1
|
Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Plano D, Kibler S, Rudolph N, Zett O, Dressman J. Silicon-Based Piezo Micropumps Enable Fully Flexible Drug Delivery Patterns. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:1555-1565. [PMID: 38232804 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Drug release plays a crucial role in drug delivery. While current formulation approaches are capable of coarse-tuning the release profile, their precision and reproducibility are limited by the physicochemical properties of the excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Innovative and advanced approaches are urgently needed, especially for site-specific targeting of drugs and to address their pharmacological requirements for optimal therapy. The 5 × 5 × 0.6 mm3 piezoelectric micropump developed by Fraunhofer EMFT was designed to enable precise drug delivery in a low volume format. In this study, we investigated the ability of the micropump to deliver solutions of highly soluble APIs using a wide range of customized pump profiles. Additionally, we examined the ability of the micropump to deliver suspensions containing various defined particle sizes. While results for suspensions indicate that pumping performance is highly dependent on the size and concentration of the suspended particles, results with API solutions demonstrate high precision and reproducibility of release, coupled with maximum flexibility in the release profile of the API. The piezoelectric micropump thus lays the cornerstone in the development of a wide range of innovative drug delivery profiles, enabling customized release profiles to be programmed and thus paving the way to fully personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Plano
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicines and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kibler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies EMFT, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Rudolph
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicines and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Zett
- Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Microsystems and Solid-State Technologies EMFT, Hansastrasse 27d, 80686 Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicines and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kamal AH, Hammad SF, Kamel DN. Coupling of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy with derivative amplitude outcomes for simultaneous determination of metoprolol succinate and olmesartan medoxomil in combined pharmaceutical preparation: Application in spiked human plasma. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 294:122549. [PMID: 36863080 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
For the first time a spectrofluorimetric method had been achieved for the concurrent analysis of metoprolol succinate (MET) and olmesartan medoxomil (OLM). The approach depended on assessing the first order derivative (1D) of the synchronous fluorescence intensity of the two drugs in aqueous solution at Δλ of 100 nm. The amplitudes of 1D at 300 nm and 347 nm were measured for MET and OLM, respectively. The linearity ranges were 100-1000 ng/mL and 100-5000 ng/mL for OLM and MET, respectively. This approach is uncomplicated, repetitive, quick, and affordable. The results of analysis had been statistically verified. The validation assessments were carried out following the recommendations of The International Council for Harmonization (ICH). This technique could be employed to assess marketed formulation. The method was sensitive with limits of detection (LOD) of 32 ng/ml and 14 ng/mL for MET and OLM, respectively. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 99 ng/ml for MET and 44 ng/mL for OLM. So it can be applied to determine both drugs in spiked human plasma within the linearity ranges of 100-1000 ng/mL for OLM and 100-1500 ng/mL for MET.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amira H Kamal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Campus of Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta 31111, Egypt.
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Campus of Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| | - Doaa N Kamel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical Campus of Tanta University, Elgeish Street, Tanta 31111, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ben Chabchoubi I, Lam SS, Pane SE, Ksibi M, Guerriero G, Hentati O. Hazard and health risk assessment of exposure to pharmaceutical active compounds via toxicological evaluation by zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:120698. [PMID: 36435277 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrolled or continuous release of effluents from wastewater treatment plants leads to the omnipresence of pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in the aquatic media. Today, this is a confirmed problem becoming a main subject of twin public and scientific concerns. However, still little information is available about the long-term impacts of these PhACs on aquatic organisms. In this review, efforts were made to reveal correlation between the occurrence in the environment, ecotoxicological and health risks of different PhACs via toxicological evaluation by zebrafish (Danio rerio). This animal model served as a bioindicator for any health impacts after the exposure to these contaminants and to better understand the responses in relation to human diseases. This review paper focused on the calculation of Risk Quotients (RQs) of 34 PhACs based on environmental and ecotoxicological data available in the literature and prediction from the ECOSAR V2.2 software. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report on the risk assessment of PhACs by the two different methods as mentioned above. RQs showed greater difference in potential environmental risks of the PhACs. These differences in risk values underline the importance of environmental and experimental factors in exposure conditions and the interpretation of RQ values. While the results showed high risk to Danio rerio of the majority of PhACs, risk qualification of the others varied between moderate to insignifiant. Further research is needed to assess pharmaceutical hazards when present in wastewater before discharge and monitor the effectiveness of treatment processes. The recent new advances in the morphological assessment of toxicant-exposed zebrafish larvae for the determination of test compounds effects on the developmental endpoints were also discussed. This review emphasizes the need for strict regulations on the release of PhACs into environmental media in order to minimize their toxicity to aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ben Chabchoubi
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Rue Taher Haddad, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia; Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3.5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Higher Institution Center of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), University Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Stacey Ellen Pane
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mohamed Ksibi
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3.5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Cinthia 26, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Olfa Hentati
- Laboratoire Génie de l'Environnement et Ecotechnologie (GEET), Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax (ENIS), Route de Soukra, Km 3.5, B.P. 1173, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia; Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Route de Soukra, Km 4.5, B.P 1175, 3038, Sfax, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pingili RB, Vemulapalli S, Mullapudi SS, Dirisala VR, Chanumolu HS, Kilaru NB. Effect of hesperetin on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol succinate in rats. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Metoprolol is a substrate of CYP3A4, 2B6, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and p-glycoprotein (p-gp). Hesperetin was reported as an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzymes and p-gp. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of hesperetin on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol in rats and in vitro models. In in vivo studies, male Wistar rats were treated with metoprolol (30 mg/kg) once a day for 15 consecutive days alone and in combination with hesperetin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Blood samples were withdrawn from the tail vein on the 1st day in the single-dose pharmacokinetic study and on the 15th day in the repeated-dose pharmacokinetic study. In in vitro studies, metoprolol was incubated in the presence or absence of hesperetin and traditional p-gp inhibitors using rat-everted gut sacs. Reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to determine the amounts of metoprolol in the plasma and incubated samples (RP-HPLC).
Results
The Cmax, AUC, and half-life (t1/2) of metoprolol significantly increased by twofold compared to the metoprolol group in rats pre-treated with hesperetin. The clearance and volume of distribution both decreased significantly. Metoprolol transport was dramatically increased in the presence of hesperetin and quinidine (standard p-gp inhibitor) in in vitro study.
