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Killebrew KW, Moser HR, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Schallmo MP. Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:201. [PMID: 38714650 PMCID: PMC11076514 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception has been observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in the visual cortex. However, it is not yet clear whether bi-stable visual perception is abnormal among PwPP. Here, we examined bi-stable perception in a visual structure-from-motion task using a rotating cylinder illusion in a group of 65 PwPP, 44 first-degree biological relatives, and 43 healthy controls. Data from a 'real switch' task, in which physical depth cues signaled real switches in rotation direction were used to exclude individuals who did not show adequate task performance. In addition, we measured concentrations of neurochemicals, including glutamate, glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. These neurochemicals were measured non-invasively in the visual cortex using 7 tesla MR spectroscopy. We found that PwPP and their relatives showed faster bi-stable switch rates than healthy controls. Faster switch rates also correlated with significantly higher psychiatric symptom levels, specifically disorganization, across all participants. However, we did not observe any significant relationships across individuals between neurochemical concentrations and SFM switch rates. Our results are consistent with a reduction in suppressive neural processes during structure-from-motion perception in PwPP, and suggest that genetic liability for psychosis is associated with disrupted bi-stable perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Shmakov S, Littlewood PB. Coalescence of limit cycles in the presence of noise. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:024220. [PMID: 38491679 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.024220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Complex dynamical systems may exhibit multiple steady states, including time-periodic limit cycles, where the final trajectory depends on initial conditions. With tuning of parameters, limit cycles can proliferate or merge at an exceptional point. Here we ask how dynamics in the vicinity of such a bifurcation are influenced by noise. A pitchfork bifurcation can be used to induce bifurcation behavior. We model a limit cycle with the normal form of the Hopf oscillator, couple it to the pitchfork, and investigate the resulting dynamical system in the presence of noise. We show that the generating functional for the averages of the dynamical variables factorizes between the pitchfork and the oscillator. The statistical properties of the pitchfork in the presence of noise in its various regimes are investigated and a scaling theory is developed for the correlation and response functions, including a possible symmetry-breaking field. The analysis is done by perturbative calculations as well as numerical means. Finally, observables illustrating the coupling of a system with a limit cycle to a pitchfork are discussed and the phase-phase correlations are shown to exhibit nondiffusive behavior with universal scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Shmakov
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Peter B Littlewood
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, United Kingdom
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Al-Nosairy KO, Quanz EV, Eick CM, Hoffmann MB, Kornmeier J. Altered Perception of the Bistable Motion Quartet in Albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:39. [PMID: 38015177 PMCID: PMC10691394 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Perception of the motion quartet (MQ) alternates between horizontal and vertical motion, with a bias toward vertical motion. This vertical bias has been explained by the dominance of intrahemispheric processing. In albinism, each hemisphere receives input from both visual hemifields owing to enhanced crossing of the optic nerves at the optic chiasm. This might affect the perception of the ambiguous MQ and particularly the vertical bias. Methods The effect of optic nerve misrouting in persons with albinism and nystagmus (PWA, n = 14) on motion perception for MQ was compared with healthy controls (HC; n = 11) and with persons with nystagmus in the absence of optic nerve misrouting (PWN; n = 12). We varied the ratio of horizontal and vertical distances of MQ dots (aspect ratio [AR]) between 0.75 and 1.25 and compared the percentages of horizontal and vertical motion percepts as a function of AR between groups. Results For HC, the probability of vertical motion perception increased as a sigmoid function with increasing AR exhibiting the expected vertical percept bias (mean, 58%; median, 54%; vertical motion percepts). PWA showed a surprisingly strong horizontal bias independent of the AR with a mean of 11% (median, 10%) vertical motion percepts. The PWN was in between PWA and HC, with a mean of 34% (median, 47%) vertical perception. Nystagmus alone is unlikely to explain this pattern of results because PWA and PWN had comparable fixation stabilities. Conclusions The strong horizontal bias observed in PWA and PWN might partly result from the horizontal nystagmus. The even stronger horizontal bias in PWA indicates that the intrahemispherical corepresentation of both visual hemifields may play an additional role. The altered perception of the MQ in PWA opens opportunities to (i) understand the interplay of stability and plasticity in altered visual pathway conditions and (ii) identify visual pathway abnormalities with a perception-based test using the MQ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth V. Quanz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Charlotta M. Eick
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael B. Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kornmeier
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Mokri E, da Silva Castanheira J, Laldin S, Landry M, Mendola JD. Effects of interocular grouping demands on binocular rivalry. J Vis 2023; 23:15. [PMID: 37733337 PMCID: PMC10517422 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Binocular rivalry (BR) is a visual phenomenon in which perception alternates between two non-fusible images presented to each eye. Transition periods between dominant and suppressed images are marked by mixed percepts, where participants report fragments of each image being dynamically perceived. Interestingly, BR remains robust even when typical images are subdivided and presented in complementary patches to each eye, a phenomenon termed interocular grouping (IOG). The objective of the present study was to determine if increasing grouping demand in the context of BR changes the perceptual experience of rivalry. In 48 subjects with normal vision, mean dominant and mixed percept durations were recorded for classic BR and IOG conditions with increasing grouping demands from two, four, and six patches. We found that, as grouping demands increased, the duration of mixed periods increased. Indeed, durations of dominant and mixed percepts, as well as percentage of time spent in dominant or mixed state, differed significantly across conditions. However, durations of global dominant percepts remained relatively stable and saturated at about 1.5 seconds, despite the exponential increase in possible mixed combinations. Evidence shows that this saturation followed a nonlinear trend. The data also indicate that grouping across the vertical meridian is slightly more stable than for the horizontal meridian. Finally, individual differences in speed of alternation identified during BR were maintained in all interocular grouping conditions. These results provide new information about binocular visual spatial integration and will be useful for future studies of the underlying neural substrates and models of binocular vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mokri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason da Silva Castanheira
