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Feng X, Shang J, Gu Z, Luo X, Chen Y, Liu Y. Lactic Acid Chemical Peeling in Skin Disorders. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:901-909. [PMID: 38682041 PMCID: PMC11055559 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s455700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid is the most widely occurring natural organic acid in nature. It not only exhibits mild and safe properties but also possesses multiple physiological activities, such as antibacterial effects, immune regulation, and promotion of wound healing, making it one of the most popular chemical peeling agents. Chemical peels are commonly used in the field of aesthetic dermatology as a non-invasive therapeutic approach. This research aims to provide valuable references for clinical dermatologists by summarizing the characteristics of lactic acid, elucidating its mechanism of action in peeling, and investigating the clinical applications of this compound. Furthermore, it anticipates the potential for lactic acid to be the most suitable chemical peeling agent for Chinese skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Feng
- Product Research & Development Center, Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianli Shang
- Product Research & Development Center, Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Gu
- Product Research & Development Center, Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Luo
- Product Research & Development Center, Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- Product Research & Development Center, Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youting Liu
- Product Research & Development Center, Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Zhang W, Hu W, Zhu Q, Niu M, An N, Feng Y, Kawamura K, Fu P. Hydroxy fatty acids in the surface Earth system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167358. [PMID: 37793460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are ubiquitous and highly abundant in a wide range of organisms and have been found in various types of environmental media. These molecules play a crucial role as organic tracers by providing a chemical perspective on viewing the material world, as well as offering a wealth of information on metabolic activities. Among the diverse lipid compounds, hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) with one to multiple hydroxyl groups attached to the carbon chain stand out as important biomarkers for different sources of organic matter. HFAs are widespread in nature and are involved in biotransformation and oxidation processes in living organisms. The unique chemical and physical properties attributed to the hydroxyl group make HFAs ideal biomarkers in biomedicine and environmental toxicology, as well as organic geochemistry. The molecular distribution patterns of HFAs can be unique and diagnostic for a given class of organisms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Thus, HFAs can act as a valuable proxy for understanding the ecological relationships between different organisms and their environment. Furthermore, HFAs have numerous industrial applications due to their higher reactivity, viscosity, and solvent miscibility. This review paper integrates the latest research on the sources and chemical analyses of HFAs, as well as their applications in industrial/medicinal production and as biomarkers in environmental studies. This review article also provides insights into the biogeochemical cycles of HFAs in the surface Earth system, highlighting the importance of these compounds in understanding the complex interactions between living organisms and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Bohai Rim Coastal Earth Critical Zone National Observation and Research Station, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Quanfei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mutong Niu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuqi Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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3
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Ngoc LTN, Moon JY, Lee YC. Antioxidants for improved skin appearance: Intracellular mechanism, challenges and future strategies. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45:299-314. [PMID: 36794452 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular and biochemical processes relevant to the skincare field have led to the development of novel ingredients based on antioxidants that can improve skin health and youthfulness. Considering the plethora of such antioxidants and the many implications for the skin's appearance, this review focuses on describing the critical aspects of antioxidants, including cosmetic functions, intracellular mechanisms and challenges. In particular, specialized substances are suggested for the treatment of each skin condition, such as skin ageing, skin dehydration and skin hyperpigmentation, which treatments can maximize effectiveness and avoid side effects during skin care processes. In addition, this review proposes advanced strategies that either already exists in the cosmetic market or should be developed to improve and optimize cosmetic' beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Thi Nhu Ngoc
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Korea
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Department of Beauty Design Management, Han-sung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Korea
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Theoretical Study of Retinol, Niacinamide and Glycolic Acid with Halloysite Clay Mineral as Active Ingredients for Topical Skin Care Formulations. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154392. [PMID: 34361546 PMCID: PMC8347384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of retinol, niacinamide and glycolic acid active ingredients on the internal surface of halloysite in an aqueous environment was explored at the molecular level by means of calculations based on quantum mechanics and force fields from empirical interatomic potentials. These active ingredients are stably adsorbed on the internal surface of halloysite forming hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms with the hydroxyl groups of the inner surface of the halloysite. In addition, electrostatic interaction between these active ingredients with the water molecules was observed. Therefore, the theoretical results indicate that the adsorption of these active principles is favourable in the halloysite nanotube, which allows directing future experimental investigations for the development and design of retinol, niacinamide and glycolic acid with halloysite nanotubes systems, which may be topical formulations for skincare.
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pH-Dependent Antibacterial Activity of Glycolic Acid: Implications for Anti-Acne Formulations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7491. [PMID: 32367064 PMCID: PMC7198592 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolic acid is the smallest alpha hydroxy acid and widely used for skincare applications, including to treat acne vulgaris. Oftentimes, high concentrations of glycolic acid (~20–50 vol%) are incorporated into chemical peels to reduce acne-related inflammation while there is an outstanding need to determine to what extent glycolic acid can potently inhibit Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes), which is a Gram-positive bacterium implicated in acne pathogenesis. Herein, we report that glycolic acid exhibits pH-dependent antibacterial activity against C. acnes and mechanistic studies identified that the nonionic form of glycolic acid is more active than the anionic form. The degree of antibacterial activity, including minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), of glycolic acid was evaluated in the pH range of 3 to 4.5, and the greatest potency was observed at pH 3. In light of skincare formulation needs, we selected the pH 3.5 condition for further testing and determined that glycolic acid kills C. acnes cells by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. While most conventional treatments involve high concentrations of glycolic acid (>20%), our findings support the potential of developing anti-acne formulations with glycolic acid concentrations as low as 0.2% and with pH conditions that are suitable for over-the-counter applications.
