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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Wiesinger HP, Haller N. A training goal-oriented categorization model of high-intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1414307. [PMID: 38957216 PMCID: PMC11218030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1414307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are various categorization models of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the literature that need to be more consistent in definition, terminology, and concept completeness. In this review, we present a training goal-oriented categorization model of HIIT, aiming to find the best possible consensus among the various defined types of HIIT. This categorization concludes with six different types of HIIT derived from the literature, based on the interaction of interval duration, interval intensity and interval:recovery ratio. We discuss the science behind the defined types of HIIT and shed light on the possible effects of the various types of HIIT on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular systems and possible transfer effects into competition performance. We highlight various research gaps, discrepancies in findings and not yet proved know-how based on a lack of randomized controlled training studies, especially in well-trained to elite athlete cohorts. Our HIIT "toolbox" approach is designed to guide goal-oriented training. It is intended to lay the groundwork for future systematic reviews and serves as foundation for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Cadenas-Sanchez C, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, de Los Reyes González N, Lavie CJ, Galán-Mercant A, Jiménez-Pavón D. A systematic review and cluster analysis approach of 103 studies of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2024; 31:400-411. [PMID: 37738464 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to systematically review the systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and to characterize the main patterns of HIIT modalities using clustering statistical procedures to examine their potential differences on improving CRF. Finally, we aimed to develop a comprehensive guideline for reporting HIIT protocols. METHODS AND RESULTS A systematic review was conducted on PubMed and Web of Science from their inception to 31 October 2022 for systematic reviews and meta-analysis aimed at assessing the effect of HIIT on CRF in the entire study population. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews 2 tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias of each review. Additionally, a principal component analysis testing the data adequacy for the factor solution through the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin procedure test was conducted. Once the number of factors was identified, in order to identify data patterns according to the main characteristics of the HIIT protocols, a two-step cluster analysis was conducted. Nineteen systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses comprising 103 studies were included. Clustering of systematic reviews and meta-analyses identified three HIIT modalities ('HIIT-normal mixed', 'HIIT-long running', and 'HIIT-short cycling') underlying the interventions across the included studies. Similar effectiveness in increasing CRF among the three HIIT modalities was observed. Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences in CRF by sex, weight status, study design, and baseline physical activity level (P > 0.05), but differences were observed by age group, and exercise intensity indicator was used in the HIIT programmes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION All three HIIT modalities produced significant improvements of CRF, although some modalities showed greater changes for some specific age groups or intensity indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Veterans Affair Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Rubén Fernández-Rodríguez
- Edificio Melchor Cano, Centro de Estudios Socio-Sanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Santa Teresa Jornet s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Edificio Melchor Cano, Centro de Estudios Socio-Sanitarios, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Santa Teresa Jornet s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | | | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Alejandro Galán-Mercant
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Biomedical Research Innovation Institute of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David Jiménez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and Biomedical Research Innovation Institute of Cádiz, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Norouzi M, Cabuk R, Balci GA, As H, Ozkaya O. Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:1094-1100. [PMID: 36149826 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2117268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake (V ˙ O 2 m a x ) may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both V ˙ O 2 m a x and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. Method: Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study. The V ˙ O 2 m a x , corresponding power output (POVO2max), and the highest work-rate that provides the V ˙ O 2 m a x (IHIGH) were determined by constant work-rate exercises. Cyclists performed three high-intensity interval training (HIIT) strategies as follows; HIIT-1: 4-6 × 3-min at 95% of POVO2max with 1:1 (workout/rest ratio); HIIT-2: 16-18 × 1-min at 105% of POVO2max with 1:1; HIIT-3: 4-7 × 1-2-min at the IHIGH with 1:2. Capillary blood samples were analyzed before, immediately after HIIT sessions, and at the first, third, and fifth minutes of recovery periods. Lactate difference between the highest lactate response and resting status was considered as the peak lactate response for each HIIT modality. Results: Time spent at V ˙ O 2 m a x was greater at HIIT-1 and HIIT-3 (272 ± 127 and 208 ± 111 seconds, respectively; p = 0.155; effect size = 0.43) when compared to the HIIT-2 (~26 seconds; p < 0.001), while there was a greater lactate accumulation at HIIT-3 (~16 mmol·L-1) when compared to HIIT-1 and HIIT-2 (12 and 14 mmol·L-1, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In conclusion, HIIT-3 performed at IHIGH was successful to provide time spent at V ˙ O 2 m a x with a greater lactate accumulation in a single session.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hakan As
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University
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Yoder HA, Mulholland AM, MacDonald HV, Wingo JE. Acute work rate adjustments during high-intensity interval training in a hot and temperate environment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:962-973. [PMID: 37657087 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate drifts upward over time during interval exercise and during exercise in hot conditions. As such, work rate must be lowered to maintain target heart rate. The purpose was to characterize acute work rate adjustments during high-intensity interval training based on target heart rate. Seven humans (three females) completed five study visits: a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer to measure maximal heart rate (HRmax) in ∼22 °C and four trials performed in ∼22 °C (TEMP) or ∼35 °C (HOT), consisting of an 8 min warm-up at 70% HRmax followed by one (15TEMP and 15HOT) or five (43TEMP and 43HOT) rounds of high-intensity interval training (one round = 4 min work at 90% HRmax and 3 min recovery at 70% HRmax) totaling 15 min or 43 min of exercise, respectively. Work rate was lowered 33 ± 20 W (p = 0.005) in 43TEMP and 56 ± 30 W (p = 0.003) in 43HOT between the first and fifth work intervals. Thermal strain (0.2 °C higher rectal temperature, p = 0.01) and cardiovascular strain (6 beats·min-1 larger increase in heart rate from first to fifth recovery interval, p = 0.01) were greater in 43HOT versus 43TEMP. Using target heart rate during high-intensity interval training may reduce the training stimulus, especially in hot environments, but it may also limit thermal strain and enable participants to complete the prescribed workout despite the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary A Yoder
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Anne M Mulholland
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Hayley V MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Jonathan E Wingo
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
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Cofre-Bolados C, Vidal F, Gutiérrez Espinoza H, Betancourt-Peters I, Orihuela PA, Izquierdo M. Periodized Aerobic Training between Thresholds Improves Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Octogenarians. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:219. [PMID: 37999436 PMCID: PMC10675261 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The worldwide aging population is expanding, with more individuals living into their 80s. Physiological functions decline gradually with age, compounded by sedentary lifestyles. Incorporating physical activity into daily routine is crucial for maintaining independence. This study aimed to assess a periodized high-intensity aerobic training program (PEZO-BT) in octogenarians, focusing on submaximal ergospirometry effects. METHODS A total of 48 non-frail octogenarian subjects (12 females, 36 males) were randomized into control and intervention groups. All subjects underwent submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing with gas analysis at baseline, stopping after the respiratory compensation point (RCP). Our intervention group completed a 14-week PEZO-BT aerobic training program. The outcomes were oxygen consumption at first ventilatory threshold (VO2AT), ventilatory efficiency slope (VE/VCO2), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP), oxygen pulse change (ΔVO2/HR) from anaerobic threshold (AT) to respiratory compensation point (RCP), and power output at anaerobic threshold (POAT). RESULTS Mixed ANOVA examined time and treatment effects. If significance emerged, post hoc t-tests were used to compare significances between groups. The homogeneity of variance was assessed using Levene's test. Chi-square tests compared ergospirometry criteria and ventilatory performance within groups. The mean differences at post intervention were significant in VO2AT (p < 0.001), VE/VCO2 (p < 0.001), ΔVO2/HR (p < 0.05), and POAT (p < 0.001), while OUES and COP were not significant (p > 0.05). However, clinical effects were observed in the entire intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Training improved exercise capacity and workload. Overall, this periodic aerobic and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program yielded significant improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in previously untrained octogenarians with and without comorbidities. The findings suggest implications for promoting long-term healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Cofre-Bolados
- Laboratory of Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
| | - Félix Vidal
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (F.V.)
