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Wang H, Deng S, Bi J. LncRNA SNHG14 Served as a Biomarker of Depression Disorder Patients and Regulated Depression-Like Behaviors via MiR-200a-3p. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2024; 263:55-62. [PMID: 38296487 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.2024.j007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Depression disorder has become a major mental disease and has attracted special attention globally. Identifying specific biomarkers for the diagnosis and severity of depression disorder would benefit its clinical management. This study focused on the significance of lncRNA SNHG14 in depression disorder and investigated its effect on depression-like behaviors, aiming to explore a potential biomarker for depression disorder occurrence and development. This study included 147 patients with depression disorder and 98 healthy individuals. The serum SNHG14 in all participants was analyzed by PCR, and its diagnostic value was evaluated by receiver operatorating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. The depression-like behaviors were induced via chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) and evaluated by sucrose preference, forced swimming, and open field tests. SNHG14 was significantly upregulated in depression disorder patients relative to healthy individuals, which discriminated depression disorder patients with a relatively high efficiency. Depression disorder patients with severe conditions showed higher serum SNHG14 levels, and a significantly positive correlation of SNHG14 with PHQ9 score was demonstrated. In CSDS mice, increasing SNHG14 and decreasing miR-200a-3p were observed. Silencing SNHG14 and overexpressing miR-200a-3p could alleviate reduced sucrose preference, increased swimming immobility time, decreased standing times, and decreased traveling distance induced by CSDS. The knockdown of SNHG14 promoted the expression of miR-200a-3p, and silencing miR-200a-3p could reverse the protective effect of SNHG14 silencing on depression-like behaviors. SNHG14 served as a biomarker for the occurrence and severity of depression disorder. Silencing SNHG14could alleviate depression-like behaviors via modulating miR-200a-3p.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongLi Wang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District
| | - SiWen Deng
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District
| | - Juan Bi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Dongxihu District
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Xie J, Lan Y, Zou C, He J, Huang Q, Zeng J, Pan M, Mei Y, Luo J, Zou D. Single-nucleus analysis reveals microenvironment-specific neuron and glial cell enrichment in Alzheimer's disease. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:526. [PMID: 38807051 PMCID: PMC11134750 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease. Neuron-glial cell interactions are an important but not fully understood process in the progression of AD. We used bioinformatic methods to analyze single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data to investigate the cellular and molecular biological processes of AD. METHOD snRNA-seq data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets and reprocessed to identify 240,804 single nuclei from healthy controls and patients with AD. The cellular composition of AD was further explored using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP). Enrichment analysis for the functions of the DEGs was conducted and cell development trajectory analyses were used to reveal underlying cell fate decisions. iTALK was performed to identify ligand-receptor pairs among various cell types in the pathological ecological microenvironment of AD. RESULTS Six cell types and multiple subclusters were identified based on the snRNA-seq data. A subcluster of neuron and glial cells co-expressing lncRNA-SNHG14, myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTFA), and MRTFB was found to be more abundant in the AD group. This subcluster was enriched in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-, immune-, and apoptosis-related pathways. Through molecular docking, we found that lncRNA-SNHG14 may bind MRTFA and MRTFB, resulting in an interaction between neurons and glial cells. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study describe a regulatory relationship between lncRNA-SNHG14, MRTFA, and MRTFB in the six main cell types of AD. This relationship may contribute to microenvironment remodeling in AD and provide a theoretical basis for a more in-depth analysis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Xie
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Lan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Zou
- Department of Quality Control, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Mika Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Mei
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiefeng Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Donghua Zou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530007, People's Republic of China.