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Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Castiñeiras A, Frontera A, García-Santos I, González-Pérez JM, Niclós-Gutiérrez J, Rodríguez-González I, Vílchez-Rodríguez E, Zaręba JK. Recurrent motifs in pharmaceutical cocrystals involving glycolic acid: X-ray characterization, Hirshfeld surface analysis and DFT calculations. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization studies on some pyridinecarboxamides and methylated xanthines with glycolic acid as coformer, were carried out on formation of synthons and their influence on stability and solubility, the energy landscape and stabilization energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - A. Castiñeiras
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - A. Frontera
- Departament de Química
- Universitat de les Illes Balears
- 07122 Palma de Mallorca
- Spain
| | - I. García-Santos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - J. M. González-Pérez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Granada
- 18071 Granada
- Spain
| | - J. Niclós-Gutiérrez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Granada
- 18071 Granada
- Spain
| | - I. Rodríguez-González
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - E. Vílchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- 15782 Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - J. K. Zaręba
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology
- Wrocław
- Poland
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7
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Glycolic acid attenuates UVB-induced aquaporin-3, matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, and collagen degradation in keratinocytes and mouse skin. Biochem J 2019; 476:1387-1400. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B exposure causes an inflammatory response, photoaged skin, and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen and elastin. The regulation of these genes was suggested as an important mechanism to attenuate skin aging. Glycolic acid (GA) is commonly present in fruits and recently used to treat dermatological diseases. We reported that GA slows down cell inflammation and aging caused by UVB. Little is known about GA retarding the skin premature senescence or how to impede these events. To investigate the potential of GA to regulate the expression of MMPs and collagen, GA was topically applied onto human keratinocytes and the C57BL/6J mice dorsal skin. In the present study, we demonstrated that GA reduced UVB-induced type-I procollagen expression and secretory collagen levels. GA reverted and dose-dependently increased the level of aquaporin-3 (AQP3), the expression of which was down-regulated by UVB. The UV-induced MMP-9 level and activity were reduced by GA pre-treatment. Concomitantly, GA reverted mitogen-activated protein kinase (MMP-9) activation and inhibited the extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation (p38, pERK) triggered by UVB. The animal model also presented that GA attenuated the wrinkles caused by UVB on the mouse dorsal skin. Finally, GA triggers the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) channel to initiate the anti-photoaging mechanism in keratinocytes. These findings clearly indicated that the mechanisms of GA promote skin protection against UVB-induced photoaging and wrinkle formation. GA might be an important reagent and more widely used to prevent UVB-induced skin aging.
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Maidhof R, Liebel F, Hwang C, Ruvolo E, Lyga J. UV
fluorescence excitation spectroscopy as a noninvasive predictor of epidermal proliferation and clinical performance of cosmetic formulations. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 35:408-414. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Banerjee S, Bhanja SK, Kanti Chattopadhyay P. Quantum chemical predictions of aqueous pK values for OH groups of some α-hydroxycarboxylic acids based on ab initio and DFT calculations. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Hung SJ, Tang SC, Liao PY, Ge JS, Hsiao YP, Yang JH. Photoprotective Potential of Glycolic Acid by Reducing NLRC4 and AIM2 Inflammasome Complex Proteins in UVB Radiation-Induced Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes and Mice. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:177-187. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2016.3471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jen Hung
- Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Sheau-Chung Tang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jheng-Siang Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ping Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hung Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Abstract
Objective: To better understand melasma, a review of its etiologic factors, classification, pathogenesis, and treatment was undertaken. Methods: Articles discussing the above aspects of melasma were used to demonstrate what is currently known about the disease and how to treat it. Results: Melasma is associated with many etiologic factors, most importantly, sun exposure. It occurs in three distributions and has four reported patterns of pigmentation. Among the many differences between melasma and normal skin, melasma skin contains increased melanin, melanocytes, and melanosomes, as well as increased synthesis of tyrosinase. Its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. Treatment consists of phenolic and nonphenolic depigmenting agents, chemical peels, lasers, and dermabrasion. Conclusion: Melasma is a common skin disorder. Although melasma has been studied, its pathogenesis remains largely unknown and its treatment is still met with difficulty. Randomized controlled trials involving larger numbers of patients and comparing treatments, as well as studying combination therapies, would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Victor
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jeremy Gelber
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Babar Rao
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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12