| | | | - Ignacio Betancourt-Peters
- Departamento de Ciencias Exactas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Tres Pascualas, Concepción 4081339, Chile
| | - Pedro A. Orihuela
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la Reproducción, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9160000, Chile;
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (F.V.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Li P, Liu Z, Wan K, Wang K, Zheng C, Huang J. Effects of regular aerobic exercise on vascular function in overweight or obese older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:313-325. [PMID: 37520931 PMCID: PMC10372915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight and obese older adults have a high risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Aerobic exercise is a valuable strategy to improve vascular health, but the effects of aerobic exercise on vascular endothelial function in obese and overweight older adults remain controversial. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on vascular function in obese and overweight older adults with or without comorbidity. Methods A systematic literature search for related studies published in English was conducted between January 1989 and October 30, 2022, in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. A random effects model was chosen for meta-analysis, which calculated the effect sizes of control and intervention groups after exercise intervention using standardized mean differences (SMDs) corrected for Hedges' g bias and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Twenty-six studies containing 1418 participants were included in the study. After excluding three studies contributing to higher heterogeneity by sensitivity analysis, there are small effects of regular aerobic exercise on vascular function of obese and overweight older adults, including flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [SMD = 0.21, 95% CI (0.02, 0.41), z = 2.16, df = 19, I2 = 52.2%, P = 0.031] and pulse wave velocity (PWV) [SMD = -0.24, 95% CI (-0.46, -0.02), z = 2.17, df = 10, I2 = 8.6%, P = 0.030], and no significant effect was observed on augmentation index (Aix). Subgroup analysis showed small effects of regular aerobic exercise on FMD [SMD = 0.37, 95% CI (0.13, 0.61), z = 3.05, df = 9, I2 = 52.6%, P = 0.002] in the overweight not obese subgroup (25 = BMI <30 kg/m2), but no significant effect on the obese subgroup (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Regular aerobic exercise for more than 24 weeks improved FMD by small effect sizes [SMD = 0.48, 95% CI (0.04, 0.93), z = 2.12, df = 5, I2 = 56.4%, P = 0.034] and for more than three times per week improved FMD by moderate effect sizes [SMD = 0.55, 95% CI (0.12, 0.98), z = 2.50, df = 3, I2 = 31.1%, P = 0.012] in obese and overweight older adults with or without CVD. Conclusion In obese and overweight older adults with or without comorbidity, regular aerobic exercise for more than 24 weeks improved FMD by small effect sizes and exercise for more than three times per week improved FMD by moderate effect sizes and regular aerobic exercise reduced PWV by small effect sizes and had no influence on Aix. Taken together, it was recommended that obese and overweight older adults should adhere to regular aerobic exercise, training at least 3 times per week for better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziqing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kewen Wan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kangle Wang
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Junhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Pillitteri G, Clemente FM, Petrucci M, Rossi A, Bellafiore M, Bianco A, Palma A, Battaglia G. Toward a New Conceptual Approach to "Intensity" in Soccer Player's Monitoring: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1896-1911. [PMID: 37616540 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pillitteri, G, Clemente, FM, Petrucci, M, Rossi, A, Bellafiore, M, Bianco, A, Palma, A, and Battaglia, G. Toward a new conceptual approach to "intensity" in soccer player's monitoring: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1896-1911, 2023-In the last decade, monitoring physiological and match-related demands in soccer has become an increasingly common practice in sports sciences. One of the great challenges during monitoring process is the identification of key indicators that permit to generalize evidence and sustain decision-making process during training prescription. Actually, one of the major debates in the scientific community and among practitioners is the identification of the "intensity" concept. Defining a given training session or exercise based on "intensity" is difficult due to the fact that a huge amount of indicators are available (related both to the performed activities and to the athletes' psychophysiological responses). These indicators can lead to specific outcomes with different interpretations. The current narrative review aims to discuss the different measures approaches used in soccer to describe the intensity for both internal and external demands. In addition, a second purpose of this review is to propose general recommendations for combining intensity indicators with the aim of defining an overall intensity score of a training session or drill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pillitteri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- PhD Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Palermo FC, Italy
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal; and
| | | | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Casado A, Foster C, Bakken M, Tjelta LI. Does Lactate-Guided Threshold Interval Training within a High-Volume Low-Intensity Approach Represent the "Next Step" in the Evolution of Distance Running Training? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3782. [PMID: 36900796 PMCID: PMC10000870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to describe a novel training model based on lactate-guided threshold interval training (LGTIT) within a high-volume, low-intensity approach, which characterizes the training pattern in some world-class middle- and long-distance runners and to review the potential physiological mechanisms explaining its effectiveness. This training model consists of performing three to four LGTIT sessions and one VO2max intensity session weekly. In addition, low intensity running is performed up to an overall volume of 150-180 km/week. During LGTIT sessions, the training pace is dictated by a blood lactate concentration target (i.e., internal rather than external training load), typically ranging from 2 to 4.5 mmol·L-1, measured every one to three repetitions. That intensity may allow for a more rapid recovery through a lower central and peripheral fatigue between high-intensity sessions compared with that of greater intensities and, therefore, a greater weekly volume of these specific workouts. The interval character of LGTIT allows for the achievement of high absolute training speeds and, thus, maximizing the number of motor units recruited, despite a relatively low metabolic intensity (i.e., threshold zone). This model may increase the mitochondrial proliferation through the optimization of both calcium and adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- Center for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-LaCrosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
| | | | - Leif Inge Tjelta
- Departament of Education and Sports Science, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
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Duggan JD, Keane K, Moody J, Byrne PJ, Malone S, Collins K, Ryan L. Strength and Conditioning Recommendations for Female Athletes: The Gaelic Footballer. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Linares-Martín JÁ, Rico-González M. Influence of Minimalist Footwear in Middle and Long Distance Runners' Physical Fitness, Biomechanics, and Injury Incidence: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Collison J, Debenedictis T, Fuller JT, Gerschwitz R, Ling T, Gotch L, Bishop B, Sibley L, Russell J, Hobbs A, Bellenger CR. Supramaximal Interval Running Prescription in Australian Rules Football Players: A Comparison Between Maximal Aerobic Speed, Anaerobic Speed Reserve, and the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3409-3414. [PMID: 34387223 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Collison, J, Debenedictis, T, Fuller, JT, Gerschwitz, R, Ling, T, Gotch, L, Bishop, B, Sibley, L, Russell, J, Hobbs, A, and Bellenger, CR. Supramaximal interval running prescription in Australian Rules Football players: A comparison between maximal aerobic speed, anaerobic speed reserve and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3409-3414, 2022-Accurate prescription of supramaximal interval running during Australian Rules Football (AF) preparatory periods is important to facilitate the specific targeting of physiological and neuromuscular adaptation. This study compared the variability in supramaximal interval running performance prescribed by proportion of maximal aerobic speed (MAS), anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), and 30-15 intermittent fitness test (30-15IFT) terminal speed. Seventeen male junior AF players first completed assessments of MAS, ASR, and 30-15IFT in a randomized order. They subsequently performed supramaximal interval running trials (15 seconds on: 15 seconds off until volitional exhaustion) at 120% MAS, 20% ASR, and 95% 30-15IFT in a randomized order. Variability in time to exhaustion (TTE) for each prescription method was calculated as the mean of the square root of the squared difference between the individual value and the mean value, and it was compared via repeated-measures analysis of variance with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Time to exhaustion during supramaximal interval running was not different between the prescription methods ( p = 0.58). Time to exhaustion residuals were reduced when prescribed by ASR compared with MAS (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.47; 29%); however, confidence intervals about this reduction indicated that there was some uncertainty in this finding (SMD = -1.03 to 0.09; p = 0.09). Trivial differences in TTE residuals were present when prescribed by 30-15IFT compared with MAS (SMD = -0.05 ± 0.59; p = 0.86). Although there was some uncertainty about the reduction in supramaximal interval running performance variability when prescribed by ASR compared with MAS, the 29% reduction exceeds the inherent error in TTE efforts (i.e., ∼9-15%) and may thus be considered practically meaningful. Reducing supramaximal interval running performance variability ensures similar physiological demand across individuals, potentially facilitating similar degrees of physiological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Collison
- North Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Joel T Fuller
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia ; and
| | | | - Tayla Ling
- North Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jed Russell
- North Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amy Hobbs
- North Adelaide Football Club, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Haugen T, Sandbakk Ø, Seiler S, Tønnessen E. The Training Characteristics of World-Class Distance Runners: An Integration of Scientific Literature and Results-Proven Practice. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:46. [PMID: 35362850 PMCID: PMC8975965 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we integrate the scientific literature and results-proven practice and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite long-distance performance. Herein, we describe how fundamental training characteristics and well-known training principles are applied. World-leading track runners (i.e., 5000 and 10,000 m) and marathon specialists participate in 9 ± 3 and 6 ± 2 (mean ± SD) annual competitions, respectively. The weekly running distance in the mid-preparation period is in the range 160–220 km for marathoners and 130–190 km for track runners. These differences are mainly explained by more running kilometers on each session for marathon runners. Both groups perform 11–14 sessions per week, and ≥ 80% of the total running volume is performed at low intensity throughout the training year. The training intensity distribution vary across mesocycles and differ between marathon and track runners, but common for both groups is that volume of race-pace running increases as the main competition approaches. The tapering process starts 7–10 days prior to the main competition. While the African runners live and train at high altitude (2000–2500 m above sea level) most of the year, most lowland athletes apply relatively long altitude camps during the preparation period. Overall, this review offers unique insights into the training characteristics of world-class distance runners by integrating scientific literature and results-proven practice, providing a point of departure for future studies related to the training and development in the Olympic long-distance events.
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High-Intensity Interval Training for Rowing: Acute Responses in National-Level Adolescent Males. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19138132. [PMID: 35805789 PMCID: PMC9265424 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19138132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: This study investigated the acute effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) programs on physiological responses and internal workload. Methods: Ten national-level adolescent male rowers (age: 15.7 ± 0.2 years; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max): 60.11 ± 1.91 mL∙kg−1∙min−1) performed two HIIT testing sessions: short (S-HIIT) and long (L-HIIT). In S-HIIT, the rowers performed 25 reps of 30 s at 100% power at VO2max (Pmax) interspersed with 30 s at P@20% Pmax; whereas in L-HIIT, the rowers executed 4 × 4 min at P@90% Pmax interspersed with 3 min of active recovery (P@30% Pmax). Results: The acute physiological responses and internal workload were evaluated. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Oxygen uptake (VO2) (p < 0.05), time spent per session at ~90% VO2max (p < 0.01), total VO2 consumed (p < 0.01), total distance (p < 0.001), the rating of perceived exertion, blood lactate concentration and heart rate (always p < 0.0001) were significantly higher in L-HIIT than in S-HIIT. However, peak power output was significantly lower in L-HIIT compared to S-HIIT (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: In adolescent rowers, both HIIT tests stimulated aerobic and anaerobic systems. The L-HIIT test was associated with acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses, as well as higher perceptions of effort than the S-HIIT test. In adolescent rowers, HIIT emerges as an asset and could be introduced into a traditional in-season, moderate-intensity and endurance-based rowing program once a week.
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Hallam L, Ducharme J, Mang Z, Amorim F. The role of the anaerobic speed reserve in female middle-distance running. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Training Periodization, Methods, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Highly Trained and Elite Distance Runners: A Systematic Review. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:820-833. [PMID: 35418513 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Highly trained/elite distance runners typically follow a pyramidal TID approach, characterized by a decreasing training volume from zone 1 (at or below speed at first ventilatory/lactate threshold [LT]) to zone 2 (between speeds associated with either both ventilatory thresholds or 2 and 4 mmol·L-1 LTs [vLT1 and vLT2, respectively]) and zone 3 (speed above vVT2/vLT2). Continuous-tempo runs or interval training sessions at vLT2 in zone 2 (ie, medium and long aerobic intervals) and those in zone 3 (ie, anaerobic or short-interval training) were both used at least once per week each in elite runners, and they were used to increase the number of either vLT2 or z3 sessions to adopt either a pyramidal or a polarized approach, respectively. More pyramidal- and polarized-oriented approaches were used by marathoners and 1500-m runners, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Highly trained and elite middle- and long-distance runners are encouraged to adopt a traditional periodization pattern with a hard day-easy day basis, consisting in a shift from a pyramidal TID used during the preparatory and precompetitive periods toward a polarized TID during the competitive period.