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Kodi T, Sankhe R, Gopinathan A, Nandakumar K, Kishore A. New Insights on NLRP3 Inflammasome: Mechanisms of Activation, Inhibition, and Epigenetic Regulation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:7. [PMID: 38421496 PMCID: PMC10904444 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are important modulators of inflammation. Dysregulation of inflammasomes can enhance vulnerability to conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders. Among various inflammasomes, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is the best-characterized inflammasome related to inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. NLRP3 is an intracellular sensor that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated patterns resulting in the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inflammasome includes sensor NLRP3, adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and effector cysteine protease procaspase-1 that plays an imperative role in caspase-1 stimulation which further initiates a secondary inflammatory response. Regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome ameliorates NLRP3-mediated diseases. Much effort has been invested in studying the activation, and exploration of specific inhibitors and epigenetic mechanisms controlling NLRP3 inflammasome. This review gives an overview of the established NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, its brief molecular mechanistic activations as well as a current update on specific and non-specific NLRP3 inhibitors that could be used in NLRP3-mediated diseases. We also focused on the recently discovered epigenetic mechanisms mediated by DNA methylation, histone alterations, and microRNAs in regulating the activation and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome, which has resulted in a novel method of gaining insight into the mechanisms that modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activity and introducing potential therapeutic strategies for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triveni Kodi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Runali Sankhe
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Adarsh Gopinathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krishnadas Nandakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Anoop Kishore
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Ravichandran KA, Heneka MT. Inflammasomes in neurological disorders - mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:67-83. [PMID: 38195712 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are molecular scaffolds that are activated by damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns and form a key element of innate immune responses. Consequently, the involvement of inflammasomes in several diseases that are characterized by inflammatory processes, such as multiple sclerosis, is widely appreciated. However, many other neurological conditions, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, sepsis-associated encephalopathy and neurological sequelae of COVID-19, all involve persistent inflammation in the brain, and increasing evidence suggests that inflammasome activation contributes to disease progression in these conditions. Understanding the biology and mechanisms of inflammasome activation is, therefore, crucial for the development of inflammasome-targeted therapies for neurological conditions. In this Review, we present the current evidence for and understanding of inflammasome activation in neurological diseases and discuss current and potential interventional strategies that target inflammasome activation to mitigate its pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Aravind Ravichandran
- Department of Neuroinflammation, Institute of innate immunity, University of Bonn Medical Center Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael T Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, North Worcester, MA, USA.
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de Miranda AS, Macedo DS, Rocha NP, Teixeira AL. Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:107-122. [PMID: 36173067 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220927093815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychiatric disorders, such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias, are associated to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders remain to be fully elucidated, which has hampered the development of effective therapies. The Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) is classically viewed as a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis. The discovery that RAS components are expressed in the brain pointed out a potential role for this system in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. The understanding of RAS involvement in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders may contribute to identifying novel therapeutic targets. AIMS We aim to report current experimental and clinical evidence on the role of RAS in physiology and pathophysiology of mood disorders, schizophrenia, AD and related dementias. We also aim to discuss bottlenecks and future perspectives that can foster the development of new related therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSION The available evidence supports positive therapeutic effects for neuropsychiatric disorders with the inhibition/antagonism of the ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis or the activation of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor axis. Most of this evidence comes from pre-clinical studies and clinical studies lag much behind, hampering a potential translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Silva de Miranda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation (LIIM), Faculty of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danielle S Macedo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Drug Research, and Development Center, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Natalia P Rocha
- Department of Neurology, The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Neuropsychiatry Program, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
- Faculdade Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, Brasil
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Deng Y, Ding W, Peng Q, Wang W, Duan R, Zhang Y. Advancement in Beneficial Effects of AVE 0991: A Brief Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:139-158. [PMID: 36998128 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230328134932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
AVE 0991, a non-peptide analogue of Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], is orally active and physiologically well tolerated. Several studies have demonstrated that AVE 0991 improves glucose and lipid metabolism, and contains anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrosis, and anti-oxidant effects. Numerous preclinical studies have also reported that AVE 0991 appears to have beneficial effects on a variety of systemic diseases, including cardiovascular, liver, kidney, cancer, diabetes, and nervous system diseases. This study searched multiple literature databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and the ClinicalTrials.gov website from the establishment to October 2022, using AVE 0991 as a keyword. This literature search revealed that AVE 0991 could play different roles via various signaling pathways. However, the potential mechanisms of these effects need further elucidation. This review summarizes the benefits of AVE 0991 in several medical problems, including the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper also describes the underlying mechanisms of AVE 0991, giving in-depth insights and perspectives on the pharmaceutical value of AVE 0991 in drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- School of Basic Medicine & Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wangli Ding