Conclusion
The present study results revealed that hesperetin significantly increased the absorption of metoprolol in rats and everted gut sacs in vitro might be due to the inhibition of CYP and p-gp.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zamir A, Hussain I, Ur Rehman A, Ashraf W, Imran I, Saeed H, Majeed A, Alqahtani F, Rasool MF. Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Metoprolol: A Systematic Review. Clin Pharmacokinet 2022; 61:1095-1114. [PMID: 35764772 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-022-01145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metoprolol is recommended for therapeutic use in multiple cardiovascular conditions, thyroid crisis, and circumscribed choroidal hemangioma. A detailed systematic review on the metoprolol literature would be beneficial to assess all pharmacokinetic parameters in humans and their respective effects on patients with hepatic, renal, and cardiovascular diseases. This review combines all the pharmacokinetic data on metoprolol from various accessible studies, which may assist in clinical decision making. METHODOLOGY The Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched to screen articles associated with the clinical pharmacokinetics of metoprolol. The comprehensive literature search retrieved 41 articles including data on plasma concentration-time profiles after intravenous and oral (immediate-release, controlled-release, slow-release, or extended-release) routes of administration, and at least one pharmacokinetic parameter was reported in all studies included. RESULTS Out of 41 retrieved articles, six were after intravenous and 12 were after oral administration in healthy individuals. The oral studies depict a dose-dependent increase in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (Tmax), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). Two studies were conducted in R- and S-enantiomers, in which one study reported the gender differences, depicting greater Cmax and AUC among women, whereas in another study S-metoprolol was found to have higher values of Cmax, Tmax, and AUC in comparison with R-metoprolol. Results in different diseases depicted that after IV administration of 20 mg, patients with renal impairment showed an increase in clearance (CL) (60 L/h vs 48 L/h) compared with healthy subjects, whereas a decrease in CL (36.6 ± 7.8 L/h vs 48 ± 6.6 L/h) was seen in patients with hepatic cirrhosis at a similar dose. In comparison with a single oral dose following administration of 15 mg IV in three divided doses, patients having an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) showed an increase in Cmax (823 nmol/L vs 248 nmol/L) at a steady state. Twenty different studies have reported significant changes in CL, Cmax, and AUC of metoprolol when it is co-administered with other drugs. One study has reported a drug-food interaction for metoprolol but no significant changes were seen in the Cmax and AUC. CONCLUSION This review summarizes all the pharmacokinetic parameters of metoprolol after pooling up-to-date data from all the studies available. The summarized pharmacokinetic data presented in this review can assist in developing and evaluating pharmacokinetic models of metoprolol. Moreover, this data can provide practitioners with an insight into dosage adjustments among the diseased populations and can assist in preventing potential adverse drug reactions. This review can also help avoid side effects and drug-drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Zamir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Iltaf Hussain
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Ashraf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Imran Imran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Saeed
- University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Majeed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Faleh Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Fawad Rasool
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Xing G, Guo X, Wang Y, Hu Z, Cheng M, Peng Y, Zheng J. Identification of Metoprolol Tartrate-Derived Reactive Metabolites Possibly Correlated with Its Cytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1059-1069. [PMID: 35575346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a selective β1-receptor antagonist, metoprolol tartrate (MTA) is commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina pectoris. There have been cases of liver injury induced by MTA, but the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by MTA is not clear. The purposes of this study were to identify the reactive metabolites of MTA, to determine the pathway for the metabolic activation of MTA, and to define a possible correlation between the metabolic activation and cytotoxicity of MTA. Three oxidative metabolites (M1-M3), a glutathione (GSH) conjugate (M4), and an N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) conjugate (M5) were detected in rat liver microsomal incubations containing MTA and GSH or NAC. M4 was also detected in cultured rat primary hepatocytes and bile of rats given MTA, and M5 was detected in the urine of MTA-treated rats. A quinone methide intermediate may be produced from the metabolic activation process in vitro and in vivo. The metabolite was reactive to glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine. MTA induced marked cytotoxicity in cultured rat primary hepatocytes. Pretreatment of aminobenzotriazole, a nonselective P450 enzyme inhibitor, attenuated the susceptibility of hepatocytes to MTA cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Gang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zixia Hu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kaya-Zeeb S, Engelmayer L, Straßburger M, Bayer J, Bähre H, Seifert R, Scherf-Clavel O, Thamm M. Octopamine drives honeybee thermogenesis. eLife 2022; 11:74334. [PMID: 35289743 PMCID: PMC8923666 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In times of environmental change species have two options to survive: they either relocate to a new habitat or they adapt to the altered environment. Adaptation requires physiological plasticity and provides a selection benefit. In this regard, the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) protrudes with its thermoregulatory capabilities, which enables a nearly worldwide distribution. Especially in the cold, shivering thermogenesis enables foraging as well as proper brood development and thus survival. In this study, we present octopamine signaling as a neurochemical prerequisite for honeybee thermogenesis: we were able to induce hypothermia by depleting octopamine in the flight muscles. Additionally, we could restore the ability to increase body temperature by administering octopamine. Thus, we conclude that octopamine signaling in the flight muscles is necessary for thermogenesis. Moreover, we show that these effects are mediated by β octopamine receptors. The significance of our results is highlighted by the fact the respective receptor genes underlie enormous selective pressure due to adaptation to cold climates. Finally, octopamine signaling in the service of thermogenesis might be a key strategy to survive in a changing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Kaya-Zeeb
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Engelmayer
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mara Straßburger
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Bayer
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Bähre
- Institute of Pharmacology, Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Thamm
- Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Metoprolol Protects Against Arginine Vasopressin-Induced Cellular Senescence in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes by Regulating the Sirt1/p53/p21 Axis. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 22:99-107. [PMID: 34800264 PMCID: PMC8800877 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte senescence is involved in the pathological mechanism of cardiac diseases. Metoprolol is a β1 receptor blocker used for the treatment of hypertension. Recent studies show that Metoprolol can protect cardiomyocytes against ischemia injury. The present study aims to investigate the protective effects of Metoprolol against arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced cellular senescence in cultured cardiomyocytes. The cell proliferation assay and cytotoxicity lactate dehydrogenase assay showed that the highest tolerated dosage of Metoprolol in H9C2 cardiomyocytes was optimized as 10 µM. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Metoprolol significantly ameliorated the elevated level of the DNA oxidation product 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine. Metoprolol also decreased the percentage of senescence-associated β-galactosidase positive cells and improved the telomerase activity under AVP exposure. Moreover, treatment with Metoprolol ameliorated the decreased intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase activity, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD+/NADPH) ratio, and Sirtuin1 activity in cardiomyocytes by AVP. Finally, Metoprolol was able to downregulate the AVP-induced expression of acetylated p53 and p21. Taken together, our data reveal that Metoprolol protected the cardiomyocytes from AVP-induced senescence.
Collapse
|
10
|
Pingili RB, Vemulapalli S, Dirisala VR, Mullapudi SS, Gullapalli Y, Kilaru NB. Effect of naringenin on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol succinate in rats. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:926-932. [PMID: 34138683 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1942311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of naringenin (4,5,7-trihydroxy flavonone) on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol, a substrate of Cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4), CYP2C9, and CYP2D6 in rats.Male Wistar rats were treated orally with metoprolol (30 mg/kg) alone and in combination with naringenin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) once daily for 15 consecutive days.The plasma concentrations of metoprolol were determined using Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) on the 1st day in single-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study (SDS) and on the 15th day in multiple dosing PK studies (MDS).Compared to the metoprolol control group, the Cmax, AUC, and half-life (T1/2) of metoprolol increased in rats pre-treated with naringenin, while there was no significant change in Tmax. There is a significant decrease in clearance and volume of distribution.The present study results revealed that naringenin significantly enhanced the Cmax, AUC, MRT, t1/2, and decreased the clearance of metoprolol possibly through the inhibition of CYP enzymes involved in the metabolism of metoprolol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Babu Pingili
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, India
| | - Sridhar Vemulapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, India
| | - Surya Sandeep Mullapudi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, India
| | - Yamini Gullapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, India
| | - Naveen Babu Kilaru
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hargrove KL, Robinson EE, Lusk KA, Hughes DW, Neff LA, Fowler AL. Comparison of sustained rate control in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular rate: Metoprolol vs. Diltiazem. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 40:15-19. [PMID: 33338675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare sustained rate control with intravenous (IV) diltiazem vs. IV metoprolol in acute treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) with rapid ventricular rate (RVR) in the emergency department (ED). METHODS This retrospective chart review at a large, academic medical center identified patients with AF with RVR diagnosis who received IV diltiazem or IV metoprolol in the ED. The primary outcome was sustained rate control defined as heart rate (HR) < 100 beats per minute without need for rescue IV medication for 3 h following initial rate control attainment. Secondary outcomes included time to initial rate control, HR at initial control and 3 h, time to oral dose, admission rates, and safety outcomes. RESULTS Between January 1, 2016 and November 1, 2018, 51 patients met inclusion criteria (diltiazem n = 32, metoprolol n = 19). No difference in sustained rate control was found (diltiazem 87.5% vs. metoprolol 78.9%, p = 0.45). Time to rate control was significantly shorter with diltiazem compared to metoprolol (15 min vs. 30 min, respectively, p = 0.04). Neither hypotension nor bradycardia were significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Choice of rate control agent for acute management of AF with RVR did not significantly influence sustained rate control success. Safety outcomes did not differ between treatment groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Hargrove
- University Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; University of Texas Health San Antonio, Pharmacotherapy Education & Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States; University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, TX 78209, United States.