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Teles GDO, Gentil P, Silva LRBE, Sousa WDM, Seguro CS, Rebelo ACS. HIIE Protocols Promote Better Acute Effects on Blood Glucose and Pressure Control in People with Type 2 Diabetes than Continuous Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052601. [PMID: 35270295 PMCID: PMC8909767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the acute effects of a session of different high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocols and a session of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on blood glucose, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) in people with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2). The trial included 44 participants (age: 55.91 ± 1.25 years; BMI: 28.95 ± 0.67 kg/m2; Hb1Ac: 9.1 ± 2.3%; 76 mmol/mol) randomized into three exercise protocols based on the velocity at which maximum oxygen consumption was obtained (vVO2 max): long HIIE (2 min at 100% vV̇o2peak + 2 min of passive rest); short HIIE (30 s at 100% vV̇o2peak + 30 s of passive rest); or MICE (14 min at 70% vV̇o2peak) on a treadmill. Capillary blood glucose, BP, and HR measurements were taken at rest, during peak exercise, immediately after the end of exercise, and 10 min after exercise. Long and short HIIE protocols reduced capillary blood glucose by 32.14 mg/dL and 31.40 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced systolic BP by 12.43 mmHg and 8.73 mmHg, respectively. No significant changes were observed for MICE. HIIE was found to promote more acute effects than MICE on glycemia and BP in people with DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Oliveira Teles
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (G.d.O.T.); (P.G.)
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (G.d.O.T.); (P.G.)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil;
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Silva LRB, Gentil P, Seguro CS, de Oliveira JCM, Silva MS, Marques VA, Beltrame T, Rebelo ACS. High-Intensity Interval Training Improves Cardiac Autonomic Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010066. [PMID: 35053064 PMCID: PMC8773290 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Different exercise models have been used in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), like moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT); however, their effects on autonomic modulation are unknown. The present study aimed to compare the effects of different exercise modes on autonomic modulation in patients with T2D. In total, 44 adults with >5 years of T2D diagnosis were recruited and stratified into three groups: HIIT-30:30 (n = 15, age 59.13 ± 5.57 years) that performed 20 repetitions of 30 s at 100% of VO2peak with passive recovery, HIIT-2:2 (n = 14, age 61.20 ± 2.88) that performed 5 repetitions of 2 min at 100% of VO2peak with passive recovery, and MICT (n = 15, age 58.50 ± 5.26) that performed 14 min of continuous exercise at 70% of VO2peak. All participants underwent anamnesis and evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiac autonomic modulation. All protocols were equated by total distance and were performed two times per week for 8 weeks. Group × time interactions were observed for resting heart rate (HRrest) [F(2.82) = 3.641; p = 0.031] and SDNN [F(2.82) = 3.462; p = 0.036]. Only the HIIT-30:30 group significantly reduced SDNN (p = 0.002 and 0.025, respectively). HRrest reduced more in the HIIT-30:30 group compared with the MICT group (p = 0.038). Group × time interactions were also observed for offTAU [F(2.82) = 3.146; p = 0.048] and offTMR [F(2.82) = 4.424; p = 0.015]. The MICT group presented increased values of offTAU compared with the HIIT-30:30 and HIIT-2:2 groups (p = 0.001 and 0.013, respectively), representing a slower HR response after eight weeks of intervention. HIIT, specially HIIT-30:30, represents a promising measure for improving autonomic modulation in patients with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Raphael Bento Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Araguaia University Center, Goiania 74223-060, Brazil;
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil;
- Hypertension League, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-020, Brazil
| | - Camila Simões Seguro
- Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-080, Brazil;
| | - Jordana Campos Martins de Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Araguaia University Center, Goiania 74223-060, Brazil;
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
| | - Maria Sebastiana Silva
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil;
| | - Vitor Alves Marques
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
| | - Thomas Beltrame
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-852, Brazil;
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiania 74605-050, Brazil; (P.G.); (V.A.M.); (A.C.S.R.)
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil;
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania 74690-900, Brazil
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Kaur N, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Fellows LK, Brouillette MJ, Mayo N. Feasibility and potential benefits of a structured exercise program on cognitive performance in HIV. AIDS Care 2021; 33:1627-1635. [PMID: 33401957 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1867307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although exercise has been shown to improve cardiorespiratory and metabolic outcomes in people with HIV, its effect on cognitive ability remains understudied. Our study aimed to estimate the feasibility and efficacy potential of a 12-week aerobic and resistance training program on cognitive and physical performance outcomes. This is an externally controlled, two time-point, feasibility study within a larger study using a cohort multiple randomized controlled design yielding 3 groups: intervention group; comparison group and refusers. The intervention consisted of high-intensity interval training and resistance exercises 3 days/week. Specific feasibility and brain health outcomes were evaluated. Cognitive ability was ascertained by the Brief Cognitive Ability Measure (B-CAM) in all three groups. Standardized tests of physical performance were performed in the intervention group. Effect size, 95% confidence intervals, responder status analyses and reliable change indices were computed. Adherence to the intervention schedule and acceptability outcomes were good. There was no reliable change on B-CAM in the exercise group. Most physical performance measures benefited from the exercise training (effect sizes: 0.2 - 1.5). Although the 12-week exercise program improved physical capacity, it did not yield gains in cognitive ability in HIV. Further research is required to determine the exercise parameters that could benefit cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaldeep Kaur
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Mayo
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Sandford GN, Laursen PB, Buchheit M. Anaerobic Speed/Power Reserve and Sport Performance: Scientific Basis, Current Applications and Future Directions. Sports Med 2021; 51:2017-2028. [PMID: 34398445 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many individual and team sport events require extended periods of exercise above the speed or power associated with maximal oxygen uptake (i.e., maximal aerobic speed/power, MAS/MAP). In the absence of valid and reliable measures of anaerobic metabolism, the anaerobic speed/power reserve (ASR/APR) concept, defined as the difference between an athlete's MAS/MAP and their maximal sprinting speed (MSS)/peak power (MPP), advances our understanding of athlete tolerance to high speed/power efforts in this range. When exercising at speeds above MAS/MAP, what likely matters most, irrespective of athlete profile or locomotor mode, is the proportion of the ASR/APR used, rather than the more commonly used reference to percent MAS/MAP. The locomotor construct of ASR/APR offers numerous underexplored opportunities. In particular, how differences in underlying athlete profiles (e.g., fiber typology) impact the training response for different 'speed', 'endurance' or 'hybrid' profiles is now emerging. Such an individualized approach to athlete training may be necessary to avoid 'maladaptive' or 'non-responses'. As a starting point for coaches and practitioners, we recommend upfront locomotor profiling to guide training content at both the macro (understanding athlete profile variability and training model selection, e.g., annual periodization) and micro levels (weekly daily planning of individual workouts, e.g., short vs long intervals vs repeated sprint training and recovery time between workouts). More specifically, we argue that high-intensity interval training formats should be tailored to the locomotor profile accordingly. New focus and appreciation for the ASR/APR is required to individualize training appropriately so as to maximize athlete preparation for elite competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth N Sandford
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, 4371 Interurban Road, Victoria, BC, V9E 2C5, Canada. .,Athletics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Paul B Laursen
- Sports Performance Research Institute NZ, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada.,Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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You Y, Li W, Liu J, Li X, Fu Y, Ma X. Bibliometric Review to Explore Emerging High-Intensity Interval Training in Health Promotion: A New Century Picture. Front Public Health 2021; 9:697633. [PMID: 34368063 PMCID: PMC8342813 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.697633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an emerging exercise strategy and is considered to be a recipe for health promotion. This study aimed to systematically identify collaboration networks, track research trends, highlight current hotspots, and predict future frontiers in HIIT and its applications in health promotion since the start of the new century. Methods: Relevant original publications were obtained from the Science Citation Index Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database between 2001 and 2020. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were used to perform bibliometric visualization and comparative analysis of involved indexes that included countries, institutions, journals, authors, references, and keywords. Results: A total of 572 papers were included, and the trend of annual publications showed a remarkable growth. The United States and the University of Exeter were the most productive country and institutions, respectively, with 107 and 18 publications, respectively. European Journal of Applied Physiology took the lead in the number of published articles, and Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise ranked first in the cocitation counts. Barker AR and Gibala MJ were considered as the most productive and the most highly-cited authors. Conclusions: “Health risks,” “adolescent,” and “aging” are the three noteworthy topics during the evolution of HIIT-health promotion (HIIT-HP) research. The current research hotspots of HIIT and its practices in the health promotion domain lies in “metabolic diseases,” “cardiovascular diseases,” “neurological diseases,” and “musculoskeletal diseases.” The authors summarize that “prevention and rehabilitation,” “micro and molecular level,” and “cognition and mental health” are becoming frontiers and focus on the health topics related to HIIT in the upcoming years, which are worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei You
- Division of Sport Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenkai Li
- China Table Tennis College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Division of Sport Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingtian Li
- Division of Sport Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyao Fu
- Division of Sport Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sport Science & Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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21
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The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Skeletal Muscle and Cerebral Oxygenation during Cycling and Isokinetic Concentric and Eccentric Exercise. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6030062. [PMID: 34287318 PMCID: PMC8293372 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to study the effects of cycling and pure concentric and pure eccentric high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on skeletal muscle (i.e., vastus lateralis) and cerebral oxygenation. Twelve healthy males (n = 12, age 26 ± 1 yr, body mass 78 ± 2 kg, height 176 ± 2 cm, body fat 17 ± 1% of body mass) performed, in a random order, cycling exercise and isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise. The isokinetic exercises were performed on each randomly selected leg. The muscle and the cerebral oxygenation were assessed by measuring oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue saturation index. During the cycling exercise, participants performed seven sets of seven seconds maximal intensity using a load equal to 7.5% of their body mass while, during isokinetic concentric and eccentric exercise, they were performed seven sets of five maximal muscle contractions. In all conditions, a 15 s rest was adopted between sets. The cycling HIIE caused greater fatigue (i.e., greater decline in fatigue index) compared to pure concentric and pure eccentric isokinetic exercise. Muscle oxygenation was significantly reduced during HIIE in the three exercise modes, with no difference between them. Cerebral oxygenation was affected only marginally during cycling exercise, while no difference was observed between conditions. It is concluded that a greater volume of either concentric or eccentric isokinetic maximal intensity exercise is needed to cause exhaustion which, in turn, may cause greater alterations in skeletal muscle and cerebral oxygenation.
