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Michalczyk K, Cymbaluk-Płoska A. The Role of Zinc and Copper in Gynecological Malignancies. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3732. [PMID: 33287452 PMCID: PMC7761859 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are essential microelements, which take part in cellular metabolism, feature in enzymatic systems, and regulate enzyme activity. Homeostasis of these micronutrients is tightly regulated by multiple compensatory mechanisms that balance their concentrations including transporters, importers, and metallothioneins. An altered intake of only one of these trace elements may cause an imbalance in their levels and result in their competition for absorption. Relatively low levels of zinc and increased levels of copper may result in an increased level of oxidative stress and impair the antioxidant properties of multiple enzymes. Altered levels of trace elements were discovered in various pathologies including immunological, degenerative, and inflammatory diseases. Moreover, due to the role of Zn and Cu in oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, they were found to influence cancerogenesis. We review the roles of zinc and copper and their mechanisms in tumor growth, metastasis potential, microenvironment remodeling, and drug resistance. We highlight their role as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, concentrating on their impact on gynecological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Michalczyk
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
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Al-Omari S. Toward a molecular understanding of the photosensitizer-copper interaction for tumor destruction. Biophys Rev 2013; 5:305-311. [PMID: 28510111 PMCID: PMC5418419 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to shown that the photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) can contribute to the dark toxicity and phototoxicity of the tumor by binding with copper. This binding process can remove the copper from the body, stopping angiogenesis as well as activating the mechanisms of cell death, such as apoptosis and necrosis. In PDT, this coupling may be considered a new route for fighting cancer in addition to those already known which involve reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Al-Omari
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13115, Jordan.
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Li X, Li Y, Wang B, Ji K, Liang Z, Guo B, Hu J, Yin D, Du Y, Kopecko DJ, Kalvakolanu DV, Zhao X, Xu D, Zhang L. Delivery of the co-expression plasmid pEndo-Si-Stat3 by attenuated Salmonella serovar typhimurium for prostate cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:971-80. [PMID: 23463096 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the therapeutic utility of an attenuated bacterium carrying a plasmid that co-expresses Endostatin, an inhibitor of tumor neovasculogenesis, and a shRNA that targets Stat3 to suppress prostate cancer growth. METHODS Plasmid pEndo-Si-Stat3 was constructed and introduced into an attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. The resultant recombinant bacterium was used as a vector to deliver the plasmid to tumor cells growing in vivo. Tumor-associated gene and protein expression changes were measured by using RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Expression of Endostatin in tumor tissue was detected by ELISA. The presence of vector bacteria in tissues was monitored and tumor destruction was assessed by using TUNEL and H&E staining assays. RESULTS Bacterially delivered pEndo-Si-Stat3 decreased Stat3 levels and increased Endostatin expression in mouse tumors, resulting in a significant suppression of tumor growth (P < 0.01). Expression of Bcl-2 and PCNA was down-regulated and Caspase3 expression was up-regulated to promote apoptosis of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS Successful delivery by attenuated Salmonella of the combination therapeutic plasmid simultaneously knocked down the expression of Stat3 and resulted in over-expression of Endostatin, which synergistically inhibited prostate cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, Norman Bethune Medical School, Jilin University, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, People's Republic of China
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1,10-Phenanthroline promotes copper complexes into tumor cells and induces apoptosis by inhibiting the proteasome activity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:1257-67. [PMID: 23053530 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0940-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-propionic acid, two potent natural plant growth hormones, have attracted attention as promising prodrugs in cancer therapy. Copper is known to be a cofactor essential for tumor angiogenesis. We have previously reported that taurine, L-glutamine, and quinoline-2-carboxaldehyde Schiff base copper complexes inhibit cell proliferation and proteasome activity in human cancer cells. In the current study, we synthesized two types of copper complexes, dinuclear complexes and ternary complexes, to investigate whether a certain structure could easily carry copper into cancer cells and consequently inhibit tumor proteasome activity and induce apoptosis. We observed that ternary complexes binding with 1,10-phenanthroline are more potent proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers than dinuclear complexes in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, the ternary complexes potently inhibit proteasome activity before induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, but not in nontumorigenic MCF-10A cells. Our results suggest that copper complexes binding with 1,10-phenanthroline as the third ligand could serve as potent, selective proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in tumor cells, and that the ternary complexes may be good potential anticancer drugs.