- School of Basic Medicine & Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Rui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
| | - Yingdong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, China
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Karmakar V, Gorain B. Potential molecular pathways of angiotensin receptor blockers in the brain toward cognitive improvement in dementia. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103850. [PMID: 38052318 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The alarming rise of cognitive impairment and memory decline and limited effective solutions present a worldwide concern for dementia patients. The multivariant role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain offers strong evidence of a role for angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in the management of memory impairment by modifying glutamate excitotoxicity, downregulating inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, inhibiting kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT)-II, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family and pyrin-domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, boosting cholinergic activity, activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, countering cyclooxygenase (COX) and mitigating the hypoxic condition. The present work focuses on the intricate molecular mechanisms involved in brain-RAS, highlighting the role of ARBs, connecting links between evidence-based unexplored pathways and investigating probable biomarkers involved in dementia through supported preclinical and clinical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnita Karmakar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Bapi Gorain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
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8
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Yang L, Liu X, Yan S, Xiong S, Bai X, Yan Y. Highly expressed long non-coding RNA SNHG14 activated MSU-induced inflammatory response in acute gout arthritis through targeting miR-223-3p. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:2233-2239. [PMID: 37715329 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM According to reports, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the regulation of many inflammatory diseases. Here, our main purpose was to ascertain the expression data of lncRNA SNHG14 in acute gouty arthritis (AGA) and to explore its possible mechanism in the regulation of AGA. METHOD Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology was supplied to detect the lncRNA SNHG14 expression. A receiver operating characteristics curve was drawn to estimate the accuracy of lncRNA SNHG14 in AGA diagnosis. An in vitro AGA cell model was constructed by inducing THP-1 cells with monosodium urate (MSU). The concentrations of inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The luciferase reporter gene was used to verify the relationship between lncRNA SNHG14 and miR-223-3p. RESULTS In clinical analysis, the levels of serum lncRNA SNHG14 in AGA patients were significantly higher than those in the control group. Abnormally elevated lncRNA SNHG14 has high sensitivity and specificity for AGA diagnosis. In in vitro cell experiments, silencing lncRNA SNHG14 inhibited the inflammatory response of THP-1 cells stimulated by MSU, and the luciferase reporter gene proved that lncRNA SNHG14 could bind to miR-223-3p. In addition, the level of miR-223-3p declined in AGA patients and the AGA cell model. Overexpression of miR-223-3p is helpful to alleviate an MSU-induced inflammatory response. CONCLUSION In the AGA cell model, lncRNA SNHG14, as an miR-223-3p sponge, induces a cellular inflammatory response by controlling the level of miR-223-3p, so aggravating the disease progress of AGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochuan Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Yan
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shili Xiong
- Clinical Research Center, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosong Bai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Baoshan Luodian Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yan
- Shanghai Baoshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Tan Q, Liu L, Wang S, Wang Q, Sun Y. Dexmedetomidine Promoted HSPB8 Expression via Inhibiting the lncRNA SNHG14/UPF1 Axis to Inhibit Apoptosis of Nerve Cells in AD : The Role of Dexmedetomidine in AD. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:471-480. [PMID: 37656385 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (Dex) is reported to play a neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. Figure out the underlying molecular mechanism of Dex regulating nerve cell apoptosis in the AD model. The AD model in vitro was established after SH-SY5Y cells were treated with Aβ1 - 42 at (10 μM) for 24 h. The interaction among UPF1, lncRNA SNHG14, and HSPB8 was verified by RIP assay. Cell viability, apoptosis, the level of genes, and proteins were detected by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry, Western blot, and qRT-PCR, respectively. Dex downregulated lncRNA SNHG14 level and inhibited apoptosis of nerve cells. LncRNA SNHG14 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of Dex on nerve cell apoptosis in the AD model. LncRNA SNHG14 attenuated HSPB8 mRNA stability by recruiting UPF1. HSPB8 overexpression inhibited apoptosis of nerve cells in the AD model. Moreover, HSPB8 knockdown reversed the inhibitory effect of Dex on nerve cell apoptosis in the AD model. Our study demonstrated that Dex promoted HSPB8 expression via inhibiting the lncRNA SNHG14/UPF1 axis to inhibit nerve cell apoptosis in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingYun Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No.348, dexiang Street, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - LiLi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Department of Jiamusi Central Hospital, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No.348, dexiang Street, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - QingDong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No.348, dexiang Street, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University, No.348, dexiang Street, Xiangyang District, Jiamusi, 154002, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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He C, Li Z, Yang M, Yu W, Luo R, Zhou J, He J, Chen Q, Song Z, Cheng S. Non-Coding RNA in Microglia Activation and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:4165-4211. [PMID: 37753266 PMCID: PMC10519213 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s422114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by complex pathophysiological features. Amyloid plaques resulting from extracellular amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles formed by intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation serve as primary neuropathological criteria for AD diagnosis. The activation of microglia has been closely associated with these pathological manifestations. Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), a versatile molecule involved in various cellular functions such as genetic information storage and transport, as well as catalysis of biochemical reactions, plays a crucial role in microglial activation. This review aims to investigate the regulatory role of ncRNAs in protein expression by directly targeting genes, proteins, and interactions. Furthermore, it explores the ability of ncRNAs to modulate inflammatory pathways, influence the expression of inflammatory factors, and regulate microglia activation, all of which contribute to neuroinflammation and AD. However, there are still significant controversies surrounding microglial activation and polarization. The categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes may oversimplify the intricate and multifaceted regulatory processes in microglial response to neuroinflammation. Limited research has been conducted on the role of ncRNAs in regulating microglial activation and inducing distinct polarization states in the context of neuroinflammation. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms through which ncRNAs govern microglial function continue to be refined. The current understanding of ncRNA regulatory pathways involved in microglial activation remains incomplete and may be influenced by spatial, temporal, and tissue-specific factors. Therefore, further in-depth investigations are warranted. In conclusion, there are ongoing debates and uncertainties regarding the activation and polarization of microglial cells, particularly concerning the categorization into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The study of ncRNA regulation in microglial activation and polarization, as well as its mechanisms, is still in its early stages and requires further investigation. However, this review offers new insights and opportunities for therapeutic approaches in AD. The development of ncRNA-based drugs may hold promise as a new direction in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Li
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Yu
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongsiqing Luo
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyong Zhou
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei He
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenyan Song
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Zhou L, Huang X, Li H, Wang J, Lu Z. Triptolide improves Alzheimer's disease by regulating the NF‑κB signaling pathway through the lncRNA NEAT1/microRNA 361‑3p/TRAF2 axis. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:440. [PMID: 37614428 PMCID: PMC10443046 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and is a serious social and medical problem threatening human health. The present study investigated the effect and underlying action mechanism of triptolide (Tri) on AD progression. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis were used to determine the changes in RNA expression and levels of NF-κB signaling pathway proteins before and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction. Nucleocytoplasmic separation experiments determined the intracellular localization of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1). A dual-luciferase assay was used to analyze the binding between NEAT1 and microRNA (miRNA/miR)-361 or tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and miR-361-3p and RNA pull-down was used to analyze the binding between NEAT1 and miR-361-3p. Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry and ELISA were used to detect the effects of interaction between Tri and NEAT1/miR-361-3p/TRAF2 on cell viability, apoptosis and inflammatory factor levels, respectively. The results showed that LPS-mediated human microglial clone 3 cell line (HMC3) viability decreased and apoptosis and inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α) increased. Tri inhibited LPS-mediated effects in a dose-dependent manner by downregulating NEAT1 expression. NEAT1 is highly expressed in the cytoplasm and reduces the transcription and translation of downstream TRAF2 by acting as a competitive endogenous RNA that adsorbs miR-361-3p. LPS-mediated HMC3 cell injury, inflammation and activation of NF-κB signaling were partially reversed in presence of Tri. The miR-361-3p mimic promoted the Tri effect and overexpression of (ov)-NEAT1 partially reversed the Tri-miR-361-3p combined effect. The effects of ov-NEAT1 were partially attenuated by small interfering (si)-TRAF2. Overall, Tri inhibited the LPS-induced decrease in viability, increase in apoptosis and inflammation and activation of NF-κB signaling in HMC3 cells. Tri regulation affected the NEAT1/miR-361-3p/TRAF2 axis. These findings suggested a potential therapeutic role for Tri in the clinical management of AD by modulating this molecular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xuming Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Jihui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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12
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Jiang Y, Xu N. The Emerging Role of Autophagy-Associated lncRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119686. [PMID: 37298636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) have become a significant global public health problem and a major societal burden. The World Health Organization predicts that NDDs will overtake cancer as the second most common cause of human mortality within 20 years. Thus, it is urgently important to identify pathogenic and diagnostic molecular markers related to neurodegenerative processes. Autophagy is a powerful process for removing aggregate-prone proteins in neurons; defects in autophagy are often associated with the pathogenesis of NDDs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been suggested as key regulators in neurodevelopment; aberrant regulation of lncRNAs contributes to neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of lncRNAs and autophagy in the context of neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The information presented here should provide guidance for future in-depth investigations of neurodegenerative processes and related diagnostic molecular markers and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Open FIESTA Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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13