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22
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Tsai CL, Pan CY, Tseng YT, Chen FC, Chang YC, Wang TC. Acute effects of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on BDNF and irisin levels and neurocognitive performance in late middle-aged and older adults. Behav Brain Res 2021; 413:113472. [PMID: 34274372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were (1) to explore and compare the acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on neurocognitive performance and molecular biomarkers in late middle-aged and older adults, and (2) to examine the relationships of HIIT/MICE exercise-induced neurocognitive changes with changes in circulating irisin and BDNF levels elicited by different acute exercise modes. Using a within-subject design, twenty-one participants completed an acute bout of 30 min of HIIT, MICE, or a non-exercise-intervention (REST) session in a counterbalanced order. The neuropsychological [i.e., accuracy rate (AR) and reaction time (RT)] and neurophysiological [i.e., event-related potential (ERP) P3 latency and amplitude] indices were simultaneously measured when the participants performed a working memory task at baseline and after an intervention mode. Blood samples were also taken before and after the intervention mode. The results showed that, although ARs were significantly increased only via the MICE intervention mode, the acute HIIT and MICE interventions improved RT performance and increased ERP P3 amplitudes in the late middle-aged and older adults under consideration. Serum BDNF levels were significantly increased with the acute HIIT and MICE interventions, and significant irisin level increases were only observed following the HIIT intervention. However, changes in the levels of Irisin and BDNF pre- and post-intervention were not correlated with changes in neurocognitive performance, with the exception of the correlation between the changes in irisin levels and RTs with acute exercise in the MICE intervention mode. The present findings suggested similar beneficial effects on neurocognitive performance (i.e., RTs and ERP P3 amplitudes) and peripheral BDNF levels following MICE and HIIT interventions in the middle-aged and older adults. In terms of ARs and irisin, the two acute exercise modes appear to induce divergent effects. Irisin may play a potential facilitating role in the neuropsychological (e.g., RT) performance of working memory in such a group. However, the mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Pan
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan; Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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23
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Wommer D, Turnes T, Souza KM, Guglielmo LGA. Similar time near VO2max regardless of work rate manipulation in cycling interval training. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:350-356. [PMID: 34261134 DOI: 10.1055/a-1550-9977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to compare time spent above 90% V̇O2max (tV̇O2max) during 3 work-matched interval training protocols comprising 8 x 60-second exercise efforts with decreasing, increasing, or constant work rate distribution within each exercise interval. Ten healthy male subjects (age: 27.6 ± 5.0 years; V̇O2max: 3.82 ± 0.52 L•min-1) performed an incremental test to determine V̇O2max and peak power output (Pmax). During visits 2, 3, and 4, three work-matched interval training sessions comprising 8 x 60 s efforts: 60 s active recovery with the power output held constant (100%Pmax; ITCON), decreasing (from 110 to 90%Pmax; ITDEC), or increasing (from 90 to 110%Pmax; ITINC) linearly throughout each work interval. Time sustained above 90% of V̇O2max (tV̇O2max) or HRmax (tHRmax), blood lactate concentrations (BLC) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The tV̇O2max (ITCON: 274 ± 132; ITDEC: 313 ± 102; ITINC: 310 ± 113 s, P = 0.37), tHRmax (ITCON: 396 ± 180; ITDEC: 441 ± 207; ITINC: 390 ± 212 s, P = 0.47), BLC (P = 0.73), and final RPE (P = 0.75) were similar among protocols. In conclusion, work-matched interval training induced similar time near V̇O2max and associated physiological responses regardless of work rate manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Wommer
- Sports Center, Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Tiago Turnes
- Sports Center, Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
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Martínez-Rodríguez A, Rubio-Arias JA, García-De Frutos JM, Vicente-Martínez M, Gunnarsson TP. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training and Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Physical Performance in Active Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126431. [PMID: 34198554 PMCID: PMC8296247 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nutritional strategies may have an effect on body composition and physical performance. Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of eating and fasting in specified time periods. Moreover, it is a common strategy among members of the athlete population that are looking for weight loss. However, this strategy may negatively affect physical performance, as compared to other weight loss strategies. The main purpose of this research was to use a cross-over design to study the effects of HIIT, with or without intermittent fasting, on muscular and anaerobic performance in 14 active women (27 ± 6 y). To assess performance, body composition (anthropometry), hand-grip strength, and counter-movement jump (CMJ) height was measured, and a 30 s Wingate test was completed assessed. HIIT + IF reduced fat mass (1 kg, p < 0.05, d = 1.1; 1.5%, p < 0.01, d = 1.0) and increased CMJ height (6.2 cm, p < 0.001, d = 1.8). In addition, the change in CMJ height in HIIT + IF was higher over HIIT (5.2 cm, p < 0.001, d = 1.9). In conclusion, intermittent fasting could be a nutritional strategy to decrease fat mass and increase jumping performance. However, longer duration programs would be necessary to determine whether other parameters of muscle performance could be positively affected by IF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacobo A. Rubio-Arias
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | | | - Manuel Vicente-Martínez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Thomas P. Gunnarsson
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark;
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Crossing the Golden Training Divide: The Science and Practice of Training World-Class 800- and 1500-m Runners. Sports Med 2021; 51:1835-1854. [PMID: 34021488 PMCID: PMC8363530 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite an increasing amount of research devoted to middle-distance training (herein the 800 and 1500 m events), information regarding the training methodologies of world-class runners is limited. Therefore, the objective of this review was to integrate scientific and best practice literature and outline a novel framework for understanding the training and development of elite middle-distance performance. Herein, we describe how well-known training principles and fundamental training characteristics are applied by world-leading middle-distance coaches and athletes to meet the physiological and neuromuscular demands of 800 and 1500 m. Large diversities in physiological profiles and training emerge among middle-distance runners, justifying a categorization into types across a continuum (400–800 m types, 800 m specialists, 800–1500 m types, 1500 m specialists and 1500–5000 m types). Larger running volumes (120–170 vs. 50–120 km·week−1 during the preparation period) and higher aerobic/anaerobic training distribution (90/10 vs. 60/40% of the annual running sessions below vs. at or above anaerobic threshold) distinguish 1500- and 800-m runners. Lactate tolerance and lactate production training are regularly included interval sessions by middle-distance runners, particularly among 800-m athletes. In addition, 800-m runners perform more strength, power and plyometric training than 1500-m runners. Although the literature is biased towards men and “long-distance thinking,” this review provides a point of departure for scientists and practitioners to further explore and quantify the training and development of elite 800- and 1500-m running performance and serves as a position statement for outlining current state-of-the-art middle-distance training recommendations.