| | - Ellen E Robinson
- University Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; University of Texas Health San Antonio, Pharmacotherapy Education & Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States; University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, TX 78209, United States
| | - Kathleen A Lusk
- University Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; University of Texas Health San Antonio, Pharmacotherapy Education & Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, TX 78209, United States
| | - Darrel W Hughes
- University Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; University of Texas Health San Antonio, Pharmacotherapy Education & Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Luke A Neff
- University Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; University of Texas Health San Antonio, Pharmacotherapy Education & Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States; University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, TX 78209, United States
| | - Amanda L Fowler
- University Health, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; University of Texas Health San Antonio, Pharmacotherapy Education & Research Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States; The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX 78712, United States; University of the Incarnate Word, Feik School of Pharmacy, San Antonio, TX 78209, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
YAZAR U, HIZIROĞLU S, KARAHAN S, ERCIN ME, GÜVERCİN AR, OZER YAMAN S. Sıçanlarda Metoprololün Deneysel Omurilik İskemisi/Reperfüzyon Hasarı Üzerine Etkileri. DÜZCE ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI ENSTITÜSÜ DERGISI 2020. [DOI: 10.33631/duzcesbed.739536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
13
|
Niehoff J, Matzkies M, Nguemo F, Hescheler J, Reppel M. The Effect of Antiarrhythmic Drugs on the Beat Rate Variability of Human Embryonic and Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14106. [PMID: 31575920 PMCID: PMC6773847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) derived tissue is a promising tool to be used in different clinical, preclinical and also scientific settings, for example as in vivo biological pacemaker, preclinical drug safety screening tool or ultimately as part of a cell replacement therapy. However, before ESC derived tissue can be used routinely for these purposes in humans, further studies are needed. In this context, the aims of the present study were to examine the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on human ESC (hESC) und human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived cardiomyocytes by analyzing the beat rate variability (BRV), which can be considered as the in vitro equivalent of the heart rate variability (HRV) in vivo. Short-term recordings of extracellular field potentials of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs and hiPSCs were made using Microelectrode Arrays (MEA). The effect of Flecainide, Ivabradine and Metoprolol was tested. The offline analysis of the BRV was mainly focused on time domain methods. Additionally a non-linear analysis method was used. The evaluation of the Poincaré-Plots of the measurements without pharmacological intervention revealed that the vast majority of the scatter plots have a similar, ellipsoid shape. Flecainide and Ivabradine influenced BRV parameters significantly, whereas Metoprolol did not alter the BRV markedly. We detected remarkable similarities between the BRV of hESC and hiPSC derived cardiomyocytes in vitro and the HRV in vivo. The effect of antiarrhythmic drugs on spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes derived from hESC and hiPSC was generally consistent with clinical experiences and also with our previous study based on murine ESC derived cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, our study points out the great potential of hESC and hiPSC derived tissue to be used routinely for many different applications in medicine and science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius Niehoff
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Matthias Matzkies
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Filomain Nguemo
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Reppel
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rosa MA, De Faria HD, Carvalho DT, Figueiredo EC. Biological sample preparation by using restricted-access nanoparticles prepared from bovine serum albumin: application to liquid chromatographic determination of β-blockers. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:647. [PMID: 31456048 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3774-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Restricted-access nanoparticles (RANPs) were prepared from bovine serum albumin by coacervation. They have an average sized of 311 nm. They were characterized and used to capture the β-blockers atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol from untreated biological samples. It is shown that both high protein affinity drugs (propranolol) and low protein affinity drugs (atenolol) could be rapidly extracted from plasma. This is revealed by kinetic and isothermal adsorption studies. On the other hand, almost all proteins from the sample were excluded. This demonstrates the efficiency of RANPs as restricted-access material. Sample preparation was carried out by solid phase microextraction using a probe obtained by the fixation of the RANPs at the end of a glass capillary. Atenolol (in concentrations from 100 to 1200 μg L-1), metoprolol (from 80 to 1000 μg L-1) and propranolol (from 15 to 200 μg L-1) were extracted from spiked plasma samples and analyzed by LC MS/MS without using a separation column. Correlation coefficients >0.99, good precision, accuracy, robustness, and lack of memory effects were observed for all of the analytes. The detection limits (at an S/N of 3) are 25.6, 14.6, and 3.8 μg L-1 for atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol, respectively. Ten samples can be simultaneously extracted within ∼15 min. Plasma samples of patients undergoing medical treatment were successfully analyzed with the method. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of a bovine serum albumin-based restricted access nanoparticle that exclude proteins from a human plasma sample but capture the small analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Azevedo Rosa
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Henrique Dipe De Faria
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Diailison Teixeira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses, Federal University of Alfenas - Unifal-MG, Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rossi P, Paoli P, Chelazzi L, Conti L, Bencini A. The solid-state structure of the β-blocker metoprolol: a combined experimental and in silico investigation. Acta Crystallogr C Struct Chem 2019; 75:87-96. [PMID: 30720446 PMCID: PMC6363042 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618017084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metoprolol {systematic name: (RS)-1-isopropylamino-3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy]propan-2-ol}, C15H25NO3, is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent that shares part of its molecular skeleton with a large number of other β-blockers. Results from its solid-state characterization by single-crystal and variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry are presented. Its molecular and crystal arrangements have been further investigated by molecular modelling, by a Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) survey and by Hirshfeld surface analysis. In the crystal, the side arm bearing the isopropyl group, which is common to other β-blockers, adopts an all-trans conformation, which is the most stable arrangement from modelling data. The crystal packing of metoprolol is dominated by an O-H...N/N...H-O pair of hydrogen bonds (as also confirmed by a Hirshfeld surface analysis), which gives rise to chains containing alternating R and S metoprolol molecules extending along the b axis, supplemented by a weaker O...H-N/N-H...O pair of interactions. In addition, within the same stack of molecules, a C-H...O contact, partially oriented along the b and c axes, links homochiral molecules. Amongst the solid-state structures of molecules structurally related to metoprolol deposited in the CSD, the β-blocker drug betaxolol shows the closest analogy in terms of three-dimensional arrangement and interactions. Notwithstanding their close similarity, the crystal lattices of the two drugs respond differently on increasing temperature: metoprolol expands anisotropically, while for betaxolol, an isotropic thermal expansion is observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di S. Marta 3, Florence, I-50139, Italy
| | - Paola Paoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Via di S. Marta 3, Florence, I-50139, Italy
| | - Laura Chelazzi
- Centro di Cristallografia Strutturale, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino-FI, I-50019, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino-FI, I-50019, Italy
| | - Andrea Bencini
- Department of Chemistry ‘Ugo Schiff’, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino-FI, I-50019, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ciciliati MA, Eusébio MES, Silva MR, Cavalheiro ÉTG, Castro RAE. Metoprolol: solid forms of a top selling antihypertensive. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A new polymorph of metoprolol base, form II, was identified and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. A new salt of metoprolol and nicotinic acid was also obtained and characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariani A. Ciciliati