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Antonopoulou I, Varriale S, Topakas E, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Faraco V. Enzymatic synthesis of bioactive compounds with high potential for cosmeceutical application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:6519-6543. [PMID: 27276911 PMCID: PMC4939304 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products containing biologically active ingredients purporting to offer a pharmaceutical therapeutic benefit. The active ingredients can be extracted and purified from natural sources (botanicals, herbal extracts, or animals) but can also be obtained biotechnologically by fermentation and cell cultures or by enzymatic synthesis and modification of natural compounds. A cosmeceutical ingredient should possess an attractive property such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, skin whitening, anti-aging, anti-wrinkling, or photoprotective activity, among others. During the past years, there has been an increased interest on the enzymatic synthesis of bioactive esters and glycosides based on (trans)esterification, (trans)glycosylation, or oxidation reactions. Natural bioactive compounds with exceptional theurapeutic properties and low toxicity may offer a new insight into the design and development of potent and beneficial cosmetics. This review gives an overview of the enzymatic modifications which are performed currently for the synthesis of products with attractive properties for the cosmeceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Io Antonopoulou
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Simona Varriale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15700, Athens, Greece
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Vincenza Faraco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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A Multicenter Open Study on the Tolerability and Efficacy of a Cosmetic Treatment in Mild Acne Vulgaris during the Summer Months. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0300100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of acne vulgaris (AV) during summer months is a general opinion which is not universally accepted as some patients experience no change or even an aggravation of their AV during hot months. Therapeutic management of AV in summer is often difficult; in fact, most traditional anti-acne treatments are contraindicated or poorly tolerated during summer months. In this study we evaluated the tolerability and effectiveness of a cosmetic anti-acne treatment performed for 12 summer weeks in 347 patients (mean age, 19.4 yrs) with mild AV of the face. The study product (Exfoliac®) contained a mixture of alpha hydroxy acids and substances with moisturizing and/or lenitive effects. In the first 4 weeks, Exfoliac® 10 cream was applied twice a day (b.i.d.). The treatment in the following 8 weeks was decided on the basis of dermatologist's assessment of the clinical response and could consist in Exfoliac® 10 cream or Exfoliac® 15 cream, once daily (o.d.) or b.i.d. During the study period, patients used Exfoliac® cleansing gel. The cumulative results indicate a significant improvement of AV lesions and seborrhoea, irrespectively of sun exposure, and a good tolerability, even in sunbathed patients. Adverse reactions, mostly of mild severity, appeared to be independent of sunbathing or use of sunscreens and were observed in a small proportion of cases (6.8% in the first 4 weeks and 5.6% in the last 8 weeks). Our results suggest that this type of treatment is an effective and safe approach to patients with mild AV who require treatment in the summertime.
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14
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Araviiskaia E, Dréno B. The role of topical dermocosmetics in acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:926-35. [PMID: 26916232 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a common chronic inflammatory disease and treatment modalities based on acne severity are well established. The role of dermocosmetics in dermatology, and in particular acne, is becoming more important as more research elucidates the mechanisms of action of products in the pathogenesis of acne. Dermocosmetics have the potential to be used as monotherapy or in combination with medical treatment. Therefore, it has become important for dermatologists to understand dermocosmetics to effectively and appropriately advise patients on their use. The objective of this review was to provide new insights into the role of traditional and novel ingredients in dermocosmetics for the treatment of acne, based on the authors' objective assessment of the published literature. The type of products discussed include: those which have a sebostatic effect, such as topical antioxidants and niacinamide; agents targeting abnormal keratinization, such as salicylic acid, lipo-hydroxy acid, alpha-hydroxy acids, retinol-based products and linoleic acid; agents targeting Propionibacterium acnes, such as lauric acid; and anti-inflammatory agents such as nicotinamide, alpha-linolenic acid and zinc salts. Despite the scientific advances in understanding these cosmetic ingredients, there still remains a lack of rigorous controlled studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Araviiskaia
- First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - B Dréno
- Department of DermatoCancerology, Nantes University, Nantes, France
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15
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Kim SJ, Baek JH, Koh JS, Bae MI, Lee SJ, Shin MK. The effect of physically applied alpha hydroxyl acids on the skin pore and comedone. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 37:519-25. [PMID: 26032934 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alpha hydroxy acids (AHA) have been recognized as commonly used therapy for acne. Our studies examined whether an additional effect of physical treatment using chemical peeling combined with negative pressure and compared with AHA treatment only occurs in acne-prone subjects. METHODS The chemical peeling agent used 4% of an AHA solution (mixture of 1000 mL of carbonated water, 20 mL of glycolic acid and 20 mL of lactic acid). All subjects' faces were randomly divided into test and control groups. The test group was treated with chemical peeling combined with a physical effect, and the control group applied chemical peeling alone. For the 23 healthy females (average age: 30.17 ± 5.06 year), we measured sebum output level by light transmission, pore area and number by optical image analyser, and comedone counting before treatment and at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after a single treatment. RESULTS Compared to the before treatment, whiteheads and blackheads were significantly decreased at 1, 2 and 4 weeks in the test group (P < 0.05), but for the control group, whiteheads and blackheads showed a tendency to decrease at 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Also at 1 week, whiteheads and blackheads of the test group significantly decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Pore area and number significantly decreased at 1 week (P < 0.05), and the sebum output level was significantly decreased at 4 weeks (P < 0.05) only in the test group, which did not show any significant group difference for individual parameters. CONCLUSION 4% AHA solution combined with a physical effect had rapidly improving effects on whiteheads and blackheads synergistically. Combined physical therapy may have more impact on pore size and seborrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kim