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Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG. Programming Interval Training to Optimize Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1687-1714. [PMID: 33826121 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training has become an essential component of endurance training programs because it can facilitate a substantial improvement in endurance sport performance. Two forms of interval training that are commonly used to improve endurance sport performance are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Despite extensive research, there is no consensus concerning the optimal method to manipulate the interval training programming variables to maximize endurance performance for differing individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training studies to determine the influence that individual characteristics and training variables have on time-trial (TT) performance. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and Medline with Full Text were explored to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION The following criteria were used to select studies appropriate for the review: 1. the studies were prospective in nature; 2. included individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years; 3. included an interval training (HIIT or SIT) program at least 2 weeks in duration; 4. included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance; 5. and programmed HIIT by power or velocity. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis with a total of 67 separate groups. The participants included males (n = 400) and females (n = 91) with a mean group age of 25 (range 19-45) years and mean [Formula: see text] of 52 (range 32-70) mL·kg-1·min-1. The training status of the participants comprised of inactive (n = 75), active (n = 146) and trained (n = 258) individuals. Training status played a significant role in improvements in TT performance with trained individuals only seeing improvements of approximately 2% whereas individuals of lower training status demonstrated improvements as high as 6%. The change in TT performance with HIIT depended on the duration but not the intensity of the interval work-bout. There was a dose-response relationship with the number of HIIT sessions, training weeks and total work with changes in TT performance. However, the dose-response was not present with SIT. CONCLUSION Optimization of interval training programs to produce TT performance improvements should be done according to training status. Our analysis suggests that increasing interval training dose beyond minimal requirements may not augment the training response. In addition, optimal dosing differs between high intensity and sprint interval programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rosenblat
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Brandão LHA, Chagas TPN, Vasconcelos ABS, de Oliveira VC, Fortes LDS, de Almeida MB, Mendes Netto RS, Del-Vecchio FB, Neto EP, Chaves LMS, Jimenez-Pavón D, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Physiological and Performance Impacts After Field Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training With Different Work-Recovery Duration. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 33162893 PMCID: PMC7580678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has numerous external load control variables. The management of these variables makes the physiological responses and performance presented by athletes also modify. The present study aimed to assess the activity of CK and LDH enzymes, performance and metabolic responses caused by two HIIT protocols above the maximum in male recreational runners. Fifteen recreational male runners performed two HIIT protocols in randomized order with multiple conditions: 1) H15 (n = 15), with a HIIT protocol of 15:15 work-recovery duration, and 2) H30 (n = 15) with a HIIT protocol of 30:30 work-recovery duration. Both protocols were performed at similar intensity (130% vV̇O2max), one set until voluntary exhaustion. Blood samples were collected and used to capture the levels and activities of blood lactate (BLac: mmol⋅L–1), glucose (GLU: mg⋅dL–1), creatine kinase (CK: U⋅L–1), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH: U⋅L–1). BLac and GLU were collected at pre, five, and ten minutes after the H15 and H30 protocols were performed. Blood samples were used to measure the activities of CK and LDH enzymes, which were verified 24 h before and 48 h after the protocols. The distance traveled (m), total time (s), and bouts performed (rep) were also registered. Significant differences between conditions H15 and H30 were observed in the bouts performed (p = 0.001; ES = 1.19). Several statistical differences were found over time for BLac [pre vs. post 5 (both conditions: p = 0.001), pre vs. post 10 (both conditions: p = 0.001), and post 5 vs. post 10 (H30: p = 0.004)], CK [pre vs. post 24 (H15: p < 0.001; ES = 0.97 and H30: p = 0.001; ES = 0.74) post 24 vs. post 48 (H30: p = 0.03; ES = 0.56)], and LDH [pre vs. post24 (H15: p = 0.008; ES = 1.07 and H30: p = 0.022; ES = 0.85). No statistical differences between conditions were observed for any blood parameter. Thus, the volunteers exhibited equal performance in both protocols, which resulted in a similar physiological response. Despite this similarity, in comparison to H15, the H30 protocol presented lower CK activity post 48 and lactate levels after 10 min post protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Henrique Albuquerque Brandão
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos
- Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Physiology Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ezequias Pereira Neto
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Leury Max Silva Chaves
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - David Jimenez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar, University Hospital University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Physiology Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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28
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Gabrys T, Stanula A, Szmatlan-Gabrys U, Garnys M, Charvát L, Gupta S. Metabolic and Cardiorespiratory Responses of Semiprofessional Football Players in Repeated Ajax Shuttle Tests and Curved Sprint Tests, and Their Relationship with Football Match Play. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17217745. [PMID: 33113938 PMCID: PMC7660207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the Ajax Shuttle Test (AST) and the Curved Sprint Test (CST) were conducted on semiprofessional football players to evaluate (1) their test performance, (2) the extent of anaerobic glycolysis by measuring blood lactate, (3) performance decrement and onset of fatigue, and (4) the correlation between selected physiological variables and test performance. Thirty-two semiprofessional Polish football players participated in this study. Both AST and CST were conducted on an outdoor football ground and were conducted in two sets; each set had six repetitions. In the case of AST, the total duration for 6 repetitions of the exercise in Sets 1 and 2 were 90.63 ± 3.71 and 91.65 ± 4.24 s, respectively, whereas, in the case of CST, the respective values were 46.8 ± 0.56 and 47.2 ± 0.66 s. Peak blood lactate concentration [La] after Sets 1 and 2 of AST were 14.47 ± 3.77 and 15.00 ± 1.85 mmol/L, and in the case of CST, the values were 8.17 ± 1.32 and 9.78 ± 1.35 mmol/L, respectively. Performance decrement in AST was more than in CST, both after Set 1 (4.32 ± 1.43 and 3.31 ± 0.96 in AST and CST, respectively) and Set 2 (7.95 ± 3.24 and 3.71 ± 1.02 in AST and CST, respectively). Only in a few of the repetitions, pulmonary ventilation (VE) and oxygen uptake (VO2) were found to be significantly correlated with the performance of the volunteers in both AST and CST. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was significantly correlated with most of the repetitions of AST, but not with CST. The study concludes that (1) AST shows more dependence on the anaerobic glycolytic system than shorter repetitive sprints (as in CST), (2) there is more performance decrement and fatigue in AST than in CST, and (3) early decrease in performance and fatigue in the semiprofessional football players in AST and CST may be due to the insufficiency of their aerobic energy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (T.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-207-53-33
| | - Urszula Szmatlan-Gabrys
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michal Garnys
- 4Sport Lab, Laboratory of Physical Preparation, 00-951 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Luboš Charvát
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Pedagogy, University of West Bohemia, 301 00 Pilsen, Czech Republic; (T.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Subir Gupta
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of West Indies, Cave Hill 11000, Barbados;
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29
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Rodrigues-Krause J, Silveira FPD, Farinha JB, Junior JV, Marini C, Fragoso EB, Reischak-Oliveira A. Cardiorespiratory Responses and Energy Contribution in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Exercise Sets. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1829429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josianne Rodrigues-Krause
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotheraphy and Dance, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pereira da Silveira
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotheraphy and Dance, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Boufleur Farinha
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotheraphy and Dance, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João Vargas Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotheraphy and Dance, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Marini
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotheraphy and Dance, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Emerson Barata Fragoso
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotheraphy and Dance, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Reischak-Oliveira
- Department of Physical Education, Physiotheraphy and Dance, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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30
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Sant'Ana LDO, Machado S, Ribeiro AADS, Dos Reis NR, Campos YDAC, da Silva JGV, Scartoni FR, Brown AF, Monteiro ER, Novaes JDS, Vianna JM, Budde H. Effects of Cardiovascular Interval Training in Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:739. [PMID: 32848808 PMCID: PMC7412615 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to demonstrate the effects of cardiovascular interval training (IT) on healthy elderly subjects. We used the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The following variables were observed: resting heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MBP), heart rate variability (HRV), baroreflex activity (BA), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Studies were searched for in the MedLine, PubMed, and Sport Discus databases considering publications between 1990 and 2019. To find the studies, the keywords used were “Interval and Elderly Training” or “Interval Training and Baroreflex Sensing” or “Interval Training and Aging and Pressure Arterial and Blood Pressure Training” or “Interval Training and Variation in Aging and Heart Rate” or “Interval Training and Sensitivity to the Elderly and Baroreflex” or “Interval Training and Variability in the Elderly and Heart Rate.” The systematic search identified 1,140 hits. The analysis of the study was performed through a critical review of the content. One thousand one hundred forty articles were identified. Of these, 1,108 articles were excluded by checking the articles and abstracts. Finally, 32 studies were selected for full reading while 26 studies were eliminated because they did not contain a methodology according to the purpose of this review. Thus, six studies were included for the final analysis. The PEDro score was used for analyzing the study quality and found 4,8 ± 1,3 points (range: 3–6). Positive results were found with the different IT protocols in the observed variables. Results show that IT protocols can be an efficient method for functional improvement of cardiovascular and cardiorespiratory variables in the healthy elderly, especially HR, SBP, DBP, MAP, HRV, BA, and VO2max. However, this method can be included in the prescription of aerobic training for the elderly to obtain conditional improvements in the cardiovascular system, thus being an important clinical intervention for the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Oliveira Sant'Ana
- Post Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Sport and Exercise Science Laboratory, Catholic University of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Salgado de Oliveira University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda Fernandes Brown
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jefferson da Silva Novaes
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- Post Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Science and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
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31
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Murawska-Cialowicz E, Wolanski P, Zuwala-Jagiello J, Feito Y, Petr M, Kokstejn J, Stastny P, Goliński D. Effect of HIIT with Tabata Protocol on Serum Irisin, Physical Performance, and Body Composition in Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103589. [PMID: 32443802 PMCID: PMC7277607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is frequently utilized as a method to reduce body mass. Its intensity of work results in a number of beneficial adaptive changes in a relatively short period of time. Irisin is a myokine and adipokine secreted to the blood during exercise and it takes part in the regulation of energy metabolism. It is a vital issue from the prophylaxis point of view as well as treatment through exercise of different diseases (e.g., obesity, type-2 diabetes). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in irisin concentration, body composition, and aerobic and anaerobic performance in men after HIIT. Eight weeks of HIIT following the Tabata protocol was applied in the training group (HT) (n = 15), while a sedentary group (SED) (n = 10) did not participate in fitness activities within the same time period. Changes of irisin, body composition, and aerobic and anaerobic performance were evaluated after graded exercise test (GXT) and Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) before and after eight weeks of training. Training resulted in an increased of blood irisin concentration (by 29.7%) p < 0.05), VO2max increase (PRE: 44.86 ± 5.74 mL·kg−1·min−1; POST: 50.16 ± 5.80 mL kg−1·min−1; p < 0.05), reduction in percent body fat (PRE: 14.44 ± 3.33%; POST: 13.61 ± 3.16%; p < 0.05), and increase of WAnT parameters (p < 0.05) in the HT group. No changes were observed in the SED group. HIIT resulted in beneficial effects in the increase in blood irisin concentration, physical performance, and reduced fat content. The HIIT may indicate an acceleration of base metabolism. This effect can be utilized in the prevention or treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Murawska-Cialowicz
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.W.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.-C.); (P.S.)
| | - Pawel Wolanski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.W.); (D.G.)
| | | | - Yuri Feito
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA;
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162-52 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jakub Kokstejn
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162-52 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162-52 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (E.M.-C.); (P.S.)
| | - Dawid Goliński
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University School of Physical Education, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.W.); (D.G.)
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32
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Salagas A, Donti O, Katsikas C, Bogdanis GC. Heart Rate Responses during Sport-Specific High-Intensity Circuit Exercise in Child Female Gymnasts. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E68. [PMID: 32443574 PMCID: PMC7281297 DOI: 10.3390/sports8050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined heart rate (HR) responses during a sport-specific high-intensity circuit training session to indirectly assess cardiorespiratory stress in child athletes. Seventeen, female gymnasts, aged 9-11 years performed two 5-min 15 s sets of circuit exercise, interspersed by a 3 min rest interval. Each set included five rounds of five gymnastic exercises (7 s work, 7 s rest) executed with maximal effort. During the first circuit training set, peak heart rate (HR) was 192 ± 7 bpm and average HR was 83 ± 4% of maximum HR (HRmax), which was determined in a separate session. In the second set, peak HR and average HR were increased to 196 ± 8 bpm (p < 0.001, d = 0.55) and to 89 ± 4% HRmax (p < 0.001, d = 2.19), respectively, compared with the first set. HR was above 80% HRmax for 4.1 ± 1.2 min during set 1 and this was increased to 5.1 ± 0.4 min in set 2 (p < 0.001, d = 1.15). Likewise, HR was above 90% of HRmax for 2.0 ± 1.2 min in set 1 and was increased to 3.4 ± 1.7 min in set 2 (p < 0.001, d = 0.98). In summary, two 5-min 15 s sets of high-intensity circuit training using sport-specific exercises, increased HR to levels above 80% and 90% HRmax for extended time periods, and thus may be considered as an appropriate stimulus, in terms of intensity, for improving aerobic fitness in child female gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 172 37 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (O.D.); (C.K.)
