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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Páez-Maldonado JA, Ara I, León-Prados JA, Alegre LM, Pareja-Blanco F, Alcazar J. Vastus Lateralis Muscle Size Is Differently Associated With the Different Regions of the Squat Force-Velocity and Load-Velocity Relationships, Rate of Force Development, and Physical Performance Young Men. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:450-458. [PMID: 38231131 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Páez-Maldonado, JA, Ara, I, León-Prados, JA, Alegre, LM, Pareja-Blanco, F, and Alcazar, J. Vastus lateralis muscle size is differently associated with the different regions of the squat force-velocity and load-velocity relationships, rate of force development, and physical performance young men. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 450-458, 2024-The influence that regional muscle size and muscle volume may have on different portions of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships, explosive force, and muscle function of the lower limbs is poorly understood. This study assessed the association of muscle size with the F-V and L-V relationships, rate of force development (RFD) and maximal isometric force in the squat exercise, and vertical jump performance via countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Forty-nine resistance-trained young men (22.7 ± 3.3 years old) participated in the study. Anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the vastus lateralis (VLA) muscle was measured using the extended field of view mode in an ultrasound device at 3 different femur lengths (40% [distal], 57.5% [medial], and 75% [proximal]), and muscle volume was estimated considering the VLA muscle insertion points previously published and validated in this study. There were significant associations between all muscle size measures (except distal ACSA) and (a) forces and loads yielded at velocities ranging from 0 to 1.5 m·s -1 ( r = 0.36-0.74, p < 0.05), (b) velocities exerted at forces and loads ranging between 750-2,000 N and 75-200 kg, respectively ( r = 0.31-0.69, p < 0.05), and (c) RFD at 200 and 400 milliseconds ( r = 0.35-0.64, p < 0.05). Proximal and distal ACSA and muscle volume were significantly associated with CMJ height ( r = 0.32-0.51, p < 0.05). Vastus lateralis muscle size exhibited a greater influence on performance at higher forces or loads and lower velocities and late phases of explosive muscle actions. Additionally, proximal ACSA and muscle volume showed the highest correlation with the muscle function measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Páez-Maldonado
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A León-Prados
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Lu C, Zhang K, Cui Y, Tian Y, Wang S, Cao J, Shen Y. Development and Evaluation of a Full-Waveform Resistance Training Monitoring System Based on a Linear Position Transducer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2435. [PMID: 36904637 PMCID: PMC10007005 DOI: 10.3390/s23052435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in training monitoring are centered on the statistical indicators of the concentric phase of the movement. However, those studies lack consideration of the integrity of the movement. Moreover, training performance evaluation needs valid data on the movement. Thus, this study presents a full-waveform resistance training monitoring system (FRTMS) as a whole-movement-process monitoring solution to acquire and analyze the full-waveform data of resistance training. The FRTMS includes a portable data acquisition device and a data processing and visualization software platform. The data acquisition device monitors the barbell's movement data. The software platform guides users through the acquisition of training parameters and provides feedback on the training result variables. To validate the FRTMS, we compared the simultaneous measurements of 30-90% 1RM of Smith squat lifts performed by 21 subjects with the FRTMS to similar measurements obtained with a previously validated three-dimensional motion capture system. Results showed that the FRTMS produced practically identical velocity outcomes, with a high Pearson's correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, and coefficient of multiple correlations and a low root mean square error. We also studied the applications of the FRTMS in practical training by comparing the training results of a six-week experimental intervention with velocity-based training (VBT) and percentage-based training (PBT). The current findings suggest that the proposed monitoring system can provide reliable data for refining future training monitoring and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changda Lu
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yixiong Cui
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yinsheng Tian
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- AI Sports Engineering Laboratory, School of Sports Engineering, Beijing Sport University, 48 Xinxi Road, Beijing 100084, China
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Hernández-Lougedo J, Heredia-Elvar JR, Maicas-Pérez L, Cañuelo-Márquez AM, Rozalén-Bustín M, de Jesús Franco F, Garnacho-Castaño MV, García-Fernández P, Maté-Muñoz JL. Neuromuscular Fatigue and Metabolic Stress during the 15 Minutes of Rest after Carrying Out a Bench Press Exercise Protocol. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101435. [PMID: 36290339 PMCID: PMC9598826 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Velocity loss (VL) at 1 m·s−1 can help to determine neuromuscular fatigue after performing an exercise protocol. The aim of this study was to analyse muscle fatigue and metabolic stress during the 15 min that follow the execution of a bench press (BP) exercise protocol. Methods: Forty-four healthy male students of sports science performed two exercise sessions separated by one week of rest. In the first week, the participants carried out a test with progressive loads in the (BP) exercise until reaching the one-repetition maximum (1RM) in order to obtain the load−velocity relationship of each participant. In the second week, each participant conducted three BP exercise sets at an intensity of 70% of 1RM, determining this load through the mean propulsive velocity (MPV) obtained from the individual load−velocity relationship, with the participants performing the maximum number of repetitions (MNR) to muscle failure. Two minutes of rest were allocated between sets. MPV at 1 m·s−1 and blood lactate concentrations were recorded before executing the exercise and at minute 0, 5, 10 and 15 after performing the exercise protocol. Results: A two-factor repeated measures ANOVA was performed. MPV at 1 m·s−1 in minute 0 post-exercise was −33.3% (p < 0.05), whereas in minute 10 and 15 post-exercise, it was ≈−9% (p > 0.05). Regarding the blood lactate levels, significant differences were observed in all measurements before and after the exercise protocol (p < 0.001), obtaining ≈7 mmol·L−1 at minute 10 post-exercise and 4.3 mmol·L−1 after 15 min of recovery. Conclusions: MPV with medium or moderate loads shows a certain recovery from minute 10 of rest. However, the blood lactate levels are still high (>5 mmol·L−1). Therefore, although there seem to be certain conditions to reach a similar maximum MPV peak, the residual fatigue at the neuromuscular level and the non-recovery of metabolic homeostasis would hinder the reproduction of these protocols, both at the level of applied stimulus and from a methodological perspective, since a long recovery time would be required between sets and exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hernández-Lougedo
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Heredia-Elvar
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Maicas-Pérez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana María Cañuelo-Márquez
- Department of Physical Activity and Sports Science, Alfonso X El Sabio University, 28691 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Pablo García-Fernández
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IdISSC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - José Luis Maté-Muñoz
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Bartolomei S, Nigro F, D'Amico A, Cortesi M, Di Michele R. Mud Pack With Menthol and Arnica Montana Accelerates Recovery Following a High-Volume Resistance Training Session for Lower Body in Trained Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1909-1915. [PMID: 32956264 PMCID: PMC10842651 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bartolomei, S, Nigro, F, D'Amico, A, Cortesi, M, and Di Michele, R. Mud pack with menthol and Arnica montana accelerates recovery following a high-volume resistance training session for lower body in trained men. J Strength Cond Res 36(7): 1909-1915, 2022-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a mud pack, containing menthol and Arnica montana, on the recovery responses following a high-volume resistance protocol. Ten resistance-trained men (mean ± SD: age = 25.3 ± 6.1 years; body mass = 79.1 ± 10.6 kg; height = 178.9 ± 7.5 cm) performed a high-volume resistance workout for lower body squat and leg extension, (5 sets of 10 reps at 70% of one repetition maximum for both exercises). All the subject used mud (MUD) or a placebo (PL) in randomized counterbalanced crossover design. MUD or PL were applied 4 times: 3, 19, 27, and 45 hours after the workout, on the skin surface above the quadriceps muscle of both legs. Muscle performance (countermovement jump power [CMJP], isokinetic leg press at 75 cm·s-1 and 25 cm·s-1 [ISOK75 and ISOK25, respectively], isometric squat [ISQ]), and morphology (muscle thickness of vastus lateralis [VLMT]), were measured before exercise (baseline [BL]), and 15 minutes (15P), 24 hours (24P), and 48 hours (48P) postexercise. In addition, muscle soreness was assessed at the same time points using a visual analog scale (VAS). No significant interactions (p > 0.05) between the trials were detected for CMJP, ISOK75, ISQ, and VLMT. A significant interaction between trials was noted for ISOK25 (p = 0.022) and for VAS (p = 0.001). ISOK25 was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced from BL at 15P, 24P and 48P in PL, whereas changes were significant (p < 0.05) at 15P and 24P only in MUD. The present findings indicate that MUD may enhance the recovery rate of strength and reduce muscle soreness after high-volume exercise. Muscle morphology do not seem to be influenced by mud packs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Bartolomei