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Haddad JJ. The immunopharmacologic potential of Semaxanib and new generation directed therapeutic drugs: Receptor tyrosine kinase regulation with anti-tumorigenensis/angiogenesis properties. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 20:103-23. [PMID: 23960782 PMCID: PMC3744945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular signaling of messages emanating from cellular membranes through receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is a major mechanism for intercellular communication and transduction during development and metabolism, as well as in disease-associated processes. The phosphorylation status and signaling activity of RTKs are determined by a dynamic equilibrium of the activity of both RTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). RTKs are essentially a class of cell-surface receptors for growth factors and other extracellular ligands, the most conspicuous perhaps are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene family, which plays a fundamental role in the growth and differentiation of vascular, as well as lymphatic endothelial cells. In particular, VEGF is a major regulator of normal (physiologic) and abnormal (cancerous) angiogenesis, including that associated with tumors and cancer. Blockers/inhibitors and regulators of RTKs are indeed promising cancer interventions, their specific mechanisms are yet to be unraveled. In this cutting-edge synopsis, I elaborate on breakthroughs/advances and current concepts of RTK regulation, further shedding light on exploring the role of potential regulators, particularly the RTK inhibitor Semaxanib, and the mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis in an effort to understand a potentially alleviating pharmacologic therapeutic intervention. This survey also tackles the loopholes and shortcomings of the aforementioned inhibitory role of Semaxanib, especially its inefficacy and ultimate discontinuation of relevant clinical trials.
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Frezza M, Hindo S, Chen D, Davenport A, Schmitt S, Tomco D, Dou QP. Novel metals and metal complexes as platforms for cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 16:1813-25. [PMID: 20337575 DOI: 10.2174/138161210791209009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metals are essential cellular components selected by nature to function in several indispensable biochemical processes for living organisms. Metals are endowed with unique characteristics that include redox activity, variable coordination modes, and reactivity towards organic substrates. Due to their reactivity, metals are tightly regulated under normal conditions and aberrant metal ion concentrations are associated with various pathological disorders, including cancer. For these reasons, coordination complexes, either as drugs or prodrugs, become very attractive probes as potential anticancer agents. The use of metals and their salts for medicinal purposes, from iatrochemistry to modern day, has been present throughout human history. The discovery of cisplatin, cis-[Pt(II) (NH(3))(2)Cl(2)], was a defining moment which triggered the interest in platinum(II)- and other metal-containing complexes as potential novel anticancer drugs. Other interests in this field address concerns for uptake, toxicity, and resistance to metallodrugs. This review article highlights selected metals that have gained considerable interest in both the development and the treatment of cancer. For example, copper is enriched in various human cancer tissues and is a co-factor essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. However the use of copper-binding ligands to target tumor copper could provide a novel strategy for cancer selective treatment. The use of nonessential metals as probes to target molecular pathways as anticancer agents is also emphasized. Finally, based on the interface between molecular biology and bioinorganic chemistry the design of coordination complexes for cancer treatment is reviewed and design strategies and mechanisms of action are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frezza
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology and Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Fetal bovine serum requirement for pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-induced apoptotic cell death of MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 649:135-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Xiao Y, Chen DI, Zhang X, Cui Q, Fan Y, Bi C, Dou QP. Molecular study on copper-mediated tumor proteasome inhibition and cell death. Int J Oncol 2010; 37:81-87. [PMID: 20514399 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The metal ion copper is a cofactor essential for maintaining normal biological and physical functions in human beings. High copper levels have been found in variety of tumor tissues and are involved in tumor angiogenesis processes. The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays an important role in cell growth and apoptosis and has been shown as a novel target for cancer therapy. We previously reported that some organic copper complexes can inhibit the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells and xenograft models. In the current study, we investigated the effect of oxidation status of copper, Cu(I) or Cu(II), on inhibition of proteasome activity, induction of apoptosis, and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human cancer cells. We report four major findings here: i) both Cu(I) and Cu(II) could inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome, but Cu(I) was more potent than Cu(II), ii) purified 20S proteasome protein was able to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I), suggesting that Cu(I) is the oxidation status of copper that directly reacts with the proteasome, iii) when complexed with the copper ligand neocuproine, Cu(I) showed higher ability to induce ROS production in cancer cells, compared with Cu(II), iv) addition of a ROS scavenger in the cancer cell culture-blocked copper-induced ROS generation, but did not overcome copper-mediated proteasome-inhibitory and cell death-inducing events, demonstrating the ROS-independent proteasome-inhibitory property of copper complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China.,Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, P.R. China
| | - D I Chen
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Xia Zhang
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Qiuzhi Cui