- DERMAPRO LTD., Skin Research Center, 30, Bangbaejoongang-Ro, Seocho Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Baek
- DERMAPRO LTD., Skin Research Center, 30, Bangbaejoongang-Ro, Seocho Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - J S Koh
- DERMAPRO LTD., Skin Research Center, 30, Bangbaejoongang-Ro, Seocho Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - M I Bae
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S J Lee
- Arumdaun Nara Dermatologic Clinic, Seoul, Korea
| | - M K Shin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Hyun MY, Li K, Kim BJ, Kim MN, Hong CK, Kim H, Koh HJ, Park WS. Novel treatment of neck wrinkles with an intradermal radiofrequency device. Ann Dermatol 2015; 27:79-81. [PMID: 25673937 PMCID: PMC4323608 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2015.27.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neck wrinkles commonly develop owing to the aging process. However, recently, the number of patients with neck wrinkles has been increasing. Also, an increasing number of young patients have presented with this condition, possibly because of the effect of the head-down posture that they adopt when using their computer or smartphone. We report two cases of young adults with a prominent neck wrinkle. In case 1, a 29-year-old woman with a neck wrinkle was treated with six intradermal radiofrequency (RF) procedures. Her neck wrinkle was significantly improved with the RF treatment. In case 2, a 32-year-old woman with a wrinkle and generalized light brownish tiny papules on the neck was treated with three intradermal RF procedures simultaneously with 30% glycolic acid peeling. Her wrinkle and skin tone were improved dramatically. We conclude that intradermal RF has a considerable efficacy for reducing neck wrinkles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Yeol Hyun
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kapsok Li
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeung Nam Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Kwun Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyuk Kim
- Aesthetic Research Team, Amore Pacific Corporation Research and Development Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Koh
- Aesthetic Research Team, Amore Pacific Corporation Research and Development Center, Yongin, Korea
| | - Won-Seok Park
- Aesthetic Research Team, Amore Pacific Corporation Research and Development Center, Yongin, Korea
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17
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Hsiao YP, Lai WW, Wu SB, Tsai CH, Tang SC, Chung JG, Yang JH. Triggering apoptotic death of human epidermal keratinocytes by malic Acid: involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:81-96. [PMID: 25584429 PMCID: PMC4303815 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malic acid (MA) has been commonly used in cosmetic products, but the safety reports in skin are sparse. To investigate the biological effects of MA in human skin keratinocytes, we investigated the potential cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects of MA in human keratinocyte cell lines (HaCaT). The data showed that MA induced apoptosis based on the observations of DAPI staining, DNA fragmentation, and sub-G1 phase in HaCaT cells and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Flow cytometric assays also showed that MA increased the production of mitochondrial superoxide (mito-SOX) but decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential. Analysis of bioenergetics function with the XF 24 analyzer Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer demonstrated that oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was significantly decreased whereas extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) was increased in MA-treated keratinocytes. The occurrence of apoptosis was proved by the increased expressions of FasL, Fas, Bax, Bid, caspases-3, -8, -9, cytochrome c, and the declined expressions of Bcl-2, PARP. MA also induced endoplasmic reticulum stress associated protein expression such as GRP78, GADD153, and ATF6α. We demonstrated that MA had anti-proliferative effect in HaCaT cell through the inhibition of cell cycle progression at G0/G1, and the induction of programmed cell death through endoplasmic reticulum stress- and mitochondria-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Hsiao
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 402 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wan-Wen Lai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 402 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shi-Bei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Hung Tsai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, 402 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Sheau-Chung Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, 907 Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, 404 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Hung Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, 907 Hualien, Taiwan.
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Severe hyperpigmentation and scarring following glycolic acid peel treatment in combination with low-dose isotretinoin. Eur J Med Res 2014; 19:60. [PMID: 25376482 PMCID: PMC4230351 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-014-0060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of systemic isotretinoin in the treatment of cutaneous photoaging has been well investigated. In addition, well-recognized topical antiaging therapies such as superficial chemical peeling (CP) with α-hydroxy acids have been shown to be more helpful when combined with low-dose oral isotretinoin. Even though the combination of systemic isotretinoin and medium to deep CP has been associated with serious side effects such as delayed wound healing and enlarged incidence of scarring, to date superficial CP and concomitant systemic isotretinoin have been considered safe. CASE PRESENTATION In this report, we present the case of a patient receiving low-dose oral isotretinoin therapy who developed severe painful erythema and erosions that led to permanent hyperpigmentation and scarring of her face and neck after undergoing superficial CP with glycolic acid. CONCLUSIONS There is a potential risk of hyperpigmentation and scarring with the use of a combination of low-dose oral isotretinoin and glycolic acid peeling.