- Department of Biomedical and Neuoromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; and
| | - Federico Nigro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio D'Amico
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Cortesi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Di Michele
- Department of Biomedical and Neuoromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; and
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Handford MJ, Bright TE, Mundy P, Lake J, Theis N, Hughes JD. The Need for Eccentric Speed: A Narrative Review of the Effects of Accelerated Eccentric Actions During Resistance-Based Training. Sports Med 2022; 52:2061-2083. [PMID: 35536450 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric training as a method to enhance athletic performance is a topic of increasing interest to both practitioners and researchers. However, data regarding the effects of performing the eccentric actions of an exercise at increased velocities are limited. This narrative review aimed to provide greater clarity for eccentric methods and classification with regard to temporal phases of exercises. Between March and April 2021, we used key terms to search the PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Google Scholar databases within the years 1950-2021. Search terms included 'fast eccentric', 'fast velocity eccentric', 'dynamic eccentric', 'accentuated eccentric loading', and 'isokinetic eccentric', analysing both the acute and the chronic effects of accelerated eccentric training in human participants. Review of the 26 studies that met the inclusion criteria identified that completing eccentric tempos of < 2 s increased subsequent concentric one repetition maximum performance, velocity, and power compared with > 4 s tempos. Tempos of > 4 s duration increased time under tension (TUT), whereas reduced tempos allowed for greater volume to be completed. Greater TUT led to larger accumulation of blood lactate, growth hormone, and testosterone when volume was matched to that of the reduced tempos. Overall, evidence supports eccentric actions of < 2 s duration to improve subsequent concentric performance. There is no clear difference between using eccentric tempos of 2-6 s if the aim is to increase hypertrophic response and strength. Future research should analyse the performance of eccentric actions at greater velocities or reduced time durations to determine more factors such as strength response. Tempo studies should aim to complete the same TUT for protocols to determine measures for hypertrophic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Handford
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK.
| | - Thomas E Bright
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Peter Mundy
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Jason Lake
- Chichester Institute of Sport, Nursing, and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Jonathan D Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
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Velocity-Based Resistance Training on 1-RM, Jump and Sprint Performance: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10010008. [PMID: 35050973 PMCID: PMC8822898 DOI: 10.3390/sports10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Weight resistance training (RT) has been shown to positively influence physical performance. Within the last two decades, a methodology based on monitoring RT through movement velocity (also called velocity-based resistance training, VBRT) has emerged. The aim of this PRISMA-based systematic review was to evaluate the effect of VBRT programs on variables related to muscle strength (one-repetition maximum, 1-RM), and high-speed actions (vertical jump, and sprint performance) in trained subjects. The search for published articles was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORT Discus/EBSCO, OVID, Web of Science, Scopus, and EMBASE databases using Boolean algorithms independently. A total of 22 studies met the inclusion criteria of this systematic review (a low-to-moderate overall risk of bias of the analyzed studies was detected). VBRT is an effective method to improve 1-RM, vertical jump and sprint. According to the results of the analyzed studies, it is not necessary to reach high muscle failure in order to achieve the best training results. These findings reinforce the fact that it is possible to optimize exercise adaptations with less fatigue. Future studies should corroborate these findings in female population.
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Külkamp W, Feunteun Y, Borges Junior N. Concurrent validity and reliability of self-selected movement velocity for resistance training monitoring in close grip pull-down and knee extension. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moreno-Villanueva A, Pino-Ortega J, Rico-González M. Validity and reliability of linear position transducers and linear velocity transducers: a systematic review. Sports Biomech 2021:1-30. [PMID: 34726576 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1988136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to summarise and analyse the evidence on the reliability and validity of linear tranducers (LTs) in exercises of different nature and different modes of execution. This systematic review was carried out under PRISMA guidelines, and was carried out using three databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Scopus). Of the 351 initially found, 21 were included in the qualitative synthesis. The results reflected that linear position transducers (LPTs) were valid and reliable in monitoring movement velocity in non-plyometric exercises. However, precision and reliability were lower in execution protocols without isometric phase and in the execution of exercises in multiple planes of movement, with greater measurement errors at higher sampling frequencies. On the other hand, linear velocity transducers (LVTs) proved to be valid and reliable in measuring velocity during plyometric and non-plyometric exercises performed on the Smith machine, with less variation in measurement in the latter. Finally, the use of peak values is recommended, since they are less dependent on the technological errors of LTs. Therefore, the performance of non-plyometric exercises, carried out in the Smith machine and with an isometric phase in the execution of the movement, will help to minimise the technological error of the LTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Folland JP, Balshaw TG. Muscle Growth Does Contribute to the Increases in Strength that Occur after Resistance Training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2006-2010. [PMID: 34398063 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Effects of a 6 Week Low-Dose Combined Resistance and Endurance Training on T Cells and Systemic Inflammation in the Elderly. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040843. [PMID: 33917916 PMCID: PMC8068286 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing age, the immune system undergoes a remodeling process, affecting the shift of T cell subpopulations and the development of chronic low-grade inflammation. Clinically, this is characterized by increased susceptibility to infections or development of several diseases. Since lifestyle factors can play a significant role in reducing the hallmarks of immune aging and inflammation, we investigated the effect of a 6 week low-dose combined resistance and endurance training program. Forty participants (70.3 ± 5.0 years) were randomly assigned to either a training (TG) or control group (CG) and performed a controlled low-threshold and care-oriented 6-week-long combined resistance and endurance training program. Changes in anthropometrics as well as strength capacity were measured. In subgroups of TG and CG, T cells and their subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, naïve, central, effector memory, T-EMRA) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The changes of various plasma cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and adipokines were analyzed by luminex assays. The exercise program was followed by an increase in strength capacities. Participants of TG showed an increase of the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio over time (p < 0.05). Significant decreases in systemic levels of interleukin (IL-) 6, IL-8, IL-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p < 0.05) were observed for participants of TG over time. Even short-term and low-threshold training can reduce some of the hallmarks of immune aging in elderly and thus could be beneficial to stimulate immunity. The specific characteristics of the program make it easily accessible to older people, who may benefit in the longer term in terms of their immunocompetence.
