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Li Y, Zhang J, Wang W, Lu Y, Sun L, Zhang Y. Ecological Risk Assessment of Three Pesticide Additives in Soil and Application to the Remediation of Contaminated Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1677-1689. [PMID: 38661489 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Pesticide additives (PAs) are auxiliary ingredients added to the pesticide manufacturing and use processes, constituting 1% to 99% of the pesticide and often composed of benzene and chlorinated hydrocarbons. We selected three typical PAs, toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene, to evaluate their retention function toxicity and ecological risk in soil. Soil immobilization techniques and aquatic model organisms were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the immobilized soil method to determine the ecological risk of chemicals. The 48-h median lethal concentrations of toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene alone in spiked soil on Daphnia magna were 10.5, 2.3, and 1.1 mg/L (medium, high, and high toxicity, respectively). The toxicity of the three-PA mixtures showed an antagonistic effect. The risk levels of toluene, chloroform, and trichloroethylene in the soil were evaluated as moderate to high, low to high, and high risk, respectively. The toxicity of two pesticide-contaminated sites in the Yangtze River Delta before and after remediation was successfully evaluated by immobilized soil technology. The toxicity of two soil sampling points was reduced from medium toxic to low toxic and no toxic, respectively, after remediation. The results of our study give a rationale for and prove the validity of the aquatic model organisms and soil immobilization techniques in assessing the soil retention functions toxicity of PAs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1677-1689. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongze Lu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, China
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Gao M, Li X, Zhang Q, Li S, Wu S, Wang Y, Sun H. Spatial distribution of volatile organic compounds in contaminated soil and distinct microbial effect driven by aerobic and anaerobic conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172256. [PMID: 38583613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of 35 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was investigated in soil columns from two obsolete industrial sites in Eastern China. The total concentrations of ΣVOCs in surface soils (0-20 cm) were 134-1664 ng g-1. Contamination of VOCs in surface soil exhibited remarkable variability, closely related to previous production activities at the sampling sites. Additionally, the concentrations of ΣVOCs varied with increasing soil depth from 0 to 10 m. Soils at depth of 2 m showed ΣVOCs concentrations of 127-47,389 ng g-1. Among the studied VOCs, xylene was the predominant contaminant in subsoils (2 m), with concentrations ranging from n.d. to 45,400 ng g-1. Chlorinated alkanes and olefins demonstrated a greater downward migration ability compared to monoaromatic hydrocarbons, likely due to their lower hydrophobicity. As a result, this vertical distribution of VOCs led to a high ecological risk in both the surface and deep soil. Notably, the risk quotient (RQ) of xylene in subsoil (2 m, RQ up to 319) was much higher than that in surface soil. Furthermore, distinct effects of VOCs on soil microbes were observed under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Specifically, after the 30-d incubation of xylene-contaminated soil, Ilumatobacter was enriched under aerobic condition, whereas Anaerolineaceae was enriched under anaerobic condition. Moreover, xylene contamination significantly affected methylotrophy and methanol oxidation functions for aerobic soil (t-test, p < 0.05). However, aromatic compound degradation and ammonification were significantly enhanced by xylene in anaerobic soil (t-test, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that specific VOC compound has distinct microbial ecological effects under different oxygen content conditions in soil. Therefore, when conducting soil risk assessments of VOCs, it is crucial to consider their ecological effects at different soil depths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shanxing Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Xiang Y, Zhang X, Tian Z, Cheng Y, Liu N, Meng X. Molecular mechanisms of 1,2-dichloroethane-induced neurotoxicity. Toxicol Res 2023; 39:565-574. [PMID: 37779589 PMCID: PMC10541367 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of industrial solvents and adhesives often utilizes 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE), a highly toxic halogenated hydrocarbon compound. Occupational 1,2-DCE poisoning occurs frequently and is a public health concern. Exposure to 1,2-DCE can damage the brain, liver, and kidneys. The main and most severe damage caused by exposure to 1,2-DCE is to the nervous system, especially the central nervous system. Current research on 1,2-DCE mainly focuses on the mechanism of brain edema. Several possible mechanisms of 1,2-DCE neurotoxicity have been proposed, including oxidative stress, calcium overload, blood-brain barrier damage, and neurotransmitter changes. This article reviews the research progress on 1,2-DCE neurotoxicity and the mechanism behind it to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of 1,2-DCE poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhoudadaobei, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xiaoshun Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhoudadaobei, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Zhiling Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yibin Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningguo Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhoudadaobei, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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Lechhab W, Cincotta F, Lechhab T, Condurso C, Salmoun F, Cacciola F, Verzera A. Preliminary Assessment of Occurrence, Potential Origin, and Human Health Risk of Volatile Organic Compounds in Uncontrolled Springs, North Morocco. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121213. [PMID: 36557251 PMCID: PMC9788112 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the drastic increase in worldwide pollution rates, considerable attention has been paid to the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that might lead to serious health problems, e.g., cancer. As there appears to be a notable lack of research on the pollution (specifically, VOCs) of water bodies in Morocco, we aimed to assess the occurrence of VOCs in some uncontrolled springs in the north of Morocco that have not been previously investigated. We also discuss the estimation of health risks posed by ingestion and dermal contact as well as the different potential origins of these pollutants. For this purpose, water samples were collected from twenty-six sampling sites and were analyzed via headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Out of the 60 suspected VOCs, a total of 15 compounds belonging to five distinct groups were identified and quantified. Among them, fumigants, solvents, and gasoline hydrocarbons were the most abundant groups, with proportions of 40%, 26.7%, and 20%, respectively. A heatmap clustered the provinces based on their degree of pollution, while a dendrogram was used to classify the studied springs into six main groups. Regarding carcinogenic risk, all the samples were safe for consumption as well as for dermal contact, except for S17, S18, and S8, and S19, which might present a severe threat to inhabitants due to their contents of, respectively, naphthalene (2.1 × 10-3), chloroform (2.5 × 10-4), and cis and trans-dichlropropene (1.61 × 10-4 and 1.11 × 10-4). Our investigation revealed several anthropogenic sources of water contamination, which could aid authorities in limiting contamination spread in water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafae Lechhab
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier 90090, Morocco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell’Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Cincotta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell’Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Touria Lechhab
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier 90090, Morocco
| | - Concetta Condurso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell’Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Farida Salmoun
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Natural Substances and Environment, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tangier 90090, Morocco
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonella Verzera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Dell’Annunziata, Viale G. Palatucci, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Lei R, Sun Y, Zhu S, Jia T, He Y, Deng J, Liu W. Investigation on Distribution and Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Surface Water, Sediment, and Soil in a Chemical Industrial Park and Adjacent Area. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195988. [PMID: 34641531 PMCID: PMC8512396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrences, distributions, and risks of 55 target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water, sediment, sludge, and soil samples taken from a chemical industrial park and the adjacent area were investigated in this study. The Σ55-VOCs concentrations in the water, sediment, sludge, and soil samples were 1.22–5449.21 μg L−1, ND–52.20 ng g−1, 21.53 ng g−1, and ND–11.58 ng g−1, respectively. The main products in this park are medicines, pesticides, and novel materials. As for the species of VOCs, aromatic hydrocarbons were the dominant VOCs in the soil samples, whereas halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons were the dominant VOCs in the water samples. The VOCs concentrations in water samples collected at different locations varied by 1–3 orders of magnitude, and the average concentration in river water inside the park was obviously higher than that in river water outside the park. However, the risk quotients for most of the VOCs indicated a low risk to the relevant, sensitive aquatic organisms in the river water. The average VOCs concentration in soil from the park was slightly higher than that from the adjacent area. This result showed that the chemical industrial park had a limited impact on the surrounding soil, while the use of pesticides, incomplete combustion of coal and biomass, and automobile exhaust emissions are all potential sources of the VOCs in the environmental soil. The results of this study could be used to evaluate the effects of VOCs emitted from chemical production and transportation in the park on the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Lei
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yamei Sun
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-10-62849356 (W.L.); Fax: +86-10-62923563 (Y.S.)
| | - Shuai Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China;
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; (R.L.); (T.J.); (Y.H.); (J.D.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (W.L.); Tel.: +86-10-62849356 (W.L.); Fax: +86-10-62923563 (Y.S.)