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33
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Gibala MJ. Physiological basis of interval training for performance enhancement. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:2324-2327. [PMID: 32362039 DOI: 10.1113/ep088190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the topic of this review? This review considers the physiological basis of interval training for performance enhancement, with an emphasis on the capacity for aerobic energy provision. What advances does it highlight? It highlights advances regarding the effect of interval training on primary physiological determinants of aerobic energy provision, which are associated with performance. ABSTRACT Interval training refers to an intermittent style of exercise, in which bouts of more intense effort are interspersed with recovery periods within a given training session. Physiological responses to interval training depend on numerous factors, including the specific nature of the intervention and the initial training state of the individual. Interval training improves performance in part by enhancing the capacity for aerobic energy provision, even in those who are already trained. Two primary mechanisms in this regard are an increased whole-body maximal oxygen uptake and an enhanced capacity for oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle owing to an increase in mitochondria. In comparison to moderate-intensity continuous exercise, interval training can elicit superior responses when total work is matched, and similar responses despite a reduced training volume and time commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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34
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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Brazo-Sayavera J, Timón R, González-Custodio A, Olcina G. Repeated sprint in hypoxia as a time-metabolic efficient strategy to improve physical fitness of obese women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1051-1061. [PMID: 32185477 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the training and detraining effects of two different hypoxic high-intensity protocols on cardiorespiratory fitness, maximal fat oxidation and energy contribution in obese women. METHODS 82 obese women completed a 12-week training of: (1) interval training in hypoxia (IHT; n = 19; 3 min at 90%Wmax: 3 min at 55-65%Wmax; FiO2 = 17.2%), (2) interval training in normoxia (INT; n = 20; 3 min at 90%Wmax: 3 min at 55-65%Wmax), (3) repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH; n = 22; 30 s at 130%Wmax: 3 min at 55-65%Wmax; FiO2 = 17.2%), and (4) repeated sprint training in normoxia (RSN; n = 21; 30 s at 130%Wmax: 3 min at 55-65%Wmax). VO2max, workload, time to exhaustion and heart rate were assessed at baseline, after completion of 36 training sessions over 12 weeks and after 4 weeks of detraining. RESULTS Hypoxic training (IHT and RSH) showed a significant positive effect on absolute (p < 0.001) and relative maximal oxygen uptake (p < 0.001) as well as VT2 (%VO2max; p < 0.001). Both IHT and RSH showed significantly higher values of absolute VO2max (IHT: + 26.63%; RSH: + 19.79%) and relative VO2max (IHT: + 27.95%; RSH: + 19.94%) between baseline and post-exercise (p < 0.001). VO2max (IHT: + 21.74%; RSH: + 17.65%) and relative VO2max (IHT: + 23.53%; RSH: + 17.15%) remained significantly higher after detraining in IHT and RSH (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION A larger improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness has been observed after high-intensity interval training under normobaric hypoxia. As interval training or repeated sprint training did not show a significant effect, RSH might provide a time-metabolic effective strategy in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Rafael Timón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Custodio
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Av. Universidad, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Effect of High Intensity Interval Training Compared to Continuous Training on Cognitive Performance in Young Healthy Adults: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020081. [PMID: 32033006 PMCID: PMC7071608 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve cognitive function, moving the body is strongly recommended; however, evidence regarding the proper training modality is still lacking. The purpose of this study was therefore to assess the effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) compared to moderate intensity continuous exercise (MICE), representing the same total training load, on improving cognitive function in healthy adults. It was hypothesized that after 6 weeks (3 days/week) of stationary bike training, HIIT would improve executive functions more than MICE. Twenty-five participants exercised three times a week for 6 weeks after randomization to the HIIT or MICE training groups. Target intensity was 60% of peak power output (PPO) in the MICE group and 100% PPO in the HIIT group. After training, PPO significantly increased in both the HIIT and MICE groups (9% and 15%, p < 0.01). HIIT was mainly associated with a greater improvement in overall reaction time in the executive components of the computerized Stroop task (980.43 ± 135.27 ms vs. 860.04 ± 75.63 ms, p < 0.01) and the trail making test (42.35 ± 14.86 s vs. 30.35 ± 4.13 s, p < 0.01). T exercise protocol was clearly an important factor in improving executive functions in young adults.
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Ferley DD, Scholten S, Vukovich MD. Combined Sprint Interval, Plyometric, and Strength Training in Adolescent Soccer Players: Effects on Measures of Speed, Strength, Power, Change of Direction, and Anaerobic Capacity. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:957-968. [PMID: 31977836 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ferley, DD, Scholten, S, and Vukovich, MD. Combined sprint interval, plyometric, and strength training in adolescent soccer players: effects on measures of speed, strength, power, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 957-968, 2020-During winter, many soccer players train indoors to improve the aerobic and anaerobic demands of their sport. Sprint interval training (SIT) performed on a treadmill using level and graded conditions represents a viable alternative to traditional endurance conditioning. To date, little research exists contrasting the effects of these conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation included examining the effects of 2 approaches combining SIT, plyometrics, and strength training on performance measures in soccer players aged 13-18 years over 8 weeks. Forty-six subjects were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 performed SIT using predominantly inclined treadmill conditions combined with resistance and plyometric training (INC, n = 17). Group 2 performed SIT using level treadmill grades and completed the same resistance and plyometric training (LEV, n = 14). Group 3 was a control group representing various sports who continued their normal training (CON, n = 15). Pre- and posttests assessed speed, strength, change of direction, and anaerobic capacity, including sprint speed (9.1 and 18.3 m sprint), unilateral triple hop for distance (3HOP_L and 3HOP_R), pro agility change of direction (PA); treadmill running to exhaustion on a 20% grade (CFMod), and hip flexor maximum strength (HF_1RM). After training, INC and LEV improved more in all measures compared with CON. Furthermore, INC improved significantly more compared with LEV in 9.1- and 18.3-m sprint, 3HOP_L and 3HOP_R, PA, CFMod, and HF_1RM (p < 0.05). We conclude that strength and plyometric training combined with incline-based SIT is more effective than a similar training approach using level-grade SIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Ferley
- Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center, Avera Sports Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Shane Scholten
- Augustana University, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Sioux Falls, South Dakota; and
| | - Matthew D Vukovich
- College of Education and Human Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota
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Silva LRB, Gentil PRV, Beltrame T, Basso Filho MA, Alves FM, Silva MS, Pedrino GR, Ramirez-Campillo R, Coswig V, Rebelo ACS. Exponential model for analysis of heart rate responses and autonomic cardiac modulation during different intensities of physical exercise. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190639. [PMID: 31824695 PMCID: PMC6837225 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the heart rate (HR) dynamics and variability before and after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) protocols with workloads based on treadmill workload at which maximal oxygen uptake was achieved ( WL V ˙ O 2 max ) . Ten participants performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to obtain oxygen uptake ( WL V ˙ O 2 max ) . All training protocols were performed on a treadmill, with 0% grade, and had similar total distance. The MICT was composed by 21 min at 70% of WL V ˙ O 2 max . The first HIIT protocol (HIIT-30 : 30) was composed by 29 repetitions of 30 s at 100% of s V ˙ O 2 max and the second HIIT protocol (HIIT-4 : 3) was composed by three repetitions of 4 min at 90% of WL V ˙ O 2 max . Before, during and after each training protocol, HR dynamics and variability (HRV) were analysed by standard kinetics and linear (time and frequency domains). The repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the HR dynamics, which characterizes the speed of HR during the rest to exercise transition, was statistically (p < 0.05) slower during MICT in comparison to both HIIT protocols. The HRV analysis, which characterizes the cardiac autonomic modulation during the exercise recovery, was statistically higher in HIIT-4 : 3 in comparison to MICT and HIIT-30 : 30 protocols (p < 0.005 and p = 0.012, respectively), suggesting that the HIIT-4 : 3 induced higher sympathetic and lower parasympathetic modulation during exercise in comparison to the other training protocols. In conclusion, HIIT-4 : 3 demonstrated post-exercise sympathetic hyperactivity and a higher HRpeak, while the HIIT-30 : 30 and MICT resulted in better HRV and HR in the exercise-recovery transition. The cardiac autonomic balance increased in HIIT-30 : 30 while HIIT-4 : 3 induced sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiac overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Raphael Bento Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty Araguaia, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Viana Gentil
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Thomas Beltrame
- Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Universidade Ibirapuera, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Basso Filho
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Social Sciences and Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Fagner Medeiros Alves
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Maria Sebastiana Silva
- Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, GIAP in Quality of Life and Human Well-Being, Department of Physical Activity Science, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Victor Coswig
- College of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Sandford GN, Stellingwerff T. " Question Your Categories": the Misunderstood Complexity of Middle-Distance Running Profiles With Implications for Research Methods and Application. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:28. [PMID: 33344952 PMCID: PMC7739647 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle-distance running provides unique complexity where very different physiological and structural/mechanical profiles may achieve similar elite performances. Training and improving the key determinants of performance and applying interventions to athletes within the middle-distance event group are probably much more divergent than many practitioners and researchers appreciate. The addition of maximal sprint speed and other anaerobic and biomechanical based parameters, alongside more commonly captured aerobic characteristics, shows promise to enhance our understanding and analysis within the complexities of middle-distance sport science. For coaches, athlete diversity presents daily training programming challenges in order to best individualize a given stimulus according to the athletes profile and avoid “non-responder” outcomes. It is from this decision making part of the coaching process, that we target this mini-review. First we ask researchers to “question their categories” concerning middle-distance event groupings. Historically broad classifications have been used [from 800 m (~1.5 min) all the way to 5,000 m (~13–15 min)]. Here within we show compelling rationale from physiological and event demand perspectives for narrowing middle-distance to 800 and 1,500 m alone (1.5–5 min duration), considering the diversity of bioenergetics and mechanical constraints within these events. Additionally, we provide elite athlete data showing the large diversity of 800 and 1,500 m athlete profiles, a critical element that is often overlooked in middle-distance research design. Finally, we offer practical recommendations on how researchers, practitioners, and coaches can advance training study designs, scientific interventions, and analysis on middle-distance athletes/participants to provide information for individualized decision making trackside and more favorable and informative study outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth N Sandford
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Physiology, Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Athletics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Physiology, Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Athletics Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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García-Pinillos F, Molina-Molina A, Párraga-Montilla JA, Latorre-Román PA. Kinematic alterations after two high-intensity intermittent training protocols in endurance runners. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:442-449. [PMID: 31534818 PMCID: PMC6742619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate running kinematic characteristics during the early and late stages of 2 high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) protocols with similar external load but different average running pace, as well as to compare the fatigue-induced changes during both HIIT protocols at a kinematic level. METHODS Eighteen endurance runners were tested on a track on 2 occasions: 10 runs of 400 m with 90-120 s recovery between running bouts (10 × 400 m), and 40 runs of 100 m with 25-30 s recovery between running bouts (40 × 100 m). Heart rate was monitored during both protocols; blood lactate accumulation and rate of perceived exertion were recorded after both exercises. A high-speed camera was used to measure sagittal-plane kinematics at the first and last runs during both HIIT protocols. The dependent variables were spatial-temporal parameters (step length and contact and flight time), joint angles during support (relative angles of the hip, knee, and ankle), and foot strike pattern. RESULTS High levels of exhaustion were reached by the athletes during both workouts (blood lactate accumulation >12 mmol/L, rate of perceived exertion >15; peak heart rate (HRpeak) > 176 bpm). A within-protocol paired t test (first vs. last run) revealed no significant changes (p ≥ 0.05) in kinematic variables during any of the HIIT sessions. A between-protocol comparison with the first run of each protocol revealed the effect of running speed on kinematics: +2.44 km/h during the 40 × 100 m: shorter contact and flight time (p ≤ 0.01) and longer step length (p = 0.001); greater hip flexion (p = 0.031) and ankle extension (p = 0.001) at initial contact; smaller knee and ankle flexion (p < 0.001) at midstance; and greater hip extension at toe-off (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION HIIT sessions including runs for 15-90 s and performed at intensity above the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake did not consistently perturb the running kinematics of trained endurance runners.