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yuhua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Caifeng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Q Ping Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Tisato F, Marzano C, Porchia M, Pellei M, Santini C. Copper in diseases and treatments, and copper-based anticancer strategies. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:708-49. [PMID: 19626597 DOI: 10.1002/med.20174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Copper is found in all living organisms and is a crucial trace element in redox chemistry, growth and development. It is important for the function of several enzymes and proteins involved in energy metabolism, respiration, and DNA synthesis, notably cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate oxidase, and tyrosinase. The major functions of copper-biological molecules involve oxidation-reduction reactions in which they react directly with molecular oxygen to produce free radicals. Therefore, copper requires tightly regulated homeostatic mechanisms to ensure adequate supplies without any toxic effects. Overload or deficiency of copper is associated, respectively, with Wilson disease (WD) and Menkes disease (MD), which are of genetic origin. Researches on Menkes and Wilson disorders have provided useful insights in the field of copper homeostasis and in particular into the understanding of intracellular trafficking and distribution of copper at molecular levels. Therapies based on metal supplementation with copper histidine or removal of copper excess by means of specific copper chelators are currently effective in treating MD and WD, respectively. Copper chelation therapy is now attracting much attention for the investigation and treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer, Parkinson and CreutzfeldtJakob. An excess of copper appears to be an essential co-factor for angiogenesis. Moreover, elevated levels of copper have been found in many types of human cancers, including prostate, breast, colon, lung, and brain. On these basis, the employment of copper chelators has been reported to be of therapeutic value in the treatment of several types of cancers as anti-angiogenic molecules. More recently, mixtures of copper chelators with copper salts have been found to act as efficient proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers, specifically in cancer cells. Moreover, following the worldwide success of platinum(II) compounds in cancer chemotherapy, several families of individual copper complexes have been studied as potential antitumor agents. These investigations, revealing the occurrence of mechanisms of action quite different from platinum drugs, head toward the development of new anticancer metallodrugs with improved specificity and decreased toxic side effects.
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Chae HI, Hwang GS, Jin MY, Ryu DH. Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Monomer of Epoxyquinols and (-)-Phyllostine. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.04.1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chen D, Dou QP. New uses for old copper-binding drugs: converting the pro-angiogenic copper to a specific cancer cell death inducer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12:739-48. [PMID: 18479220 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.12.6.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conventional approach toward anticancer drug development is a time-consuming and expensive procedure. OBJECTIVE/METHODS One approach to expedite this process and achieve more affordable means is to discover new applications of existing drugs, since their pharmacokinetics and pharmacological profiles are well known. RESULTS Our encouraging findings in recent studies reveal anticancer activities of several copper-binding ligands including disulfiram (an antialcoholism drug), clioquinol (used to treat Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases) and diethyldithiocarbamate (an agent for HIV-1 infection treatment). CONCLUSION These in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that these archaic drugs can target and react with tumor cellular copper, forming complexes that act as potent proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Wayne State University, The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Giovagnini L, Sitran S, Montopoli M, Caparrotta L, Corsini M, Rosani C, Zanello P, Dou QP, Fregona D. Chemical and Biological Profiles of Novel Copper(II) Complexes Containing S-Donor Ligands for the Treatment of Cancer. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:6336-43. [DOI: 10.1021/ic800404e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen D, Cui QC, Yang H, Dou QP. Disulfiram, a Clinically Used Anti-Alcoholism Drug and Copper-Binding Agent, Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cultures and Xenografts via Inhibition of the Proteasome Activity. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10425-33. [PMID: 17079463 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Disulfiram (DSF), a member of the dithiocarbamate family capable of binding copper and an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, is currently being used clinically for the treatment of alcoholism. Recent studies have suggested that DSF may have antitumor and chemosensitizing activities, although the detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Copper has been shown to be essential for tumor angiogenesis processes. Consistently, high serum and tissue levels of copper have been found in many types of human cancers, including breast, prostate, and brain, supporting the idea that copper could be used as a potential tumor-specific target. Here we report that the DSF-copper complex potently inhibits the proteasomal activity in cultured breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MCF10DCIS.com cells, but not normal, immortalized MCF-10A cells, before induction of apoptotic cancer cell death. Furthermore, MDA-MB-231 cells that contain copper at concentrations similar to those found in patients, when treated with just DSF, undergo proteasome inhibition and apoptosis. In addition, when administered to mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumor xenografts, DSF significantly inhibited the tumor growth (by 74%), associated with in vivo proteasome inhibition (as measured by decreased levels of tumor tissue proteasome activity and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and