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Turner AN, Comfort P, McMahon J, Bishop C, Chavda S, Read P, Mundy P, Lake J. Developing Powerful Athletes Part 2: Practical Applications. Strength Cond J 2021. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Davies TB, Tran DL, Hogan CM, Haff GG, Latella C. Chronic Effects of Altering Resistance Training Set Configurations Using Cluster Sets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:707-736. [PMID: 33475986 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute responses to cluster set resistance training (RT) have been demonstrated. However, as compared to traditional sets, the effect of cluster sets on muscular and neuromuscular adaptations remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of RT programs implementing cluster and traditional set configurations on muscular and neuromuscular adaptations. METHODS Systematic searches of Embase, Scopus, Medline and SPORTDiscus were conducted. Inclusion criteria were: (1) randomized or non-randomized comparative studies; (2) publication in English; (3) participants of all age groups; (4) participants free of any medical condition or injury; (5) cluster set intervention; (6) comparison intervention utilizing a traditional set configuration; (7) intervention length ≥ three weeks and (8) at least one measure of changes in strength/force/torque, power, velocity, hypertrophy or muscular endurance. Raw data (mean ± SD or range) were extracted from included studies. Hedges' g effect sizes (ES) ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. No differences between cluster and traditional set configurations were found for strength (ES = - 0.05 ± 0.10, 95% CI - 0.21 to 0.11, p = 0.56), power output (ES = 0.02 ± 0.10, 95% CI - 0.17 to 0.20, p = 0.86), velocity (ES = 0.15 ± 0.13, 95% CI - 0.10 to 0.41, p = 0.24), hypertrophy (ES = - 0.05 ± 0.14, 95% CI - 0.32 to 0.23, p = 0.73) or endurance (ES = - 0.07 ± 0.18, 95% CI - 0.43 to 0.29, p = 0.70) adaptations. Moreover, no differences were observed when training volume, cluster set model, training status, body parts trained or exercise type were considered. CONCLUSION Collectively, both cluster and traditional set configurations demonstrate equal effectiveness to positively induce muscular and neuromuscular adaptation(s). However, cluster set configurations may achieve such adaptations with less fatigue development during RT which may be an important consideration across various exercise settings and stages of periodized RT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Davies
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Derek L Tran
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Clorinda M Hogan
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Directorate of Physiotherapy and Sport, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Latella
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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Törpel A, Peter B, Schega L. Effect of Resistance Training Under Normobaric Hypoxia on Physical Performance, Hematological Parameters, and Body Composition in Young and Older People. Front Physiol 2020; 11:335. [PMID: 32411007 PMCID: PMC7198789 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance training (RT) under hypoxic conditions has been used to increase muscular performance under normoxic conditions in young people. However, the effects of RT and thus of RT under hypoxia (RTH) could also be valuable for parameters of physical capacity and body composition across the lifespan. Therefore, we compared the effects of low- to moderate-load RTH with matched designed RT on muscular strength capacity, cardiopulmonary capacity, hematological adaptation, and body composition in young and older people. Methods In a pre–post randomized, blinded, and controlled experiment, 42 young (18 to 30 year) and 42 older (60 to 75 year) participants were randomly assigned to RTH or RT (RTH young, RT young, RTH old, RT old). Both groups performed eight resistance exercises (25–40% of 1RM, 3 × 15 repetitions) four times a week over 5 weeks. The intensity of hypoxic air for the RTH was administered individually in regards to the oxygen saturation of the blood (SpO2): ∼80–85%. Changes and differences in maximal isokinetic strength, cardiopulmonary capacity, total hemoglobin mass (tHb), blood volume (BV), fat free mass (FFM), and fat mass (FM) were determined pre–post, and the acute reaction of erythropoietin (EPO) was tested during the intervention. Results In all parameters, no significant pre–post differences in mean changes (time × group effects p = 0.120 to 1.000) were found between RTH and RT within the age groups. However, within the four groups, isolated significant improvements (p < 0.050) of the single groups were observed regarding the muscular strength of the legs and the cardiopulmonary capacity. Discussion Although the hypoxic dose and the exercise variables of the resistance training in this study were based on the current recommendations of RTH, the RTH design used had no superior effect on the tested parameters in young and older people in comparison to the matched designed RT under normoxia after a 5-week intervention period. Based on previous RTH-studies as well as the knowledge about RT in general, it can be assumed that the expected higher effects of RTH can may be achieved by changing exercise variables (e.g., longer intervention period, higher loads).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Törpel
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beate Peter
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department Health and Physical Activity, Institute III Sport Science, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Latella C, Teo WP, Drinkwater EJ, Kendall K, Haff GG. The Acute Neuromuscular Responses to Cluster Set Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2019; 49:1861-1877. [PMID: 31506904 PMCID: PMC6851217 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cluster sets (CSs) are a popular resistance training (RT) strategy categorised by short rest periods implemented between single or groups of repetitions. However, evidence supporting the effectiveness of CSs on acute intra-session neuromuscular performance is still equivocal. OBJECTIVE The objective of this investigation was to determine the efficacy of a single session of CSs to attenuate losses in force, velocity and power compared to traditional set (TS) training. METHODS Screening consisted of a systematic search of EMBASE, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus. Inclusion criteria were (1) measured one or more of mean/peak force, velocity or power; (2) implemented CSs in comparison to TSs; (3) an acute design, or part thereof; and (4) published in an English-language, peer-reviewed journal. Raw data (mean ± standard deviation) were extracted from included studies and converted into standardised mean differences (SMDs) and ± 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Twenty-five studies were used to calculate SMD ± 95% CI. Peak (SMD = 0.815, 95% CI 0.105-1.524, p = 0.024) and mean (SMD = 0.863, 95% CI 0.319-1.406, p = 0.002) velocity, peak (SMD = 0.356, 95% CI 0.057-0.655, p = 0.019) and mean (SMD = 0.692, 95% CI 0.395-0.990, p < 0.001) power, and peak force (SMD = 0.306, 95% CI - 0.028 to 0.584, p = 0.031) favoured CS. Subgroup analyses demonstrated an overall effect for CS across loads (SMD = 0.702, 95% CI 0.548-0.856, p < 0.001), included exercises (SMD = 0.664, 95% CI 0.413-0.916, p < 0.001), experience levels (SMD = 0.790, 95% CI 0.500-1.080, p < 0.001) and CS structures (SMD = 0.731, 95% CI 0.567-0.894, p < 0.001) with no difference within subgroups. CONCLUSION CSs are a useful strategy to attenuate the loss in velocity, power and peak force during RT and should be used to maintain neuromuscular performance, especially when kinetic outcomes are emphasised. However, it remains unclear if the benefits translate to improved performance across all RT exercises, between sexes and across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Latella
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
- Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences (SENS), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric J Drinkwater
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristina Kendall
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Health and Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
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Martinelli RLDC, Marchesan IQ. Is training of the lingual musculature necessary to treat orofacial functions? REVISTA CEFAC 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0216201820614618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Goff AJ, Page WS, Clark NC. Reporting of acute programme variables and exercise descriptors in rehabilitation strength training for tibiofemoral joint soft tissue injury: A systematic review. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 34:227-237. [PMID: 30388671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Strength training acute programme variables (APVs) can impact tibiofemoral joint injury outcomes. Exercise descriptors (EDs; e.g. patient-position) specify configurations within which APVs are applied. Evidence-based practice depends on adequate reporting of APVs and EDs to replicate strength training interventions in clinical practice. This systematic review assessed APV and ED reporting for adults with tibiofemoral joint injury (anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)/posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)/medial collateral ligament (MCL)/lateral collateral ligament (LCL)/meniscus/hyaline cartilage (HC)). METHODS PRISMA guidelines were followed. Specific key-term combinations were employed and database searches performed. Descriptive/observational/experimental studies were included (2006-2018). Studies needed to report pre-defined APVs or EDs for ≥51% of all exercises to be included. Frequency counts were made of studies adequately reporting APVs and EDs. RESULTS Sixteen articles were included (ACL = 13; meniscus = 3). No PCL/MCL/LCL/HC articles were identified. Of nine APVs, five and four were consistently reported by the majority of ACL (≥7) and meniscal (≥2) studies, respectively. Of eight EDs, four were consistently reported by the majority of both ACL (≥8) and meniscal (≥2) studies. CONCLUSION Many APVs and EDs were not adequately reported. Future studies should better document APVs and EDs for higher standards of intervention reporting and enhanced translation of research to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Goff
- Health and Social Sciences, Singapore Institute of Technology, 10 Dover Drive, 138683, Singapore.
