Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Time with Metabolic Syndrome in Saudi Adult Males

BMI-based metabolic syndrome severity score and arterial stiffness in a cohort Chinese study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

To investigate the relationship between metabolic syndrome severity z score(MetS-Z) and arterial stiffness(AS).

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 7621 participants who took three physical examination and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity(ba-pwv) test from 2006 were enrolled. Cumulative MetS-Z(cMetS-Z) was calculated by using blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood glucose and BMI. AS was assessed by ba-pwv. Cox regression model was used to evaluate the risk of AS. All participants were divided into four groups according to cMetS-Z(Q1-Q4). The average age of the participants was 43.06 ± 8.91 years old. During a median follow-up of 6.27 years, 1831cases of AS were identified. The incident rate of AS increased gradually from group Q1 to Q4. Compared with the lowest cMetS-Z(group Q1), the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of group Q2-Q4 for AS were 1.27 (1.09-1.47),1.28(1.10-1.48) and 1.45 (1.24-1.69) respectively. The cubic spline model indicated cMetS-Z had a liner relationship with AS and the cut-off value was lower than zero. Sub-group analysis suggested cMetS-Z was related to AS especially among participants who were younger and without obesity or hypertension or diabetes.

CONCLUSION

Higher cMetS-Z was associated with an increased risk of AS in this cohort community study, and this relationship seemed to be stronger among normal healthy subjects.

REGISTRATION NUMBER

ChiCTR-TNC-11001489.

CLINICAL TRIAL

January 1st 2006, ChiCTR-TNC-11001489 and 2011.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

BACKGROUND

The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

METHODS

The American Heart Association, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2023 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2022 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. The American Heart Association strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) publications, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains.

RESULTS

Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

The dose-response association between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome is unclear, which indicates an important knowledge gap in public health. The objective of this study was to determine the categorical and continuous dose-response associations between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome. A systematic literature search of English articles published in PubMed, CINHAL, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection prior to June 2022 was conducted. All cohort and cross-sectional studies that examined the association between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome were considered, and duplicate and non-related studies were excluded. Data extraction using a standardized chart and quality assessment using two appraisal tools were also performed. Two independent reviewers were involved in these processes. In categorical meta-analyses, the pooled effect sizes for metabolic syndrome associated with different categories of sedentary time were calculated by comparing the highest and intermediate with the lowest categories. In continuous meta-analyses, the linear and nonlinear dose-response associations were estimated using generalized least squares and restricted cubic spline models, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed from March to June 2022. Four prospective cohort studies and 22 cross-sectional studies with 105,239 participants and 16,185 MetS cases were included in this study. In categorical analyses, both intermediate (median duration: 4.11 h/day; pooled OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08-1.26, P < 0.001) and high levels (median duration: 7.26 h/day; pooled OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.43-2.04, P < 0.001) of total sedentary time were significantly associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Similarly, a significant association between screen time and the risk of metabolic syndrome was also found in intermediate (median duration: 2.22 h/day; pooled OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.32, P < 0.001) and high levels (median duration: 3.40 h/day; pooled OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.44-1.86, P < 0.001) of exposure. Of note, these associations were significantly stronger in women. Different patterns of the behavior-disease association were not observed in children, adolescents, and adults. The findings of continuous meta-analyses could not provide solid evidence for the linearity and nonlinearity of the behavior-disease association. This study demonstrated that long-time sedentary behavior was associated with a higher risk of MetS independent of physical activity and the patterns of association varied by gender instead of age. These findings have implications for future guideline recommendations on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and prevention of metabolic syndrome.

Impact of Time in Motion on Blood Pressure Regulation Among Patients with Metabolic Syndrome

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This review assessed recent evidence on the association between objectively measured physical activity from wearable accelerometers and blood pressure (BP) in participants with metabolic syndrome (MetS).

RECENT FINDINGS

Results directly related to BP were mixed, with some studies showing positive associations and others showing null results. Importantly, several studies noted that participants with MetS demonstrated greater improvements in components of MetS after engaging in higher amounts of daily physical activity. Although this suggests greater volume of physical activity may be a means to partially mitigate hypertension in those with MetS, it remains unclear whether physical activity or inactivity (i.e., sedentary behavior) is more strongly associated with MetS. Although there may be benefit to greater volumes of daily PA among hypertensive patients with MetS, more research is needed to quantify and define the amount of daily activity needed to improve health and refine clinical recommendations. Moreover, although the evidence for improving components of MetS through engaging in physical activity is high, the amount and type(s) of physical activity needed to achieve these benefits is unclear.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

BACKGROUND

The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

METHODS

The American Heart Association, through its Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update. The 2022 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. This year's edition includes data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population and an enhanced focus on social determinants of health, adverse pregnancy outcomes, vascular contributions to brain health, and the global burden of cardiovascular disease and healthy life expectancy.

RESULTS

Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Barriers and facilitators affecting physical activity among adults in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 quarantine

The quarantine period in Saudi Arabia from May to June 2020 due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic prevented many people from engaging in physical activity (PA), which may have had negative effects on their health. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors, barriers, and facilitators affecting PA of people during quarantine. This cross-sectional study was conducted using an electronic survey that was distributed to adults between 18 and 69 years old. The survey included demographic-related questions and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. The survey was completed by 1859 participants ranging in age from 18 to 69 years old (42.5% male, 57.5% female). The major factors influencing exercise were being male (odds ratio [OR] = 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.53), being single (OR = 1.37; 95% CI 1.12-1.67), completing higher education at a Master/Doctorate level (OR = 1.83; 95% CI 1.23-2.72), and being resilient (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 1.03-1.08). The facilitators for doing regular exercise were having enough space at home (OR = 1.62), free time (OR = 1.77), good motivation (OR = 1.56), and being free from work (OR = 1.43) and family responsibilities (OR = 1.40). Sex, marital status, level of education and resilience were important factors affecting the type and level of PA during the quarantine period resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic.