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Tan H, Abudupataer M, Qiu L, Mao W, Xiao J, Cheng D, Shi H. 99m Tc-labeled Duramycin for detecting and monitoring cardiomyocyte death and assessing atorvastatin cardioprotection in acute myocardial infarction. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:210-220. [PMID: 32881342 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to dynamically monitor myocardial cell death using 99m Tc-Duramycin single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (micro-SPECT/CT) imaging in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the anti-apoptosis effect of atorvastatin for cardioprotection. Mice were randomized into three groups: AMI group, AMI with atorvastatin treatment (T-AMI) group, and sham group. Three groups of model mice were randomly selected at day 1 (D1), day 3 (D3), and day 7 (D7) day after surgery with 99m Tc-Duramycin micro-SPECT/CT imaging. The lesion-to-normal myocardial tissue ratio (L/N) average values were 2.62 on D1, 3.89 on D3, and 1.20 on D7 for the uptake of 99m Tc-duramycin in the infarcted region in the AMI group. The sham group presented no positive imaging in myocardium, and the L/N average values were 1.09, 1.14, and 1.10 on D1, D3, and D7, respectively. Meanwhile, 99m Tc-linear-duramycin imaging showed no radioactive uptake in the infarction region. The T-AMI group imaging showed tracer uptake decreased obviously compared to the uptake in the infarcted region in AMI mice. 99m Tc-Duramycin SPECT/CT imaging allowed non-invasive monitoring of myocardial cell death in a mouse model of AMI and an assessment of atorvastatin anti-apoptosis effect for cardioprotection by in vivo molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Mieradilijiang Abudupataer
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Wujian Mao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengfeng Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongcheng Shi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Medical Imaging, Shanghai, China
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Pourafkari L, Visnjevac O, Ghaffari S, Nader ND. Statin drugs mitigate cellular inflammatory response after ST elevation myocardial infarction, but do not affect in-hospital mortality. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2016; 8:34-9. [PMID: 27069565 PMCID: PMC4827137 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2016.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The objective was to examine the role of statins in modulating post-STEMI inflammation and related mortality.
Methods: A total of 404 patients with STEMI were reviewed. Demographics, comorbidities, laboratory values, and outcomes were collected. The patients were grouped as STATIN and NOSTAT based on the use of statin drugs at the time of admission. Ninety-seven patients were receiving statin drugs.
Results: The patients in the STATIN group were more likely to be hypertensive (53.6%), diabetic (37.1%) and to have previous coronary revascularization (9.3%). Following propensity matching of 89 patients in STATIN group to an equal number of patients in NOSTAT controls had lower neutrophil count 7.8 (6.8-8.4) compared to those in the NOSTAT group 9.1 (7.9-10.1). Although there was no difference in-hospital mortality between the two groups, the incidence of pump failure was lower in the STATIN group (5.6% vs. 15.7%; P < 0.01).