natural proteasome substrates p27 and Bax) and apoptosis induction (as shown by caspase activation and apoptotic nuclei formation). Our study shows that inhibition of the proteasomal activity can be achieved by targeting tumor cellular copper with the nontoxic compound DSF, resulting in selective apoptosis induction within tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Daniel KG, Chen D, Orlu S, Cui QC, Miller FR, Dou QP. Clioquinol and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex with copper to form proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 2005; 7:R897-908. [PMID: 16280039 PMCID: PMC1410741 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A physiological feature of many tumor tissues and cells is the tendency to accumulate high concentrations of copper. While the precise role of copper in tumors is cryptic, copper, but not other trace metals, is required for angiogenesis. We have recently reported that organic copper-containing compounds, including 8-hydroxyquinoline-copper(II) and 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline-copper(II), comprise a novel class of proteasome inhibitors and tumor cell apoptosis inducers. In the current study, we investigate whether clioquinol (CQ), an analog of 8-hydroxyquinoline and an Alzheimer's disease drug, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a known copper-binding compound and antioxidant, can interact with copper to form cancer-specific proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in human breast cancer cells. Tetrathiomolybdate (TM), a strong copper chelator currently being tested in clinical trials, is used as a comparison. METHODS Breast cell lines, normal, immortalized MCF-10A, premalignant MCF10AT1K.cl2, and malignant MCF10DCIS.com and MDA-MB-231, were treated with CQ or PDTC with or without prior interaction with copper, followed by measurement of proteasome inhibition and cell death. Inhibition of the proteasome was determined by levels of the proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity and ubiquitinated proteins in protein extracts of the treated cells. Apoptotic cell death was measured by morphological changes, Hoechst staining, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. RESULTS When in complex with copper, both CQ and PDTC, but not TM, can inhibit the proteasome chymotrypsin-like activity, block proliferation, and induce apoptotic cell death preferentially in breast cancer cells, less in premalignant breast cells, but are non-toxic to normal/non-transformed breast cells at the concentrations tested. In contrast, CQ, PDTC, TM or copper alone had no effects on any of the cells. Breast premalignant or cancer cells that contain copper at concentrations similar to those found in patients, when treated with just CQ or PDTC alone, but not TM, undergo proteasome inhibition and apoptosis. CONCLUSION The feature of breast cancer cells and tissues to accumulate copper can be used as a targeting method for anticancer therapy through treatment with novel compounds such as CQ and PDTC that become active proteasome inhibitors and breast cancer cell killers in the presence of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon G Daniel
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Di Chen
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Shirley Orlu
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Qiuzhi Cindy Cui
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Fred R Miller
- The Breast Cancer Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Q Ping Dou
- The Prevention Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Kuwahara S, Imada S. Enantioselective total synthesis of antiangeogenic pentaketide dimers, epoxyquinols A and B, through an asymmetric aldol approach to their common monomeric precursor. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Song HF, Liu XW, Zhang HN, Zhu BZ, Yuan SJ, Liu SY, Tang ZM. Pharmacokinetics of His-tag recombinant human endostatin in Rhesus monkeys. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:124-8. [PMID: 15659125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the pharmacokinetics and accumulation of an Escherichia coli expressed His-tag fused recombinant human endostatin (rh-endostatin) in Rhesus monkeys. METHODS Rh-endostatin was iv or sc injected in Rhesus monkeys, and the rh-endostatin concentration in serum samples was determined by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method. The serum drug concentration-time data were analyzed by compartmental analysis using the practical pharmacokinetic program 3p97. RESULTS Following iv administration at a dose rate of 1.5, 4.5, and 13.5 mg/kg in rhesus monkeys, the concentration-time curves of rh-endostatin were best fitted to a three-compartment open model. AUC(0-infinity) linearly increased with dose, while Cls exhibited no significant difference among different dose groups. The terminal half-lives (lambda3) were 8+/-8, 3.1+/-1.4, and 20+/-14 h, respectively. After sc administration at a dose rate of 1.5 mg/kg, the concentration-time curve was best fitted to a two-compartment open model, with a terminal half-life (T(1/2beta)) of 8+/-3 h. Bioavailability following sc injection was approximately 70%+/-3%. After consecutive iv injection of rh-endostatin at a dose rate of 1.5 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) for 7 d, the AUC(0-24 h) substantially increased from 22+/-13 mg.h.L(-1) (d 1) to 50+/-29 mg.h.L(-1) (d 7), with an accumulation factor of 2.3+/-0.6 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The pharmacokinetic behavior of rh-endostatin in Rhesus monkeys complies with linear kinetics within the examined dose range. It tends to be accumulated in bodies after repeated administration at a dose level of 1.5 mg.kg(-1).d(-1) for more than 7 consecutive days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-feng Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
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Li PY, Lin JS, Feng ZH, He YF, Zhou HJ, Ma X, Cai XK, Tian DA. Combined gene therapy of endostatin and interleukin 12 with polyvinylpyrrolidone induces a potent antitumor effect on hepatoma. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2195-200. [PMID: 15259064 PMCID: PMC4724992 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i15.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the antitumor effect of combined gene therapy of endostatin and interleukin 12 (IL-12) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on mouse transplanted hepatoma.