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Qian Z, Qin J, Lai Y, Zhang C, Zhang X. Large-Scale Integration of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data Reveals Astrocyte Diversity and Transcriptomic Modules across Six Central Nervous System Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:692. [PMID: 37189441 PMCID: PMC10135484 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of astrocytes in response to environmental factors contributes to many neurological diseases by impacting neuroinflammation responses, glutamate and ion homeostasis, and cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism, which calls for comprehensive and high-resolution analysis. However, single-cell transcriptome analyses of astrocytes have been hampered by the sparseness of human brain specimens. Here, we demonstrate how large-scale integration of multi-omics data, including single-cell and spatial transcriptomic and proteomic data, overcomes these limitations. We created a single-cell transcriptomic dataset of human brains by integration, consensus annotation, and analyzing 302 publicly available single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets, highlighting the power to resolve previously unidentifiable astrocyte subpopulations. The resulting dataset includes nearly one million cells that span a wide variety of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy (Epi), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). We profiled the astrocytes at three levels, subtype compositions, regulatory modules, and cell-cell communications, and comprehensively depicted the heterogeneity of pathological astrocytes. We constructed seven transcriptomic modules that are involved in the onset and progress of disease development, such as the M2 ECM and M4 stress modules. We validated that the M2 ECM module could furnish potential markers for AD early diagnosis at both the transcriptome and protein levels. In order to accomplish a high-resolution, local identification of astrocyte subtypes, we also carried out a spatial transcriptome analysis of mouse brains using the integrated dataset as a reference. We found that astrocyte subtypes are regionally heterogeneous. We identified dynamic cell-cell interactions in different disorders and found that astrocytes participate in key signaling pathways, such as NRG3-ERBB4, in epilepsy. Our work supports the utility of large-scale integration of single-cell transcriptomic data, which offers new insights into underlying multiple CNS disease mechanisms where astrocytes are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Qian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jinglin Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yiwen Lai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Xiannian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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14
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Bai Y, Ren H, Bian L, Zhou Y, Wang X, Xiong Z, Liu Z, Han B, Yao H. Regulation of Glial Function by Noncoding RNA in Central Nervous System Disease. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:440-452. [PMID: 36161582 PMCID: PMC10043107 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00950-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of functional RNAs that play critical roles in different diseases. NcRNAs include microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs. They are highly expressed in the brain and are involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Mounting evidence indicates that ncRNAs play key roles in CNS diseases. Further elucidating the mechanisms of ncRNA underlying the process of regulating glial function that may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liang Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - You Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhongli Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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15
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Jha D, Bakker ENTP, Kumar R. Mechanistic and therapeutic role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2023. [PMID: 36802053 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, has emerged as the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Several pathological hallmarks have been identified, including neuroinflammation. A comprehensive insight into the underlying mechanisms that can fuel the development of novel therapeutic approaches is necessary because of the alarmingly rapid increase in the frequency of incidence. Recently, NLRP3 inflammasome was identified as a critical mediator of neuroinflammation. Activation of nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome by amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles, impaired autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress, triggers the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. Subsequently, these cytokines can promote neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. It is well established that genetic or pharmacological ablation of NLRP3 alleviates AD-related pathological features in in vitro and in vivo models. Therefore, several synthetic and natural compounds have been identified that exhibit the potential to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviate AD-associated pathology. The current review article will highlight the various mechanisms by which activation of NLRP3 inflammation occurs during Alzheimer's disease, and how it influences neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Moreover, we will summarise the different small molecules that possess the potential to inhibit NLRP3 and can pave the path for developing novel therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanshree Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location University of Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM School of Sciences, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Vishakhapatnam, India.,Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location University of Amsterdam, and Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Fan Y, Huang H, Shao J, Huang W. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of reactive astrocytes in central nervous system diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1061343. [PMID: 36710937 PMCID: PMC9877358 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1061343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes (AST) are abundant glial cells in the human brain, accounting for approximately 20-50% percent of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) cells. They display essential functions necessary to sustain the physiological processes of the CNS, including maintaining neuronal structure, forming the blood-brain barrier, coordinating neuronal metabolism, maintaining the extracellular environment, regulating cerebral blood flow, stabilizing intercellular communication, participating in neurotransmitter synthesis, and defending against oxidative stress et al. During the pathological development of brain tumors, stroke, spinal cord injury (SCI), neurodegenerative diseases, and other neurological disorders, astrocytes undergo a series of highly heterogeneous changes, which are called reactive astrocytes, and mediate the corresponding pathophysiological process. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of reactive astrocytes and their therapeutic relevance remain unclear. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are essential for cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival, which play a crucial role in the pathophysiological development of CNS diseases. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs on reactive astrocytes in CNS diseases, which might provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of CNS diseases.