Conclusion: Statin treatment prior to STEMI mitigates the cellular inflammatory response after the myocardial infarction, as evidenced by lower leukocyte and neutrophil cell counts in the STATIN group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Pourafkari
- Cardovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Samad Ghaffari
- Cardovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nader D Nader
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Ferretti G, Bacchetti T, Sahebkar A. Effect of statin therapy on paraoxonase-1 status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 clinical trials. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 60:50-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li L, Su Q, Wang Y, Dai R, Lu Y, Su B, Zhao Y. Effect of atorvastatin (Lipitor) on myocardial apoptosis and caspase-8 activation following coronary microembolization. Cell Biochem Biophys 2012; 61:399-406. [PMID: 21556942 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9199-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined the effect of atorvastatin on myocardial apoptosis and caspase-8 activation following coronary microembolization (CME) in a rat model. For this, 50 rats were randomly and equally divided into CME; sham-operated (control); atorvastatin lavage; gastric lavage control; and caspase-8 inhibitor (CHO) groups. In CME animals, a microembolization ball was injected through the left ventricle. Sham animals were injected with normal saline (NS). Atorvastatin group received atorvastatin gastric lavage once-a-day, 1 week before surgery. Gastric lavage controls had similar lavage with NS. CHO group was i.p-injected (CHO: 10 mg/kg) 30 min before surgery. Cardiac indices in each group were determined by echocardiography 6-h postoperatively. TUNEL assay and western blot were used for myocardial apoptosis and expression of caspases-3/-8, respectively. Echocardiography data show that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in CME group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with sham controls. Besides, left ventricular fractional shortening (FS) and cardiac output (CO) were also decreased with an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd). Atorvastatin and CHO animals had significantly improved (P < 0.05) cardiac function compared with CME group. Myocardial apoptosis and activation levels of caspases-3/-8 were significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with sham; myocardial apoptosis and activation levels of caspases-3/-8 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in atorvastatin and CHO groups compared with CME group. In conclusion, atorvastatin pretreatment suppressed post-CME myocardial apoptosis and improved cardiac function through the blockade of a myocardial death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Kirmizis D, Chatzidimitriou D. Pleiotropic vasoprotective effects of statins: the chicken or the egg? Drug Des Devel Ther 2009; 3:191-204. [PMID: 19920934 PMCID: PMC2769241 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s5407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors) are the most commonly used lipid-lowering drugs. Their main lipid-lowering effect is achieved by an increase in the expression of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptors associated with inhibition of cholesterol synthesis through inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase - the first and rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. However, beyond cholesterol synthesis inhibition, inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase affects as well the synthesis of other molecules with significant roles in different, yet often intercalating, metabolic pathways. On this basis, and supported by an increasing series of advocating epidemiological and experimental data, an extended dialogue has been established over the last few years regarding the nonlipid or "pleiotropic" actions of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kirmizis
- Aristotle University, Karavangeli 19 Str., Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Marsolais D, Rosen H. Chemical modulators of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors as barrier-oriented therapeutic molecules. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 8:297-307. [PMID: 19300460 PMCID: PMC4455967 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological barriers regulate the passage of cells, pathogens, fluids, nutrients, ions and signalling molecules between anatomical compartments during homeostasis and disease. Yet strategies that allow for reversible therapeutic modulation of these barriers are still in their infancy. The enhancement or protection of natural barriers is desirable in conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome or ischaemia-reperfusion injuries, whereas a temporary disruption could facilitate the penetration of drugs across such barriers. This Review discusses the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in the regulation and protection of biological barriers, and the potential of therapeutic strategies that target this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marsolais
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Although unexpected natural deaths comprise a large proportion of the cases seen in the forensic setting, the investigation of these cases remains a unique challenge. Some cases are straightforward; however, others require special examination and dissections, as well as the use of special dissections and ancillary studies. For the forensic investigator to accurately assign a cause and manner of death, one must be aware of the differential diagnoses, common scenarios, and typical victim. The authors reviewed all forensic cases referred to the Forensic Section of the Medical University of South Carolina over a 15-year period from January 1989-December 2003. The number of natural deaths occurring in adults (age 18 years and older) was 6932, compared with the overall number of 13,227 cases. The natural deaths were then analyzed as to autopsy findings, cause of death, cardiac versus noncardiac, age, race, and gender. Current techniques, special dissections, and ancillary studies that can assist in the classification of these deaths in the forensic setting are reviewed.
