PMCID: PMC7980145 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus 2 has caused a global public health crisis with high rates of infection and mortality. Treatment and prevention approaches include vaccine development, the design of small-molecule antiviral drugs, and macromolecular neutralizing antibodies. Polymers have been designed for effective virus inhibition and as antiviral drug delivery carriers. This review summarizes recent progress and provides a perspective on polymer-based approaches for the treatment and prevention of coronavirus infection. These polymer-based partners include polyanion/polycations, dendritic polymers, macromolecular prodrugs, and polymeric drug delivery systems that have the potential to significantly improve the efficacy of antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Z Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - D J Young
- College of Engineering, Information Technology and Environment, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory 0909, Australia
| | - M Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - C Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Y-L Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - X J Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A∗STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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9
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050480. [PMID: 34068505 PMCID: PMC8150910 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.
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10
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The Function of the PRRSV-Host Interactions and Their Effects on Viral Replication and Propagation in Antiviral Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040364. [PMID: 33918746 PMCID: PMC8070056 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) affects the global swine industry and causes disastrous economic losses each year. The genome of PRRSV is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA of approximately 15 kb. The PRRSV replicates primarily in alveolar macrophages of pig lungs and lymphatic organs and causes reproductive problems in sows and respiratory symptoms in piglets. To date, studies on how PRRSV survives in the host, the host immune response against viral infections, and pathogenesis, have been reported. PRRSV vaccines have been developed, including inactive virus, modified live virus, attenuated live vaccine, DNA vaccine, and immune adjuvant vaccines. However, there are certain problems with the durability and effectiveness of the licensed vaccines. Moreover, the high variability and fast-evolving populations of this RNA virus challenge the design of PRRSV vaccines, and thus effective vaccines against PRRSV have not been developed successfully. As is well known, viruses interact with the host to escape the host’s immune response and then replicate and propagate in the host, which is the key to virus survival. Here, we review the complex network and the mechanism of PRRSV–host interactions in the processes of virus infection. It is critical to develop novel antiviral strategies against PRRSV by studying these host–virus interactions and structures to better understand the molecular mechanisms of PRRSV immune escape.
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Su F, Wu Y, Li J, Huang Y, Yu B, Xu L, Xue Y, Xiao C, Yuan X. Escherichia coli Heat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit Combined with Ginsenoside Rg1 as an Intranasal Adjuvant Triggers Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway and Enhances Adaptive Immune Responses to an Inactivated PRRSV Vaccine in ICR Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030266. [PMID: 33809809 PMCID: PMC8002527 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major pathogen that has threatened the global swine industry for almost 30 years. Because current vaccines do not provide complete protection, exploration of new preventive strategies is urgently needed. Here, we combined a heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit of Escherichia coli (LTB) and ginsenoside Rg1 to form an intranasal adjuvant and evaluated its enhancement of immune responses in mice when added to an inactivated-PRRSV vaccine. The combination adjuvant synergistically elicited higher neutralizing and non-neutralizing (immunoglobulin G and A) antibody responses in the circulatory system and respiratory tract, and enhanced T and B lymphocyte proliferation, CD4+ T-cell priming, and cytotoxic CD4+ T cell activities in mononuclear cells from spleen and lung tissues when compared to the PRRSV vaccine alone, and it resulted in balanced Th1/Th2/Th17 responses. More importantly, we observed that the combination adjuvant also up-regulated type I interferon signaling, which may contribute to improvement in adaptive immune responses. These results highlight the potential value of a combined adjuvant approach for improving the efficacy of vaccination against PRRSV. Further study is required to evaluate the efficacy of this combined adjuvant in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Yige Wu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Junxing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Yee Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Yin Xue
- Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou 310020, China;