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Piérard G, Piérard-Franchimont C, Hermanns-Lê T, Paquet P. Recent advances in toxicological testing of the stratum corneum. Br J Dermatol 2014; 171 Suppl 3:34-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G.E. Piérard
- Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - C. Piérard-Franchimont
- Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - T. Hermanns-Lê
- Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - P. Paquet
- Laboratory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging; Department of Clinical Sciences; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
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Abstract
Chemical peels have been time-tested and are here to stay. Alpha-hydroxy peels are highly popular in the dermatologist’s arsenal of procedures. Glycolic acid peel is the most common alpha-hydroxy acid peel, also known as fruit peel. It is simple, inexpensive, and has no downtime. This review talks about various studies of glycolic acid peels for various indications, such as acne, acne scars, melasma, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and seborrhea. Combination therapies and treatment procedure are also discussed. Careful review of medical history, examination of the skin, and pre-peel priming of skin are important before every peel. Proper patient selection, peel timing, and neutralization on-time will ensure good results, with no side effects. Depth of the glycolic acid peel depends on the concentration of the acid used, the number of coats applied, and the time for which it is applied. Hence, it can be used as a very superficial peel, or even a medium depth peel. It has been found to be very safe with Fitzpatrick skin types I–IV. All in all, it is a peel that is here to stay.
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21
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Bowes L. The science of hydroxy acids: mechanisms of action, types and cosmetic applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.12968/joan.2013.2.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Cao X, Yang F, Zheng J, Wang K. Intracellular proton-mediated activation of TRPV3 channels accounts for the exfoliation effect of α-hydroxyl acids on keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25905-16. [PMID: 22679014 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.364869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Hydroxyl acids (AHAs) from natural sources act as proton donors and topical compounds that penetrate skin and are well known in the cosmetic industry for their use in chemical peels and improvement of the skin. However, little is known about how AHAs cause exfoliation to expose fresh skin cells. Here we report that the transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) channel in keratinocytes is potently activated by intracellular acidification induced by glycolic acid. Patch clamp recordings and cell death assay of both human keratinocyte HaCaT cells and TRPV3-expressing HEK-293 cells confirmed that intracellular acidification led to direct activation of TRPV3 and promoted cell death. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that an N-terminal histidine residue, His-426, known to be involved in 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate-mediated TRPV3 activation, is critical for sensing intracellular proton levels. Taken together, our findings suggest that intracellular protons can strongly activate TRPV3, and TRPV3-mediated proton sensing and cell death in keratinocytes may serve as a molecular basis for the cosmetic use of AHAs and their therapeutic potential in acidic pH-related skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, China
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23
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Okuda M, Donahue DA, Kaufman LE, Avalos J, Simion FA, Story DC, Sakaguchi H, Fautz R, Fuchs A. Negligible penetration of incidental amounts of alpha-hydroxy acid from rinse-off personal care products in human skin using an in vitro static diffusion cell model. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:2041-7. [PMID: 21871557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs), primarily glycolic and lactic acids, are widely used in cosmetics to alleviate dyspigmentation, photodamage, and other aging skin conditions and as pH adjusters. Glycolic acid reportedly enhances skin damage after repeated ultraviolet light exposure, e.g., increased sunburn cell formation. This study assessed potential in vitro skin penetration of lactic acid and malic acid incorporated into rinse-off personal care products, compared with rinse-off and leave-on exposures to glycolic acid (10%, pH 3.5) in a reference lotion. Radiolabeled AHA-fortified shampoo, conditioner, and lotion were evenly applied as single doses to human epidermal membranes mounted in static diffusion cells (not occluded). Exposures were 1-3 min (rinse-off) or 24 h (leave-on). Epidermal penetration of malic acid and lactic acid from the rinse-off shampoo and conditioner, respectively, was negligible, with >99% removed by rinsing, a negligible portion remaining in the stratum corneum (≤0.15%), and even less penetrating into the viable epidermis (≤0.04%). Glycolic acid penetration from the leave-on reference lotion was 1.42 μg equiv./cm2/h, with total absorbable dose recovery (receptor fluid plus epidermis) of 2.51%, compared to 0.009%, 0.003%, and 0.04% for the rinse-off reference lotion, shampoo (malic acid), and conditioner (lactic acid) exposures, respectively. Dermal penetration of AHAs into human skin is pH-, concentration-, and time-dependent. Alpha-hydroxy acids in rinse-off shampoos and conditioners are almost entirely removed from the skin within minutes by rinsing (resulting in negligible epidermal penetration). This suggests that ultraviolet radiation-induced skin effects of AHA-containing rinse-off products are negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okuda
- Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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24
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Papanas N, Papazoglou D, Papatheodorou K, Maltezos E. Evaluation of a new foam to increase skin hydration of the foot in type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Int Wound J 2011; 8:297-300. [PMID: 21449930 PMCID: PMC7950483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new product (Neuropad repair foam(®)) in promoting skin hydration of the foot in type 2 diabetes. Included in this study were 20 type 2 diabetic patients (10 men, mean age 61·40 ± 2·44 years). Patients applied Neuropad repair foam(®) on the plantar aspect of the right foot twice daily. No agent was applied on the left foot. Patients were examined at baseline, after 7 treatment days and after 14 treatment days. Evaluation of skin dryness was performed by means of the Multi Skin test Corneometer MC 900. In the right foot, skin capacitance was 26·55 ± 4·14 arbitrary units (a.u.) at baseline, 28·90 ± 4·53 a.u. after 7 days of treatment and 32·05 ± 4·54 a.u. after 14 days of treatment. There was a significant increase in skin capacitance from baseline to 7 days of treatment (P < 0·001), from baseline to 14 treatment days (P < 0·001), as well as from 7 to 14 days of treatment (P < 0·001). The same significant (P < 0·001) increases were observed both in men and in women. No changes were noted in the left foot. At baseline, there was no difference in skin capacitance between right and left foot (P = 0·186). However, skin capacitance was significantly higher on the right versus left foot, both after 7 days (P < 0·001) and after 14 days of treatment (P < 0·001). In conclusion, results with the new foam appear encouraging in ameliorating skin dryness in the diabetic foot and further investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Papanas