| | - William S Page
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Nicholas C Clark
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldegrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
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Dorrell HF, Moore JM, Smith MF, Gee TI. Validity and reliability of a linear positional transducer across commonly practised resistance training exercises. J Sports Sci 2018; 37:67-73. [PMID: 29851551 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1482588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the validity and reliability of the GymAware PowerTool (GPT). Thirteen resistance trained participants completed three visits, consisting of three repetitions of free-weight back squat, bench press, deadlift (80% one repetition maximum), and countermovement jump. Bar displacement, peak and mean velocity, peak and mean force, and jump height were calculated using the GPT, a three-dimensional motion capture system (Motion Analysis Corporation; 150 Hz), and a force plate (Kistler; 1500 Hz). Least products regression were used to compare agreeability between devices. A within-trial one-way ANOVA, typical error (TE; %), and smallest worthwhile change (SWC) were used to assess reliability. Regression analysis resulted in R2 values of >0.85 for all variables excluding deadlift mean velocity (R2 = 0.54-0.69). Significant differences were observed between visits 3-2 for bench press bar displacement (0.395 ± 0.055 m; 0.383 ± 0.053 m), and deadlift bar displacement (0.557 ± 0.034 m; 0.568 ± 0.034 m). No other significant differences were found. Low to moderate TE (0.6-8.8%) were found for all variables, with SWC ranging 1.7-7.4%. The data provides evidence that the GPT can be used to measure kinetic and kinematic outputs, however, care should be taken when monitoring deadlift performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry F Dorrell
- a Human Performance Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Sciences , University of Lincoln , Lincoln , UK
| | - Joseph M Moore
- a Human Performance Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Sciences , University of Lincoln , Lincoln , UK
| | - Mark F Smith
- a Human Performance Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Sciences , University of Lincoln , Lincoln , UK
| | - Thomas I Gee
- a Human Performance Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Science, College of Social Sciences , University of Lincoln , Lincoln , UK
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Mackey CS, Thiele RM, Conchola EC, DeFreitas JM. Comparison of fatigue responses and rapid force characteristics between explosive- and traditional-resistance-trained males. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1539-1546. [PMID: 29761311 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3883-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare maximal and rapid force characteristics, as well as fatigability, between traditional (TRT) and explosive (ERT) resistance-trained men. METHODS Fourteen TRT (mean age = 25 years) and twelve ERT (mean age = 22 years) men performed rapid maximal contractions followed by an isokinetic fatigue protocol consisting of 50 maximal knee extension (KE) and flexions (KF) at a moderate speed (180° s-¹). Baseline measures included: isokinetic peak torque (PT), isometric rate of torque development (RTD0-50), peak acceleration (ACCmax), and peak velocity (Vmax). Changes in torque with fatigue were used to calculate a fatigue index (FI%). RESULTS The ERT group (M ± SD; 1199.05 ± 404.12) displayed a significantly higher isometric RTD0-50 (p = 0.049) during KE than the TRT group (931.73 ± 244.75). No other significant differences in the dependent variables (PT, FI%, ACCmax, Vmax; all p ≥ 0.05) were observed between groups (TRT vs. ERT) for either of the muscle groups (KE and KF). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study indicated that only knee extension RTD was able to discriminate between the two groups. These findings suggest that rapid force production may be more sensitive at distinguishing training-specific muscular adaptations than peak acceleration or velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Mackey
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Ryan M Thiele
- Applied Physiology and Sports Medicine Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Eric C Conchola
- Department of Wellness, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Jason M DeFreitas
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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RIEL HENRIK, MATTHEWS MARK, VICENZINO BILL, BANDHOLM THOMAS, THORBORG KRISTIAN, RATHLEFF MICHAELSKOVDAL. Feedback Leads to Better Exercise Quality in Adolescents with Patellofemoral Pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:28-35. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Parker J, Lagerhem C, Hellström J, Olsson MC. Effects of nine weeks isokinetic training on power, golf kinematics, and driver performance in pre-elite golfers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:21. [PMID: 29238597 PMCID: PMC5725976 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background It has previously been shown that isotonic strength training can improve driver performance among golfers, though few studies have investigated effects of strength training on swing kinematics together with driver performance. In this study we investigated whether isokinetic rotational training could improve driver performance and swing kinematic variables amongst elite golfers. Methods Twenty competitive pre-elite golfers (handicap better than -3.0), 13 men and 7 women, were split into two groups, one group received the isokinetic power training (IK) alongside their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training and the other group continued with their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training regime (IT). The IK group completed 12 sessions of isokinetic power training on a standing rotation exercise (10% body weight at 1 m/s) and barbell squat (25 kg plus 10% body weight at 0.5 m/s). The IT group continued with their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training regime. Participants were tested for rotational power, lower body power, golf swing kinematics, and driver performance before and after a nine-week training period. Results After the nine-week training period both the IK and the IT groups increased their dominant side rotational force and power (effect sizes between 0.50-0.96) and magnitude based inference indicated that IK had a likely (> 80%) more beneficial increase in dominant side rotational force and power. For swing kinematics, IK had a likely (> 80%) more beneficial improvement in lead arm speed and acceleration compared to the IT group. For driver performance, IK had a possible (65%) beneficial effect on ball speed and likely (78%) beneficial effect on carry distance when compared to IT, whereas neither of the groups improved club head speed. Conclusion In the present study on pre-elite golfers we found that 9 weeks of isokinetic training increased seated rotational force and power, peak arm speed and arm acceleration, ball speed, and carry distance more compared to isotonic training. Even though isokinetic training did not increase CHS, it did result in greater carry distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Parker
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden.,Scandinavian College of Sport, Box 11365, 494 28 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlie Lagerhem
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - John Hellström
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden.,Swedish Golf Federation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Charlotte Olsson
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
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Chen WH, Liu YC, Tai HH, Liu C. Resistance characteristics of innovative eco-fitness equipment: a water buoyancy muscular machine. Sports Biomech 2017; 17:98-116. [PMID: 28982270 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2017.1357746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper propose innovative eco-fitness equipment-a water buoyancy muscular machine (WBM machine) in which resistance is generated by buoyancy and fluid resistance. The resistance characteristics during resistance adjustment and under isometric, concentric, eccentric and isokinetic conditions were investigated and compared to a conventional machine with metal weight plates. The results indicated that the isometric, concentric and eccentric resistances could be adjusted by varying the water volume; the maximum resistances under isometric, concentric and eccentric conditions were 163.8, 338.5 and 140.9 N, respectively. The isometric resistances at different positions remained constant in both machines; however the isometric resistance was lower for WBM machine when at a position corresponding to a 5% total displacement. The WBM machine has lower resistance under eccentric conditions and higher resistance under concentric conditions. Although the conventional machine has an identical trend, the variation was minor (within 4 N). In the WBM machine, the eccentric resistance was approximately 30-45% of the concentric resistance. Concentric resistances increased with an increase in velocity in both machines; however, the eccentric resistances decreased with an increase in velocity. In summary, the WBM machine, a piece of innovative eco-fitness equipment, has unique resistance characteristics and expansibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Han Chen
- a Department of Physical Education , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan.,b Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology , University of Taipei , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Liu
- c The Office of Physical Education , Chung Hua University , Hsinchu , Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hao Tai
- d The Office of Physical Education , Chien Hsin University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Chiang Liu
- b Graduate Institute of Sports Equipment Technology , University of Taipei , Taipei , Taiwan
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Increases in Variation of Barbell Kinematics Are Observed with Increasing Intensity in a Graded Back Squat Test. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5030051. [PMID: 29910411 PMCID: PMC5968951 DOI: 10.3390/sports5030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was two-fold: (1) To examine the variation in velocity and power with increasing intensity in the back squat among subjects; and (2) To explore individual subject characteristics as possible explanations for variations of velocity in the back squat. Fourteen recreationally trained male subjects with experience in the back squat agreed to participate in the study (age = 25.0 ± 2.6 years, height = 178.9 ± 8.1 cm, body mass = 88.2 ± 15.8 kg). One-repetition maximums (1RM) were performed for each subject on force platforms with four linear position transducers attached to the barbell. The 1RM assessment was immediately preceded by warm-up sets at 65%, 75%, 85%, and 95% of estimated 1RM for 5, 3, 2, and 1 repetitions, respectively. Mean concentric velocity (MCV) and mean power were recorded for each intensity condition and were analyzed using Pearson correlation to determine the relationship between each variable and relative intensity (%1RM). Statistically significant negative relationships existed between %1RM and MCV (r = -0.892) and mean power (r = -0.604). Between-subject coefficient of variation tended to increase as %1RM increased for both MCV and mean power. These results suggest that MCV is superior to mean power as an indicator of relative intensity in the back squat. Additionally, the between-subject variation observed at higher intensities for MCV and mean power support the use of velocity ranges by strength and conditioning coaches.