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. Sustained Muscle Deoxygenation vs. Sustained High VO 2 During High-Intensity Interval Training in Sprint Canoe-Kayak. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:6. [PMID: 33344930 PMCID: PMC7739754 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggests that peripheral adaptations, i.e., the muscle ability to extract and use oxygen, may be a stronger predictor of canoe-kayak sprint performance compared to VO2max or central adaptations. If maximizing the time near VO2max during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions is believed to optimize central adaptations, maximizing the time near maximal levels of muscle desaturation could represent a critical stimulus to optimize peripheral adaptations. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the VO2, muscle oxygenation and cardiac output responses to various HIIT sessions, and to determine which type of HIIT elicits the lowest muscle oxygenation and the longest cumulated time at low muscle O2 saturation. Methods: Thirteen well-trained canoe-kayak athletes performed an incremental test to determine VO2max and peak power output (PPO), and 4 HIIT sessions (HIIT-15: 40x[15 s at 115%PPO, 15 s at 30%PPO]; HIIT-30: 20x[30 s at 115%PPO, 30 s at 30%PPO]; HIIT-60: 6x[1 min at 130%PPO, 3 min rest]; sprint interval training (SIT): 6x[30 s all-out, 3 min 30 rest]) on a canoe or kayak ergometer. Portable near-infrared spectroscopy monitors were placed on the Latissimus dorsi (LD), Biceps brachii (BB), and Vastus lateralis (VL) during every session to assess changes in muscle O2 saturation (SmO2, % of physiological range). Results: HIIT-15 and HIIT-30 elicited a longer time >90%VO2max (HIIT-15: 8.1 ± 6.2 min, HIIT-30: 6.8 ± 4.6 min), compared to SIT (1.7 ± 1.3 min, p = 0.006 and p = 0.035) but not HIIT-60 (4.1 ± 1.7 min). SIT and HIIT-60 elicited the lowest SmO2 in the VL (SIT: 0 ± 1%, HIIT-60: 8 ± 9%) compared to HIIT-15 (26 ± 12%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007) and HIIT-30 (25 ± 12%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.030). SIT produced the longest time at >90% of maximal deoxygenation in all 3 muscles, with effect sizes ranging from small to very large. Conclusions: Short HIIT performed on a canoe/kayak ergometer elicits the longest time near VO2max, potentially conducive to VO2max improvements, but SIT is needed in order to maximize muscle deoxygenation during training, which would potentially conduct to greater peripheral adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Institut National du sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Institut National du sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Pawlak-Chaouch M, Boissière J, Munyaneza D, Gamelin FX, Cuvelier G, Berthoin S, Aucouturier J. Beetroot Juice Does Not Enhance Supramaximal Intermittent Exercise Performance in Elite Endurance Athletes. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 38:729-738. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1601601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Pawlak-Chaouch
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Julien Boissière
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Désiré Munyaneza
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - François-Xavier Gamelin
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Grégory Cuvelier
- Laboratory of Exercise and Movement, Provincial School of Hainaut (HEPH)-Condorcet, Tournai, Belgium
| | - Serge Berthoin
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Julien Aucouturier
- Sport, Health and Society, URePSSS–Pluridisciplinary Research Unit, Lille University, Lille, France
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Casado A, Moreno-Pérez D, Larrosa M, Renfree A. Different psychophysiological responses to a high-intensity repetition session performed alone or in a group by elite middle-distance runners. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1045-1052. [PMID: 30922192 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1593510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Internal training load refers to the degree of disturbance in psychophysiological homeostasis provoked by a training session and has been traditionally measured through session-RPE, which is the product of the session Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the duration. External training load refers to the actual physical work completed, and depends on session volume, intensity, frequency and density. Drafting, which is achieved by running closely behind another runner has been demonstrated to reduce the energy cost of running at a fixed speed and to improve performance. Therefore, it is hypothesised that psychophysiological responses might reflect different levels of internal load if training is performed individually or collectively. 16 elite middle-distance runners performed two high-intensity training sessions consisting of 4 repetitions of 500 m separated by 3 min of passive recovery. Sessions were performed individually and collectively. Times for each repetition, RPE, core affect (valence and felt arousal) and blood lactate concentrations [BLa] were measured after each repetition. Main time effect was significant and increased across repetitions for [BLa] and RPE (p < 0.001), and decreased for valence (p = 0.001). Main group effect was significant and values were higher when training individually for [BLa] (p = 0.003) and RPE (p = 0.001), and lower for valence (p = 0.001). No differential responses were found between conditions in terms of repeat time or felt arousal. Findings demonstrate that elite middle-distance athletes running collectively display lower levels of internal training load compared to running alone, despite external training load being similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Casado
- a Faculty of Health Sciences , Isabel I University , Burgos , Spain
| | - Diego Moreno-Pérez
- b Department of Education, Research and Evaluation Methods , Comillas Pontifical University , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mar Larrosa
- c Research Group on Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health, School of Doctorate Studies and Research , Universidad Europea , Madrid , Spain
| | - Andrew Renfree
- d Insititute of Sport and Exercise Science , University of Worcester , Worcester , UK
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Stimulus Level during Endurance Training: Effects on Lactate Kinetics in Untrained Men. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2018; 2018:3158949. [PMID: 30631775 PMCID: PMC6304585 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3158949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective Not only but particularly due to their time efficiency, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is becoming increasingly popular in fitness-oriented endurance sports. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a HIIT running program versus a Moderate Intensity Continuous Exercise (MICE) training running program (16 weeks each) on lactate kinetics in untrained males. Methods 65 healthy but untrained males (30-50 years, BMI: 27.2 ± 3.7kg/m2) were randomly assigned to either an HIIT (n=33) or a waiting-control/MICE group (n=32). HIIT consisted of intervals and intense continuous running bouts at or above the individual anaerobic threshold (IANS, 95-110% of IANS-HR), while MICE focused on continuous running at 70-82.5% IANS-HR. Both programs were adjusted for “total workload”. Study endpoints were time to IANS and time from IANS till “time to exhaustion” (TTE) as assessed by stepwise treadmill test. Results In both exercise groups time to reach IANS (MICE: 320 ± 160 s versus HIIT: 198 ± 118 s) increased significantly (p<.001), with the groups differing significantly (p<.001). Time from IANS until TTE was prolonged significantly among the HIIT group (27 ± 66s, p=.030), while among the MICE group a significant reduction of time from IANS until TTE (59 ± 109s; p=.017) was determined. Between-group difference is significant (p=.003) for this parameter. In both groups TTE increased significantly (HIIT: 27.2 ± 17.7% versus MICE: 29.0 ± 19.4%, both p<.001) at a similar level (p=.279). Conclusion HIIT and MICE protocols, when adjusted for total workload, similarly increased running performance in untrained male subjects; however, the underlying mechanisms differ fundamentally. Due to its effects on aerobic and anaerobic performance improvement, HIIT can be recommended for untrained individuals as a time-efficient alternative or complementary training method to MICE. However, our protocol did not confirm the general superiority of HIIT versus MICE on the key endurance parameter “time to exhaustion” that has been reported by other comparative exercise studies.