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Liu Y, Hao S, Zhao X, Li X, Qiao X, Dionysiou DD, Zheng B. Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the groundwater of Lanzhou City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:3609-3622. [PMID: 32415402 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) typically exist in the aqueous environment due to global anthropogenic activities. The distribution and contaminated profile (or characteristics) of VOCs in the groundwater of Lanzhou, China, were investigated in this study. Groundwater samples were collected from 30 sampling points in December 2015, and a total of 17 VOCs were analyzed by purge and trap gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Thirteen types of VOCs were detected at 29 sampling points in the study area. Of these, dichloromethane and toluene, which were found at 22 sampling points, had the highest detection frequency (73.3%), followed by benzene (66.7%), 1,2-dichloroethane (50%), and xylenes (50%). The highest average concentration among the detected VOCs was found for chloroform (5151.5 μg/L). The spatial distribution of VOC contamination in four major urban areas of Lanzhou and the variation in VOC concentration caused by land use transitions were also analyzed. The results showed that Xigu district was the most polluted area in Lanzhou, mainly due to land use for industrial proposes. On the contrary, the samples for Anning district showed lower VOC concentrations because of better groundwater quality, which is associated with the absence of manufacturing industries in this region. The health risk assessment model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency was employed in this study to evaluate safety for drinking water use. This study found that despite considering the volatilization of VOCs from water due to heating, six sampling points (G05 in Qilihe district; G07 and G09 in Xigu district; G16, G17, and G15 in Chengguan district) showed non-carcinogenic risks, ranging from 1.63 to 14.2, while three points (G16 in Chengguan district, and G10 and G07 in Xigu district) exhibited high carcinogenic risks for human health, ranging from 2.94 × 10-4 to 6.85 × 10-4. Trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene were identified as the dominant VOCs, presenting high non-carcinogenic risk. 1,2-dichloroethane and vinyl chloride were the primary factors for high carcinogenic risk. The high-risk areas were concentrated in Xigu and Chengguan districts, suggesting the need to alert the relevant local government departments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Shuran Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xingru Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xue Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaocui Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Binghui Zheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 10012, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Protection, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Lin X, Xu C, Zhou Y, Liu S, Liu W. A new perspective on volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in Chinese agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134646. [PMID: 31753494 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by volatile organic compounds has been greatly studied. However, there is still limited information regarding the occurrence, distribution and health effects of typical volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) in soils on a national scale. In this study, headspace-based extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) detection was optimized for the simultaneous analysis of 18 VHCs (haloalkanes, haloalkenes and halogenated aromatics) in 112 surface agricultural soil samples across China in 2016. The results show that 100% of the soil samples were contaminated by VHCs, and 13 of the 18 VHCs investigated were detected. The haloalkanes were the dominant group. Five VHC components had detection rates greater than 35%, including dichloromethane (DCM), chloroform (CF), 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), chlorobenzene (CB) and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB). For total VHCs, North and Southwest China were the hotspots for contamination. The highest concentrations were found in Shanxi Province and Chongqing municipality, which could be the result of long-term aerial deposition and wet deposition from various accidental industrial leakages or natural sources. In addition, the applications of sewage sludge and pesticides in agricultural activities may also contribute to soil VHC pollution. By using the health risk-assessing models recommended by the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), the estimated hazard indices (HIs) of all VHCs were below 1, and the carcinogenic risk (CR) values were all at acceptable levels (<1 × 10-6). These findings indicated that the agricultural soils may not trigger serious long-term health impacts on public health nationwide. The results from this study can initially grasp the agricultural soil VHC pollution level and provide an understanding to avoid potential ecological and human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenye Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuren Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Xu C, Lin X, Yin S, Liu K, Liu W. Spatio-vertical characterization of the BTEXS group of VOCs in Chinese agricultural soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133631. [PMID: 31400675 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous contamination of the BTEXS (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene) group in soils is a significant concern for ecological safety. However, comprehensive spatio-vertical survey of the BTEXS group on a national scale is rare to date. Using a static headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method (HS-GCMS), this study performed a quantitative analysis of BTEXS levels in soils from Chinese rural areas in 2013 and 2016. The median ∑BTEXS concentrations in surface soils in 2013 and 2016 were 37.5 and 34.4 ng g-1 dry weight, respectively. Toluene was the dominant pollutant, accounting for approximately 41.6% and 32.1% of the total levels. BTEXS contamination was higher in Shanxi province, Northeast China, and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau compared to the other regions. Vertically, toluene, m,p'-xylene and o'-xylene concentrations were significantly higher in the top soil layer (0-15 cm) and decreased significantly with increasing soil depth (p < 0.05). Higher soil organic matter was significantly associated with higher BTEXS concentrations of sampling site. BTEXS was also enhanced at sites with higher elevations and lower temperature due to global distillation effects. The findings of this study could help decision-makers to protect against BTEXS contamination in rural areas. These findings provide a basis