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Acheampong E, Parveen Z, Mengistu A, Ngoubilly N, Wigdahl B, Lossinsky AS, Pomerantz RJ, Mukhtar M. Cholesterol-depleting statin drugs protect postmitotically differentiated human neurons against ethanol- and human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced oxidative stress in vitro. J Virol 2006; 81:1492-501. [PMID: 17108035 PMCID: PMC1797499 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01843-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals are either alcoholics or prone to alcoholism. Upon ingestion, alcohol is easily distributed into the various compartments of the body, particularly the brain, by crossing through the blood-brain barrier. Both HIV-1 and alcohol induce oxidative stress, which is considered a precursor for cytotoxic responses. Several reports have suggested that statins exert antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory pleiotropic effects, besides their inherent cholesterol-depleting potentials. In our studies, postmitotically differentiated neurons were cocultured with HIV-1-infected monocytes, T cells, or their cellular supernatants in the presence of physiological concentrations of alcohol for 72 h. Parallel cultures were pretreated with statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin) with the appropriate controls, i.e., postmitotically differentiated neurons cocultured with uninfected cells and similar cultures treated with alcohol. The oxidative stress responses in the presence/absence of alcohol in these cultures were determined by the production of the well-characterized oxidative stress markers, 8-isoprostane-F2-alpha, total nitrates as an indicator for various isoforms of nitric oxide synthase activity, and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). An in vitro culture of postmitotically differentiated neurons with HIV-1-infected monocytes or T cells as well as supernatants from these cells enhanced the release of 8-isoprostane-F2-alpha in the conditioned medium six- to sevenfold (monocytes) and four- to fivefold (T cells). It was also observed that coculturing of HIV-1-infected primary monocytes over a time period of 72 h significantly elevated the release of Hsp70 compared with that of uninfected controls. Cellular supernatants of HIV-1-infected monocytes or T cells slightly increased Hsp70 levels compared to neurons cultured with uninfected monocytes or T-cell supernatants (controls). Ethanol (EtOH) presence further elevated Hsp70 in both infected and uninfected cultures. The amount of total nitrates was significantly elevated in the coculture system when both infected cells and EtOH were present. Surprisingly, pretreatment of postmitotic neurons with clinically available inhibitors of HMG-coenzyme A reductase (statins) inhibited HIV-1-induced release of stress/toxicity-associated parameters, i.e., Hsp70, isoprostanes, and total nitrates from HIV-1-infected cells. The results of this study provide new insights into HIV-1 neuropathogenesis aimed at the development of future HIV-1 therapeutics to eradicate viral reservoirs from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Acheampong
- Dorrance H. Hamilton Laboratories, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Suite 329, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Abstract
Because of the anatomy, function, and nonregenerative nature of the myocardium, inflammation in this tissue is not well tolerated. Nevertheless, various diseases of the heart are characterized by inflammatory responses involving the effector mechanisms of innate and adaptive (lymphocyte-dependent) immunity. The innate immune response to ischemia-reperfusion injury is, by far, the most common cause of myocardial inflammation. Innate responses may have beneficial influences that preserve myocardial function in the short term but may be maladaptive in chronic states. Adaptive responses in the myocardium occur with infection or loss of tolerance, and lead to myocarditis. Given the narrow margin for benefit of cardiac inflammation, special regulatory mechanisms likely raise the threshold, compared to other tissues, for the induction and persistence of adaptive immune responses. These mechanisms include strong central and peripheral T cell tolerance to heart antigens and induction of anti-inflammatory feedback mechanisms involving cytokines such as interferon-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviany R Taqueti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide for lowering cholesterol levels. In use for more than 15 years, they have demonstrated efficacy, safety, and tolerability across a broad range of patients. This class of drugs has been designed to lower the cholesterol level by competitively inhibiting the enzyme responsible for its biosynthesis and thereby to play a major role in reducing cardiovascular risk. However, both basic evidence and clinical evidence also supports the idea that reductions in cardiovascular risk are dependent on mechanisms beyond cholesterol reduction alone, such as the reduction of endothelial dysfunction, inhibition of inflammatory responses, stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, and modulation of procoagulant activity and platelet function. RECENT FINDINGS In fact, as shown in several clinical trials, the beneficial effects of statin treatment begin earlier than its cholesterol-lowering effect. These other mechanisms could act in concert with the potent low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering effects of this class of drugs to exert early and lasting cardiovascular protective effects. Recently, several studies have shown that an intensive lipid-lowering regimen with a statin provides greater protection against death or major cardiovascular events than does a standard regimen. SUMMARY This review summarizes the new findings in these pleiotropic effects and describes their impact on vascular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calabrò
- Division of Cardiology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
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