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sidrah Laldin
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Landry
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janine D Mendola
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Killebrew KW, Moser HR, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Schallmo MP. Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.02.13.23285774. [PMID: 36896020 PMCID: PMC9996680 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.13.23285774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception is observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in visual cortex. However, it is not yet clear whether bi-stable visual perception is abnormal among PwPP. Here, we examined bi-stable perception in a visual structure-from-motion task using a rotating cylinder illusion in a group of 65 PwPP, 44 first-degree biological relatives, and 43 healthy controls. Data from a 'real switch' task, in which physical depth cues signaled real switches in rotation direction were used to exclude individuals who did not show adequate task performance. In addition, we measured concentrations of neurochemicals, including glutamate, glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. These neurochemicals were measured non-invasively in visual cortex using 7 tesla MR spectroscopy. We found that PwPP and their relatives showed faster bi-stable switch rates than healthy controls. Faster switch rates also correlated with significantly higher psychiatric symptom levels across all participants. However, we did not observe any significant relationships across individuals between neurochemical concentrations and SFM switch rates. Our results are consistent with a reduction in suppressive neural processes during structure-from-motion perception in PwPP, and suggest that genetic liability for psychosis is associated with disrupted bi-stable perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W. Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hannah R. Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrea N. Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Scott R. Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Perceptual Awareness and Its Relationship with Consciousness: Hints from Perceptual Multistability. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Many interesting theories of consciousness have been proposed, but so far, there is no “unified” theory capable of encompassing all aspects of this phenomenon. We are all aware of what it feels like to be conscious and what happens if there is an absence of consciousness. We are becoming more and more skilled in measuring consciousness states; nevertheless, we still “don’t get it” in its deeper essence. How does all the processed information converge from different brain areas and structures to a common unity, giving us this very private “feeling of being conscious”, despite the constantly changing flow of information between internal and external states? “Multistability” refers to a class of perceptual phenomena where subjective awareness spontaneously and continuously alternates between different percepts, although the objective stimuli do not change, supporting the idea that the brain “interprets” sensorial input in a “constructive” way. In this perspective paper, multistability and perceptual awareness are discussed as a methodological window for understanding the “local” states of consciousness, a privileged position from which it is possible to observe the brain dynamics and mechanisms producing the subjective phenomena of perceptual awareness in the very moment they are happening.
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Temporal dynamics of eye movements and attentional modulation in perceptual judgments of structure-from-motion (SFM). ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2021.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Auditory streaming and bistability paradigm extended to a dynamic environment. Hear Res 2019; 383:107807. [PMID: 31622836 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We explore stream segregation with temporally modulated acoustic features using behavioral experiments and modelling. The auditory streaming paradigm in which alternating high- A and low-frequency tones B appear in a repeating ABA-pattern, has been shown to be perceptually bistable for extended presentations (order of minutes). For a fixed, repeating stimulus, perception spontaneously changes (switches) at random times, every 2-15 s, between an integrated interpretation with a galloping rhythm and segregated streams. Streaming in a natural auditory environment requires segregation of auditory objects with features that evolve over time. With the relatively idealized ABA-triplet paradigm, we explore perceptual switching in a non-static environment by considering slowly and periodically varying stimulus features. Our previously published model captures the dynamics of auditory bistability and predicts here how perceptual switches are entrained, tightly locked to the rising and falling phase of modulation. In psychoacoustic experiments we find that entrainment depends on both the period of modulation and the intrinsic switch characteristics of individual listeners. The extended auditory streaming paradigm with slowly modulated stimulus features presented here will be of significant interest for future imaging and neurophysiology experiments by reducing the need for subjective perceptual reports of ongoing perception.
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Rassi E, Wutz A, Müller-Voggel N, Weisz N. Prestimulus feedback connectivity biases the content of visual experiences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16056-16061. [PMID: 31332019 PMCID: PMC6689959 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817317116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing fluctuations in neural excitability and in networkwide activity patterns before stimulus onset have been proposed to underlie variability in near-threshold stimulus detection paradigms-that is, whether or not an object is perceived. Here, we investigated the impact of prestimulus neural fluctuations on the content of perception-that is, whether one or another object is perceived. We recorded neural activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG) before and while participants briefly viewed an ambiguous image, the Rubin face/vase illusion, and required them to report their perceived interpretation in each trial. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we showed robust decoding of the perceptual report during the poststimulus period. Applying source localization to the classifier weights suggested early recruitment of primary visual cortex (V1) and ∼160-ms recruitment of the category-sensitive fusiform face area (FFA). These poststimulus effects were accompanied by stronger oscillatory power in the gamma frequency band for face vs. vase reports. In prestimulus intervals, we found no differences in oscillatory power between face vs. vase reports in V1 or in FFA, indicating similar levels of neural excitability. Despite this, we found stronger connectivity between V1 and FFA before face reports for low-frequency oscillations. Specifically, the strength of prestimulus feedback connectivity (i.e., Granger causality) from FFA to V1 predicted not only the category of the upcoming percept but also the strength of poststimulus neural activity associated with the percept. Our work shows that prestimulus network states can help shape future processing in category-sensitive brain regions and in this way bias the content of visual experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Rassi
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Andreas Wutz
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- The Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Nadia Müller-Voggel
- Center for Biomagnetismus, Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Nathan Weisz
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
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