| | - Chenwen Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310002, China; (F.S.); (Y.W.); (J.L.); (Y.H.); (B.Y.); (L.X.); (C.X.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ. Nanoparticle-based vaccine development and evaluation against viral infections in pigs. Vet Res 2019; 50:90. [PMID: 31694705 PMCID: PMC6833244 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0712-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infections possess persistent health challenges in swine industry leading to severe economic losses worldwide. The economic burden caused by virus infections such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine influenza virus, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Porcine Circovirus 2, Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and many others are associated with severe morbidity, mortality, loss of production, trade restrictions and investments in control and prevention practices. Pigs can also have a role in zoonotic transmission of some viral infections to humans. Inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines are available against porcine viral infections with variable efficacy under field conditions. Thus, improvements over existing vaccines are necessary to: (1) Increase the breadth of protection against evolving viral strains and subtypes; (2) Control of emerging and re-emerging viruses; (3) Eradicate viruses localized in different geographic areas; and (4) Differentiate infected from vaccinated animals to improve disease control programs. Nanoparticles (NPs) generated from virus-like particles, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers and liposomes offer many advantages as vaccine delivery platform due to their unique physicochemical properties. NPs help in efficient antigen internalization and processing by antigen presenting cells and activate them to elicit innate and adaptive immunity. Some of the NPs-based vaccines could be delivered through both parenteral and mucosal routes to trigger efficient mucosal and systemic immune responses and could be used to target specific immune cells such as mucosal microfold (M) cells and dendritic cells (DCs). In conclusion, NPs-based vaccines can serve as novel candidate vaccines against several porcine viral infections with the potential to enhance the broader protective efficacy under field conditions. This review highlights the recent developments in NPs-based vaccines against porcine viral pathogens and how the NPs-based vaccine delivery system induces innate and adaptive immune responses resulting in varied level of protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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13
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Su F, Xu L, Xue Y, Li J, Fu Y, Yu B, Wang S, Yuan X. Th1-biased immunoadjuvant effect of the recombinant B subunit of an Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin on an inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus antigen via intranasal immunization in mice. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1475-1484. [PMID: 31527353 PMCID: PMC6863725 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the major swine diseases
responsible for a significant challenge in the global swine industry. The current PRRS
inactivated vaccine only confers limited protection against PRRSV. Thus, using an
appropriate adjuvant via a suitable administration route may help improve vaccine
efficacy. In this study, the recombinant B subunit of the Escherichia
coli heat-labile enterotoxin rLTB, was highly expressed in Pichia
pastoris, through high-density fermentation. rLTB intranasal adjuvant
properties were evaluated on an inactivated PRRS antigen in mice. Compared to the group
immunized with solely PRRS antigen, a dose of 50 µg rLTB remarkably
raised antigen-specific IgA antibodies at mucosal sites, and increased serum IgG
antibodies, preferentially the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses. Further, rLTB induced increases
in Th1- (IFN-γ and IL-12) and Th17 (IL-6) cytokine profiles, but had little effect on Th2
cytokine profiles (IL-4 and IL-10). Moreover, there were no overt toxicities associated
with intranasal rLTB administration. Our data provide evidence that the rLTB produced by
P. pastoris fermentation portrays low toxicity, and its intranasal
adjuvant effect involves immune system modulation to a Th1 profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Su
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Yin Xue
- Zhejiang Center of Animal Disease Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China
| | - Junxing Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Yuan Fu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, China
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14
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Matthijs AMF, Auray G, Jakob V, García-Nicolás O, Braun RO, Keller I, Bruggman R, Devriendt B, Boyen F, Guzman CA, Michiels A, Haesebrouck F, Collin N, Barnier-Quer C, Maes D, Summerfield A. Systems Immunology Characterization of Novel Vaccine Formulations for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Bacterins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1087. [PMID: 31178860 PMCID: PMC6543460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized five different vaccine candidates and a commercial vaccine in terms of safety, immunogenicity and using a systems vaccinology approach, with the aim to select novel vaccine candidates against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Seven groups of six M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were primo- and booster vaccinated with the different experimental bacterin formulations, the commercial vaccine Hyogen® as a positive control or PBS as a negative control. The experimental bacterin was formulated with cationic liposomes + c-di-AMP (Lipo_AMP), cationic liposomes + Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/1, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands (TLR ligands; Lipo_TLR), micro-particles + TLR ligands (PLGA_TLR), squalene-in-water emulsion + TLR ligands (SWE_TLR), or DDA:TDB liposomes (Lipo_DDA:TDB). Lipo_DDA:TDB and Lipo_AMP were the most potent in terms of serum antibody induction, and Lipo_DDA:TDB, Lipo_AMP, and SWE_TLR significantly induced Th1 cytokine-secreting T-cells. Only PLGA_TLR appeared to induce Th17 cells, but was unable to induce serum antibodies. The transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that the induction of inflammatory and myeloid cell blood transcriptional modules (BTM) in the first 24 h after vaccination correlated well with serum antibodies, while negative correlations with the same modules were found 7 days post-vaccination. Furthermore, many cell cycle and T-cell BTM upregulated at day seven correlated positively with adaptive immune responses. When comparing the delivery of the identical TLR ligands with the three formulations, we found SWE_TLR to be more potent in the induction of an early innate immune response, while the liposomal formulation more strongly promoted late cell cycle and T-cell BTM. For the PLGA formulation we found signs of a delayed and weak perturbation of these BTM. Lipo_AMP was found to be the most potent vaccine at inducing a BTM profile similar to that correlating with adaptive immune response in this and other studies. Taken together, we identified four promising vaccine candidates able to induce M. hyopneumoniae-specific antibody and T-cell responses. In addition, we have adapted a systems vaccinology approach developed for human to pigs and demonstrated its capacity in identifying early immune signatures in the blood relating to adaptive immune responses. This approach represents an important step in a more rational design of efficacious vaccines for pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen M F Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roman O Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggman
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Du L, Yu Z, Pang F, Xu X, Mao A, Yuan W, He K, Li B. Targeted Delivery of GP5 Antigen of PRRSV to M Cells Enhances the Antigen-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Immune Responses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:7. [PMID: 29423381 PMCID: PMC5788884 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient delivery of antigens through oral immunization is a first and critical step for successful induction of mucosal immunity, which can provide protection against pathogens invading the mucosa. Membranous/microfold cells (M cells) within the mucosa can transcytose internalized antigen without degradation and thus play an important role in initiating antigen-specific mucosal immune responses through inducing secretory IgA production. In this research, we modified poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA-1) and successfully prepared an oral vaccine delivery system, UEA-1/PLGA NPs. PLGA NPs were prepared using a standard double emulsion solvent evaporation technique, which can protect the entrapped PRRSV DNA vaccine [pcDNA3.1-SynORF5 (synthetic ORF5)] or subunit vaccine ORF5-encoded glycoprotein (GP5) from exposure to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and release the plasmids in a controlled manner. With UEA-1 modification, the UEA-1/PLGA NPs can be effectively transported by M-cells. We investigated immune response induced by UEA-1/PLGA-SynORF5 or UEA-1/PLGA-GP5 following inoculation in mice and piglets. Compared with PLGA-SynORF5 or PLGA-GP5 NPs, UEA-1/PLGA-SynORF5, or UEA-1/PLGA-GP5 NPs stimulated significantly increased serum IgG levels and augmented intestinal IgA levels in mice and piglets (P < 0.05). Our findings indicate UEA-1/PLGA NPs can be applied as a promising and universally robust oral vaccine delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Du
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Animal Immunity Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fengjiao Pang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aihua Mao
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Animal Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Co-infection Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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16
