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Alzola-Andrés M, Domingo-Echaburu S, Segura Y, Valcárcel Y, Orive G, Lertxundi U. Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewaters: an analysis of the UBA's pharmaceutical database. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:99345-99361. [PMID: 37610546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewaters (HWW) has been a focus of interest for researchers in the last decades. Certain therapeutic classes, such as X-ray contrast media, broad-spectrum antimicrobials and cytotoxics among others, are mainly used in hospitals-health care facilities. This study is focused on available studies monitoring the presence of pharmaceuticals in HWW around the world. To that end, the last available version (v3. 2021) of the "Pharmaceuticals in the Environment" database published by the Federal German Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt) has been used. Almost half of all studies included (107) have been conducted in Europe. Pharmaceuticals have been monitored in HWW in 38 different countries across all five continents. The country with the greatest number of studies is Brazil (11), followed by Spain (8), China (7), and France (6). Our analysis revealed that 271 different pharmaceuticals have been detected at least once in HWW. The five drugs with more studies showing a positive detection are ciprofloxacin (38), sulfamethoxazole (36), diclofenac (34), ibuprofen (29), and trimethoprim (27). A total of 47 out of 271 drugs are considered in the NIOSH "Hazardous drug" list. However, monitoring data for some widely used drugs in hospital settings such as muscle relaxants, anesthetics, and antidotes is lacking. In conclusion, this study provides the first large-scale metadata analysis for the pharmaceuticals in HWW worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitane Alzola-Andrés
- School of Pharmacy, NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Saioa Domingo-Echaburu
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Debagoiena Integrated Health Organisation, Pharmacy Service, Nafarroa Hiribidea 16, 20500, Arrasate, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Yolanda Segura
- Chemical and Environmental Technology Department, University Rey Juan Carlos, Avenida Tulipan s/n, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Valcárcel
- Health and Environment Risk Assessment Group, (RiSAMA), University Rey Juan Carlos, Avda Tulipán sn, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
- Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Unax Lertxundi
- Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Araba Mental Health Network, Araba Psychiatric Hospital, Pharmacy Service, c/Alava 43, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.
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Moazeni M, Reza Maracy M, Ghazavi R, Bedia J, Andrew Lin KY, Ebrahimi A. Removal of triclosan from aqueous matrixes: A systematic review with detailed meta-analysis. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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3
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Pariente MI, Segura Y, Álvarez-Torrellas S, Casas JA, de Pedro ZM, Diaz E, García J, López-Muñoz MJ, Marugán J, Mohedano AF, Molina R, Munoz M, Pablos C, Perdigón-Melón JA, Petre AL, Rodríguez JJ, Tobajas M, Martínez F. Critical review of technologies for the on-site treatment of hospital wastewater: From conventional to combined advanced processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 320:115769. [PMID: 35944316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to assess different technologies for the on-site treatment of hospital wastewater (HWW) to remove pharmaceutical compounds (PhCs) as sustances of emerging concern at a bench, pilot, and full scales from 2014 to 2020. Moreover, a rough characterisation of hospital effluents is presented. The main detected PhCs are antibiotics and psychiatric drugs, with concentrations up to 1.1 mg/L. On the one hand, regarding the presented technologies, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are a good alternative for treating HWW with PhCs removal values higher than 80% in removing analgesics, anti-inflammatories, cardiovascular drugs, and some antibiotics. Moreover, this system has been scaled up to the pilot plant scale. However, some target compounds are still present in the treated effluent, such as psychiatric and contrast media drugs and recalcitrant antibiotics (erythromycin and sulfamethoxazole). On the other hand, ozonation effectively removes antibiotics found in the HWW (>93%), and some studies are carried out at the pilot plant scale. Even though, some families, such as the X-ray contrast media, are recalcitrant to ozone. Other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as Fenton-like or UV treatments, seem very effective for removing pharmaceuticals, Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria (ARBs) and Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs). However, they are not implanted at pilot plant or full scale as they usually consider extra reactants such as ozone, iron, or UV-light, making the scale-up of the processes a challenging task to treat high-loading wastewater. Thus, several examples of biological wastewater treatment methods combined with AOPs have been proposed as the better strategy to treat HWW with high removal of PhCs (generally over 98%) and ARGs/ARBs (below the detection limit) and lower spending on reactants. However, it still requires further development and optimisation of the integrated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Pariente
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Y Segura
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Álvarez-Torrellas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av/ Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Casas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Z M de Pedro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Diaz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - J García
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av/ Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M J López-Muñoz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - A F Mohedano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Molina
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Munoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Pablos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Perdigón-Melón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - A L Petre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. University of Alcalá, Ctra Madrid-Barcelona, 33,600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Tobajas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Francisco Tomás y, Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Martínez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2/Na2Ti6O13 Composites by Gold for the Photodegradation of Phenol. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6050069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to synthesize Au/TiO2/Na2Ti6O13 composites to reduce the occurrence of recombination and increase photocatalytic activity in phenol degradation. Gold was used due to its high stability and strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) properties which make it operate effectively in the visible light spectrum. The prepared composites were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and DRS. The results showed that the composite consisted of rutile TiO2 with a crystal size of 38–40 nm and Na2Ti6O13 with a crystal size of 25 nm. The gold in the composite has a crystallite size of 16–19 nm along with the percentage of gold added. Morphological analysis shows that the composite has the form of inhomogeneous spherical particles with gold spread among composites with sizes less than 20 nm. FTIR analysis showed the presence of Na–O and Ti–O–Ti bonds in the composite. The best composite was 3% Au/TiO2/Na2Ti6O13 which had high crystallinity, small particle size, and bandgap energy of 2.59 eV. Furthermore, it had an efficiency 205% better than without gold. After that, cost estimation is proposed as a large-scale application. This study describes the total cost, break-even analysis, and payback analysis for the commercialization needs of the designed photocatalytic catalyst.