- Outpatient Clinic of the Diabetic Foot, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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25
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Zhang J, Liu M, Jin H, Deng L, Xing J, Dong A. In vitro enhancement of lactate esters on the percutaneous penetration of drugs with different lipophilicity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:894-903. [PMID: 20496018 PMCID: PMC2902310 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactate esters are widely used as food additives, perfume materials, medicine additives, and personal care products. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of a series of lactate esters as penetration enhancers on the in vitro skin permeation of four drugs with different physicochemical properties, including ibuprofen, salicylic acid, dexamethasone and 5-fluorouracil. The saturated donor solutions of the evaluated drugs in propylene glycol were used in order to keep a constant driving force with maximum thermodynamic activity. The permeability coefficient (K(p)), skin concentration of drugs (SC), and lag time (T), as well as the enhancement ratios for K(p) and SC were recorded. All results indicated that lactate esters can exert a significant influence on the transdermal delivery of the model drugs and there is a structure-activity relationship between the tested lactate esters and their enhancement effects. The results also suggested that the lactate esters with the chain length of fatty alcohol moieties of 10-12 are more effective enhancers. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of lactate esters increases with a decrease of the drug lipophilicity, which suggests that they may be more efficient at enhancing the penetration of hydrophilic drugs than lipophilic drugs. The influence of the concentration of lactate esters was evaluated and the optimal concentration is in the range of 5-10 wt.%. In sum, lactate esters as a penetration enhancer for some drugs are of interest for transdermal administration when the safety of penetration enhancers is a prime consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Zhang
- />School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Mei Liu
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Hongjian Jin
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Liandong Deng
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Jinfeng Xing
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
| | - Anjie Dong
- />School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
- />School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, China
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26
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Hsiao YP, Huang HL, Lai WW, Chung JG, Yang JH. Antiproliferative effects of lactic acid via the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in a human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). J Dermatol Sci 2009; 54:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Dreno B, Castell A, Tsankov N, Lipozencic J, Serdaroglu S, Gutierrez V, Gadroy A, Merial-Kieny C, Mery S. Interest of the association retinaldehyde/glycolic acid in adult acne. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:529-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Acne is the most common disease of the skin, yet only a fraction of acne sufferers are treated with prescription products by physicians. There is, however, a large and expanding market for over-the-counter (OTC) medications, many of which are not only effective but also well tolerated and cosmetically elegant. Given the presence of OTC acne medications on the television, the Internet, and store shelves, patients will be acutely aware of these OTC remedies and will have questions. Patients will expect dermatologists to advise them regarding products to use either as a sole therapy or in combination with prescription drugs. Recently, combinations of OTC acne medications in treatment regimens or "kits" have gained popularity and appear to have increased patient compliance. Quality-of-life outcomes from OTC medication use, in at least one study, have demonstrated good benefit. The most common OTC ingredients include benzoyl peroxide, a potent antibacterial agent, and salicylic acid, a mild comedolytic and antiinflammatory medication. Other, less-common OTC ingredients include sulfur, sodium sulfacetamide, and alpha hydroxy acids. Zinc, vitamin A, tea tree oil, and ayurvedic therapies also are available OTC for acne. Additional and better studies are needed to clarify the benefit of these latter medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney P Bowe
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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29
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Carlotti ME, Sapino S, Gallarate M, Trotta M, Cavalli R, Ugazio E, Peira E. Release of Mandelic Acid from O/W Emulsions with Lamellar Phases. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690802313592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Piérard-Franchimont C, Piérard G. Effects of various concentrations of glycolic acid at the corneoxenometry and collaxenometry bioassays. J Cosmet Dermatol 2008; 7:194-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2008.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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32
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Comparison of α- and β-Hydroxy Acid Chemical Peels in the Treatment of Mild to Moderately Severe Facial Acne Vulgaris. Dermatol Surg 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/00042728-200801000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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33
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Kessler E, Flanagan K, Chia C, Rogers C, Glaser DA. Comparison of α- and β-Hydroxy Acid Chemical Peels in the Treatment of Mild to Moderately Severe Facial Acne Vulgaris. Dermatol Surg 2007; 34:45-50; discussion 51. [PMID: 18053051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2007.34007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Kessler
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
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34