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Nan Y, Wu C, Gu G, Sun W, Zhang YJ, Zhou EM. Improved Vaccine against PRRSV: Current Progress and Future Perspective. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1635. [PMID: 28894443 PMCID: PMC5581347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), one of the most economically significant pathogens worldwide, has caused numerous outbreaks during the past 30 years. PRRSV infection causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory disease in growing and finishing pigs, leading to huge economic losses for the swine industry. This impact has become even more significant with the recent emergence of highly pathogenic PRRSV strains from China, further exacerbating global food security. Since new PRRSV variants are constantly emerging from outbreaks, current strategies for controlling PRRSV have been largely inadequate, even though our understanding of PRRSV virology, evolution and host immune response has been rapidly expanding. Meanwhile, practical experience has revealed numerous safety and efficacy concerns for currently licensed vaccines, such as shedding of modified live virus (MLV), reversion to virulence, recombination between field strains and MLV and failure to elicit protective immunity against heterogeneous virus. Therefore, an effective vaccine against PRRSV infection is urgently needed. Here, we systematically review recent advances in PRRSV vaccine development. Antigenic variations resulting from PRRSV evolution, identification of neutralizing epitopes for heterogeneous isolates, broad neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV, chimeric virus generated by reverse genetics, and novel PRRSV strains with interferon-inducing phenotype will be discussed in detail. Moreover, techniques that could potentially transform current MLV vaccines into a superior vaccine will receive special emphasis, as will new insights for future PRRSV vaccine development. Ultimately, improved PRRSV vaccines may overcome the disadvantages of current vaccines and minimize the PRRS impact to the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Guoqian Gu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Weiyao Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College ParkMD, United States
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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17
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Singh L, Kruger HG, Maguire GE, Govender T, Parboosing R. The role of nanotechnology in the treatment of viral infections. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2017; 4:105-131. [PMID: 28748089 PMCID: PMC5507392 DOI: 10.1177/2049936117713593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, with viruses in particular making global impact on healthcare and socioeconomic development. In addition, the rapid development of drug resistance to currently available therapies and adverse side effects due to prolonged use is a serious public health concern. The development of novel treatment strategies is therefore required. The interaction of nanostructures with microorganisms is fast-revolutionizing the biomedical field by offering advantages in both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nanoparticles offer unique physical properties that have associated benefits for drug delivery. These are predominantly due to the particle size (which affects bioavailability and circulation time), large surface area to volume ratio (enhanced solubility compared to larger particles), tunable surface charge of the particle with the possibility of encapsulation, and large drug payloads that can be accommodated. These properties, which are unlike bulk materials of the same compositions, make nanoparticulate drug delivery systems ideal candidates to explore in order to achieve and/or improve therapeutic effects. This review presents a broad overview of the application of nanosized materials for the treatment of common viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Singh
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn E.M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Raveen Parboosing
- Department of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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18
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Assessment of the efficacy of two novel DNA vaccine formulations against highly pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41886. [PMID: 28157199 PMCID: PMC5291100 DOI: 10.1038/srep41886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since May 2006, a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has emerged and prevailed in mainland China, affecting over 2 million pigs. Commercial PRRSV killed and modified live vaccines cannot provide complete protection against HP-PRRSV due to genetic variation. Development of more effective vaccines against the emerging HP-PRRSV is urgently required. In our previous studies, two formulations of DNA vaccines (pcDNA3.1-PoIFN-λ1-SynORF5 and BPEI/PLGA-SynORF5) based on the HP-PRRSV were constructed and shown to induce enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune response induced by these novel formulations in piglets. PcDNA3.1-PoIFN-λ1-SynORF5 and BPEI/PLGA-SynORF5 vaccines induced significantly enhanced GP5-specific antibody and PRRSV-specific neutralizing antibody in pigs compared with the pcDNA3.1-SynORF5 parental construct. Though IFN-γ levels and lymphocyte proliferation responses induced by the two DNA vaccine formulations were comparable to that induced by the pcDNA3.1-SynORF5 construct, each of the novel formulations provided efficient protection against challenge with HP-PRRSV. Non-severe clinical signs and rectal temperatures were observed in pigs immunized with BPEI/PLGA-SynORF5 compared with other groups. Thus, these novel DNA constructs may represent promising candidate vaccines against emerging HP-PRRSV.