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Naves JPA, Rebelo ACS, Silva LRBE, Silva MS, Ramirez-Campillo R, Ramírez-Vélez R, Gentil P. Cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses of two interval training and a continuous training protocol in healthy young men. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:653-660. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1548650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Raphael Bento E Silva
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Department of Physical Education, Araguaia College, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance. Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport. GIAP in Quality of Life and Human Well-Being. Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Center of Studies for the Measurement of Physical Activity, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Training-Induced Changes in Mitochondrial Content and Respiratory Function in Human Skeletal Muscle. Sports Med 2018; 48:1809-1828. [PMID: 29934848 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle has been linked to a number of metabolic disorders that have been associated with sub-optimal mitochondrial characteristics and an increased risk of premature death. Endurance training can induce an increase in mitochondrial content and/or mitochondrial functional qualities, which are associated with improved health and well-being and longer life expectancy. It is therefore important to better define how manipulating key parameters of an endurance training intervention can influence the content and functionality of the mitochondrial pool. This review focuses on mitochondrial changes taking place following a series of exercise sessions (training-induced mitochondrial adaptations), providing an in-depth analysis of the effects of exercise intensity and training volume on changes in mitochondrial protein synthesis, mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function. We provide evidence that manipulation of different exercise training variables promotes specific and diverse mitochondrial adaptations. Specifically, we report that training volume may be a critical factor affecting changes in mitochondrial content, whereas relative exercise intensity is an important determinant of changes in mitochondrial respiratory function. As a consequence, a dissociation between training-induced changes in mitochondrial content and mitochondrial respiratory function is often observed. We also provide evidence that exercise-induced changes are not necessarily predictive of training-induced adaptations, we propose possible explanations for the above discrepancies and suggestions for future research.
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Sanders D, Heijboer M. The anaerobic power reserve and its applicability in professional road cycling. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:621-629. [PMID: 30317920 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1522684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined if short-duration record power outputs can be predicted with the Anaerobic Power Reserve (APR) model in professional cyclists using a field-based approach. Additionally, we evaluated if modified model parameters could improve predictive ability of the model. Twelve professional cyclists (V̇O2max 75 ± 6 ml∙kg-1∙min-1) participated in this investigation. Using the mean power output during the last stage of an incremental field test, sprint peak power output and an exponential constant describing the decrement in power output over time, a power-duration relationship was established for each participant. Record power outputs of different durations (5 to 180 s) were collected from training and competition data and compared to the predicted power output from the APR model. The originally proposed exponent (k = 0.026) predicted performance within an average of 43 W (Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) of 32 W) and 5.9%. Modified model parameters slightly improved predictive ability to a mean of 34-39 W (SEE of 29 - 35 W) and 4.1 - 5.3%. This study shows that a single exponent model generally fits well with the decrement in power output over time in professional cyclists. Modified model parameters may contribute to improving predictability of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajo Sanders
- a Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group , University of Stirling , Stirling , UK.,b Sport, Exercise and Health Research Centre , Newman University , Birmingham , UK
| | - Mathieu Heijboer
- c Team LottoNL-Jumbo professional cycling team , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Hartz CS, Sindorf MAG, Lopes CR, Batista J, Moreno MA. Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Performance of Handball Athletes. J Hum Kinet 2018; 63:43-51. [PMID: 30279940 PMCID: PMC6162985 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is a strategy that has been used to improve performance in different sports modalities. This study investigated the effects of an IMT program on respiratory muscle strength and resistance as well as aerobic physical performance (PP) of handball athletes. Nineteen 20 ± 3 year-old male athletes were allocated into an experimental (EG, n = 10) or a placebo group (PG, n = 9). Their respiratory muscle strength was evaluated by measuring the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), muscular respiratory resistance by maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and aerobic PP by the cardiopulmonary exercise test. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week IMT program with five sessions a week. A significant difference was observed in the pre and post IMT values of the MIP (170 ± 34 to 262 ± 33 cmH2O) and MEP (177 ± 36 to 218 ± 37 cmH2O) in the EG, and MIP (173 ± 45 to 213 ± 21 cmH2O) in the PG, with a large effect size for the MIP, when the groups were compared. MVV showed a significant increase (162 ± 24 to 173 ± 30 L) in the EG, with a small effect size. There was a significant difference in maximum oxygen uptake (54 ± 8 to 60 ± 7 ml/kg/min) in aerobic PP. Oxygen uptake at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) (46 ± 6 to 50 ± 5 ml/kg/min), with a moderate effect size for both variables, was observed in the EG after IMT. We concluded that IMT provided a significant increase in respiratory muscle strength and resistance, contributing to increased aerobic PP in the EG, which suggests that IMT could be incorporated in handball players' training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlini S. Hartz
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences - Methodist University of Piracicaba - UNIMEP - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio A. G. Sindorf
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences - Methodist University of Piracicaba - UNIMEP - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles R. Lopes
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences - Methodist University of Piracicaba - UNIMEP - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Adventist College of Hortolândia, Hortolândia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences - Methodist University of Piracicaba - UNIMEP - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlene A. Moreno
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences - Methodist University of Piracicaba - UNIMEP - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kriel Y, Askew CD, Solomon C. The effect of running versus cycling high-intensity intermittent exercise on local tissue oxygenation and perceived enjoyment in 18-30-year-old sedentary men. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5026. [PMID: 29942693 PMCID: PMC6014319 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a time-efficient exercise format to improve exercise adherence, thereby targeting the chronic disease burden associated with sedentary behaviour. Exercise mode (cycling, running), if self-selected, will likely affect the physiological and enjoyment responses to HIIT in sedentary individuals. Differences in physiological and enjoyment responses, associated with the mode of exercise, could potentially influence the uptake and continued adherence to HIIT. It was hypothesised that in young sedentary men, local and systemic oxygen utilisation and enjoyment would be higher during a session of running HIIT, compared to a session of cycling HIIT. METHODS A total of 12 sedentary men (mean ± SD; age 24 ± 3 years) completed three exercise sessions: a maximal incremental exercise test on a treadmill (MAX) followed by two experiment conditions, (1) free-paced cycling HIIT on a bicycle ergometer (HIITCYC) and (2) constant-paced running HIIT on a treadmill ergometer (HIITRUN). Deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb) in the gastrocnemius (GN), the left vastus lateralis (LVL) and the right vastus lateralis (RVL) muscles, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were measured during HIITCYC and HIITRUN. RESULTS There was a higher HHb in the LVL (p = 0.001) and RVL (p = 0.002) sites and a higher VO2 (p = 0.017) and HR (p < 0.001) during HIITCYC, compared to HIITRUN. RPE was higher (p < 0.001) and PACES lower (p = 0.032) during HIITCYC compared to HIITRUN. DISCUSSION In sedentary individuals, free-paced cycling HIIT produces higher levels of physiological stress when compared to constant-paced running HIIT. Participants perceived running HIIT to be more enjoyable than cycling HIIT. These findings have implications for selection of mode of HIIT for physical stress, exercise enjoyment and compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kriel
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Christopher D. Askew
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Colin Solomon
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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Hourcade JC, Noirez P, Sidney M, Toussaint JF, Desgorces FD. Performance losses following threefold volume increases in soccer-specific training and in small-sided games. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1486038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Noirez
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- IRMES, EA7329, INSEP, Paris, France
| | - Michel Sidney
- Université de Lille, EA7369, URePSSS “Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société”, Lille, France
| | | | - Francois-Denis Desgorces
- IRMES, EA7329, INSEP, Paris, France
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Limoges, Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
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Viana RB, Naves JPA, de Lira CAB, Coswig VS, Del Vecchio FB, Vieira CA, Gentil P. Defining the number of bouts and oxygen uptake during the "Tabata protocol" performed at different intensities. Physiol Behav 2018; 189:10-15. [PMID: 29486169 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is usually reported that the Tabata protocol (TP) is performed with eight bouts of 20:10 intervals at a load equivalent to 170% of i V̇ O2max. However, the feasibility of accumulating 160 s of work at 170% i V̇ O2max has been questioned. This article tested the intensity that would allow the performance of the original TP on a cycle ergometer, and measured the highest value of oxygen consumption (V̇ O2) obtained during the TP and the time spent above 90% of the maximal oxygen uptake (V̇ O2max) during the TP performed at different intensities. Thirteen young active males (25.9 ± 5.5 years, 67.9 ± 9.2 kg, 1.70 ± 0.06 m, 23.6 ± 3.1 kg·m-2) participated in the study. Participants performed a graded exertion test (GXT) on a cycle ergometer to obtain maximum oxygen consumption (V̇ O2max) and the intensity associated with V̇ O2max (i V̇ O2max). V̇ O2, maximal heart rate (HRmax), and number of bouts performed were evaluated during the TP performed at 115%, 130%, and 170% of i V̇ O2max. V̇ O2max, HRmax, and iV̇ O2max were 51.8 ± 8.0 mL.kg-1·min-1, 186 ± 10 bpm, and 204 ± 26 W, respectively. The number of bouts performed at 115% (7 ± 1 bouts) was higher than at 130% (5 ± 1 bouts) and 170% (4 ± 1 bouts) (p < .0001). The highest V̇ O2 achieved at 115%, 130%, and 170% of iV̇ O2max was 54.2 ± 7.9 mL·kg-1·min-1, 52.5 ± 8.1 mL·kg-1·min-1, and 49.6 ± 7.5 mL·kg-1·min-1, respectively. Non significant difference was found between the highest V̇ O2 achieved at different intensities, however qualitative magnitude-inference indicate a likely small effect between 115% and 170% of iV̇ O2max. Time spent above 90% of the V̇ O2max during the TP at 115% (50 ± 48 s) was higher than 170% (23 ± 21 s; p < 0.044) with a probably small effect. In conclusion, our data suggest that the adequate intensity to perform a similar number of bouts in the original TP is lower than previously proposed, and equivalent to 115% of the iV̇ O2max. In addition, intensities between 115 and 130% of the iV̇ O2max should be used to raise the time spent above 90% V̇O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Viana
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - João P A Naves
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Claudio A B de Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Victor S Coswig
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Fabrício B Del Vecchio
- Department of Physical Education, Superior School of Physical Education, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Vieira
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
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