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Ferrari R, Kothe G, Bottaro M, Cadore EL, Kruel LFM. Muscle Mass and Training Status Do Not Affect the Maximum Number of Repetitions in Different Upper-Body Resistance Exercises. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.2174/1875399x01710010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Data investigating the factors that influence the relationship between different percentages of one repetition maximum (1RM) and the maximum number of repetitions (RM’s) performed are scarce when the movement velocity of each repetition is controlled during the RM’s test.
Objective:
To evaluate the RM’s performed at 60, 75, and 90% of 1RM in 4 different upper-body free weight exercises: bench press, barbell triceps extension, unilateral dumbbell elbow flexion, unilateral bent knee dumbbell row.
Method:
Thirty participants, 15 trained (T) and 15 untrained (UT) men, volunteered to participate in this study and attended six separate occasions, each separated by at least 48 h. In the first three sessions, familiarization and 1RM tests were evaluated. The last three sessions were designed to assess the performance of the RM’s at 60%, 75%, and 90% 1RM. The exercise order and intensities performed in each session were randomized. Muscle action velocity for each repetition was controlled by an electronic metronome.
Results:
There was no significant difference between T and UT in any of the exercises at a given exercise intensity. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the number of repetitions performed when exercises with different muscle mass (i.e., bench press vs. triceps extension, and dumbbell row vs. elbow flexion) at different intensities (i.e., 60%, 75%, and 90%) were compared.
Conclusion:
Using the same percentage of 1RM, the participants performed a similar number of repetitions in the four free weight upper-body exercises evaluated.
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HELLAND CHRISTIAN, HOLE EIRIK, IVERSEN ERIK, OLSSON MONICACHARLOTTE, SEYNNES OLIVIER, SOLBERG PAULANDRE, PAULSEN GØRAN. Training Strategies to Improve Muscle Power. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:736-745. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Jara CC, Ríos LJC, Mayorga DJ, Rios IC, Salazar CM, Beraldo PC. Comparison of two incremental protocols for evaluation of hip extension. FISIOTERAPIA EM MOVIMENTO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-5918.030.001.ao14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: The hip muscles play an important role in controlling the transverse and frontal plane of the femur during displacement. The hip extension and abduction/adduction exercises are among the most widely evaluated protocols both clinically and in research. Objective: To compare which assessment protocol in an isokinetic strength regime (distal grip-ankle vs. proximal grip-knee) best represents the action of hip extension and to analyze the test-retest reliability in the variables peak force (PF) and work (W). Methods: A total of 20 subjects participated in this research. All participants were female. The mean and standard deviations of age, weight and height were 21 ± 3.9 years, 65 ± 11 kg, 166 ± 3.4 cm, respectively. Results: Significant differences were found in both variables (PF and W) between protocols 1 and 2 (p < 0.05) on assessment days 1 and 2. No differences between days 1 and day 2 in either protocol (p < 0.05) were found. Index values of interclass correlation (ICC) of protocol 1 ranged between 0.38 and 0.86. In protocol 2 the ICC range was between 0.33 and 0.87. Conclusions: In light of these results, the hip extension exercise with a proximal grip best represents the strength of the muscle groups involved in this action.
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Focusing on Increasing Velocity during Heavy Resistance Knee Flexion Exercise Boosts Hamstring Muscle Activity in Chronic Stroke Patients. Neurol Res Int 2016; 2016:6523724. [PMID: 27525118 PMCID: PMC4976165 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6523724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Muscle strength is markedly reduced in stroke patients, which has negative implications for functional capacity and work ability. Different types of feedback during strength training exercises may alter neuromuscular activity and functional gains. Objective. To compare levels of muscle activity during conditions of blindfolding and intended high contraction speed with a normal condition of high-intensity knee flexions. Methods. Eighteen patients performed unilateral machine knee flexions with a 10-repetition maximum load. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the quadrics and hamstring muscles and normalized to maximal EMG (nEMG) of the nonparetic limb. Results. For the paretic leg, the speed condition showed higher values of muscle activity compared with the normal and blindfolded conditions for both biceps femoris and semitendinosus. Likewise, the speed condition showed higher co-contraction values compared with the normal and blindfolded conditions for the vastus lateralis. No differences were observed between exercise conditions for the nonparetic leg. Conclusion. Chronic stroke patients are capable of performing heavy resistance training with intended high speed of contraction. Focusing on speed during the concentric phase elicited higher levels of muscle activity of the hamstrings compared to normal and blindfolded conditions, which may have implications for regaining fast muscle strength in stroke survivors.
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Torres-Torrelo J, Rodríguez-Rosell D, González-Badillo JJ. Light-load maximal lifting velocity full squat training program improves important physical and skill characteristics in futsal players. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:967-975. [PMID: 27414074 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1206663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training or combined resistance training and change of direction exercises on physical performance and motor skills in futsal players. Thirty-four futsal players were divided into full squat group (SG, n = 12), combined full squat and change of direction exercises group (S+CDG, n = 12) and control group (CG, n = 10). The resistance training for SG consisted of full squat with low load (~45-58% 1RM) and low volume (4-6 repetitions), whereas the S+CDG performed the same resistance training program combined with loaded change of direction. Sprint time in 10 and 20 m, change of direction test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) height, maximal strength and force-velocity relationship in full squat exercise, kicking speed ball (BSmean) and repeated sprint ability (RSAmean) were selected as testing variables. Both experimental groups showed significant improvements for CMJ, BSmean and all strength parameters. Only SG resulted in significant sprint gains, whereas S+CDG also achieved significant improvements in RSAmean. The CG remained unchanged after training period. No significant differences were found between both experimental groups. These findings suggest that only 12 sessions of either lightweight resistance training alone, lifting the load at maximal intended velocity or combined with change of direction exercises is enough to improve several physical and skills capacities critical to futsal performance in adult players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Torres-Torrelo
- a Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo , Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Rosell
- a Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo , Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
| | - Juan José González-Badillo
- a Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo , Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Seville , Spain
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Riel H, Matthews M, Vicenzino B, Bandholm T, Thorborg K, Rathleff MS. Efficacy of live feedback to improve objectively monitored compliance to prescribed, home-based, exercise therapy-dosage in 15 to 19 year old adolescents with patellofemoral pain- a study protocol of a randomized controlled superiority trial (The XRCISE-AS-INSTRUcted-1 trial). BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:242. [PMID: 27250984 PMCID: PMC4890272 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patellofemoral pain is one of the most frequent knee conditions among adolescents with a prevalence of 7 %. Evidence-based treatment consists of patient education combined with hip and quadriceps strengthening. Recent evidence suggests that a large proportion of adolescents does not follow their exercise prescription, performing too few repetitions or too fast below the prescribed time under tension. Live feedback, such as a metronome or exercise games, has previously shown promising results in improving the quality of exercises. The aim of this study is to investigate if live feedback from a sensor (BandCizer™) and an iPad will improve the ability of adolescents with PFP to perform exercises as prescribed. METHODS This study is a randomized, controlled, participant-blinded, superiority trial with a 2-group parallel design. Forty 15 to 19 year old adolescents with patellofemoral pain will be randomized to receive either live visual and auditory feedback on time under tension or no feedback on time under tension during a 6-week intervention period. Adolescents will be instructed to perform three elastic band exercises. Feedback will be provided by BandCizer™ and an iPad. The adolescents perform the exercises twice a week unsupervised and once a week during a supervised group training session. The primary outcome will be the mean deviation of the prescribed time under tension per repetition in seconds during the course of the intervention. DISCUSSION Low compliance is a major problem among adolescents with patellofemoral pain. Providing the adolescents with real time feedback on time under tension from a sensor and an iPad could potentially help the adolescents perform the exercises as prescribed. This may increase the total exercise dosage they receive during treatment which may help improve patient outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT02674841 ) on February 4(th) 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Riel
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7D, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark. .,Research Unit for General Practice in Aalborg and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Fyrkildevej 7, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark.