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Abstract
The mucosal surfaces represent the major site of entry of many pathogens, and major challenges in vaccine development include safety and stability in a suitable dosage form. Micro- and nanocarrier-based delivery systems as nasal vaccines induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity. The nasal route of vaccination could also offer immunity at several distant mucosal sites (oral, rectal, vaginal, and pulmonary), which is considered a simplified and cost-effective mode of vaccination with enhanced patient compliance. Most of the nasal vaccine delivery systems in the form of microparticulates, nanoparticulates, and liposomes are currently under development and prove to offer immunity in animal models. The importance and potential of the nasal route of administration for vaccines is unexplored, and this chapter outlines the opportunities, challenges, and potential delivery solutions to facilitate the development of improved nasal vaccines for infectious diseases.
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20
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Tabynov K, Sansyzbay A, Tulemissova Z, Tabynov K, Dhakal S, Samoltyrova A, Renukaradhya GJ, Mambetaliyev M. Inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide™ Gel 01 ST elicits virus-specific cross-protective inter-genotypic response in piglets. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:81-89. [PMID: 27527768 PMCID: PMC7111292 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BEI-inactivated PRRSV candidate vaccine was developed using local Kazakh viral strains. Immune response and clinical disease were compared with a commercial PRRSV vaccine. Compared to commercial vaccine our vaccine induced better cross-protective response. Use of a potent adjuvant and local PRRSV strains in the vaccine formulation is beneficial.
The efficacy of a novel BEI-inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) candidate vaccine in pigs, developed at RIBSP Republic of Kazakhstan and delivered with an adjuvant Montanide™ Gel 01 ST (D/KV/ADJ) was compared with a commercial killed PRRSV vaccine (NVDC-JXA1, C/KV/ADJ) used widely in swine herds of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Clinical parameters (body temperature and respiratory disease scores), virological and immunological profiles [ELISA and virus neutralizing (VN) antibody titers], macroscopic lung lesions and viral load in the lungs (quantitative real-time PCR and cell culture assay) were assessed in vaccinated and both genotype 1 and 2 PRRSV challenged pigs. Our results showed that the commercial vaccine failed to protect pigs adequately against the clinical disease, viremia and lung lesions caused by the challenged field isolates, Kazakh strains of PRRSV type 1 and type 2 genotypes. In contrast, clinical protection, absence of viremia and lung lesions in D/KV/ADJ vaccinated pigs was associated with generation of VN antibodies in both homologous vaccine strain LKZ/2010 (PRRSV type 2) and a heterogeneous type 1 PRRSV strain (CM/08) challenged pigs. Thus, our data indicated the induction of cross-protective VN antibodies by D/KV/ADJ vaccine, and importantly demonstrated that an inactivated PRRSV vaccine could also induce cross-protective response across the viral genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kairat Tabynov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Zhambylskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan.