- Departamento de Quimica e Fisica Molecular
- Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo
- Sao Carlos-SP
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Éder T. G. Cavalheiro
- Departamento de Quimica e Fisica Molecular
- Instituto de Quimica de Sao Carlos
- Universidade de Sao Paulo
- Sao Carlos-SP
- Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive clinical experience on metoprolol has been gained in different cardiovascular conditions. REVIEW This paper discusses the use of metoprolol, with a focus on the extended-release formulation, in clinical practice in the light of existing evidence and current recommendations. This is a narrative review based on existing evidence and clinical experience of the author. Evidence on the use of metoprolol in heart failure, ischemic artery disease, arterial hypertension, and atrial fibrillation is well-established. CONCLUSIONS Metoprolol still appears to be a suitable pharmacological option in different cardiovascular conditions. Research on this molecule is still active and new, promising settings of use are being explored and may provide relevant results in the years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Grassi
- a Clinica Medica , Department of Health Science , University Milano-Bicocca , Milano , Italy
- b IRCCS Multimedica , Sesto San Giovanni , Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Luo C, Bandar JS. Superbase-Catalyzed anti-Markovnikov Alcohol Addition Reactions to Aryl Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3547-3550. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaosheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tfelt-Hansen P, Ågesen FN, Pavbro A, Tfelt-Hansen J. Pharmacokinetic Variability of Drugs Used for Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine. CNS Drugs 2017; 31:389-403. [PMID: 28405886 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-017-0430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we evaluate the variability in the pharmacokinetics of 11 drugs with established prophylactic effects in migraine to facilitate 'personalized medicine' with these drugs. PubMed was searched for 'single-dose' and 'steady-state' pharmacokinetic studies of these 11 drugs. The maximum plasma concentration was reported in 248 single-dose and 115 steady-state pharmacokinetic studies, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve was reported in 299 single-dose studies and 112 steady-state pharmacokinetic studies. For each study, the coefficient of variation was calculated for maximum plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and we divided the drug variability into two categories; high variability, coefficient of variation >40%, or low or moderate variability, coefficient of variation <40%. Based on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve in steady-state studies, the following drugs have high pharmacokinetic variability: propranolol in 92% (33/36), metoprolol in 85% (33/39), and amitriptyline in 60% (3/5) of studies. The following drugs have low or moderate variability: atenolol in 100% (2/2), valproate in 100% (15/15), topiramate in 88% (7/8), and naproxen and candesartan in 100% (2/2) of studies. For drugs with low or moderate pharmacokinetic variability, treatment can start without initial titration of doses, whereas titration is used to possibly enhance tolerability of topiramate and amitriptyline. The very high pharmacokinetic variability of metoprolol and propranolol can result in very high plasma concentrations in a small minority of patients, and those drugs should therefore be titrated up from a low initial dose, depending mainly on the occurrence of adverse events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peer Tfelt-Hansen
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Frederik Nybye Ågesen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Agniezka Pavbro
- Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jacob Tfelt-Hansen
- Department of Cardiology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ma YR, Shi AX, Qin HY, Zhang T, Wu YF, Zhang GQ, Wu XA. Metoprolol decreases the plasma exposure of metformin via the induction of liver, kidney and muscle uptake in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:511-521. [PMID: 27662517 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug interactions are one of the commonest causes of side effects, particularly in long-term therapy. The aim of the current study was to investigate the possible effects of metoprolol on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in rats and to clarify the mechanism of drug interaction. In this study, rats were treated with metformin alone or in combination with metoprolol. Plasma, urine and tissue concentrations of metformin were determined by HPLC. Western blotting and real-time qPCR were used to evaluate the expression of rOCTs and rMATE1. The results showed that, after single or 7-day repeated administration, the plasma concentrations of metformin in the co-administration group were significantly decreased compared with that in the metformin group. However, the parameter V/F of metformin in the co-administration group was markedly increased compared with that in the metformin group. The hepatic, renal and muscular Kp of metformin were markedly elevated after co-administration with metoprolol. Consistently, metformin uptake in rat kidney slices was significantly induced by metoprolol. In addition, multiple administrations of metoprolol significantly reduced the expression of rMATE1 in rat kidney as well as the urinary excretion of metformin. Importantly, after long-term administration, lactic acid and uric acid levels in the co-administration group were increased by 25% and 26%, respectively, compared with that in the metformin group. These results indicate that metoprolol can decrease the plasma concentration of metformin via the induction of hepatic, renal and muscular uptake, and long-term co-administration of metformin and metoprolol can cause elevated lactic acid and uric acid levels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - A-Xi Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiffany Zhang
- Department of Molecule Biosciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Yan-Fang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin-An Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taskar P, Tatke A, Majumdar S. Advances in the use of prodrugs for drug delivery to the eye. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:49-63. [PMID: 27441817 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1208649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ocular drug delivery is presented with many challenges, taking into account the distinctive structure of the eye. The prodrug approach has been, and is being, employed to overcome such barriers for some drug molecules, utilizing a chemical modification approach rather than a formulation-based approach. A prodrug strategy involves modification of the active moiety into various derivatives in a fashion that imparts some advantage, such as membrane permeability, site specificity, transporter targeting and improved aqueous solubility, over the parent compound. Areas covered: The following review is a comprehensive summary of various novel methodologies and strategies reported over the past few years in the area of ocular drug delivery. Some of the strategies discussed involve polymer and lipid conjugation with the drug moiety to impart hydrophilicity or lipophilicity, or to target nutrient transporters by conjugation with transporter-specific moieties and retrometabolic drug design. Expert opinion: The application of prodrug strategies provides an option for enhancing drug penetration into the ocular tissues, and overall ocular bioavailability, with minimum disruption of the ocular diffusion barriers. Although success of the prodrug strategy is contingent on various factors, such as the chemical structure of the parent molecule, aqueous solubility and solution stability, capacity of targeted transporters and bioreversion characteristics, this approach has been successfully utilized, commercially and therapeutically, in several cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Taskar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Akshaya Tatke
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| | - Soumyajit Majumdar