| | - Mark Matthews
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Physiotherapy: Sports Injury Rehabilitation and Prevention for Health, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bill Vicenzino
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Physiotherapy: Sports Injury Rehabilitation and Prevention for Health, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Bandholm
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Research - Copenhagen (PMR-C), Department of Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center - Copenhagen (SORC-C). Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager-Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Skovdal Rathleff
- Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7D, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark.,Research Unit for General Practice in Aalborg and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Fyrkildevej 7, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark.,Department of occupational therapy and physiotherapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18-22, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark
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Bautista IJ, Chirosa IJ, Robinson JE, Chirosa LJ, Martínez I. Concurrent Validity of a Velocity Perception Scale to Monitor Back Squat Exercise Intensity in Young Skiers. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:421-9. [PMID: 26244826 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iker J Bautista
- 1FisioSalud Elite: Heath, Training & Innovation, Sports Clinic, Granada, Spain; 2CTS 642 Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; and 3Department of Sport Sciences, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
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Conceição F, Fernandes J, Lewis M, Gonzaléz-Badillo JJ, Jimenéz-Reyes P. Movement velocity as a measure of exercise intensity in three lower limb exercises. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:1099-106. [PMID: 26395837 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1090010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between movement velocity and relative load in three lower limbs exercises commonly used to develop strength: leg press, full squat and half squat. The percentage of one repetition maximum (%1RM) has typically been used as the main parameter to control resistance training; however, more recent research has proposed movement velocity as an alternative. Fifteen participants performed a load progression with a range of loads until they reached their 1RM. Maximum instantaneous velocity (Vmax) and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) of the knee extension phase of each exercise were assessed. For all exercises, a strong relationship between Vmax and the %1RM was found: leg press (r(2)adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0244, -0.0258], P < 0.0001), full squat (r(2)adj = 0.94; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0144, -0.0139], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r(2)adj = 0.97; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0135, -0.00143], P < 0.0001); for MPV, leg press (r(2)adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0169, -0.0175], P < 0.0001, full squat (r(2)adj = 0.95; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0136, -0.0128], P < 0.0001) and half squat (r(2)adj = 0.96; 95% CI for slope is [-0.0116, 0.0124], P < 0.0001). The 1RM was attained with a MPV and Vmax of 0.21 ± 0.06 m s(-1) and 0.63 ± 0.15 m s(-1), 0.29 ± 0.05 m s(-1) and 0.89 ± 0.17 m s(-1), 0.33 ± 0.05 m s(-1) and 0.95 ± 0.13 m s(-1) for leg press, full squat and half squat, respectively. Results indicate that it is possible to determine an exercise-specific %1RM by measuring movement velocity for that exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Conceição
- a Faculdade de Desporto , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Laboratório de Biomecânica , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | | | - Martin Lewis
- c College of Arts and Science , School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University , Nottingham , UK
| | | | - Pedro Jimenéz-Reyes
- e Faculty of Physical Sciences and Sport , Catholic University of San Antonio , Murcia , Spain
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31
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Csapo R, Alegre LM. Effects of resistance training with moderate vs heavy loads on muscle mass and strength in the elderly: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:995-1006. [PMID: 26302881 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of heavy (∼80% of one repetition maximum, 1RM) vs light-moderate load (∼45% 1RM) resistance training (RT) programs in inducing strength gains and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in elderly people. To assess the role of training volumes, studies in which training protocols were matched for mechanical work were independently analyzed. In all 15 studies included (448 subjects, age 67.8 years), when comparing heavy with light-moderate loads, strength gains tended to be larger following RT with higher intensities of load, with the resulting total population effect being μ = 0.430 (P = 0.060). Effect sizes were substantially smaller in "work-matched" studies (μ = 0.297, P = 0.003). Training with higher loads also provoked marginally larger gains in muscle size, although the degree of training-induced muscle hypertrophy was generally small (0.056 < μ < 0.136). To conclude, provided a sufficient number of repetitions is performed, RT at lower than traditionally recommended intensities of load may suffice to induce substantial gains in muscle strength in elderly cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Csapo
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - L M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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32
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Faber M, Andersen MH, Sevel C, Thorborg K, Bandholm T, Rathleff M. The majority are not performing home-exercises correctly two weeks after their initial instruction-an assessor-blinded study. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1102. [PMID: 26244112 PMCID: PMC4517955 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Time-under-tension (TUT) reflects time under load during strength training and is a proxy of the total exercise dose during strength training. The purpose of this study was to investigate if young participants are able to reproduce TUT and exercise form after two weeks of unsupervised exercises. Material and Methods. The study was an assessor-blinded intervention study with 29 participants. After an initial instruction, all participants were instructed to perform two weeks of home-based unsupervised shoulder abduction exercises three times per week with an elastic exercise band. The participants were instructed in performing an exercise with a predefined TUT (3 s concentric; 2 s isometric; 3 s eccentric; 2 s break) corresponding to a total of 240 s of TUT during three sets of 10 repetitions. After completing two weeks of unsupervised home exercises, they returned for a follow-up assessment of TUT and exercise form while performing the shoulder abduction exercise. A stretch sensor attached to the elastic band was used to measure TUT at baseline and follow-up. A physiotherapist used a pre-defined clinical observation protocol to determine if participants used the correct exercise form. Results. Fourteen of the 29 participants trained with the instructed TUT at follow-up (predefined target: 240 s ±8%). Thirteen of the 29 participants performed the shoulder abduction exercise with a correct exercise form. Seven of the 29 participants trained with the instructed TUT and exercise form at follow-up. Conclusion. The majority of participants did not use the instructed TUT and exercise form at follow-up after two weeks of unsupervised exercises. These findings emphasize the importance of clear and specific home exercise instructions if participants are to follow the given exercise prescription regarding TUT and exercise form as too many or too few exercise stimuli in relation to the initially prescribed amount of exercise most likely will provide a misinterpretation of the actual effect of any given specific home exercise intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claus Sevel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy, VIA University College, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Thorborg
- Sports Orthopedic Research Center—Copenhagen (SORC-C), Arthroscopic Centre Amager, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bandholm
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Research—Copenhagen (PMR-C), Department of Occupational and Physical Therapy, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Clinical Research Center, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Rathleff
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Aalborg University, Denmark
- Department of Occupational and Physiotherapy, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Walker S, Peltonen H, Häkkinen K. Medium-intensity, high-volume "hypertrophic" resistance training did not induce improvements in rapid force production in healthy older men. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 37:9786. [PMID: 25911469 PMCID: PMC4409589 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether it is possible to improve both maximum and rapid force production using resistance training that is typically used to induce muscle hypertrophy in previously untrained older men. Subjects (60-72 years) performed 20 weeks of "hypertrophic" resistance training twice weekly (n = 27) or control (n = 11). Maximum dynamic and isometric leg press, as well as isometric force over 0-100 ms, and maximum concentric power tests were performed pre- and post-intervention. Muscle activity was assessed during these tests by surface electromyogram of the vastus lateralis and medialis muscles. Muscle hypertrophy was assessed by panoramic ultrasound of the vastus lateralis. The intervention group increased their maximum isometric (from 2268 ± 544 to 2538 ± 701 N) and dynamic force production (from 137 ± 24 to 165 ± 29 kg), and these changes were significantly different to control (isometric 12 ± 16 vs. 1 ± 9 %; dynamic 21 ± 12 vs. 2 ± 4 %). No within- or between-group differences were observed in rapid isometric force or concentric power. Relative increases in vastus lateralis cross-sectional area trended to be statistically greater in the intervention group (10 ± 8 vs. 3 ± 6 %, P = 0.061). It is recommendable that resistance training programs for older individuals integrate protocols emphasizing maximum force/muscle hypertrophy and rapid force production in order to induce comprehensive health-related and functionally important improvements in this population.