| | - Abylay Sansyzbay
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Zhambylskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanara Tulemissova
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Biological Safety, Kazakh National Agrarian University (KazNAU), Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Kaissar Tabynov
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Zhambylskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Aigul Samoltyrova
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Zhambylskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Muratbay Mambetaliyev
- Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Science Committee, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Zhambylskaya oblast, Kordaiskiy rayon, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
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21
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Hiremath J, Kang KI, Xia M, Elaish M, Binjawadagi B, Ouyang K, Dhakal S, Arcos J, Torrelles JB, Jiang X, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Entrapment of H1N1 Influenza Virus Derived Conserved Peptides in PLGA Nanoparticles Enhances T Cell Response and Vaccine Efficacy in Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151922. [PMID: 27093541 PMCID: PMC4836704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are believed to be one of the important sources of emerging human and swine influenza viruses (SwIV). Influenza virus conserved peptides have the potential to elicit cross-protective immune response, but without the help of potent adjuvant and delivery system they are poorly immunogenic. Biodegradable polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticle (PLGA-NP) based vaccine delivery system enhances cross-presentation of antigens by the professional antigen presenting cells. In this study, Norovirus P particle containing SwIV M2e (extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2) chimera and highly conserved two each of H1N1 peptides of pandemic 2009 and classical human influenza viruses were entrapped in PLGA-NPs. Influenza antibody-free pigs were vaccinated with PLGA-NPs peptides cocktail vaccine twice with or without an adjuvant, Mycobacterium vaccae whole cell lysate, intranasally as mist. Vaccinated pigs were challenged with a virulent heterologous zoonotic SwIV H1N1, and one week later euthanized and the lung samples were analyzed for the specific immune response and viral load. Clinically, pigs vaccinated with PLGA-NP peptides vaccine had no fever and flu symptoms, and the replicating challenged SwIV was undetectable in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunologically, PLGA-NP peptides vaccination (without adjuvant) significantly increased the frequency of antigen-specific IFNγ secreting CD4 and CD8 T cells response in the lung lymphocytes, despite not boosting the antibody response both at pre- and post-challenge. In summary, our data indicated that nanoparticle-mediated delivery of conserved H1N1 influenza peptides induced the virus specific T cell response in the lungs and reduced the challenged heterologous virus load in the airways of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Kyung-il Kang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Jesus Arcos
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - X. Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, Ohio, 44691, United States of America, and Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, United States of America
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Ouyang K, Hiremath J, Binjawadagi B, Shyu DL, Dhakal S, Arcos J, Schleappi R, Holman L, Roof M, Torrelles JB, Renukaradhya GJ. Comparative analysis of routes of immunization of a live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine in a heterologous virus challenge study. Vet Res 2016; 47:45. [PMID: 26988085 PMCID: PMC4797253 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), which infects primarily the respiratory tract of pigs. Thus intranasal (IN) delivery of a potent vaccine-adjuvant formulation is promising. In this study, PRRS-MLV (VR2332) was coadministered ± an adjuvant Mycobacterium vaccae whole cell lysate or CpG ODN through intramuscular (IM) or IN route as a mist, and challenged with a heterologous PRRSV 1-4-4 IN at 42 days post-vaccination (dpv). At 14 and 26 dpv, vaccine viral RNA copies were one log greater in the plasma of PRRS-MLV IM compared to IN vaccinated pigs, and the infectious replicating vaccine virus was detected only in the IM group. In PRRS-MLV ± adjuvant IM vaccinated pigs, reduced viral RNA load and absence of the replicating challenged virus was observed at 7, 10 and 14 days post-challenge (dpc). At 14 dpc, in BAL fluid ≥ 5 log viral RNA copies were detected in all the pig groups, but the replicating challenged virus was undetectable only in IM groups. Immunologically, virus neutralizing antibody titers in the plasma of IM (but not IN) vaccine groups was ≥ 8 against the vaccine and challenged viruses. At 26 dpv, PRRS-MLV IM (without adjuvant) received pigs had significantly increased population of CD4 and CD8 T cells in PBMC. At 14 dpc, relatively increased population of IFN-γ(+) total lymphocytes, NK, CD4, CD8 and γδ T cells were observed in the MLV-IM group. In conclusion, PRRS-MLV IM vaccination induced the virus specific T cell response in pigs, but still it is required to improve its cross-protective efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ouyang
- />Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- />College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- />Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- />Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Duan-Liang Shyu
- />Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- />Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Jesus Arcos
- />Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Rose Schleappi