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17
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Zhang YD, Jiang T, Wang SY, Fu XX, Duan R, Wei B, Cao HM, Yan E, Chen SY. The Alzheimer’s disease-associated gene TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglia polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:434-438. [PMID: 35900442 PMCID: PMC9396521 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-like 2 (TREML2) is a newly identified susceptibility gene for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It encodes a microglial inflammation-associated receptor. To date, the potential role of microglial TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD remains unclear. In this study, APP/PS1 mice were used to investigate the dynamic changes of TREML2 levels in brain during AD progression. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of primary microglia as well as a lentivirus-mediated TREML2 overexpression and knockdown were employed to explore the role of TREML2 in neuroinflammation in the context of AD. Our results show that TREML2 levels gradually increased in the brains of APP/PS1 mice during disease progression. LPS stimulation of primary microglia led to the release of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the culture medium. The LPS-induced microglial release of inflammatory cytokines was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and was attenuated by TREML2 knockdown. LPS increased the levels of microglial M1-type polarization marker inducible nitric oxide synthase. This effect was enhanced by TREML2 overexpression and ameliorated by TREML2 knockdown. Furthermore, the levels of microglial M2-type polarization markers CD206 and ARG1 in the primary microglia were reduced by TREML2 overexpression and elevated by TREML2 knockdown. LPS stimulation increased the levels of NLRP3 in primary microglia. The LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 was further elevated by TREML2 overexpression and alleviated by TREML2 knockdown. In summary, this study provides the first evidence that TREML2 modulates inflammation by regulating microglial polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings reveal the mechanisms by which TREML2 regulates microglial inflammation and suggest that TREML2 inhibition may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for AD.
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18
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Sun X, Deng Y, Ge P, Peng Q, Soufiany I, Zhu L, Duan R. Diminazene Ameliorates Neuroinflammation by Suppression of Astrocytic miRNA-224-5p/NLRP3 Axis in Alzheimer's Disease Model. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:1639-1652. [PMID: 37092127 PMCID: PMC10120828 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s401385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose ACE2/Ang(1-7)/Mas Receptor, the momentous component of the renin-angiotensin system, has been shown to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We had previously found that enhancing brain ACE2 activity ameliorated cognitive impairment and attenuated brain neuroinflammation in SAMP8 mice, an animal model of AD. However, the exact mechanism of action of Diminazene (DIZE) has not been revealed. Methods APP/PS1 mice were injected intraperitoneally with DIZE. Cognitive functions, neuronal and synaptic integrity, and inflammation-related markers were assessed by Morris water maze, Nissl staining, Western blotting and ELISA, respectively. Since astrocytes played a crucial role in AD-related neuroinflammation whilst miRNAs were reported to participate in modulating inflammatory responses, astrocytes of APP/PS1 mice were then isolated for high-throughput miRNAs sequencing to identify the most differentially expressed miRNA following DIZE treatment. Afterward, the downstream pathway of this miRNA in the anti-inflammatory action of DIZE was investigated using primary astrocytes. Results The results showed that DIZE alleviated cognitive impairment and neuronal and synaptic damage in APP/PS1 mice. Simultaneously, DIZE suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome. Importantly, miR-224-5p was significantly up-regulated in the astrocytes of APP/PS1 mice treated by DIZE, and NLRP3 is one of the targets of miR-224-5p. Upregulation of miR-224-5p inhibited the expression of NLRP3 in Aβ1-42-stimulated cells, whereas miR-224-5p downregulation reversed this effect. Furthermore, the inhibition of miR-224-5p could reverse the inhibitory effect of DIZE on astrocytic NLRP3 inflammasome. Conclusion These findings firstly suggested that DIZE could inhibit astrocyte-regulated neuroinflammation via miRNA-224-5p/NLRP3 pathway. Furthermore, our study reveals the underlying mechanism by which DIZE suppresses neuroinflammatory responses in AD mice and uncovers the potential of DIZE in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoJin Sun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, Bengbu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Deng
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - PengXin Ge
- Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Peng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ismatullah Soufiany
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Lin Zhu; Rui Duan, Email ;
| | - Rui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Nassar A, Kodi T, Satarker S, Chowdari Gurram P, Upadhya D, SM F, Mudgal J, Nampoothiri M. Astrocytic MicroRNAs and Transcription Factors in Alzheimer's Disease and Therapeutic Interventions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244111. [PMID: 36552875 PMCID: PMC9776935 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are important for maintaining cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and neurotransmission. Indeed, inflammatory processes and neurodegeneration contribute to the altered morphology, gene expression, and function of astrocytes. Astrocytes, in collaboration with numerous microRNAs, regulate brain cholesterol levels as well as glutamatergic and inflammatory signaling, all of which contribute to general brain homeostasis. Neural electrical activity, synaptic plasticity processes, learning, and memory are dependent on the astrocyte-neuron crosstalk. Here, we review the involvement of astrocytic microRNAs that potentially regulate cholesterol metabolism, glutamate uptake, and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The interaction between astrocytic microRNAs and long non-coding RNA and transcription factors specific to astrocytes also contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, astrocytic microRNAs arise as a promising target, as AD conditions are a worldwide public health problem. This review examines novel therapeutic strategies to target astrocyte dysfunction in AD, such as lipid nanodiscs, engineered G protein-coupled receptors, extracellular vesicles, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmal Nassar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Triveni Kodi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasada Chowdari Gurram