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Abstract
The main aim of this study was to determine the optimal training zone for maximum power output. This was to be achieved through estimating mean bar velocity of the concentric phase of a bench press using a prediction equation. The values for the prediction equation would be obtained using OMNI–RES scale values of different loads of the bench press exercise. Sixty males (age 23.61
2.81 year; body height 176.29
6.73 cm; body mass 73.28
4.75 kg) voluntarily participated in the study and were tested using an incremental protocol on a Smith machine to determine one repetition maximum (1RM) in the bench press exercise. A linear regression analysis produced a strong correlation (r = −0.94) between rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and mean bar velocity (Velmean). The Pearson correlation analysis between real power output (PotReal) and estimated power (PotEst) showed a strong correlation coefficient of r = 0.77, significant at a level of p = 0.01. Therefore, the OMNI–RES scale can be used to predict Velmean in the bench press exercise to control the intensity of the exercise. The positive relationship between PotReal and PotEst allowed for the identification of a maximum power-training zone.
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González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D, Sánchez-Medina L, Gorostiaga EM, Pareja-Blanco F. Maximal intended velocity training induces greater gains in bench press performance than deliberately slower half-velocity training. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14:772-81. [PMID: 24734902 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.905987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect on strength gains of two isoinertial resistance training (RT) programmes that only differed in actual concentric velocity: maximal (MaxV) vs. half-maximal (HalfV) velocity. Twenty participants were assigned to a MaxV (n = 9) or HalfV (n = 11) group and trained 3 times per week during 6 weeks using the bench press (BP). Repetition velocity was controlled using a linear velocity transducer. A complementary study (n = 10) aimed to analyse whether the acute metabolic (blood lactate and ammonia) and mechanical response (velocity loss) was different between the MaxV and HalfV protocols used. Both groups improved strength performance from pre- to post-training, but MaxV resulted in significantly greater gains than HalfV in all variables analysed: one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength (18.2 vs. 9.7%), velocity developed against all (20.8 vs. 10.0%), light (11.5 vs. 4.5%) and heavy (36.2 vs. 17.3%) loads common to pre- and post-tests. Light and heavy loads were identified with those moved faster or slower than 0.80 m · s(-1) (∼ 60% 1RM in BP). Lactate tended to be significantly higher for MaxV vs. HalfV, with no differences observed for ammonia which was within resting values. Both groups obtained the greatest improvements at the training velocities (≤ 0.80 m · s(-1)). Movement velocity can be considered a fundamental component of RT intensity, since, for a given %1RM, the velocity at which loads are lifted largely determines the resulting training effect. BP strength gains can be maximised when repetitions are performed at maximal intended velocity.
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36
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A healthcare edition of sporting equipment for middle-aged and elderly. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2013; 2013:745954. [PMID: 24382982 PMCID: PMC3871507 DOI: 10.1155/2013/745954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aging phenomenon results in body organ system debilitating, which causes the balance weakening and makes a fall, fracture rate, and further medical cost to increase. The lack of exercise has been linked to increasing the incidence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, degenerative arthritis, and diabetes. Chronic disease affects patients both in psychological and physiological functions which limit their daily activity. In the past, many researches pointed out that these patients can improve their balance sensation by exercise. Because of the above reasons, this research implementation forms a wireless platform of information connection system and medical data analysis. First of all, the target population in the society focuses on those elderly with the common chronic diseases, such as skeletal muscle diseases and degenerative arthritis. Using the hydraulic resist practicing equipment as the mainstay intervention can help examinee collecting the practice value and further analysis. The platform of information accords not only the data prior and after the exercise but also graphic data presentation and analysis from the medical staff members
providing services in the society. It can also provide the medical unit to create data mold and a body health counselor when services in the society.
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37
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Liu C, Chen CS, Ho WH, Füle RJ, Chung PH, Shiang TY. The Effects of Passive Leg Press Training on Jumping Performance, Speed, and Muscle Power. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1479-86. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31826bde9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Gait Performance and Lower-Limb Muscle Strength Improved in Both Upper-Limb and Lower-Limb Isokinetic Training Programs in Individuals with Chronic Stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/929758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Limited improvement in gait performance has been noted after training despite a significant increase in strength of the affected lower-limb muscles after stroke. A mismatch between the training program and the requirements of gait could explain this finding. Objective. To compare the impact of a training program, matching the requirements of the muscle groups involved in the energy generation of gait, to a control intervention, on gait performance and strength. Methods. 30 individuals with chronic stroke were randomly assigned into two groups (n = 15), each training three times/week for six weeks. The experimental group trained the affected plantarflexors, hip flexors, and extensors, while the control group trained the upper-limb muscles. Baseline and posttraining values of gait speed, positive power (muscles’ concentric action during gait), and strength were retained and compared between groups. Results. After training, both groups showed a similar and significant increase in gait speed, positive power of the hip muscles, and plantarflexors strength. Conclusion. A training program targeting the lower-limb muscles involved in the energy generation of gait did not lead to a greater improvement in gait performance and strength than a training program of the upper-limb muscles. Attending the training sessions might have been a sufficient stimulus to generate gains in the control group.
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Peltonen H, Häkkinen K, Avela J. Neuromuscular responses to different resistance loading protocols using pneumatic and weight stack devices. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 23:118-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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40
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Clark HM. Specificity of training in the lingual musculature. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2012; 55:657-667. [PMID: 22215031 DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2011/11-0045)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Training specificity for a number of exercise parameters has been demonstrated for the limb musculature. The current study is a Phase I exploration of training specificity in the lingual musculature. METHOD Twenty-five healthy participants were assigned to 1 of 5 training conditions. Four groups completed 4 weeks of lingual exercise targeting strength, endurance, power, or speed; a control group did not exercise. Performance measures of strength, endurance, power, and speed were obtained before and after training. RESULTS Although statistically significant group effects were not detected, specificity was observed with respect to effect size for the performance variables of strength, endurance, and power. Further evidence of specificity was provided by the finding that training isotonic endurance did not increase performance on an isometric endurance task. Speed training did not improve performance on any of the outcome measures, nor did speed increase following training with any of the exercises. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide initial evidence that training specificity may be observed in the lingual musculature. The reported effect sizes can inform future studies examining the benefit of training muscle functions underlying speech and swallowing.
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Sánchez-Medina L, González-Badillo JJ. Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 43:1725-34. [PMID: 21311352 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318213f880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the acute mechanical and metabolic response to resistance exercise protocols (REP) differing in the number of repetitions (R) performed in each set (S) with respect to the maximum predicted number (P). METHODS Over 21 exercise sessions separated by 48-72 h, 18 strength-trained males (10 in bench press (BP) and 8 in squat (SQ)) performed 1) a progressive test for one-repetition maximum (1RM) and load-velocity profile determination, 2) tests of maximal number of repetitions to failure (12RM, 10RM, 8RM, 6RM, and 4RM), and 3) 15 REP (S × R[P]: 3 × 6[12], 3 × 8[12], 3 × 10[12], 3 × 12[12], 3 × 6[10], 3 × 8[10], 3 × 10[10], 3 × 4[8], 3 × 6[8], 3 × 8[8], 3 × 3[6], 3 × 4[6], 3 × 6[6], 3 × 2[4], 3 × 4[4]), with 5-min interset rests. Kinematic data were registered by a linear velocity transducer. Blood lactate and ammonia were measured before and after exercise. RESULTS Mean repetition velocity loss after three sets, loss of velocity pre-post exercise against the 1-m·s load, and countermovement jump height loss (SQ group) were significant for all REP and were highly correlated to each other (r = 0.91-0.97). Velocity loss was significantly greater for BP compared with SQ and strongly correlated to peak postexercise lactate (r = 0.93-0.97) for both SQ and BP. Unlike lactate, ammonia showed a curvilinear response to loss of velocity, only increasing above resting levels when R was at least two repetitions higher than 50% of P. CONCLUSIONS Velocity loss and metabolic stress clearly differs when manipulating the number of repetitions actually performed in each training set. The high correlations found between mechanical (velocity and countermovement jump height losses) and metabolic (lactate, ammonia) measures of fatigue support the validity of using velocity loss to objectively quantify neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training.