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Cáceres-Hernández A, Torres-Torres JG, Silahua-Pavón A, Godavarthi S, García-Zaleta D, Saavedra-Díaz RO, Tavares-Figueiredo R, Cervantes-Uribe A. Facile Synthesis of ZnO-CeO 2 Heterojunction by Mixture Design and Its Application in Triclosan Degradation: Effect of Urea. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12121969. [PMID: 35745314 PMCID: PMC9230812 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, simplex centroid mixture design was employed to determine the effect of urea on ZnO-CeO. The heterojunction materials were synthesized using a solid-state combustion method, and the physicochemical properties were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity was determined by a triclosan degradation reaction under UV irradiation. According to the results, the crystal size of zinc oxide decreases in the presence of urea, whereas a reverse effect was observed for cerium oxide. A similar trend was observed for ternary samples, i.e., the higher the proportion of urea, the larger the crystallite cerium size. In brief, urea facilitated the co-existence of crystallites of CeO and ZnO. On the other hand, UV spectra indicate that urea shifts the absorption edge to a longer wavelength. Studies of the photocatalytic activity of TCS degradation show that the increase in the proportion of urea favorably influenced the percentage of mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Cáceres-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriales Catalíticos Aplicados al Desarrollo de Fuentes de Energía y Remediación Ambiental, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), DACB, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Km.1 carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, C.P. Cunduacán 86690, TB, Mexico; (A.C.-H.); (J.G.T.-T.); (A.S.-P.); (R.O.S.-D.)
| | - Jose Gilberto Torres-Torres
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriales Catalíticos Aplicados al Desarrollo de Fuentes de Energía y Remediación Ambiental, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), DACB, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Km.1 carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, C.P. Cunduacán 86690, TB, Mexico; (A.C.-H.); (J.G.T.-T.); (A.S.-P.); (R.O.S.-D.)
| | - Adib Silahua-Pavón
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriales Catalíticos Aplicados al Desarrollo de Fuentes de Energía y Remediación Ambiental, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), DACB, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Km.1 carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, C.P. Cunduacán 86690, TB, Mexico; (A.C.-H.); (J.G.T.-T.); (A.S.-P.); (R.O.S.-D.)
| | - Srinivas Godavarthi
- Investigadoras e Investigadores por México—División Académica de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86690, TB, Mexico;
| | - David García-Zaleta
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Carretera Cunduacán–Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, km 1, Col. La Esmeralda, Villahermosa 86690, TB, Mexico;
| | - Rafael Omar Saavedra-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriales Catalíticos Aplicados al Desarrollo de Fuentes de Energía y Remediación Ambiental, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), DACB, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Km.1 carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, C.P. Cunduacán 86690, TB, Mexico; (A.C.-H.); (J.G.T.-T.); (A.S.-P.); (R.O.S.-D.)