- />Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Lynette Holman
- />Kalmbach Swine Management, L.L.C., Upper Sandusky, OH 43351 USA
| | - Michael Roof
- />Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., Ames, IA USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- />Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- />Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Mutations in a Highly Conserved Motif of nsp1β Protein Attenuate the Innate Immune Suppression Function of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. J Virol 2016; 90:3584-99. [PMID: 26792733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03069-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural protein 1β (nsp1β) is a multifunctional viral protein, which is involved in suppressing the host innate immune response and activating a unique -2/-1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) signal for the expression of frameshifting products. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis analysis showed that the R128A or R129A mutation introduced into a highly conserved motif ((123)GKYLQRRLQ(131)) reduced the ability of nsp1β to suppress interferon beta (IFN-β) activation and also impaired nsp1β's function as a PRF transactivator. Three recombinant viruses, vR128A, vR129A, and vRR129AA, carrying single or double mutations in the GKYLQRRLQ motif were characterized. In comparison to the wild-type (WT) virus, vR128A and vR129A showed slightly reduced growth abilities, while the vRR129AA mutant had a significantly reduced growth ability in infected cells. Consistent with the attenuated growth phenotype in vitro, pigs infected with nsp1β mutants had lower levels of viremia than did WT virus-infected pigs. Compared to the WT virus in infected cells, all three mutated viruses stimulated high levels of IFN-α expression and exhibited a reduced ability to suppress the mRNA expression of selected interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In pigs infected with nsp1β mutants, IFN-α production was increased in the lungs at early time points postinfection, which was correlated with increased innate NK cell function. Furthermore, the augmented innate response was consistent with the increased production of IFN-γ in pigs infected with mutated viruses. These data demonstrate that residues R128 and R129 are critical for nsp1β function and that modifying these key residues in the GKYLQRRLQ motif attenuates virus growth ability and improves the innate and adaptive immune responses in infected animals. IMPORTANCE PRRSV infection induces poor antiviral innate IFN and cytokine responses, which results in weak adaptive immunity. One of the strategies in next-generation vaccine construction is to manipulate viral proteins/genetic elements involved in antagonizing the host immune response. PRRSV nsp1β was identified to be a strong innate immune antagonist. In this study, two basic amino acids, R128 and R129, in a highly conserved GKYLQRRLQ motif were determined to be critical for nsp1β function. Mutations introduced into these two residues attenuated virus growth and improved the innate and adaptive immune responses of infected animals. Technologies developed in this study could be broadly applied to current commercial PRRSV modified live-virus (MLV) vaccines and other candidate vaccines.
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Ouyang K, Shyu DL, Dhakal S, Hiremath J, Binjawadagi B, Lakshmanappa YS, Guo R, Ransburgh R, Bondra KM, Gauger P, Zhang J, Specht T, Gilbertie A, Minton W, Fang Y, Renukaradhya GJ. Evaluation of humoral immune status in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infected sows under field conditions. Vet Res 2015; 46:140. [PMID: 26667229 PMCID: PMC4699368 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an economically devastating enteric disease in the swine industry. The virus infects pigs of all ages, but it cause severe clinical disease in neonatal suckling pigs with up to 100% mortality. Currently, available vaccines are not completely effective and feedback methods utilizing PEDV infected material has variable success in preventing reinfection. Comprehensive information on the levels and duration of effector/memory IgA and IgG antibody secreting B cell response in the intestines and lymphoid organs of PEDV-infected sows, and their association with specific antibody levels in clinical samples such as plasma, oral fluid, and feces is important. Therefore, our goal in this study was to quantify PEDV specific IgA and IgG B cell responses in sows at approximately 1 and 6 months post-infection in commercial swine herds, including parity one and higher sows. Our data indicated that evaluation of both PEDV specific IgA and IgG antibody levels in the plasma and oral fluid (but not feces) samples is beneficial in disease diagnosis. PEDV specific B cell response in the intestine and spleen of infected sows decline by 6 months, and this associates with specific antibody levels in the plasma and oral fluid samples; but the virus neutralization titers in plasma remains high beyond 6 months post-infection. In conclusion, in sows infected with PEDV the presence of effector/memory B cell response and strong virus neutralization titers in plasma up to 6 months post-infection, suggests their potential to protect sows from reinfection and provide maternal immunity to neonates, but challenge studies are required to confirm such responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
| | - Duan-Liang Shyu
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
| | - Yashavanth S Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Russell Ransburgh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Bondra
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Terry Specht
- Four Star Veterinary Services, Chickasaw, OH, 45826, USA.
| | | | - William Minton
- Four Star Veterinary Services, Chickasaw, OH, 45826, USA.