- a Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA.,b Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Mississippi , University , MS , USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fleet JL, Weir MA, McArthur E, Ozair S, Devereaux PJ, Roberts MA, Jain AK, Garg AX. Kidney function and population-based outcomes of initiating oral atenolol versus metoprolol tartrate in older adults. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:883-91. [PMID: 25037562 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atenolol and metoprolol tartrate are commonly prescribed β-blockers. Atenolol elimination depends on kidney function, whereas metoprolol tartrate does not. We hypothesized that compared to metoprolol tartrate, initiating oral atenolol treatment would be associated with more adverse events in older adults, with the association most pronounced in patients with lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs). STUDY DESIGN Population-based matched retrospective cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Older adults (mean age, 75 years) in Ontario, Canada, prescribed oral atenolol versus metoprolol tartrate from April 2002 through December 2011. The 2 groups were well matched (n=75,257 in each group), with no difference in 31 measured baseline characteristics. Patients with end-stage renal disease were ineligible, and 4.6% of patients had chronic kidney disease (median eGFR, 38mL/min/1.73m(2) assessed through a database algorithm). PREDICTORS β-Blocker type and eGFR. OUTCOMES A composite outcome of hospitalization with bradycardia or hypotension and all-cause mortality were assessed in 90-day follow-up. RESULTS Compared to metoprolol tartrate, initiating atenolol treatment was not associated with higher risk of hospitalization with bradycardia or hypotension (incidence, 0.71% vs 0.79%; relative risk, 0.90; 95%CI, 0.80-1.01). Atenolol treatment initiation was associated with lower 90-day risk of mortality than metoprolol tartrate (incidence, 0.97% vs 1.44%; relative risk, 0.68; 95%CI, 0.61-0.74). Lower eGFR did not modify either association (P for interaction=0.5 and 0.6, respectively). LIMITATIONS Heart rate and blood pressure were not available in our data sources, and effects ascertained from observational studies are subject to residual confounding. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our expectation, we found that atenolol versus metoprolol tartrate was associated with lower 90-day risk of mortality in patients regardless of eGFR, with no difference in risk of hospitalization with bradycardia or hypotension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Fleet
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew A Weir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Eric McArthur
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sundus Ozair
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Philip J Devereaux
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Arsh K Jain
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amit X Garg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Western University, London, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zorluoğlu SL, Taşdemir İH, Ece A, Kiliç E. A cooperative computational and experimental investigation on electrochemical behavior of metoprolol and its voltammetric determination. CAN J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2012-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of metoprolol (MTP) was studied via experimental and computational approaches. Theoretical calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d)//AM1 level whereas experimental studies were carried out on a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and glassy carbon electrode (GCE). According to the computational results, both HOMO and LUMO of MTP were located at the phenyl ring. Hence, oxidation and reduction are expected to take place at the phenyl ring. Experimental studies on HMDE were based on reversible reduction at approximately –1.4 V and studies on GCE were based on irreversible oxidation at approximately 0.9 V versus Ag/AgCl (3 mol L−1 KCl) in Britton−Robinson buffer. Voltammetric methods with and without adsorptive stripping modes were developed. Proposed methods were successfully applied to tablet solutions and spiked human serum samples. Results are satisfactory with recovery values between 94.5% and 102.5% and a relative standard deviation lower than 6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - İbrahim Hüdai Taşdemir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Amasya University, 05100 Amasya, Turkey
| | - Abdulilah Ece
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esma Kiliç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Neves DV, Lanchote VL, de Souza L, Hayashida M, Nogueira MS, de Moraes NV, Cesarino EJ. Metoprolol oxidation polymorphism in Brazilian elderly cardiac patients. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:1347-53. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this study was to phenotype the CYP2D6 in elderly with heart disease classified as extensive metabolizer or poor metabolizers (PM) of metoprolol, develop and validate the method of analysis of metoprolol tartrate and its metabolite in urine using HPLC, and identify potential correlations between anthropometric factors with metabolic ratios of metoprolol/α-OH metoprolol in urine.
Methods
The sample was composed of 130 elderly individuals with a previously identified type of heart condition, with normal renal and hepatic functions. The urine of all the patients were collected 0–8 h after the administration of a pill of 100 mg of metoprolol to determine concentrations of metoprolol and α-hydroxymetoprolol. Those patients presenting a metabolic ratio greater than 12.6 were phenotyped as PM.
Key findings
The median age of patients was 71.0 years, with a minimum of 60 and maximum of 93 years old. Three patients (2.3%) were phenotyped as PM of metoprolol different from the rate (7–10%) of PM existing in the Caucasian population.
Conclusions
Most of the studied individuals were women, and the proportion of elderly with heart disease classified as PM was smaller than what is usually found among Caucasian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Valente Neves
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Lanchote
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz de Souza
- School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Department of Child Care and Pediatrics, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miyeko Hayashida
- College of Nursing, Department of General and Specialized Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Sueli Nogueira
- College of Nursing, Department of General and Specialized Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Valadares de Moraes
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro José Cesarino
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Alnajjar AO, Idris AM, Attimarad MV, Aldughaish AM, Elgorashe REE. Capillary Electrophoresis Assay Method for Metoprolol and Hydrochlorothiazide in their Combined Dosage Form with Multivariate Optimization. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:92-7. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
26
|
Oertel R, Pietsch J, Arenz N, Zeitz S, Goltz L, Kirch W. Distribution of metoprolol, tramadol, and midazolam in human autopsy material. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4988-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.12.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Mahabadi AA, Achenbach S, Burgstahler C, Dill T, Fischbach R, Knez A, Moshage W, Richartz BM, Ropers D, Schröder S, Silber S, Möhlenkamp S. Safety, efficacy, and indications of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade to reduce heart rate prior to coronary CT angiography. Radiology 2011; 257:614-23. [PMID: 21084413 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.10100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
For selected indications, coronary computed tomographic (CT) angiography is an established clinical technology for evaluation in patients suspected of having or known to have coronary artery disease. In coronary CT angiography, image quality is highly dependent on heart rate, with heart rate reduction to less than 60 beats per minute being important for both image quality and radiation dose reduction, especially when single-source CT scanners are used. β-Blockers are the first-line option for short-term reduction of heart rate prior to coronary CT angiography. In recent years, multiple β-blocker administration protocols with oral and/or intravenous application have been proposed. This review article provides an overview of the indications, efficacy, and safety of β-blockade protocols prior to coronary CT angiography with respect to different scanner techniques. Moreover, implications for radiation exposure and left ventricular function analysis are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir A Mahabadi
- Department of Cardiology, West German Heart Center, University Clinic Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wan RZ, Zhou MJ, Liu CX. The effects of salvianolic acid B from radix salvia miltiorrhizae on the oral pharmacokinetics of metoprolol and metoprolol acid in rats. Phytother Res 2010; 24:846-51. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
29
|
Bartolucci G, Bruni B, Coran SA, Di Vaira M. {2-Hydr-oxy-3-[4-(2-methoxy-ethyl)-phen-oxy]prop-yl}isopropyl-ammonium hemisuccinate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1364-5. [PMID: 21583215 PMCID: PMC2969523 DOI: 10.1107/s160053680901856x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Metoprolol, a widely used adrenoreceptor blocking drug, is commonly administered as the succinate or tartrate salt. The structure of metoprolol succinate, C15H26NO3+·0.5C4H4O42−, is characterized by the presence of ribbons in which cations, generated by N-protonation of the metoprolol molecules, are hydrogen bonded to succinate anions. The dicarboxylic acid transfers its H atoms to two metoprolol molecules; the asymmetric unit contains one cation and half an anion, the latter possessing twofold rotational symmetry. There are localized nets of O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds along a ribbon, within centrosymmetric arrangements formed by pairs of metoprolol cations and pairs of anions, each of the latter contributing with one of its carboxyl groups to the localized net. This arrangement is repeated along the ribbon by the operation of the twofold axis bisecting the anion, as well as by the lattice translation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Qu Y, Aluisio L, Lord B, Boggs J, Hoey K, Mazur C, Lovenberg T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of norfluoxetine in rats: Increasing extracellular serotonin level in the frontal cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 92:469-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