| | | | - Adrián Cervantes-Uribe
- Laboratorio de Nanomateriales Catalíticos Aplicados al Desarrollo de Fuentes de Energía y Remediación Ambiental, Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco (CICTAT), DACB, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Km.1 carretera Cunduacán-Jalpa de Méndez, C.P. Cunduacán 86690, TB, Mexico; (A.C.-H.); (J.G.T.-T.); (A.S.-P.); (R.O.S.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-553-143-9893
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Antonopoulou M, Kosma C, Albanis T, Konstantinou I. An overview of homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis applications for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from real or synthetic hospital wastewaters under lab or pilot scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144163. [PMID: 33418323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades, Pharmaceutical Active Compounds (PhACs) have been considered as emerging contaminants due to their continuous release and persistence to aquatic environment even at low concentrations. A growing number of research articles have shown the occurrence of numerous PhACs in various wastewater treatment plant influents, hospital effluents, and surface waters all over the world. The rising concern regarding PhACs, which present high recalcitrance towards conventional treatment methods, has provoked extensive research in the field of their effective remediation. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic applications for the removal of PhACs, from real or artificial hospital wastewater effluents. These two representative advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are assessed in terms of their efficiency to remove PhACs, reduce the COD and toxicity as well as increase the biodegradability of the effluent. Simultaneously with their efficiency the operational costs of the processes are considered. Their potential combination with other processes is critically discussed, as this option seems to enhance the treatment efficiency and simultaneously overcome the limitations of each individual process. Moreover, the type of reactors as well as the main parameters that should be considered for the design and the development of photoreactors for wastewater treatment are reviewed. Finally, based on the literature survey, indications for future work are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Patras, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
| | - Christina Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Ioannis Konstantinou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
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Xiong P, Yan X, Zhu Q, Qu G, Shi J, Liao C, Jiang G. A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity of Novel Brominated Flame Retardants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13551-13569. [PMID: 31682424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Use of legacy brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), has been reduced due to adverse effects of these chemicals. Several novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), such decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE), have been developed as replacements for PBDEs. NBFRs are used in various industrial and consumer products, which leads to their ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. This article reviews occurrence and fate of a select group of NBFRs in the environment, as well as their human exposure and toxicity. Occurrence of NBFRs in both abiotic, including air, water, dust, soil, sediment and sludge, and biotic matrices, including bird, fish, and human serum, have been documented. Evidence regarding the degradation, including photodegradation, thermal degradation and biodegradation, and bioaccumulation and biomagnification of NBFRs is summarized. The toxicity data of NBFRs show that several NBFRs can cause adverse effects through different modes of action, such as hormone disruption, endocrine disruption, genotoxicity, and behavioral modification. The primary ecological risk assessment shows that most NBFRs exert no significant environmental risk, but it is worth noting that the result should be carefully used owing to the limited toxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan , Hubei 430056 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- College of Resources and Environment , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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Solá-Gutiérrez C, Schröder S, San Román MF, Ortiz I. PCDD/Fs traceability during triclosan electrochemical oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:584-592. [PMID: 30818123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
5-Chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (TCS) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) widely used in different consumer goods. Its recalcitrant nature demands the application of effective remediation technologies in order to avoid the negative environmental impact associated to the discharge of contaminated waters. Although advanced oxidation technologies have been considered the best alternative to destroy bio-recalcitrant compounds, the likely formation of high toxicity byproducts must be analysed before large-scale deployment. In this work, we aim to trace the presence of chlorinated compounds during the electro-oxidation of aqueous TCS samples. First, we analyze the influence of the initial concentration of TCS on the toxicity of the oxidation medium expressed by the International-Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF); second, we have detected the formation of intermediate organo-chlorinated compounds by GC-MS supported by HPLC and finally, we have quantified the concentration of highly-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) by HRGC-HRMS within the oxidation treatment. In those samples where TCS had been completely degraded the concentration of PCDD/Fs showed a high increase, especially when NaCl was used as electrolyte, with the initial concentration of TCS. Under these conditions the I-TEF achieved values up to 3.8 × 102 pg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Solá-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Sophie Schröder
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - M Fresnedo San Román
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, ETSIIyT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros, 39005, Santander, Spain.
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Trawiński J, Skibiński R. Multivariate comparison of photocatalytic properties of thirteen nanostructured metal oxides for water purification. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2019; 54:851-864. [PMID: 30947616 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2019.1598169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although the environmental photocatalysis is being developed for many years, the relationships between simple metal oxides have not been explored so far. In this study a multivariate comparison of thirteen nanostructured metal oxides (Bi2O3, CeO2, Co3O4, Fe2O3, NiO, Pr6O11, SnO2, SrTiO3, TiO2, WO3, ZnFe2O4, ZnO and ZrO2) was performed. The solution containing twenty-six psychotropic pharmaceuticals was used as a model mixture. In order to ensure the influence of the dissolved organic matter on the process, all the experiments were conducted in the river water. Simulated solar radiation was applied as the most environmentally relevant. The high-resolution LC-MS profiles, obtained for the photocatalytic samples after 1 h of irradiation, were then submitted to the multivariate chemometric analysis. Graphical representations of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis enabled visualization of the relationships between the studied oxides. The registered degradation profiles were compared qualitatively and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Trawiński
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Robert Skibiński
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
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