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), OARDC, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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Renukaradhya GJ, Narasimhan B, Mallapragada SK. Respiratory nanoparticle-based vaccines and challenges associated with animal models and translation. J Control Release 2015; 219:622-631. [PMID: 26410807 PMCID: PMC4760633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has had a huge impact on human health. However, there is a significant need to develop efficacious vaccines for several existing as well as emerging respiratory infectious diseases. Several challenges need to be overcome to develop efficacious vaccines with translational potential. This review focuses on two aspects to overcome some barriers - 1) the development of nanoparticle-based vaccines, and 2) the choice of suitable animal models for respiratory infectious diseases that will allow for translation. Nanoparticle-based vaccines, including subunit vaccines involving synthetic and/or natural polymeric adjuvants and carriers, as well as those based on virus-like particles offer several key advantages to help overcome the barriers to effective vaccine development. These include the ability to deliver combinations of antigens, target the vaccine formulation to specific immune cells, enable cross-protection against divergent strains, act as adjuvants or immunomodulators, allow for sustained release of antigen, enable single dose delivery, and potentially obviate the cold chain. While mouse models have provided several important insights into the mechanisms of infectious diseases, they are often a limiting step in translation of new vaccines to the clinic. An overview of different animal models involved in vaccine research for respiratory infections, with advantages and disadvantages of each model, is discussed. Taken together, advances in nanotechnology, combined with the right animal models for evaluating vaccine efficacy, has the potential to revolutionize vaccine development for respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | - Surya K Mallapragada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States.
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Binjawadagi B, Dwivedi V, Manickam C, Ouyang K, Torrelles JB, Renukaradhya GJ. An innovative approach to induce cross-protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the lungs of pigs through adjuvanted nanotechnology-based vaccination. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1519-35. [PMID: 24711701 PMCID: PMC3969340 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an economically devastating respiratory disease of pigs. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), an Arterivirus which is a highly mutating RNA virus. Widely used modified live PRRSV vaccines have failed to prevent PRRS outbreaks and reinfections; moreover, safety of the live virus vaccines is questionable. Though poorly immunogenic, inactivated PRRSV vaccine is safe. The PRRSV infects primarily the lung macrophages. Therefore, we attempted to strengthen the immunogenicity of inactivated/killed PRRSV vaccine antigens (KAg), especially in the pig respiratory system, through: 1) entrapping the KAg in biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NP-KAg); 2) coupling the NP-KAg with a potent mucosal adjuvant, whole cell lysate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb WCL); and 3) delivering the vaccine formulation twice intranasally to growing pigs. We have previously shown that a single dose of NP-KAg partially cleared the challenged heterologous PRRSV. Recently, we reported that NP-KAg coupled with unentrapped M. tb WCL significantly cleared the viremia of challenged heterologous PRRSV. Since PRRSV is primarily a lung disease, our goal in this study was to investigate lung viral load and various immune correlates of protection at the lung mucosal surfaces and its parenchyma in vaccinated heterologous PRRSV-challenged pigs. Our results indicated that out of five different vaccine-adjuvant formulations, the combination of NP-KAg and unentrapped M. tb WCL significantly cleared detectable replicating infective PRRSV with a tenfold reduction in viral RNA load in the lungs, associated with substantially reduced gross and microscopic lung pathology. Immunologically, strong humoral (enhanced virus neutralization titers by high avidity antibodies) and cell-mediated immune responses (augmented population of interferon-γ secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes and reduced secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines) in the lungs were observed. In conclusion, combination of NP-KAg and soluble M. tb WCL elicits broadly cross-protective anti-PRRSV immunity in the pig respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH, USA ; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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