31
|
Jin SK, Chung HJ, Chung MW, Kim JI, Kang JH, Woo SW, Bang S, Lee SH, Lee HJ, Roh J. Influence ofCYP2D6*10on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol in healthy Korean volunteers. J Clin Pharm Ther 2008; 33:567-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.00945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
32
|
De Freitas O, Lenz O, Fornoni A, Materson BJ. The use of metoprolol CR/XL in the treatment of patients with diabetes and chronic heart failure. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 2:139-44. [PMID: 17319457 PMCID: PMC1994002 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
About 5 million Americans suffer from heart failure. Given the correlation of heart failure with age and the rising life expectancy, the prevalence of heart failure continues to increase in the general population. Sympathetic stimulation intensifies with progressive heart failure. The rationale to use β-blockers in individuals with impaired myocardial function is based on experimental evidence supporting the notion that prolonged α- and β-adrenergic stimulation leads to worsening heart failure. Until recently, safety concerns have precluded the use of β-blockers in patients with diabetes and heart failure. However, several large, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials such as Metoprolol Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF) have shown that β-blockers can be safely used in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Moreover, β-blockers significantly improved morbidity and mortality in this population. Based on this evidence, it is now recommended to add β-blockers such as metoprolol CR/XL with an escalating dosage regimen to the treatment of patients with symptomatic heart failure who already are receiving a stable medical regimen including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, vasodilators, or digitalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ovidio De Freitas
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33131, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Morini G, Poli E, Comini M, Menozzi A, Pozzoli C. Benzisothiazoles and beta-adrenoceptors: synthesis and pharmacological investigation of novel propanolamine and oxypropanolamine derivatives in isolated rat tissues. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:1317-23. [PMID: 16392661 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to examine the ability of benzisothiazole-based drugs to interact with beta-adrenoceptors, a series of 1,2-benzisothiazole derivatives, which were substituted with various propanolamine or oxypropanolamine side chains in the 2 or 3 position, were synthesised and tested. The pharmacological activity of these compounds at the beta-adrenoceptors was examined using isolated rat atria and small intestinal segments, which preferentially express the beta1- and beta3-adrenoceptor-mediated responses, respectively. None of these products showed any beta-adrenoceptor agonistic activity. In contrast, the 2- and 3-substituted isopropyl, tert-butyl, benzyl, and piperonyl derivatives 2a-d and 3a-d elicited surmountable inhibition of the isoprenaline-induced chronotropic effects in the atria, suggesting competitive antagonism at the beta1-recognition site. The pA2 values revealed tert-butyl 3b and the isopropyl substituted piperonyl derivatives 3a to be the most effective. Remarkably, many of the 2-substituted propanolamines were less active than the corresponding 3-substituted oxypropanolamines. With the exception of compound 3b, none of these drugs antagonised the muscle relaxant activity of isoprenaline in the intestine, suggesting no effect on the beta3-adrenoceptors. These results confirm the ability of the benzisothiazole ring to interact with the beta-adrenoceptors, and demonstrate that 2-substitution with propanolamine or 3-substitution with oxypropanolamine groups yields compounds with preferential antagonistic activity at the cardiac beta1-adrenoceptors. The degree of antagonism depends strongly on both the nature of the substituent and its position on the benzisothiazole ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Morini
- University of Parma, School of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Department, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bodor N, Buchwald P. Ophthalmic drug design based on the metabolic activity of the eye: soft drugs and chemical delivery systems. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E820-33. [PMID: 16594634 PMCID: PMC2750951 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite its apparent easy accessibility, the eye is, in fact, well protected against the absorption of foreign materials, including therapeutic agents, by the eyelids, by the tear-flow, and by the permeability barriers imposed by the cornea on one side and the blood-retinal barrier on the other. Most existing ophthalmic drugs were adapted from other therapeutic applications and were not specifically developed for the treatment of eye diseases; hence, they are not well suited to provide eye-specific effects without causing systemic side effects. A real breakthrough in the area of ophthalmic therapeutics can be achieved only by specifically designing new drugs for ophthalmic applications to incorporate the possibility of eye targeting into their chemical structure. Possibilities provided along these lines by designing chemical delivery systems (CDSs) and soft drugs within the framework of retrometabolic drug design are reviewed here. Both are general concept applicable in almost any therapeutic area. This review will concentrate on beta-adrenergic agonists and anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, where clinical results obtained with new chemical entities, such as betaxoxime, adaprolol, loteprednol etabonate, and etiprednol dicloacetate, exist to support the advantages of such metabolism-focused, ophthalmic-specific drug design approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Bodor
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Florida, Health Science Center, PO Box 100497, Gainesville, FL 32610-0497, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Morini G, Pozzoli C, Menozzi A, Comini M, Poli E. Synthesis of 1,2-benzisothiazolyloxypropanolamine derivatives and investigation of their activity at β-adrenoceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:810-7. [PMID: 16154571 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 3-methoxy-1,2-benzisothiazole derivatives, substituted in position 5- (compounds 1-7) or 7- (compounds 8-14), with oxypropanolaminic side chains and the pharmacological investigation on their activity at beta-adrenoceptors are described. Compounds were prepared in an attempt to explore the ability of the benzisothiazole ring to interact with the beta-adrenoceptor site and to establish whether oxypropanolaminic derivatives recognise the beta3-adrenoceptor subtype. All the products were tested on rat atria, bladder and small intestine, which preferentially (but not exclusively) express beta1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptors, respectively. When compared with the reference, non-specific, beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline, the products tested did not show any consistent beta-adrenoceptor agonistic activity in the different models. Most compounds relaxed smooth muscle preparations, but such effect was resistant to the blockade by propranolol (1 micromol/l), ICI 118,551 (1 micromol/l) or bupranolol (1-10 micromol/l), thus excluding that the spasmolytic effect involves any beta-adrenoceptors. When tested as antagonists, some of these products showed a concentration-dependent attenuation of the isoprenaline-induced effects in rat atria, without affecting beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation in smooth muscle. These data confirm the ability of the benzisothiazole ring to interact with beta-adrenoceptors, but the substitution in 5- or 7-positions with oxypropanolaminic groups does not generate compounds endowed with specific activity at beta3-adrenoceptors. Conversely, most of these compounds behave as (specific) antagonists at beta1- (cardiac) adrenoceptors. At the maximum concentrations tested (1-100 micromol/l), these compounds also exert direct spasmolytic and negative chronotropic effects, which could be related to a blockade of Ca2+-dependent mechanisms at an intracellular level and/or an anaesthetic-like activity at plasma membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Morini
- Pharmaceutical Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Viale delle Scienze 27A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mahajan R. Mechanism of action of metoprolol in reducing propofol-induced pain. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005; 22:396-7. [PMID: 15918393 DOI: 10.1017/s026502150524067x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
|
37
|