METHODS: Mouse endostatin eukaryotic plasmid (pSecES) with a mouse Igκ signal sequence inside and mouse IL-12 eukaryotic plasmid (pmIL-12) were transfected into BHK-21 cells respectively. Endostatin and IL-12 were assayed by ELISA from the supernant and used to culture endothelial cells and spleen lymphocytes individually. Proliferation of the latter was evaluated by MTT. H22 cells were inoculated into the leg muscle of mouse, which was injected intratumorally with pSecES/PVP, pmIL-12/PVP or pSecES + pmIL-12/PVP repeatedly. Tumor weight, serum endostatin and serum IL-12 were assayed. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, tumor microvessel density and apoptosis of tumor cells were also displayed by HE staining, CD31 staining and TUNEL.
RESULTS: Endostatin and IL-12 were secreted after transfection, which could inhibit the proliferation of endothelial cells or promote the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes. Tumor growth was highly inhibited by 91.8% after injection of pSecES + pmIL-12/PVP accompanied by higher serum endostatin and IL-12, more infiltrating lymphocytes, fewer tumor vessels and more apoptosis cells compared with injection of pSecES/PVP, pmIL-12/PVP or vector/PVP.
CONCLUSION: Mouse endostatin gene and IL-12 gene can be expressed after intratumoral injection with PVP. Angiogenesis of hepatoma can be inhibited synergisticly, lymphocytes can be activated to infiltrate, and tumor cells are induced to apoptosis. Hepatoma can be highly inhibited or eradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Li
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-epoxyquinols A and B. Novel, convenient access to chiral epoxyquinone building blocks through enzymatic desymmetrization. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Angiogenesis is a term that describes the formation of new capillaries from a pre-existing vasculature. This process is very important in physiologic conditions because it helps healing injured tissues, and in female populations it helps forming the placenta after fertilization and reconstructs the inside layer of the uterus after menstruation. Angiogenesis is the result of an intricate balance between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors and is now very well recognized as a powerful control point in tumor development. In this particular environment, the fine modulation among proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors is disrupted, leading to inappropriate vessels growth. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of angiogenesis during tumor growth and we also illustrate some of the molecules that are involved in this angiogenic switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Tonini
- Department of Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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Lincoln DW, Phillips PG, Bove K. Estrogen-induced Ets-1 promotes capillary formation in an in vitro tumor angiogenesis model. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003; 78:167-78. [PMID: 12725417 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022904624054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We employed an in vitro angiogenesis model that simulates the in vivo milieu for tumor capillary formation to study the direct effects of estrogen. 17beta-estradiol (E2) treatment significantly stimulated capillary sprouting within 8 h in co-cultures of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) and mouse mammary tumor cells. Co-cultures treated with either progesterone (P4) or E2+P4 showed minimal endothelial cell (EC) sprouting when compared to E2 treated cultures. Treatment with the E2 agonist ICI 182,780 dramatically inhibited capillary formation, demonstrating E2-specificity. Within hours, of E2 treatment ECs isolated from tumor cell/EC co-cultures demonstrated a statistically significant increase in both mRNA and protein levels of the transcription factor Ets-1. We observed increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) mRNA levels in these ECs following E2 treatment. Ets-1 upregulates expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor, Flt-1 and we detected increased Flt-1 mRNA levels in ECs co-cultured with tumor cells following E2 treatment. Expression of Ets-1 contributes to destabilization of a quiescent EC phenotype in favor of an invasive angiogenic one, in part, by increasing expression of MMPs and integrin molecules that favor migration and invasion. Transfection of ECs with Ets-1 antisense prior to co-culture with E2 resulted in a 95% inhibition in capillary formation. We demonstrate here, for the first time that nanomolar concentrations of E2 directly and rapidly induced new capillary formation in a mammary tumor/EC co-culture system and suggest that this response may be mediated, in part, by an E2-induced increase in Ets-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Lincoln