for further study of the mechanism of BTEXS migration and transport in large-scale environment. CAPSULE: Spatio-vertical distribution, influence factors, exposure risks of BTEXS in soils from Chinese agricultural region was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenye Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xinmeng Lin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shanshan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Weiping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Huang F, Li Z, Zhang C, Habumugisha T, Liu F, Luo X. Pesticides in the typical agricultural groundwater in Songnen plain, northeast China: occurrence, spatial distribution and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:2681-2695. [PMID: 31129745 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Songnen plain is an important commodity grain base of China, and this is the first study on the comprehensive detection of multiple pesticides in groundwater. Based on an analytical method of 56 pesticides, 30 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. At least 4 pesticides were detected in each sample and 32 out of 56 pesticides were detected. The average detected levels of individual pesticides were approximately 10-100 ng/L. Organophosphorus pesticides and carbamate pesticides were the dominant pesticides, and their percentage of total pesticide concentrations were 35.9% and 55.5%, respectively. Based on the spatial distribution, the characteristic of nonpoint source pollution was indicated in the whole study area except for a point source pollution with the influence of a sewage oxidation pond. Nine core pesticides and three distinct clusters of the core pesticides with various concentration patterns were revealed by cluster analysis. Linear regression identified a significant relationship between the cumulative detections and the cumulative concentrations, providing access to identify the outlying contaminant events that deviate substantially from the linear trend. A new insight for prediction of pesticide occurrence was provided by the Pearson correlation between some individual pesticide concentrations and the cumulative detections or the cumulative concentrations. According to health risk assessment, the residual pesticides posed medium risks for children and infants and approximately 90% of risks were composed of β-HCH, dimethoate, ethyl-p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate and methyl parathion. These findings contributed to establishing a database for future monitoring and control of pesticides in agricultural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Théogène Habumugisha
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximing Luo
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Qi Y, Shen L, Zhang J, Yao J, Lu R, Miyakoshi T. Species and release characteristics of VOCs in furniture coating process. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:810-819. [PMID: 30502710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important factor affecting ambient air quality, and furniture production is one of the important sources of VOC pollution. High VOC concentrations have adverse effects on the environment and worker welfare in furniture factories. In order to control VOC emissions in a furniture workshop, the VOC species and concentration distributions were examined. Qualitative analysis of VOC species was carried out by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that VOCs from a furniture workshop were mainly 12 substances including acetate, toluene, and xylene compounds. The heights and representative positions of VOCs released during the coating process were determined, and the results showed that VOC concentrations depended on environmental and height factors. The concentration of VOCs decreased with increasing altitude and reached a maximum concentration at 0.4 m above the ground. Because the concentration of VOCs varied with temperature, humidity, air pressure, and amount of spray paint, this paper established functional relationships between VOC concentrations and temperature, humidity, air pressure, and amount of spray paint. These results provide a theoretical basis for furniture workshops to automatically monitor and control VOCs. MAIN FINDING OF THIS WORK: VOCs from the furniture workshop were mainly composed of 10 substances including acetate, toluene, and xylene compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Qi
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, 39762-9820, USA
| | - Jia Yao
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Rong Lu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Tetsuo Miyakoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, 214-8571, Japan
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11
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Li H, Wang Y, Liu F, Tong L, Li K, Yang H, Zhang L. Volatile organic compounds in stormwater from a community of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:554-561. [PMID: 29684882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater samples were collected from six different land use sites with three time-intervals during a precipitation event on August 12, 2016, from a community of Beijing, China. A total of 46 species volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in these stormwater samples, including methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatics, Halogenated alkanes, and alkenes. The total VOC concentrations varied in the six sites following order: highway junction > city road > gas station > park > campus > residential area, except for MTBE, which was much higher at gas station compared to other land use sites. ANOVA results indicated both land use and precipitation time intervals could significantly affect the VOC concentrations even in the small area. The Beijing atmospheric VOC concentrations were too low to explain the high concentrations in stormwater, suggesting that land surfaces may be the main sources of VOC other than the ambient atmosphere. MTBE and other VOCs correlation analysis indicated that MTBE mostly came from gasoline emissions, spills or vehicle exhausts, whereas the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, Xylenes) and the halogenated aromatics were transferred from chemical plants through land surfaces accumulating and the wind blowing atmospheric VOCs. Xylenes/ethylbenzene (X/E) ratios variations indicated that stormwater incorporated larger amount of fresh emitted air during the precipitation event than prior to it. Information of these stormwater VOCs in this study could be used in the community pollution reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Youshu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Linlin Tong
- School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kun Li
- Radio, Film & TV Design and Research Institute, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, N9B3P4, Ontario, Canada.