Al-Saidan SM, Krishnaiah YSR, Satyanarayana V, Bhaskar P, Karthikeyan RS. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of guar gum-based three-layer matrix tablets for oral controlled delivery of highly soluble metoprolol tartrate as a model drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 58:697-703. [PMID: 15451547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2003] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to carry out pharmacokinetic evaluation of oral controlled release formulation (guar gum-based three-layer matrix tablets) containing highly soluble metoprolol tartrate as a model drug. Six healthy volunteers participated in the study, and a two-way crossover design was followed. The plasma concentration of metoprolol tartrate was estimated by reverse-phase HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma concentration of metoprolol tartrate versus time data. The delayed T(max) lower C(max) decreased K(a) unaltered bioavailability and prolonged t(1/2) indicated a slow and prolonged release of metoprolol tartrate from guar gum three-layer matrix tablets in comparison with the immediate release tablet dosage form. The results of the study indicated that guar gum three-layer matrix tablets were able to provide oral controlled delivery of highly water-soluble drug such as metoprolol tartrate in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Al-Saidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, SAFAT, Kuwait
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Friedrich MG, Dahlöf B, Sechtem U, Unger T, Knecht M, Dietz R. Reduction (TELMAR) as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension--a prospective, randomised, double-blind comparison of telmisartan with metoprolol over a period of six months rationale and study design. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2004; 4:234-43. [PMID: 14689371 DOI: 10.3317/jraas.2003.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Telmisartan Effectiveness on Left ventricular MAss Reduction (TELMAR) trial will assess the effect of the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker, telmisartan, on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) compared with the b-blocker, metoprolol, at similar antihypertensive doses. The rationale is that antihypertensives reduce LVH, a cardiac adaptation to pressure overload, principally by pressure-related effects. Ang II plays a key role in pressure-independent mechanisms causing LVH, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors induce more pronounced LVH regression than some other antihypertensives. Blocking Ang II Type 1 receptors may be more effective than ACE inhibition in reducing LVH. TELMAR is a prospective, randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial. A total of 140 patients (age 18 80 years) with uncontrolled essential hypertension (mean daytime systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] >90 mmHg and/or night-time SBP >120 mmHg or DBP >70 mmHg, measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]) and left ventricular mass index related to height (LVMI) >0.8 g/cm for females, >1.1 g/cm for males (defined by magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) will be randomised to once-daily telmisartan or metoprolol. The telmisartan dose will be 40 mg for the first two weeks, 80 mg for 5.5 months and 40 mg for the last two weeks. Metoprolol will be given at a dose of 47.5 mg for two weeks, 95 mg for 5.5 months and 47.5 mg for two weeks. Concomitant add-on medication with hydrochlorothiazide and amlodipine will be allowed. The primary endpoint is the percentage change in LVMI at treatment end versus baseline, using MRI. Secondary variables include blood pressure changes and response rates assessed by ABPM and manual cuff sphygmomanometry, and end-systolic wall stress, systolic left ventricular function (LVF) and diastolic LVF determined by MRI. A separate study was performed prior to the main trial to define the normal range of MRI data in an age-matched population.
Collapse
|
39
|
Reeves RR, Liberto V. Precipitation of PTSD with metoprolol for hypertension. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2003; 44:440-2. [PMID: 12954926 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.44.5.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Weber M. The telmisartan Programme of Research tO show Telmisartan End-organ proteCTION (PROTECTION) Programme. J Hypertens 2003; 21:S37-46. [PMID: 14513950 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200307006-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to provide stroke, cardiac and renal protection in high-risk hypertensive patients. Telmisartan is a powerful and selective ARB that provides sustained blood pressure reduction for a full 24 h after a single dose and continues to protect against circadian blood pressure surges in the critical early morning hours. The objective of the Programme of Research tO show Telmisartan End-organ proteCTION (PROTECTION) is to measure the end-organ protective effects of telmisartan in patients at high risk of renal, cardiac and vascular damage. An extensive series of clinical trials is being conducted to compare telmisartan with valsartan, losartan, amlodipine and ramipril in patients at increased risk of end-organ damage. Nine clinical studies will examine the effects of telmisartan in about 5000 hypertensive patients with isolated systolic hypertension, type 2 diabetes, obesity, left ventricular hypertrophy or renal disease. All of the studies will be conducted using state-of-the-art technology, including such techniques as ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging. This programme will also investigate the effects of an ARB on key surrogate markers of organ tissue damage. This series of trials will characterize the end-organ protective effects of telmisartan in hypertensive patient populations at high risk of clinical events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weber
- State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tangeman HJ, Patterson JH. Extended-release metoprolol succinate in chronic heart failure. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37:701-10. [PMID: 12708950 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1c286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and tolerability of extended-release (ER) metoprolol succinate and its role in the management of chronic heart failure. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search of English-language literature (1990-October 2002) was conducted using congestive heart failure and metoprolol CR/XL or metoprolol CR/ZOK as search terms to identify pertinent studies. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION All of the articles identified from the data sources were evaluated, with priority given to randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. DATA SYNTHESIS ER metoprolol succinate is a controlled-release tablet designed to produce even and consistent beta(1)-blockade throughout the 24-hour dosing interval, with less fluctuation in metoprolol plasma concentrations compared with immediate-release metoprolol. Three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have evaluated the efficacy of ER metoprolol succinate in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure. The MERIT-HF (Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure) study, the largest of these trials and the largest randomized mortality trial with beta-blockers in heart failure to date, demonstrated that ER metoprolol succinate reduced the relative risk of all-cause mortality by 34% versus placebo. Furthermore, the relative risk of the combined endpoint of mortality plus all-cause hospitalizations was reduced by 19% and sudden death was reduced by 41%. The benefits of therapy were evident in various patient subgroups, including elderly patients and those with diabetes mellitus. ER metoprolol succinate was generally well tolerated, with a similar proportion of patients discontinuing therapy due to adverse events relative to placebo (9.8% and 11.7%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS ER metoprolol succinate therapy provides substantial mortality and morbidity benefits in patients with New York Heart Association class II and III heart failure who are stabilized on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics. ER metoprolol succinate is administered once daily, is well tolerated, and provides consistent beta(1)-blockade over the 24-hour dosing interval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Tangeman
- School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Peters H, Rückert M, Gaedeke J, Liefeldt L, Ketteler M, Sharma AM, Neumayer HH. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition but not beta-adrenergic blockade limits transforming growth factor-beta overexpression in acute normotensive anti-thy1 glomerulonephritis. J Hypertens 2003; 21:771-80. [PMID: 12658024 DOI: 10.1097/00004872-200304000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent experimental studies in chronic kidney disease have suggested that sympathicolytic drugs, similar to angiotensin II antagonism, limit renal fibrosis independent of blood pressure control. Using the model of acute and normotensive anti-thy1 glomerulonephritis, we analysed the action of beta-adrenergic blockade (as compared with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition) on renal overexpression of the profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta. METHODS One day after induction of anti-thy1 glomerulonephritis, rats were given increasing doses of the beta-blockers metoprolol or nebivolol (0.1-fold, one-fold, 10-fold and 20-fold of the known blood pressure dose) until day 6 and the 20-fold dose until day 12. Additional animals were treated with a high dose of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril. At the end of each experiment, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded, glomerular matrix expansion was scored histologically, and protein expression of TGF-beta(1), fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was determined in the supernatant of cultured glomeruli. RESULTS Metoprolol and nebivolol reduced heart rate in a dose-dependent manner. Blood pressure was normal in untreated animals and not significantly affected by either treatment. Compared with untreated nephritic rats, TGF-beta(1) overexpression was not significantly changed by metoprolol or nebivolol in any dose or treatment period. In contrast, TGF-beta(1) levels were significantly reduced by enalapril both 6 and 12 days after disease induction (-52 and -63%, respectively). The changes in glomerular matrix score, fibronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production closely followed expression of TGF-beta(1). CONCLUSIONS In a model of acute and normotensive glomerular fibrosis, beta-adrenergic antagonism does not reduce TGF-beta overexpression, suggesting that its pressure-independent antifibrotic action may be limited to chronic renal diseases. The beneficial effect of angiotensin II inhibition even on acute matrix expansion may be a relevant mechanism as to the explanation of its superiority in treating fibrotic renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harm Peters