- Research Service, Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Thomas JP, Arzoomanian RZ, Alberti D, Marnocha R, Lee F, Friedl A, Tutsch K, Dresen A, Geiger P, Pluda J, Fogler W, Schiller JH, Wilding G. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of recombinant human endostatin in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:223-31. [PMID: 12525513 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Endostatin is the first endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor to enter clinical trials. Laboratory investigations with endostatin have indicated broad antitumor activity coupled with remarkably low toxicity. A phase I trial of recombinant human endostatin was designed to evaluate toxicity and explore biologic effectiveness in patients with refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Endostatin was administered as a 1-hour intravenous infusion given daily for a 28-day cycle. A starting dose of 30 mg/m2 was explored with subsequent dose escalations of 60, 100, 150, 225, and 300 mg/m2. Assessment of serum pharmacokinetics was performed on all 21 patients. Western blot assay and mass spectroscopy were employed to evaluate endostatin metabolism. Circulating levels of endogenous proangiogenic growth factors were examined. Tumor and tumor blood supply were imaged by dynamic computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, and positron emission tomography. RESULTS Endostatin given on this schedule was essentially free of significant drug-related toxicity. Two transient episodes of grade 1 rash were observed. No clinical responses were observed. Endostatin pharmacokinetics were linear with dose, and serum concentrations were achieved that are associated with antitumor activity in preclinical models. No aggregate effect on circulating proangiogenic growth factors were seen, although several patients exhibited persistent declines in vascular endothelial growth factor levels while enrolled in the study. A few patients demonstrated changes in their dynamic CT scans suggestive of a decline in microvessel density, although overall, no consistent effect of endostatin on tumor vasculature was seen. CONCLUSION Endostatin given daily as a 1-hour intravenous infusion was well tolerated without dose-limiting toxicity at doses up to 300 mg/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology and University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, 53792, USA
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Li C, Bardhan S, Pace EA, Liang MC, Gilmore TD, Porco JA. Angiogenesis inhibitor epoxyquinol a: total synthesis and inhibition of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Org Lett 2002; 4:3267-70. [PMID: 12227765 DOI: 10.1021/ol026513n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The asymmetric synthesis of the natural product (+)-epoxyquinol A (1) and related epoxyquinoid dimers, employing a cascade oxidation/electrocyclization/Diels-Alder dimerization sequence, is reported. In addition, we show that 1 and related molecules inhibit activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Streamlined Synthesis, Boston University, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Urbich C, Reissner A, Chavakis E, Dernbach E, Haendeler J, Fleming I, Zeiher AM, Kaszkin M, Dimmeler S. Dephosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase contributes to the anti-angiogenic effects of endostatin. FASEB J 2002; 16:706-8. [PMID: 11978735 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0637fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Endostatin is an anti-angiogenic factor that inhibits endothelial cell (EC) migration and induces EC apoptosis. Because nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis, we hypothesized that endostatin interferes with the activation of the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Human recombinant endostatin significantly reduced VEGF-induced NO-release, which suggests that endostatin inhibits eNOS activation. Because the activation of eNOS by VEGF is associated with the Akt-dependent phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177, we investigated whether endostatin interferes with phosphorylation of eNOS. Endostatin reduced VEGF-induced phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177, whereas Akt phosphorylation was not affected. Coinciding with the inhibition of eNOS phosphorylation, endostatin completely blocked VEGF-induced EC migration. The NO-donor SNAP reversed the inhibitory effect of endostatin on EC migration. In addition, endostatin significantly inhibited VEGF-induced tube formation, whereas endostatin did not affect tube formation induced by NO. Finally, a non-dephosphorylatable constitutive active eNOS construct (S1177D), but not constitutive active Akt, abolished the inhibitory effect of endostatin on EC migration. Endostatin activated PP2A, which is known to directly dephosphorylate eNOS at Ser1177. Inhibition of PP2A prevented the inhibitory effect of endostatin. Thus, endostatin inhibits VEGF-induced EC migration and angiogenesis upstream of NO-synthesis via dephosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Urbich
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Connell RD, Beebe JS. Patent focus on cancer chemotherapeutics. III Angiogenesis agents: October 2000 – March 2001. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2001. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.11.7.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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