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12
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Chen L, Lang H, Liu F, Jin S, Yan T. Presence of Antibiotics in Shallow Groundwater in the Northern and Southwestern Regions of China. GROUND WATER 2018; 56:451-457. [PMID: 28940442 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are widely used, and there is a serious concern about its adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To our knowledge, prior to this work, there was no evidence of the potential presence of antibiotics in groundwater in China, despite populous speculations. This study reported the detection of 35 target antibiotics of 6 groups (chloramphenicois, lincosamides, marcrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, and tetracyclines), in shallow groundwater samples collected in northern and southwestern China. Thirty-four of thirty-five target antibiotics were detected in the groundwater samples; 73 of 74 monitoring wells contained at least one antibiotic; and at least two antibiotics were detected in 72 of the 74 wells. Ofloxacin (1199.7 ng/L), lincomycin (860.7 ng/L), and norfloxacin (441.9 ng/L) as well as antibiotics with the highest detection frequency such as sulfapyridine (70%), norfloxacin (69%), and lincomycin (64%) were detected at elevated concentrations. The highest detection frequency and concentration of lincosamides were observed in those groundwater samples, but no clear distribution patterns were observed for the six antibiotic groups. Moreover, shallow groundwater in southwestern China seemed to contain most antibiotics, likely due to the high antibiotics discharge and frequent exchange of groundwater with surface matrices. The findings from this work suggest that groundwater in China has been widely contaminated by antibiotics, and presumably other pharmaceutical compounds that have not been investigated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, #29 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, #29 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, Tianjin University, #135 Yaguan Rd., Haihe Education Park, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hang Lang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences, #29 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, #29 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, #29 Xueyuan Rd., Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
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13
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Lin C, Nguyen KA, Vu CT, Senoro D, Villanueva MC. Contamination levels and potential sources of organic pollution in an Asian river. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:2434-2444. [PMID: 29144301 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Houjing River has long been an environmental victim of economic development. Industries that have settled along the bank of this river may have largely contributed to severe organic wastes pollution. This study collected water and sediment samples at various points along the river and measured concentrations of 61 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 128 semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for a period of 16 months (Feb 2014-June 2015). Our analyses show that elevated levels of VOCs were observed near two industrial areas, Dashe and Renwu industrial parks. High SVOC concentrations were found in the vicinities of the Nanzih Export Processing Zone (NEPZ) and CingPu station, possibly due to considerable effluent discharges of adjacent industrial and residential areas. Comparing this study's findings with the standard values of different governmental agencies and studies similar to this one, the ecosystem of the Houjing River was seriously contaminated. This study could be used by the government as a basis for future and urgent pollution prevention actions aimed at protecting this ecosystem and reducing the negative impacts of these contaminants on the health and well-being of the local residents and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitsan Lin
- Center of Environmental Analysis Service, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Kim Anh Nguyen
- Center of Environmental Analysis Service, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Chi Thanh Vu
- Center of Environmental Analysis Service, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan E-mail:
| | - Delia Senoro
- Sustainable Development Research Office, Mapúa University, Manila 1002, Philippines
| | - Maria Ching Villanueva
- IFREMER Centre de Bretagne, Unité de Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques, Pointe du Diable B.P. 70, Plouzané 29280, France
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Liu B, Li Y, Ma J, Huang L, Chen L. Detection of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in surface water, soil, and groundwater in a chemical industrial park in Eastern China. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2016; 73:1175-1189. [PMID: 26942541 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2015.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
China is suffering from serious water and soil pollution, especially in the North China Plain. This work investigated semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in surface water, groundwater and soil within a chemical industrial park in Eastern China, for which the volatile organic compound (VOC) results have been previously reported. A total of 20 samples were collected from the field, and analyzed in the laboratory. A 100% detection frequency of SVOCs in samples from this chemical industrial park was observed (same as VOCs). Moreover, the detection frequency of 113 SVOCs in each sample reached 15.93, 12.39 and 20.35% for surface water, groundwater and soil, respectively. The most detected SVOCs in the park included N-containing SVOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, organic pesticides and polychlorodiphenyls. The elevated detecting frequencies and concentration levels of SVOCs identified in the groundwater were attributed to the intensive chemical production activities in the park. In addition, the agricultural activities in the area might also have contributed to the SVOCs to the groundwater. The results of VOCs and SVOCs from this and previous studies suggest that the groundwater in this industrial park has been severely contaminated, and the contamination likely spreads beyond the park. Imminent hydrogeological assessments and remedial actions are warranted to eliminate the source and mitigate the potential plume expansion beyond the park boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhua Liu
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Groundwater Numerical Simulation and Contamination Control, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Linxian Huang
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety, School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China E-mail:
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