- Division of Nephrology, Charité, Campus Mitte, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lanthier L, Nawar T, Plante GE. [Results of the ALLHAT study: a uniform treatment for hypertension?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2003; 19:377-80. [PMID: 12836424 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2003193377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luc Lanthier
- Départements de Médecine, médecine interne et néphrologie, de Physiologie et de Pharmacologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, 12, avenue Nord, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Sirisuth N, Eddington ND. The influence of first pass metabolism on the development and validation of an IVIVC for metoprolol extended release tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2002; 53:301-9. [PMID: 11976018 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(01)00248-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the influence of alpha-hydroxymetoprolol (AHM) and 4-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylaminopropoxy)-phenylacetic acid (ACMB), both derived from its first pass metabolism of metoprolol, an in vitro in vivo correlation incorporating first pass metabolite data for metoprolol extended release formulations was developed. Three different releasing formulations (slow (S), moderate (M) and fast (F), 100 mg) of metoprolol were evaluated in a previously reported clinical study. The non-first pass effect (Non-FPE) in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was developed using a fraction of metoprolol dissolved and a fraction of total drug (metoprolol + metabolites) as the absorption data for various combinations of formulations (S/M/F, M/F, S/M, and S/F). Direct convolution approaches predicting metoprolol concentrations and indirect convolution predicting total drug concentrations (metoprolol + metabolites) were used to determine in vivo behavior. The Non-FPE IVIVC using the S/M/F formulations displayed the strongest relationship (r2 > 0.92). The IVIVC using the indirect approach was predictive of both the C(max) (prediction errors (PE) 4.77, 3.94 and 6.14%) and AUC (10.7, 11.0 and 11.3%) for metoprolol, AHM and ACMB. Poor predictability (PE > 40% for C(max) and AUC) was observed for metoprolol when using the direct methods. The predictability of the IVIVC using the indirect approach as compared to the direct method displays the influence of first pass metabolism on the development and evaluation of an IVIVC for a drug that displays a high extraction ratio. In addition, the indirect IVIVC allows for not only predicting the in vivo performance of the parent drug but also the metabolites formed via the first pass effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattee Sirisuth
- Pharmacokinetics Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hildemann S, Fischer H, Pittrow D, Bohlscheid V. Metoprolol Succinate SR plus Hydrochlorothiazide (Beloc-Zok?? Comp) in Patients with Essential Hypertension in General Practice. Clin Drug Investig 2002. [DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200222110-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
Metoprolol CR/XL (metoprolol succinate extended-release tablets) is a beta1-selective agent that improved survival and reduced hospitalization among patients with New York Heart Association class II-IV heart failure in a randomized trial. Metoprolol CR/XL differs from conventional metoprolol tartrate with respect to pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties that may be clinically important in patients with heart failure. A thorough patient evaluation should be performed to determine optimal dosage and titration of this drug, as with any beta-blocker, and to assess the potential for drug-drug or drug-disease interactions. By applying knowledge of drug-specific characteristics and designing therapy for each individual patient, improvement in patient outcomes can be realized with metoprolol CR/XL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W A Gattis
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Koenig W. Efficacy and Tolerability of Metoprolol Tartrate in Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Essential Hypertension. Clin Drug Investig 2001. [DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200121090-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED Metoprolol, a relatively selective beta1-blocker, is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and possesses weak membrane stabilising activity. The drug has an established role in the management of essential hypertension and angina pectoris, and more recently, in patients with chronic heart failure. The effects of metoprolol controlled-release/extended-release (CR/XL) in patients with stable, predominantly mild to moderate (NYHA functional class II to III) chronic heart failure have been evaluated in the large Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF) trial and the much smaller Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. Treatment with metoprolol CR/XL was initiated at a low dosage of 12.5 to 25 mg once daily and gradually increased at 2-weekly intervals until the target dosage (200 mg once daily) or maximal tolerated dosage had been attained in patients receiving standard therapy for heart failure. At 12 months, metoprolol CR/XL was associated with a 34% reduction in relative risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic heart failure due to ischaemic or dilated cardiomyopathy in the MERIT-HF trial. The incidence of sudden death and death due to progressive heart failure were both significantly decreased with metoprolol CR/XL. Similarly, a trend towards decreased mortality in the metoprolol CR/XL group compared with placebo was observed in the RESOLVD trial. Data from small numbers of patients with severe (NYHA functional class IV) heart failure indicate that metoprolol CR/XL is effective in this subset of patients. However, no firm conclusions can yet be drawn. Improvement from baseline values in NYHA functional class, exercise capacity and some measures of quality of life with metoprolol CR/XL or immediate-release metoprolol were significantly greater than those with placebo. The drug is well tolerated when treatment is initiated in low dosages and gradually increased at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Metoprolol CR/XL effectively decreases mortality and improves clinical status in patients with stable mild to moderate (NYHA functional class II or III) chronic heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, and the drug is effective in patients with ischaemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. Although limited data indicate that metoprolol CR/XL is effective in patients with severe (NYHA functional class IV) chronic heart failure, more data are needed to confirm these findings. Treatment with metoprolol CR/XL significantly reduced the incidence of sudden death and death due to progressive heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Prakash
- Adis International Limited, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mostafavi SA, Foster RT. Pharmacokinetics of metoprolol enantiomers following single and multiple administration of racemate in rat. Int J Pharm 2000; 202:97-102. [PMID: 10915931 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chiral beta-adrenergic blocking agent metoprolol (MET), which is marketed as a racemate, is a highly extracted drug with rapid absorption. The enantiomeric disposition of MET is reported following racemic administration as a single and as multiple oral dosing four times per day for four days in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6 in each group). Plasma was collected and enantiomeric concentrations of MET were determined using a stereospecific HPLC assay. The R/S ratio for AUC is not statistically different from unity either after single or after multiple administration of racemate. The oral clearance after single dose was 1.99+/-0.87 and 2. 26+/-0.85 ml min(-1) kg(-1) for R- and S-MET, respectively. These values were decreased to 0.59+/-0.21 and 0.64+/-0.26 ml min(-1) kg(-1) after multiple administration of racemate. The corresponding values for the elimination half-lives were approximately 35 and 33 min after single and multiple dose administration for both enantiomers, respectively. These results may suggest a saturable first pass metabolism of MET as its enantiomers are accumulated in plasma following multiple dosing in the rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Mostafavi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Edmonton, Canada T6G 2N8
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|