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Franco EJ, Hofstetter H, Hofstetter O. Enantiomer separation of alpha-hydroxy acids in high-performance immunoaffinity chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 46:907-13. [PMID: 18022339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a monoclonal anti-d-hydroxy acid antibody was immobilized onto a synthetic high-flow-through chromatographic support material to produce a chiral stationary phase suitable for enantiomer separation of free alpha-hydroxy acids. Chiral separation of several aliphatic and aromatic members of this class of compounds was achieved in HPLC under mild isocratic buffer conditions using phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, as mobile phase. Due to the high degree of stereoselectivity exhibited by the immobilized antibody, in all cases the l-enantiomer eluted with the void volume, while the d-enantiomer was retained and eluted second. The effect of the mobile phase parameters flow rate, temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the enantiomer separation of the model analyte mandelic acid was investigated. While it was found that variations in the flow rate did not change the retention factor k2, dramatic effects on the interaction between the immobilized antibody and d-mandelic acid were observed when any of the other mobile phase parameters were modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Franco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2862, USA
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35
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Hegedus F, Diecidue R, Taub D, Nyirady J. Non-surgical treatment modalities of facial photodamage: practical knowledge for the oral and maxillofacial professional. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:389-98. [PMID: 16352420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2005.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 08/28/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing interest in cosmetic procedures, oral and maxillofacial surgeons are being asked not only to improve oral health and aesthetics but to extend their expertise to provide advice on improving the overall appearance of the face. For the discerning patient, improving overall facial skin appearance is becoming an integral part of the process of surgical cosmetic procedures. Here, some of the non-surgical options available for the treatment of photodamaged skin are reviewed and an overview of the specific treatments in this category provided. Sun avoidance and protection from harmful rays with appropriate sunscreens are primary to maintaining healthy skin and appearance. Among treatment options, topical treatments with preparations such as retinoids, alpha-hydroxy acids and antioxidants have been shown to provide some benefit and are relatively easy to use albeit with appropriate precautions and professional guidance. As a second-level option, facial rejuvenation procedures such as botulinum toxin injection, soft tissue augmentation with collagen or hyaluronic acid gel, skin resurfacing, use of chemical peels, dermabrasion and laser resurfacing procedures can be used but require administration by qualified practitioners. Overall, these treatments may be used to complement rehabilitative, reconstructive, or cosmetic oral and maxillofacial surgery to further improve and complement surgical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hegedus
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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36
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Copoví A, Díez-Sales O, Herráez-Domínguez JV, Herráez-Domínguez M. Enhancing effect of alpha-hydroxyacids on "in vitro" permeation across the human skin of compounds with different lipophilicity. Int J Pharm 2006; 314:31-6. [PMID: 16545927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration-enhancing effects of glycolic acid, lactic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate through the human epidermis was investigated using 5-fluorouracil as a hydrophilic model permeant and three compounds belonging to the phenylalcohols: 2-phenyl-ethanol, 4-phenyl-butanol and 5-phenyl-pentanol. The lipophilicity values of the compounds ranged from log Poct -0.95 to 2.89. The effect of the enhancer concentration was also studied. Skin pretreatment with aqueous solutions of the three enhancers did not increase the permeability coefficient of the most lipophilic compound (log Poct = 2.89). For the other compounds assayed, the increase in the permeability coefficients depended on the concentration used in skin pretreatment, and on the lipophilicity of the compounds tested-and was always greater for the most hydrophilic compound (5-fluorouracil), for which lactic acid exerted a greater enhancer effect than glycolic acid or sodium lauryl sulphate. Primary irritation testing of the three enhancers was also carried out at the two concentrations used in skin pretreatment for diffusional experiments (1% and 5%, w/w). The least irritant capacity corresponded to lactic acid; consequently, this alpha-hydroxyacid could be proposed as a percutaneous penetration enhancer for hydrophilic molecules that are of interest for transdermal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Copoví
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avd. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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37
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Costin GE, Birlea SA. What is the mechanism for melasma that so commonly accompanies human pregnancy? IUBMB Life 2006; 58:55-7. [PMID: 16540433 DOI: 10.1080/15216540500417020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gertrude-Emilia Costin
- Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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38
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Schliemann-Willers S, Fuchs S, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Elsner P. Fruit acids do not enhance sodium lauryl sulphate-induced cumulative irritant contact dermatitis in vivo. Acta Derm Venereol 2005; 85:206-10. [PMID: 16040403 DOI: 10.1080/00015550410025444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined exposure to different irritants in the workplace may lead to irritant contact dermatitis, which is the main type of occupational dermatitis among bakers and confectioners. Following previous work on "tandem irritation", a panel of healthy volunteers was exposed twice daily for 4 days to the organic fruit acids: citric, malic, and lactic acid, either alone or in tandem application with 0.5% sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in a repetitive irritation test. Irritant cutaneous reactions were quantified by visual scoring and non-invasive measurement of transepidermal water loss and skin colour reflectance. Twice daily application of either citric or malic acid alone did not induce a significant irritant reaction. Combined exposure to one of the fruit acids and SLS caused marked barrier disturbance, but the latter irritant effect was smaller than that obtained by combined exposure to SLS and water. Thus, combined exposure to the above-mentioned fruit acids and SLS did not enhance cumulative skin irritation.