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Hanssen K, Kvamme N, Nilsen T, Rønnestad B, Ambjørnsen I, Norheim F, Kadi F, Hallèn J, Drevon C, Raastad T. The effect of strength training volume on satellite cells, myogenic regulatory factors, and growth factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:728-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Hanssen
- Faculty of Education; Østfold University College; Halden Norway
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - N.H. Kvamme
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - T.S. Nilsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - B. Rønnestad
- Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| | - I.K. Ambjørnsen
- Faculty of Health; Østfold University College; Fredrikstad Norway
| | - F. Norheim
- Department of Nutrition; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - F. Kadi
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Örebro; Örebro Sweden
| | - J. Hallèn
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - C.A. Drevon
- Department of Nutrition; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Raastad
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
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Shoepe TC, Ramirez DA, Rovetti RJ, Kohler DR, Almstedt HC. The Effects of 24 weeks of Resistance Training with Simultaneous Elastic and Free Weight Loading on Muscular Performance of Novice Lifters. J Hum Kinet 2011; 29:93-106. [PMID: 23486257 PMCID: PMC3588619 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-011-0043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effectiveness of variable resistance as provided through elastic plus free weight techniques in college aged males and females. Twenty novice lifters were randomly assigned to a traditional free weight only (6 males and 5 females) or elastic band plus free weight group (5 males and 5 females) and 9 more normally active controls (5 males and 4 females), were recruited to maintain normal activity for the duration of the study. No differences existed between control, free weight and elastic band at baseline for age, body height, body mass, body mass index, and body fat percentage. One-repetition maximums were performed for squat and bench press while both strength and power were assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. Elastic groups and free-weight groups completed 24 weeks of whole body, periodized, high intensity resistance (65-95% of one-repetition maximum) training three times/week. Training programs were identical except that the elastic group trained the barbell squat, bench press and stiff-legged deadlift with 20-35% of their total prescribed training loads coming from band resistance (assessed at the top of the range of motion) with the remainder from free weight resistance. A mixed-model analysis revealed that peak torque, average power and one-repetition maximums for squat were significantly greater after training for the elastic group compared to the control (p<0.05). In addition, the free weight group also showed significantly greater improvements over the control in peak torque and one-repetition maximums for squat and bench press. No significant differences were observed between the elastic band and free weight groups. Combined variable elastic band plus free weight exercises are effective at increasing strength and power similar to free-weights alone in novice college aged males and females. However, due to complexity in set-up and load assignment elastic adoption by novice lifters in an unsupervised situation is not advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd C. Shoepe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Healthand Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David A. Ramirez
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Healthand Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert J. Rovetti
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David R. Kohler
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Healthand Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hawley C. Almstedt
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Healthand Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA
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Frost DM, Cronin J, Newton RU. A biomechanical evaluation of resistance: fundamental concepts for training and sports performance. Sports Med 2010; 40:303-26. [PMID: 20364875 DOI: 10.2165/11319420-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Newton's second law of motion describes the acceleration of an object as being directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force and inversely proportional to its mass (a = F/m). With respect to linear motion, mass is also a numerical representation of an object's inertia, or its resistance to change in its state of motion and directly proportional to the magnitude of an object's momentum at any given velocity. To change an object's momentum, thereby increasing or decreasing its velocity, a proportional impulse must be generated. All motion is governed by these relationships, independent of the exercise being performed or the movement type being used; however, the degree to which this governance affects the associated kinematics, kinetics and muscle activity is dependent on the resistance type. Researchers have suggested that to facilitate the greatest improvements to athletic performance, the resistance-training programme employed by an athlete must be adapted to meet the specific demands of their sport. Therefore, it is conceivable that one mechanical stimulus, or resistance type, may not be appropriate for all applications. Although an excellent means of increasing maximal strength and the rate of force development, free-weight or mass-based training may not be the most conducive means to elicit velocity-specific adaptations. Attempts have been made to combat the inherent flaws of free weights, via accommodating and variable resistance-training devices; however, such approaches are not without problems that are specific to their mechanics. More recently, pneumatic-resistance devices (variable) have been introduced as a mechanical stimulus whereby the body mass of the athlete represents the only inertia that must be overcome to initiate movement, thus potentially affording the opportunity to develop velocity-specific power. However, there is no empirical evidence to support such a contention. Future research should place further emphasis on understanding the mechanical advantages/disadvantages inherent to the resistance types being used during training, so as to elicit the greatest improvements in athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Frost
- School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
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Ingebrigtsen J, Holtermann A, Roeleveld K. Effects of Load and Contraction Velocity During Three-Week Biceps Curls Training on Isometric and Isokinetic Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23:1670-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b3f37b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Meyer A, Tumilty S, Baxter GD. Eccentric exercise protocols for chronic non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy: how much is enough? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19:609-15. [PMID: 19602185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric exercises for the calf muscles have been shown to be effective for chronic non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy (AT). However, the relative effectiveness of various dosages is unknown. A systematic review of randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) was designed to determine whether an optimum dose of eccentric exercises could be recommended. Three selected RCTs showed positive effects of very similar eccentric exercise protocols for chronic non-insertional AT. Owing to insufficient reported compliance data, a conclusion on the relative effectiveness of various compliances was not feasible. According to our review, the relative effectiveness of various dosages of eccentric exercises for AT is still unclear. However, it appears that highly variable compliance rates result in similar positive outcomes; these findings, therefore, highlight the need for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meyer
- Centre for Physiotherapy Research, School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Onambélé G, Maganaris C, Mian O, Tam E, Rejc E, McEwan I, Narici M. Response to the letter of Tibor Hortobágyi and colleagues. J Biomech 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The Effect of Sequence of Skating-Specific Training on Skating Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2008; 3:185-98. [PMID: 19208927 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.3.2.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To determine the effectiveness of a progressively “skating specific” periodized off-season training program on skating performance in competitive hockey players.Methods:Twenty (M = 18; F = 2) highly skilled hockey players (age 15.9 ± 1.5 yr) completed 16 wk of standardized resistance and stability training supplemented with either off-ice simulated skating using the SkateSIM (SIM) or plyometric training (PLY) in a crossover design. Group 1 (PLY-SIM; N = 11) completed 8 wk of PLY followed by 8 wk of SIM. Group 2 (SIM-PLY; N = 9) completed 8 wk of SIM followed by 8 wk of PLY. Subjects completed on- and off-ice testing PRE, MID, and POST training.Results:Significant improvements in on-ice 35-m skating sprint (1.0%; P = .009) with significant improvements of 5% to 12% in various off-ice testing measures were observed PRE-MID in both groups. While few off-ice tests improved MID-POST, on-ice 35-m skating sprint times improved MID-POST by 2.3% (P = .000) with greater improvement in PLY-SIM (3.5%) versus SIM-PLY (0.8%; P < .002). Off-ice 30-m sprint (r = 0.56; P = .010) and Edgren side shuffle (r = –0.46; P < .040) were the only off-ice tests that significantly correlated to improvements in on-ice skating sprint performance.Conclusion:The initial gains PRE-MID and then the lack of improvement in many off-ice tests from the MID-POST supports the principle of diminishing returns in response to standardized resistance training. The improvement in on-ice skating sprint performance when supplemental training progressed in specificity supports the principle of specificity and promotes transfer to a complex sporting movement such as skating.
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Rana SR, Chleboun GS, Gilders RM, Hagerman FC, Herman JR, Hikida RS, Kushnick MR, Staron RS, Toma K. Comparison of Early Phase Adaptations for Traditional Strength and Endurance, and Low Velocity Resistance Training Programs in College-Aged Women. J Strength Cond Res 2008; 22:119-27. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815f30e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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O’Dell KK, Morse AN, Crawford SL, Howard A. Vaginal pressure during lifting, floor exercises, jogging, and use of hydraulic exercise machines. Int Urogynecol J 2007; 18:1481-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00192-007-0387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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