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fayaz SM
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence:
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20
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Research Progress on Exosomes and MicroRNAs in the Microenvironment of Postoperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3583-3597. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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21
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Gonçalves CA, Bobermin LD, Sesterheim P, Netto CA. SARS-CoV-2-Induced Amyloidgenesis: Not One, but Three Hypotheses for Cerebral COVID-19 Outcomes. Metabolites 2022; 12:1099. [PMID: 36422238 PMCID: PMC9692683 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The main neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is extracellular amyloid deposition in senile plaques, resulting from an imbalance between the production and clearance of amyloid beta peptides. Amyloid deposition is also found around cerebral blood vessels, termed cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), in 90% of AD cases. Although the relationship between these two amyloid disorders is obvious, this does not make CAA a characteristic of AD, as 40% of the non-demented population presents this derangement. AD is predominantly sporadic; therefore, many factors contribute to its genesis. Herein, the starting point for discussion is the COVID-19 pandemic that we are experiencing and how SARS-CoV-2 may be able to, both directly and indirectly, contribute to CAA, with consequences for the outcome and extent of the disease. We highlight the role of astrocytes and endothelial cells in the process of amyloidgenesis, as well as the role of other amyloidgenic proteins, such as fibrinogen and serum amyloid A protein, in addition to the neuronal amyloid precursor protein. We discuss three independent hypotheses that complement each other to explain the cerebrovascular amyloidgenesis that may underlie long-term COVID-19 and new cases of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Patricia Sesterheim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância Sanitária do Rio Grande do Sul (CEVS-RS), Porto Alegre 90450-190, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
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22
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Canseco-Rodriguez A, Masola V, Aliperti V, Meseguer-Beltran M, Donizetti A, Sanchez-Perez AM. Long Non-Coding RNAs, Extracellular Vesicles and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13171. [PMID: 36361952 PMCID: PMC9654199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has currently no effective treatment; however, preventive measures have the potential to reduce AD risk. Thus, accurate and early prediction of risk is an important strategy to alleviate the AD burden. Neuroinflammation is a major factor prompting the onset of the disease. Inflammation exerts its toxic effect via multiple mechanisms. Amongst others, it is affecting gene expression via modulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs. Recent evidence supports that inflammation can also affect long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression. While the association between miRNAs and inflammation in AD has been studied, the role of lncRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases has been less explored. In this review, we focus on lncRNAs and inflammation in the context of AD. Furthermore, since plasma-isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as an effective monitoring strategy for brain pathologies, we have focused on the studies reporting dysregulated lncRNAs in EVs isolated from AD patients and controls. The revised literature shows a positive association between pro-inflammatory lncRNAs and AD. However, the reports evaluating lncRNA alterations in EVs isolated from the plasma of patients and controls, although still limited, confirm the value of specific lncRNAs associated with AD as reliable biomarkers. This is an emerging field that will open new avenues to improve risk prediction and patient stratification, and may lead to the discovery of potential novel therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Canseco-Rodriguez
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
| | - Valeria Masola
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenza Aliperti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Meseguer-Beltran
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
| | - Aldo Donizetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ana María Sanchez-Perez
- Neurobiotecnology Group, Faculty of Health Science, Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), University of Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
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23
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Yue J, Shi Y, Xiao B, Xiao W, Luo Z. Non-coding RNAs: The Neuroinflammatory Regulators in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2022; 13:929290. [PMID: 36034298 PMCID: PMC9414873 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.929290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As a common indication of nervous system diseases, neuroinflammation has attracted more and more attention, especially in the process of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Two types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are widely involved in the process of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, namely long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). However, no research has systematically summarized that lncRNAs and miRNAs regulate neurodegenerative diseases through neuroinflammatory mechanisms. In this study, we summarize four main mechanisms of lncRNAs and miRNAs involved in neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases, including the imbalance between proinflammatory and neuroprotective cells in microglia and astrocytes, NLRP3 inflammasome, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory mediators. We hope to clarify the regulatory mechanism of lncRNAs and miRNAs in neurodegenerative diseases and provide new insights into the etiological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Yue