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39
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Katsambas AD. RALGA (Diacnéal ®), a Retinaldehyde and Glycolic Acid Association and Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation in Acne – A Review. Dermatology 2005; 210 Suppl 1:39-45. [PMID: 15724107 DOI: 10.1159/000081501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris affects 3 out of 4 adolescents and usually vanishes at the end of puberty with either no sequelae or mild to moderate sequelae, such as postinflammatory hyperpigmenation (PIH), which may result in psychological and emotional damages. The poor tolerability of the actual treatments (secondary inflammation) is a hindrance to therapy. Retinaldehyde (RAL), a precursor of retinoic acid, has shown depigmenting activity. Glycolic acid (GA) decreases the excess of pigment by a wounding and re-epithelization process. Thus, a synergistic effect was expected from the combination of RAL 0.1% and GA 6% RALGA (Diacneal) in the treatment of acne vulgaris and PIH. Efficacy results of preclinical and clinical trials tend to confirm the expectations for both acne and PIH treatment. A good tolerability was observed. In conclusion, the cosmetic cream Diacneal is a well-tolerated treatment for the prevention and healing of PIH in acne patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Katsambas
- A. Sygros Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Kasraee B, Tran C, Sorg O, Saurat JH. The Depigmenting Effect of RALGA in C57BL/6 Mice. Dermatology 2005; 210 Suppl 1:30-4. [PMID: 15724105 DOI: 10.1159/000081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been known for a long time that the topical use of retinoic acid (RA) produces mild depigmentation of human skin. However, RA has two major disadvantages for its utilisation as a topical depigmenting compound. First, RA can act as an irritant and can produce considerable erythema and exfoliation of skin. Second, RA has a relatively weak depigmenting ability compared to other known depigmenting chemicals. OBJECTIVE In this study, we show that RALGA, a combination of the less irritant retinoid retinaldehyde (RAL; 0.1%) and glycolic acid (6.4%), has a higher skin-depigmenting potential than RA 0.05% in the tail skin of C57BL/6 mice. This effect was observed in reducing the number of functioning melanocytes and/or in inhibiting their ability to synthesise melanin. In addition, the visually recognisable depigmenting effect of RALGA was evident earlier than that of RA, i.e. only after 1 week of application. RALGA may therefore serve as a depigmenting product for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentary disorders. Postacne hyperpigmented lesions represent a very common pigmentary problem among acne patients. RALGA may thus act as an anti-acne product, due to the presence of RAL--an RA precursor--which could simultaneously remove the postacne hyperpigmented lesions in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kasraee
- Department of Dermatology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Dréno B, Nocera T, Verrière F, Vienne MP, Ségard C, Vitse S, Carré C. Topical Retinaldehyde with Glycolic Acid: Study of Tolerance and Acceptability in Association with Anti-Acne Treatments in 1,709 Patients. Dermatology 2005; 210 Suppl 1:22-9. [PMID: 15724104 DOI: 10.1159/000081500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinaldehyde (RAL), a key metabolite between vitamin A and retinoic acid, acts by modulating differentiation and proliferation of keratinocytes, which is of interest in acne lesions, mainly retentional lesions. Glycolic acid increases the exfoliation of corneocytes explaining its mild activity on retentional lesions. Thus, RAL and glycolic acid combined in the same product (Diacneal) have complementary activities which can be of interest for acne patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of Diacneal used by 1,709 acne patients in combination with their usual acne products except retinoids. RESULTS This study demonstrated a very good tolerance of Diacneal when used with other acne treatments for 90 days. Complaints about side-effects were rare. Moreover, the significant decrease in both inflammatory and retentional lesions between day 0 and day 90 indicates that Diacneal could amplify the efficiency of other anti-acne products used at the same time by the patients. The subjective evaluation of the preparation's efficacy by investigators and patients was strongly favourable. CONCLUSION These data show that a combination of RAL 0.1% and glycolic acid 6% may be used in association with other topical anti-acne treatments (benzoyl peroxide and topical antibiotics) with an excellent tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dréno
- Department of Dermatology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease, affecting about 70-80% of adolescents and young adults. It is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit.(1) The influence of androgens at the onset of adolescence leads to an enlargement of the sebaceous gland and a rise in sebum production. Additional increased proliferation and altered differentiation of the follicular epithelium eventually blocks the pilosebaceous duct, leading to development of the microcomedo as the primary acne lesion. Concomitantly and subsequently, colonization with Propionibacterium acnes increases, followed by induction of inflammatory reactions from bacteria, ductal corneocytes, and sebaceous proinflammatory agents (Fig 1).(2-5)
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Krautheim
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipzoger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
Options for both the cosmetic surgeon offering and patients seeking treatment for cutaneous aging have expanded greatly in recent years and continue to grow. Increasingly sophisticated aesthetic patients are seeking procedures to rejuvenate in record numbers,but many are unwilling to tolerate a large amount of downtime. In expert hands, ablative laser resurfacing has a long history of dramatic results for the treatment of cutaneous aging. During the last decade, there have been a growing number of reports of modalities targeting the more superficial skin structure. Such modalities offer more modest results without the downtime associated with more aggressively ablative procedures. These resurfacing techniques include the use of mechanical, chemical, and thermal forces.
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