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuchen Shi
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenbiao Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbiao Xiao
| | - Zhaohui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Epileptic Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Zhaohui Luo
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24
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Mata-Martínez E, Díaz-Muñoz M, Vázquez-Cuevas FG. Glial Cells and Brain Diseases: Inflammasomes as Relevant Pathological Entities. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:929529. [PMID: 35783102 PMCID: PMC9243488 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.929529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by the innate immune system is a physiopathological response to diverse detrimental circumstances such as microbe infections or tissular damage. The molecular events that underlie this response involve the assembly of multiprotein complexes known as inflammasomes. These assemblages are essentially formed by a stressor-sensing protein, an adapter protein and a non-apoptotic caspase (1 or 11). The coordinated aggregation of these components mediates the processing and release of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-β and IL-18) and cellular death by pyroptosis induction. The inflammatory response is essential for the defense of the organism; for example, it triggers tissue repair and the destruction of pathogen microbe infections. However, when inflammation is activated chronically, it promotes diverse pathologies in the lung, liver, brain and other organs. The nervous system is one of the main tissues where the inflammatory process has been characterized, and its implications in health and disease are starting to be understood. Thus, the regulation of inflammasomes in specific cellular types of the central nervous system needs to be thoroughly understood to innovate treatments for diverse pathologies. In this review, the presence and participation of inflammasomes in pathological conditions in different types of glial cells will be discussed.
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25
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Sánchez KE, Rosenberg GA. Shared Inflammatory Pathology of Stroke and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5150. [PMID: 35563537 PMCID: PMC9101120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though COVID-19 is primarily characterized by symptoms in the periphery, it can also affect the central nervous system (CNS). This has been established by the association between stroke and COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause stroke related to a COVID-19 infection have not been fully explored. More specifically, stroke and COVID-19 exhibit an overlap of molecular mechanisms. These similarities provide a way to better understand COVID-19 related stroke. We propose here that peripheral macrophages upregulate inflammatory proteins such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These inflammatory molecules and the SARS-CoV-2 virus have multiple negative effects related to endothelial dysfunction that results in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Finally, we discuss how the endothelial blood-brain barrier injury alters central nervous system function by leading to astrocyte dysfunction and inflammasome activation. Our goal is to elucidate such inflammatory pathways, which could provide insight into therapies to combat the negative neurological effects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Sánchez
- Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
| | - Gary A. Rosenberg
- Center for Memory and Aging, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA;
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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26
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Rani A, Barter J, Kumar A, Stortz JA, Hollen M, Nacionales D, Moldawer LL, Efron PA, Foster TC. Influence of age and sex on microRNA response and recovery in the hippocampus following sepsis. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:728-746. [PMID: 35094981 PMCID: PMC8833110 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, defined as a dysregulated host immune response to infection, is a common and dangerous clinical syndrome. The excessive host inflammatory response can induce immediate and persistent cognitive decline, which can be worse in older individuals. Sex-specific differences in the outcome of infectious diseases and sepsis appear to favor females. We employed a murine model to examine the influence of age and sex on the brain's microRNA (miR) response following sepsis. Young and old mice of both sexes underwent cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) with daily restraint stress. Expression of hippocampal miR was examined in age- and sex-matched controls at 1 and 4 days post-CLP. Few miR were modified in a similar manner across age or sex and these few miR were generally associated with neuroprotection against inflammation. Similar to previous work examining transcription, young females exhibited a better recovery of the miR profile from day 1 to day 4, relative to young males and old females. For young males and all female groups, the initial response mainly involved a decrease in miR expression. In contrast, old males exhibited only upregulated miR on day 1 and day 4 and many of the miR upregulated on day 1 and day 4 were linked to neurodegeneration, increased neuroinflammation, and cognitive impairment. The results emphasize age and sex differences in epigenetic mechanisms that likely contribute to susceptibility or resilience to cognitive impairment due to sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Rani
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jolie Barter
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Julie A Stortz
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - McKenzie Hollen
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dina Nacionales
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Philip A Efron
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.,Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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